60 years fighting hunger… personal recollections norman e. borlaug
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60 Years Fighting Hunger… Personal Recollections Norman E. Borlaug. Borlaug Farm and Boyhood School house. Raised in a Norwegian community in northeast Iowa, on 100-acre mixed crop and livestock farm Attended this one-room school house for the first eight years. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
60 Years Fighting Hunger…60 Years Fighting Hunger…Personal RecollectionsPersonal Recollections Norman E. BorlaugNorman E. Borlaug
Borlaug Farm andBorlaug Farm andBoyhood School houseBoyhood School house
Raised in a Norwegian community in northeast Raised in a Norwegian community in northeast Iowa, on 100-acre mixed crop and livestock farmIowa, on 100-acre mixed crop and livestock farm
Attended this one-room school house for the first Attended this one-room school house for the first eight years.eight years.
Mexican Government-Rockefeller Foundation
Multidisciplinary research focus to increase yields and production
Train a multidisciplinary corps of young Mexican scientists
Get research results to farmers as soon as possible
RF staff to work themselves “out of a job”
Cooperative Agricultural Program1943-1960
Shuttle Breeding and Multi-location Shuttle Breeding and Multi-location International Testing Produced the International Testing Produced the
Broadly Adapted Mexican Wheat that Broadly Adapted Mexican Wheat that Triggered the Green RevolutionTriggered the Green Revolution
*Days getting *Days getting longerlonger
•Days gettingDays getting shorter shorter
* Initial period after sowing* Initial period after sowing
1,200 Km1,200 Km
29º29º
19º19º
FAO/Rockefeller/Mexican Government Training ProgramTraining Program
Started in late 1960
Young scientists from North Africa, Near- and Middle-East
In-service training in all the disciplines
Trainees took HYV semidwarf seed technology back home
International multi-location yield nurseries
Wheat Seed Shipments Wheat Seed Shipments to Asiato Asia
1965: 250 tons to Pakistan; 1965: 250 tons to Pakistan;
200 tons to India200 tons to India
1966: 18,000 tons to India1966: 18,000 tons to India
1967: 42,000 tons to Pakistan; 1967: 42,000 tons to Pakistan;
21,000 tons to Turkey21,000 tons to Turkey
Profiles in CourageProfiles in Courage
Malik Khuda Baskh BuchaMalik Khuda Baskh BuchaMinister of Agriculture, Minister of Agriculture,
PakistanPakistan
C. SubramaniamC. SubramaniamMinister of Agriculture, Minister of Agriculture,
IndiaIndia
Chinese LeadershipChinese Leadership
He KangHe KangMinister of AgricultureMinister of Agriculture
1978-901978-90
Chou En-LaiChou En-LaiPrime MinisterPrime Minister
1949-761949-76
Deng-XiaopingDeng-XiaopingParamount LeaderParamount Leader
1978-891978-89
FertilizerFertilizer NutrientNutrient CerealCereal
WheatWheat RiceRice IrrigationIrrigation Use Use TractorsTractors ProductionProduction million hamillion ha million tmillion t millions millions million tmillion t
Green Revolution:Green Revolution:Changes in Factors of Production in Changes in Factors of Production in
Developing Countries of AsiaDeveloping Countries of Asia
M ha / % areaM ha / % area
Adoption ofAdoption ofModern varietiesModern varieties
19611961 0 / 0%0 / 0% 0 / 0%0 / 0% 8787 22 0.20.2 30930919701970 14 / 20%14 / 20% 15 / 20%15 / 20% 106106 1010 0.50.5 46346319801980 39 / 49%39 / 49% 55 / 43%55 / 43% 129129 2929 2.02.0 61861819901990 60 / 70%60 / 70% 85 / 65%85 / 65% 158158 5454 3.43.4 85885820002000 70 / 84%70 / 84% 100 / 74%100 / 74% 175175 7070 4.84.8 962962
Source: FAOSTAT, July 2002 and author’s estimated on modern variety adoption, based Source: FAOSTAT, July 2002 and author’s estimated on modern variety adoption, based on CIMMYT and IRRI data.on CIMMYT and IRRI data.
World Cereal* Production–Areas Saved World Cereal* Production–Areas Saved Through Improved Technology, 1950-2000Through Improved Technology, 1950-2000
CEREAL PRODUCTIONCEREAL PRODUCTION 1950 1950 650650 million tonnesmillion tonnes 2000 2000 1,9001,900 million tonnesmillion tonnes
1,81,80000
1,41,40000
1,01,00000
600600
19501950 19601960 19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000
LAND LAND SPAREDSPARED1.1 billion ha1.1 billion ha
LAND USED LAND USED 660 million ha660 million ha
Mill
ion
hect
ares
Mill
ion
hect
ares
200200
* Uses milled rice equivalents* Uses milled rice equivalentsSource: FAO Production Yearbooks and AGROSTATSource: FAO Production Yearbooks and AGROSTAT
AgroforestryAgroforestryHara Farms, HaryanaHara Farms, Haryana
Locally, 15,000 tons of timber logs a day are converted into ply, Locally, 15,000 tons of timber logs a day are converted into ply, wood board, flush doors, etc, in 400 processing facilitieswood board, flush doors, etc, in 400 processing facilities
over the last 15 years worth US$ 500 million a yearover the last 15 years worth US$ 500 million a year
Poplar, 50 t/ha/year, 10-year cyclePoplar, 50 t/ha/year, 10-year cycle Poplar, mangoes, wheatPoplar, mangoes, wheat
Wildlife Coming Back Wildlife Coming Back in the USAin the USA
High-Yield Agriculture & Forestry High-Yield Agriculture & Forestry Will Help Protect African WildlifeWill Help Protect African Wildlife
Africa is the Africa is the Greatest Greatest WorryWorry
High population growth, even
with AIDS
200 million hungry and malnourished people
Declining soil fertility and little
application improved technology
Rural isolation—lack of roads and transport
Poor education and health services
KmKm KmKmUSA USA 20,98720,987 GuineaGuinea 637637FranceFrance 12,673 12,673 GhanaGhana 494494JapanJapan 9,1029,102 NigeriaNigeria 230230ZimbabweZimbabwe 1,5861,586 MozambiqueMozambique 141141South AfricaSouth Africa 1,4021,402 TanzaniaTanzania 114114BrazilBrazil 1,0641,064 UgandaUganda 9494IndiaIndia 1,0041,004 EthiopiaEthiopia 6666ChinaChina 803803 Congo, DR 59Congo, DR 59
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2002Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2002
Kilometers of paved roads per Kilometers of paved roads per million people in selected countriesmillion people in selected countries
Lack of Infrastructure Is Lack of Infrastructure Is Killing AfricaKilling Africa
Sasakawa-Sasakawa-Global 2000 Global 2000 Program Program
Zambia
Mozambique
Malawi
Sudan
Mali
Guinea
Active
Concluded
NigeriaEthiopia
Eritrea
Uganda
Tanzania
Burkina Faso
Gha
naTo
goB
eninStarted in 1986
At present covers 10 countries in eastern, central and western Africa.
SG 2000 Demonstration PlotsSG 2000 Demonstration Plots
Moderate amounts ofModerate amounts of
fertilizerfertilizer
Improved varietiesImproved varieties
Good stands Good stands
Timely planting &Timely planting & weedingweeding
Sasakawa-Global 2000 Sasakawa-Global 2000 Maize Demonstration YieldsMaize Demonstration Yields
Ghana
t/ha
t/ha
* Primarily using hybrids* Primarily using hybrids
Nigeria* Mali/Burkina Faso
MozambiqueUganda Ethiopia* Malawi*0
1
2
3
4
5
6 Demontration PlotsDemontration Plots
National AverageNational Average
• Opaque-2 gene—Purdue University discovery (1963) – high lysine – high tryptophan
• CIMMYT Conversion from soft to hard grain at CIMMYT (1970-78)
• Need to manage the opaque-2 gene in seed production
Quality Protein Maize (QPM)Quality Protein Maize (QPM) A Non-GMO Forerunner
Conservation TillageConservation Tillage• Saves labor
• Restores organic
matter
•Controls weed
• Reduces erosion
• Conserves moisture
Controversy over Controversy over Genetically Modified Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)Organisms (GMOs)
We’re all related—We’re all related—what does “Foreign what does “Foreign DNA” really mean?DNA” really mean?
Mother nature is also Mother nature is also a biotechnologist !a biotechnologist !
BIOTECHNOLOGYBIOTECHNOLOGYAND FOODAND FOOD
GMOs for 21st CenturyGMOs for 21st Century
Insect Insect and and
DiseasDiseasee
ResistancResistancee
NutritionaNutritionall
QualityQuality
AbioticAbioticStressesStresses
HerbicidHerbicidee
ResistanResistancece
Genetic Yield Genetic Yield PotentialPotential
Bt CottonBt Cotton7 million ha around the 7 million ha around the world; 4 million small world; 4 million small farmersfarmers
Excellent control of boll Excellent control of boll wormworm
Major reduction in Major reduction in insecticide useinsecticide use
Substantial reductions Substantial reductions in poisoning of farmersin poisoning of farmers
Significant increase in Significant increase in farmer profitsfarmer profits
My My “Biotechnology“Biotechnology
Dreams” Dreams”Transfer rice’s immunity to the Transfer rice’s immunity to the rusts (rusts (PucciniaPuccinia spp.) to other spp.) to other cereals—wheat, maize, cereals—wheat, maize, sorghum, barley, etcsorghum, barley, etc
Transfer bread wheat’s proteinsTransfer bread wheat’s proteins——gliadin and glutenin—for making gliadin and glutenin—for making
superior dough for leavened superior dough for leavened bread to bread to other cereals, especially rice other cereals, especially rice and maizeand maize
Dark Clouds Gathering in Dark Clouds Gathering in World Wheat EconomyWorld Wheat Economy
Per capita Per capita production production declining declining since 1997since 1997
International International germplasm germplasm exchange &exchange &testing decliningtesting declining
New diseaseNew diseasethreatsthreatsemerging, emerging, e.g. stem ruste.g. stem rust
Soybean Rust EpidemicSoybean Rust Epidemic
Two species; Asian type most Two species; Asian type most aggressiveaggressive2001—Only small area in South 2001—Only small area in South America infectedAmerica infected2003—Brazilian producers lost 2003—Brazilian producers lost US$ 1.3 billion (lost yield and US$ 1.3 billion (lost yield and fungicides)fungicides)2004—Expected to affect most 2004—Expected to affect most regions of South Americaregions of South America2005-06—Expected to reach 2005-06—Expected to reach North AmericaNorth AmericaCould cause US$ 4.5 billion in Could cause US$ 4.5 billion in damage to U.S. soybean cropdamage to U.S. soybean crop
Need to RestoreNeed to Restore Public Research Funding Public Research Funding
Green Revolution was the result of “public Green Revolution was the result of “public goods” research and investmentgoods” research and investment
Biotechnology is primarily driven by the Biotechnology is primarily driven by the private sectorprivate sector
Maintaining a balance between public and Maintaining a balance between public and
private research is essential and healthyprivate research is essential and healthy
Public institutions focus on problems of the Public institutions focus on problems of the poor, help prepare future scientists, and help poor, help prepare future scientists, and help assure that the public interest is protected. assure that the public interest is protected.
Agriculture and PeaceAgriculture and PeaceOnly 8% of countries with Only 8% of countries with the lowest levels of hunger the lowest levels of hunger are mired in conflictare mired in conflict
56% of countries with 56% of countries with highest levels of hunger highest levels of hunger have civil conflicthave civil conflict
World military budgets in World military budgets in 2004 exceed US$ 900 billion 2004 exceed US$ 900 billion annually (USA accounts for annually (USA accounts for 56% of total)56% of total)
In 2000, international donor In 2000, international donor support to agriculture support to agriculture reached lowest level in reached lowest level in historyhistory
CUTTING ADULT ILLITERACYCUTTING ADULT ILLITERACY
Male320 million
Female550 million
TOTAL = 870 million people+ 120 million primary school age children not in school
“You Cannot Build Peace on Empty Stomachs.”
John Boyd OrrNobel Peace LaureateFirst FAO Director General