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INDEX423415

Page references in bold type indicate short biographies of major figures.

absolutism 258, 259–60, 266accidentsand matter 68, 71–72, 73, 77, 315see also qualities; quantity

accountability 225, 236, 244in Cudworth 231in Grotius 225in Pufendorf 226, 227in Suarez 225

action, collective, problem of 223–24,226–27

affects see passionsagency, rational 93–94, 242–43Agricola, Rudolph 172–74Aldrich, Henry 172Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ 330Alexander of Hales 307algebra 59–60Almainus, James 311Alsted, Johan 318Althusius, Johannes 257, 260, 265altruism, egoist critique 237–38Alvares, Balthasar 314Angles, Jose 311animals, in Descartes 139, 143Anselm of Canterbury, and ontological

argument 286–87antinaturalism 250, 253–62and contractarianism 254, 256–60and external sovereignty 267and government 269and natural rights theories 255–56and state of nature 254–55, 267–68and utilitarianism 254, 259

appearance and realityin Leibniz 132in Plato 96, 111

Aquinas, Thomasinfluence 17, 22, 303, 304and knowledge and senses 149and medieval synthesis 16, 32and moral psychology 307and natural law 222, 225, 245and political philosophy 251and the soul 138, 308and substance and qualities 73–74and theology 276, 281, 285, 304and will 159

argumentconsensus gentium 283reductio ad absurdum 283

Aristotelianismbreak with 6–7, 11, 14, 15,

18–21, 23, 49and causality 115and change 70, 71, 74–75,

77–78, 84and cognition 148and logic 170–72, 174–75, 179and mechanics 51and medieval synthesis

16–18, 223and mind–body problem 122–23and passions 206and science 20and the soul 137–40and the state 251see also Suarez, Francisco de

401

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-82242-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern PhilosophyEdited by Donald RutherfordIndexMore information

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Aristotlecosmology 16, 22, 26and epistemology 27, 39,

40–44and form 17, 26, 27, 30,

68, 137and free will 159and government 269and human nature 17, 18and metaphysics 50–51, 95, 103and motion 52, 55and passion and action 200and pedagogy 45and scholasticism 6, 303and sciences 50–53and the soul 137, 139and space 129and substance 17, 26, 68,

70–75, 103, 105, 112and syllogism 41–42, 171and virtue 224

arithmetic, and Descartes 59–60Arminius, Jacob 163, 313, 318Arnauld, Antoine 2, 356

and cognition 152and Descartes 8, 139, 279and intellectual community 5and Jansenism 293and language 186and Leibniz 100, 110, 142and Malebranche 31, 360and mind 139, 145and Molina 313

Arriaga, Rodrigo de 314astronomy, and mathematics 53–54atheism

and dissimulation 278–83and materialism 280possibility of 277–78and radical Enlightenment 329and Spinoza 281, 287, 330

atomism 8, 19, 20, 75and monadology 111

Aufklarung see EnlightenmentAugustine of Hippo

and Jansenism 294and passions 203, 218and Platonism 19, 149, 157and political contract 257and reason 276

autonomy see free will;self-determination

Averroes, and the soul 138

Bacon, Francis 2, 4, 354and break with Aristotelianism

11, 19, 23, 49, 51, 67and critical reason 7and education 207and epistemology 41and logic 177–78, 183–84and method of discovery 46–49, 64and science and religion 12, 23–26, 31

Baius, Michael 305Balguy, John 241, 242, 243Banez, Domingo 304, 313Baron, Vincent 306Barth, Karl 317Basso, Sebastian 75Bayle, Pierre 2, 360and atheism 277, 278, 281–82and divine goodness 275and existence of God 277, 278, 281–83and fideism 296–97as incompatibilism 32and intellectual community 5and natural laws 91–92and reason and religion 31

Becanus, Martin 306Beck, Cave 195Beeckman, Isaac 67, 76, 85beliefand Enlightenment 331–32, 334, 335in Kant 338–40and morality 240, 242and skepticism 294–95

Bellarmine, Robert 306Belluti, Bonaventuri 311, 312benevolence 233–34, 235, 237–38,

239, 240, 362Bennett, Jonathan 134Berkeley, George 4, 362and causality 118–19and external world skepticism 151and rule-based ethics 235, 236, 238and sensory judgments 155and substance 114, 362

Beza, Theodore 318Biblebiblical criticism 288, 290

402 Index






interpretation 293and literalism 22–23and reason 31and science 21–22

Billuart, Charles-Rene 310Bittner, Rudiger 350Bodin, Jean 265, 270Bohme, Jakob 190Bonaventure 306, 310Boole, George 180Bossuet, Jacques-Benigne 291, 293Boyle, Robert 358and change 78–80corpuscularianism 67, 78, 81, 358and extension 77, 78and matter and qualities 73, 77,

80–81and mechanical hypothesis 77, 78and science and religion 31

Boyvin, Jean Gabriel 312Bramhall, John 163, 319, 355Bruno, Giordano 28Buchanan, Georgeand political antinaturalism

251, 257, 260, 261and sovereignty 265

Buffier, Claude 317Burgesdijk, Franco 170, 322Butler, Joseph 362and egoism 293and ethical rationalism 230,

235, 238, 240, 242, 243, 248

Cajetan, Thomas de Vio 304, 311, 313calculusand Leibniz 5, 97, 179–81, 193, 360and Newton 5, 97, 360

Calvin, John, and scholasticism 317Calvius, Christopher 53Cambridge Platonism 229, 230–33, 357Campanello, Tommaso 75Cano, Melchior 304canon of early modern philosophy 2Caramuel y Lebkowitz,

Juan 310–11, 319–20Carleton Compton, Thomas 314Carmelite order, and Thomism

302, 304Cartesianismand matter 75–82

and pantheism 287and Voetius 318see also Descartes, Rene

casuistry, Jesuit 306, 307, 313, 315, 316Caterus, Johannes 306causality 114–22and Aristotelianism 115in Bacon 48in Berkeley 118–19Causal Likeness Principle

117–18, 126in deism 33and demonstrative syllogism

42–43, 45divine 85, 86–87, 88, 89, 118, 120,

284–86efficient 83–85, 88, 115–20, 125, 175,

285; in Descartes 120, 126, 275,285; heirloom model 116; inSuarez 83–85, 88, 116–17

final 115, 120–22, 236formal 115in Hobbes 281in Hume 91, 114, 119, 274, 334and intentio 83–85and laws 69in Leibniz 95, 116–17, 121–22, 142material 115and mechanism 125and natural law 82in Spinoza 121, 127–28see also Descartes, Rene;

Malebranche, NicolasCavendish, Margaret 9, 358chance, and laws 69, 84changein Aristotelianism 70, 71, 74–75,

77–78, 84in Boyle 78–80in Descartes 76, 78, 85–86in Leibniz 142in Malebranche 30and mechanism 26in Spinoza 145

Charron, Pierre 353choice see free willChristianityand authority of the church 263, 264and epistemic authority 20and philosophy 7, 8, 32, 37

Index 403






Christianity (cont.)Reformation divisions 293and science 8, 21–26see also theology

Clarke, Samuel 361and ethical rationalism 230,

241, 243and Holbach 335and justice 224and mind–body problem 148and space and time 131

cognitionin Arnauld 152in Descartes 150, 151–53and judgment 153–55in Kant 340in Malebranche 151and objective reality 151–53in scholastic thought 148–51

Collins, Anthony 148, 361compass, proportional 59compatibilism 31

and free will 163, 164, 169Concina, Daniel 310Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de

Caritat, Marquis de 336–38configuration 68, 78conscience

in Bayle 282in Butler 242, 365

consciousnessin Arnauld 145in Collins 148in Descartes 140in Leibniz 143, 145in Spinoza 145

consent 254, 255, 256–60, 269, 271in Hooker 272tacit 258–59, 260, 269

conservatism, political 254,258, 259, 262

Contenson, Vincent 306contractarianism, and antinaturalism

254, 256–60, 271, 363Conway, Anne 2, 9, 358Copernicus, Nicolas 18, 20

and the church 21–23, 28Cordemoy, Geraud de 196corpuscularianism, in Boyle

67, 78, 81, 358

cosmologyAristotelian 16, 22, 26Cartesian 88Copernican 18, 20, 21–23

Couto, Sebastian do 314Crater, Johan de 151creationin Aristotelianism 70in Descartes 85, 120in Leibniz 91–92in Locke 227in Spinoza 33, 34, 118

Cudworth, Ralph 2, 357and ethics 229, 230–32, 236, 242and Platonism 36and science and religion 31

culture, and passions 215–17Cumberland, Richard 246, 248Curley, Edwin 235

Dalgarno, George 195Daniel, Gabriel 307De Lugo, Juan 314deduction 172in Agricola 172, 174in Leibniz 178, 179, 180–81in Ramus 174

deism 277, 280, 288–89and causality 33and mysticism 290–93and Socinianism 289–90and Spinoza 288–89

demand, authoritative 225–28, 229, 243in Aquinas 225in Grotius 224in Hobbes 228in Pufendorf 226, 227

democracy 270Descartes, Rene 4, 356and agency of God 29, 30, 31and Aristotle 11, 19, 28and Causal Likeness Principle 117, 126and causality 29, 82, 85–87, 115,

284–86efficient cause 120, 126, 275, 285final cause 120–21formal 285

and critical reason 7and discovery and presentation 59–64and divine omnipotence 130, 275, 284

404 Index






and epistemology 27–28, 61, 221and existence of God 29, 116,

279–80, 283–87and ideas 150–53, 159–60, 185, 204influence 8, 279and innate ideas 156, 157and intellectual community

5, 146, 335and interaction problem 125–26and logic 185–86and mathematics 29, 59–61, 67, 275and mechanism 27, 29, 67,

76–80, 121, 138, 279Meditations 2, 5, 28, 98–100, 120,

284–86and metaphysics 95, 97,

98–100, 221, 275and mind 104, 136–68and natural laws 85–88and passions 199, 200, 204–205, 209and physiology 67as revolutionizing philosophy 26–31and scholasticism 115, 116, 150, 306and science and religion 26,

28–29, 31and sensation 150, 153–54, 156and the soul 138–40and space 129–30and substance 73, 75–82, 103–107;

as extension 75–76, 89, 104,105–107; dualism 27, 104–105,107, 113, 122–23, 124, 125–26, 138

universal method vs. hypotheses59–64

and the will 159–62, 296desirein Hobbes 210–11in Hutcheson 213in Shaftesbury 212in Spinoza 332

determinismin Hobbes 163–65, 167in Leibniz 166–68in Locke 165–66

dialecticin Agricola 172in Ramus 175

dignity, human 232discoveryand Bacon 46–49, 177

methods 39, 40–46, 58and presentation 59–64, 68

divine right theory 252Dominican order, and Thomism 302,

304, 306–307, 309–10Du Bois, Francois 305Du Randus, 312dualismof property 128of substance 27, 104–105, 107, 113,

122–23, 138, 279dutyin Kant 343, 348and society 253and virtue 230, 231, 241

dynamicsin Galileo 54in Newton 58

educationand control of the passions

207, 210, 215in Holbach 336and Jesuits 314in Kant 340, 348in Locke 333

Edwards, John 290egoism, and ethics 237–38, 293Elisabeth of Bohemia 356, 357emotions see passionsempiricismethical 230, 233, 238, 241, 242–43, 244and knowledge 335naturalist 228, 246

endsin Aquinas 222, 245in Aristotelianism 79in Descartes 87, 120–21in Kant 341, 345and laws 68–69in Leibniz 121–22in Malebranche 89in Spinoza 121, 330

Enlightenment 328–48and Condorcet 336–38French see Rousseau, Jean-JacquesGerman 328, 329and Holbach 335–36, 347and Hume 334–35of individuals 339, 340, 341, 348

Index 405






Enlightenment (cont.)and Kant 328, 338–48and Locke 332–33moderate 330radical 329–30and reason 328, 331, 332, 333and religion 330–38and science 335, 336, 337, 347Scottish 329, see also Hume, David;

Hutcheson, Francis; Reid,Thomas; Smith, Adam

of society 339, 341and Spinoza 34, 331–32

enthusiasmand Enlightenment 330, 333, 335, 337and fanaticism 349in Kant 340–41, 342, 344–45, 346

Epicureanismand Gassendi 8, 36, 356reemergence 19–20and space 129, 131, 133

epistemology 1, 39–65and Aristotle 27, 39, 40–44and Bacon 46–49and Descartes 27–28, 61, 76,

136, 221epistemic authority 20and humanism 44–46and language 187–88and Locke 187–88and method 39–40and natural science 14and Spinoza 288–89

errorin Bacon 47, 183in Decartes 159, 161in Holbach 335in Locke 333in Malebranche 292in Spinoza 332

essence of God 276, 284, 285–86eternity 131ethics

applied see casuistryand conflict of interests 223–24,

226, 227, 237and egoism 237–38empiricist 228, 230, 233, 238, 241,

242–43, 244, 246Jesuit 315–16

and justice 224–25in Kant 230, 231, 235, 339, 342–48, 364in Locke 189, 226–27and metaphysics 3natural law 221–25and obligation 225–28and the passions 199–200, 202, 203rationalist 228–37and reason 204, 364rule-based 241sentimentalist 230, 238–44skepticism 221in Spinoza 34utilitarian 233, 234, 238, 246virtue ethics 232, 241, 242voluntarist 225–28, 229, 241see also law; obligation; virtue

Eucharist, and real presence 282, 293Euclid, and demonstrative

metaphysics 97–101Eustachius a Sancto Paulo 137, 311evilin Bayle 281in Kant 342–47see also sin, original

existence of Godin Aquinas 304, 305in Bayle 281–83cosmological argument 281in Descartes 29, 116, 279–80, 283–87and dissimulation 278–83and divine essence 276, 284, 285–86in Hobbes 280, 281and naturalism 33ontological argument 108, 286in Spinoza 288

experienceand mind–body problem 141and passions 201–202, 206, 209in science 68and sensory judgment 155, 335

experiment 68, 69, 102in Descartes 59, 63in Galileo 54–58

explanationand natural theology 275–77in science 68, 69, 138

extensionin Berkeley 114in Boyle 77, 78

406 Index






in Descartes 29, 75–76, 78, 89,104, 105–107, 138, 156

in Hobbes 124in Malebranche 147in Spinoza 127, 144

Fabri de Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude 5Fabri, Honore 67faithand reason 7, 19, 276; in Bayle 32; in

Galileo 22–23; in Hobbes 228; inLocke 290, 332; in Sozzini 289; inVoetius 314

and virtue 208–209, 343, 344see also fideism

Fallin Bacon 23, 24, 26, 47–48in Malebranche 203in Pascal 208–209

fallacies 171fanaticism, and enthusiasm 349al-Farabi, Abu Nasr 274Febvre, Lucien 277Fenelon, Francois de Salignac de la

Mothe 291Ferchius, Matthaeus (Mate Frkic) 312Ferguson, Adam 216Ferrara, Francesco Silvestro di 304fetishism, in Kant 345feudalism 250, 257, 259, 263, 264Ficino, Marsilio 148, 156fideism 282, 294–97and Pascal 295–96

figure 68, 73, 74, 78Filmer, Robert 252, 254Fonseca, Pedro 172, 314formin Aristotle 17, 26, 27, 30, 68, 137in Descartes 76–80and figure 68and function 72in Leibniz 109and matter 71, 109, 307, 315and structure 72in Suarez 315

Foucher, Simon 360Franciscan order, and Scotism

302, 310, 311free will 34, 93, 242in Descartes 159–62

in Grotius 225in Hobbes 163–64, 167, 319in Kant 343, 347, 348in Leibniz 166–68libertarian account 160–63, 166in Locke 165–66, 235in Malebranche 154, 161–63, 235in Molina 166, 307, 313, 315, 353and necessity 163–65, 167and obligation 225–28in Reid 363in scholastic thought 159, 319in Sozzini 289in Spinoza 164–65, 167, 235–37see also voluntarism

Frege, Gottlob 180, 181Fromondus, Libertus 305

Galileo Galilei 5, 354–55and idealisations 54–59and mathematical astronomy 53, 67and proportional compass 59and science and religion 19, 21–23, 28, 31and substance and form 26, 75

Gassendi, Pierre 2, 4, 356and compatibilism 31and Descartes 147, 356and Epicureanism 8, 20, 36and innate ideas 157and intellectual community 5and the soul 138and substance 26, 75, 112, 113

Gaukroger, Stephen 195geometryand Descartes 59–60, 97and metaphysics 97–100

Gilbert, Walter 36Giner, Damian 311Goclenius, Rudolf 318Godattributes 275–78, 284, see also

omnipotenceas creator 70, 85, 91–92, 118, 120and divine ends 69as efficient cause 88, 95, 118, 120,

275, 285essence 276, 284, 285–86as eternal 131as final cause 120–22incomprehensibility 280, 284

Index 407






God (cont.)as infinite 129, 131and morality 231as universal and primary cause 85,

86–87, 87see also demand, authoritative;

existence of God; will, divineGoes, Emmanuel de 314Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 342Gonet, Jean-Baptiste 306good

in Aquinas 17, 222, 308and Aristotelianism 206in Aristotle 17and culture 215–16in Grotius 223–24in Hobbes 207, 211–12in Hutcheson 198–218, 212–14in Leibniz 234in Locke 227in Pascal 208–209and religion 208–209in Spinoza 215in Suarez 223

Gorlaeus, Daniel 75government

forms 266–67, 269–72mixed 270–72representative 271–72, 359see also democracy; republicanism

gracein Kant 342, 344–45and predestination 294, 318and salvation 282, 293–94

grammar, in Leibniz 192–93Gregory of Rimini 318Grotius, Hugo 261, 355

and accountability and free will 225and contract theory 257, 259and ethics 221and natural law 222, 223–24,

225, 272, 335and natural rights 224–25, 256and sovereignty 265, 268, 269

Guyon, Jeanne Bouviere de la Motte 291

Hamann, J. G. 338happiness

in Aquinas 308in Hutcheson 239, 362

in Kant 341, 345, 351in Leibniz 234in Spinoza 235

harmony, preestablished 360and causality 110, 142–43and free will 167and mind and body 123, 125, 145and sensory ideas 158

Harriot, Thomas 75Harvey, William 67Hauser, Bertold 317hedonism 19, 20, 239heirloom model of efficient

causation 116Hickey, Anthony 311Hieronymus a Montefortino 313history of early modern philosophy 1–4Hobbes, Thomas 2, 5, 355and authority of the church 37and break with Aristotelianism 19and contractarianism 257, 259and critical reason 7and egoism 293and existence of God 280, 281and free will 163–64, 167, 319and geometry 97–98and human nature 253influence 8and innate ideas 157and intellectual community 5,

146, 185–86and language 186and logic 180, 184–85and natural law ethics 221,

222, 223, 228and natural rights 256and obligation 14, 221, 228and passions 200, 207, 210–12, 217and political antinaturalism 253, 255and science and religion 12, 31and the soul 146, 147and sovereignty 98, 265, 268,

270–71, 355and state of nature 255, 268and substance 26, 75, 124, 127, 146

Holbach, Paul Henri Thiery, Baron d’,and religion 335–36, 347

Holy Roman empire, and emergenceof modern states 263

Hooker, Richard 256, 257, 272, 305

408 Index






hope, in Bacon 24–25Hruschka, Joachim 248Huet, Pierre-Daniel 279, 283, 286human nature 9, 14in Aristotle 17, 18in Bacon 23, 24–26in Descartes 27, 122–23, 124,

125–26in Hobbes 253in Hume 214–15in Hutcheson 212–13in Leibniz 123, 125as made in image of God 22, 35, 119and politics 251, 253–54, 260in Rousseau 217, 363in Shaftesbury 212in Spinoza 35, 123–24see also passions; virtue

humanismand language 182, 183, 314and problems of method 44–46

Hume, David 363and association of ideas 240and causality 91, 114, 119, 274, 334and external world skepticism 151and intellectual community 5and liberty 166and metaphysics 102and passion and virtue 214–15,

216, 224, 240and political antinaturalism 253,

254, 259and rationalist ethics 230, 233, 236,

238, 239–41, 242, 244and reason 214and religion 334–35and science 335

Hunter, Ian 348Hurtado de Mendoza, Pedro 314Hutcheson, Francis 2, 362and ethics 230, 233, 238–39,

241, 242, 247, 362and intellectual community 5and the passions 198, 212–14

Huygens, Christiaan 58hylomorphism, Aristotelian 17, 19, 137Hyperius, Andreas 318hypotheses 69in Descartes 59–64

hypothetico-deductivism 40, 44

idealizations, in Galileo 54–59idealismin Berkeley 114in Cudworth 230in Leibniz 143in Spinoza 145

ideas 148–58adventitious/sensory 156, 158in Arnauld 152association of ideas 240in Descartes 150–53, 156,

159–60, 185, 204factitious 156in Hume 240in Hutcheson 238in Leibniz 190–92in Locke 187–89, 191–94in Malebranche 151, 234innate 156–58as representations 151–53and senses 335in Spinoza 158, 165

Identity of Indiscernibles 111, 181idols, in Bacon 47, 183ignorancein Condorcet 337–38and Enlightenment 328, 330in Holbach 336in Hume 334–35in Kant 340in Locke 333

illumination, divine 149, 157imagination, in Descartes 154,

156, 157, 185, 186immaterialism 362immutability, divine 85–88, 89, 90incompatibilism 32–36indifference, and free will 160–62,

166, 167induction 40, 43, 172in Agricola 173, 174in Bacon 177–78cumulative 58eliminative 48–49, 178in Ramus 174, 176

inference 170, 172in Hobbes 211–12in Leibniz 178, 179, 181–82

infinity 129, 130, 131influx model of causation 116

Index 409






innatism 148, 156–58and Descartes 156, 157and Hobbes 157and Leibniz 157–58and Locke 157and Malebranche 156

innovation, philosophical 11–36challenges to medieval

synthesis 18–21and conservatism 15–16and Descartes 26, 31and medieval synthesis 16–18and natural science 12–15and naturalism 31, 36science and religion 21–26

intellectand divine illumination 149and imagination 186and innatism 148, 156–58and judgment 154and knowledge 148passive/active 308in scholastic thought 158–60,

308, 309and senses 149–50and will 159–61, 165, 308

intellectuals, intellectualcommunity 5–6, 182

intentio, and cause 83–85interaction problem 125–28, 141, 142intuitionism, rational 230, 238, 243–44Islam 274Israel, Jonathan 329–30Izquierdo, Sebastian 314

Jansen, Cornelius 208, 293, 305Jansenism 293–94, 356, 358Javelli, Chrysostom 304Jesuits

and education 314and ethics 315–16leading figures 313–14, 317and metaphysics 314–15and scholasticism 302, 303, 313–17and Thomism 304, 309, 313see also Molina, Luis; Suarez,

Francisco deJohn of St. Thomas 71, 309Jolley, Nicholas 196Judaism, and theology 274

judgmentin Butler 362in Cudworth 231in Descartes 159–60, 161, 165in Hobbes 207, 210in Hume 239and passions 203, 204, 205, 207, 210in Smith 263

Junge, Joachim 178Jurieu, Pierre 296justice 238in Grotius 224–25in Hume 240–41in Leibniz 234

Kant, Immanuel 363Critique of Pure Reason 2and Enlightenment 328, 330,

338–48, 349and free will 343, 347, 348and individual enlightenment 339,

340, 341, 348and morality 231, 230, 235, 339,

342–48, 364and natural law 68, 69, 82, 221and obligation 224and prejudice 331and reason 93, 338–48, 364and religion 331, 349and republicanism 348and sensibility and understanding 153and the soul 246and virtue 341

Keckermann, Bartolomeus 322Kepler, Johannes 67Kneale, Martha and Kneale, William 170knowledgeabstractionist model 156and divine illumination 149innate 156–58and senses 149–50, 335see also cognition; discovery;

epistemologyKoellin, Conrad 304Komensky, Jan Amos 195

La Forge, Louis de 140La Mothe le Vayer, Francois de 294La Peyrere, Isaac 288Labat, Pierre 306

410 Index






Lamy, Francois 292–93Lancelot, Claude 356languagein Descartes 139, 185–86and grammar 192–93and knowledge 187–88in Leibniz 189–94in Locke 182, 187–89and logic 170–94, 180, 193natural 190–91, 193and science 184universal 180, 186

Languet, Herbert 273law 6, 265law, natural 14, 68–69, 82–94, 221–25in Aquinas 222, 225in Descartes 85–88, 93in Grotius 222, 223–24, 225, 272, 355in Hobbes 221in Kant 68, 69, 82in Leibniz 91–92, 93in Malebranche 88–91, 93in Molina 316and natural rights 224–25, 255and obligation 225–28in Pufendorf 222, 224, 359and rationalism 228–37in Suarez 222–23, 225, 354see also causality; normativity

Leibniz, Gottfried 5, 360and Aristotelianism 36, 109–11and causality 95, 116–17, 121–22, 142content-containment theory

of truth 100and Descartes 8, 125and divine wisdom 91–92, 93–94, 275and Enlightenment 349and free will 166–68, 229, 313and identity principle 181and innate ideas 157–58and intellectual community 5, 360and language 189–94and Locke 113, 189and logic 170, 178–82and Malebranche 141, 142, 357, 360and mechanics 67, 143, 146and metaphysics 98, 100–101, 109, 112and mind–body problem 123, 125,

126–43and natural laws 91–92, 93, 234

and necessity 233, 287and Newton 35, 360and perception 143, 145, 146, 152and rationalist ethics 229, 233–34and religious unity 293and science and religion 31and sensory judgments 155and space and time 131–32and Spinoza 35, 107, 111–12, 121and substance 103and theodicy 55theory of monads 110–11, 117, 123,

131, 132, 143, 360see also harmony, preestablished

Lessius, Leonardus 314Levelers 259–60, 265, 270liberty 6, 166Lichetus, Francis 311Limborch, Philipp von 166Lipsius, Justus 36, 354literalism, scriptural 22–23Locke, John 358and Berkeley 114and contractarianism 257, 259–60and faith and reason 288, 290and free will 165–66, 235and government 267, 270, 359influence 8and innate ideas 157and intellectual community 5and language 187–89and logic 170, 182and metaphysics 96, 101–102,

112–14, 133and mind–body problem 128,

147–48and natural law 222, 223, 226–27and natural rights 256and passions 200, 201and political antinaturalism 6, 253,

261, 273and purpose of philosophy 64and religion 332–33and science 31, 102, 189and self-determination 227, 230, 231and sensory judgments 154–55and sovereignty 265, 268, 269and space 132–34and state of nature 255, 268and toleration 267

Index 411






Lodwick, Francis 195logic 170–94

alternative 172–78and Agricola 172–74and Bacon 177–78

and fallacy 171and Leibniz 170, 178–82, 189–94linguistic turns 182–94and Bacon 183–84and Descartes 185–86and Hobbes 184–85and Locke 182

and paradoxes 171traditional 41, 170–72, 182see also induction

loveand ethics 241, 243as practical reason 231, 232see also benevolence

Luther, Martin 18, 37, 208and political naturalism 251and scholasticism 317

Mac Coughwell, Hugh 311Macedo, Francisco a Santo

Augustini 312Machiavelli, Niccolo 198, 262Magalhaes, Cosmas de 314Mahoney, Edward P. 176Malebranche, Nicolas 2, 4, 359

and Arnauld 356, 360and causality 88–89, 96, 118, 274;

agency of God 29–30, 82efficient cause 88–89, 95, 141;occasionalism 118, 119–20,124–25, 127, 141–42, 162, 360

and compatibilism 31and Descartes 8, 120, 147and divine will 83, 89, 90, 93, 118, 141,

142, 235, 287and divine wisdom 90–91and free will 154, 161–63, 235, 313and innate ideas 156and intellectual community 5, 335and Leibniz 141, 142, 357and mechanism 30and mind–body problem 124–25,

126–28, 140, 141–42and natural law 88–91, 93and objective reality 151, 152

and passions 200, 201, 203, 214and Quietism 292–93and rationalist ethics 229, 234–35and sensory judgments 154

Mandeville, Bernard 212, 237, 240Marsilius of Padua, and political

naturalism 251Masham, Damaris 361Mastri, Bartolomeo 311–12materialismand atheism 280and Descartes 279and Hobbes 124, 146, 228, 280and immaterialism 362and radical Enlightenment 329reductive 124, 128see also naturalism

mathematicsin Aristotle 50–52, 179and astronomy 53–54in Clarke 243in Descartes 29, 59–61, 67, 275in Locke 101and logic 170, 176, 179–81and methodology 49–54mixed 51–53in Spinoza 332universal 60–61see also algebra; geometry

matterand form 71, 109, 137, 307and potentia 71, 72, 74–75, 84prime and proximate 70–71and qualities 68, 71, 73, 74, 75and quantity 71, 75see also substance

matter theory 52–53maxims, in Kant 340–42, 343, 346, 347Mazzolini, Sylvester 304mechanism 30, 68, 115and Aristotelianism 51, 53and Boyle 68, 77, 78, 358and Cartesianism 63and causality 125and Descartes 26, 29, 67, 76–80,

121, 138, 279and Galileo 54, 58and Hobbes 146–47and Leibniz 67, 143, 146–47and Newton 58

412 Index






and space 129and Spinoza 146–47and theology 276

Medina, Bartholome de 304meditation, and Quietism 291Melanchthon, Philipp 170, 175, 176, 318Menn, Stephen 325Mersenne, Marin 355and Descartes 355, 356and intellectual community 5, 356and refutation of Greek

philosophies 20and universal language 195

Meslier, Jean 278metaphysics 95–134and Aristotle 50–51, 95, 103demonstrative 96–102, 133and Descartes 95, 97, 98–100,

103–107, 221, 275and ethics 3Jesuit 314–15and Leibniz 98, 100–101, 109methods 96–102and natural science 14scholastic 65, 95, 303, 318and Spinoza 98, 103, 107–109teleological 222, 223and Wolff 317see also causality; mind; mind–body

problem; space; substance; timemethod 14, 21, 39, 354analytic 99–100in Aristotle 40–44in Bacon 46–49, 64in Descartes 59–64Euclidean 97–101and experiment 54–58, 63, 68,

69, 102in humanist thought 44–46hypotheses 59–64, 69and logic 175, 177–78and mathematics 49–54and metaphysics 96–102in philosophy and science 39–40,

64–65rhetorical 41, 45, 47syllogistic 41–45synthetic 99–100see also induction

Mill, John Stuart 39, 178, 225

Millar, John 216Milton, John 251mind 136–68in Bacon 47, 183–84in Cudworth 230–31in Descartes 104, 136–68, 150, 186in Hobbes 146–47, 157, 185and ideas 150as immaterial 157in Leibniz 190–92in Locke 187in Spinoza 145as substance 146see also cognition; free will;

intellect; soulmind–body problemin Descartes 27, 87, 122–23, 124,

125–40, 139–40, 147, 279in Hobbes 124and interaction problem 125–28,

141, 142in Leibniz 123, 125, 126–28, 142–43in Locke 128, 147–48in Malebranche 124–25, 126–28,

140, 141–42in scholasticism 122–23, 137–40, 139in Spinoza 34, 123–24, 126–28, 143–46

miraclesin Leibniz 92, 142in Malebranche 90

Molina, Luis 353and free will 166, 307, 313, 315–16, 353influence 7, 313–14and natural law 316

Molinos, Miguel de 291Molyneux, William 154–55monads, in Leibniz 110–11, 123, 131,

132, 143, 360monarchy 270, 271–72divine right theory 252naturalist views 251–53

monism, and Spinoza 95monotheism, in Hume 334Montaigne, Michel de 215, 295, 353and ethics 221and politics 272

Montesquieu, Charles Louis deSecondat de 216

More, Henry 2, 357, 358and causality 82

Index 413






More, Henry (cont.)and Descartes 356and Platonism 36and science and religion 31and Thomism 305

More, Thomas 215Mori, Gianluca 297Mornay, Philippe Duplessis 273motion

in Aristotle 52, 55conservation principle 85–86, 127in Descartes 29, 76, 77, 85–86, 93in Galileo 54–58in Malebranche 90

motivation, moral 231–33, 240, 244mysticism

and Bible criticism 288, 290–93and Pascal 296

Natalis, Alexander 307, 310nation-state, emergence 3, see also statenatural philosophy see Aristotelianism;

scholasticism; sciencenatural science see sciencenaturalism 31–36

empirical 228, 246and Holbach 335and Locke 333patriarchalist 252political 250, 251–62and political antinaturalism 253–62and radical Enlightenment 329religious 251–53and Spinoza 33–36, 235, 333see also materialism

nature, control over 24, 25necessity

and free will 163–65, 167in Leibniz 233, 287and rationalist ethics 229in Spinoza 236, 281

negotiatio 43, 44Newton, Isaac 360

influence 8and intellectual community 5, 63, 335and Leibniz 35, 360and mechanics/dynamics 58and philosophy and science 12and science and religion 31–32and space and time 130, 131, 133

Nicole, Pierre 293, 316, 357Nietzsche, Friedrich, and

ethics 236Nifo, Agostino 41, 44nominalismand free will 163–65and matter and quantity 71, 75

normativity of natural law 243–44in Aquinas 222in Grotius 221, 223, 225in Hobbes 228

Norris, John 305

obligation 244in Cudworth 231in Hobbes 14, 221, 228in Leibniz 233and natural law 221, 225–28in Pufendorf 226, 227–28in Spinoza 14in Suarez 222, 225, 228in Wolff 248

occasionalism 69, 115, 142in Berkeley 118–19in al-Farabi 274in Malebranche 118, 119–20,

124–25, 127, 141–42,162, 360

Ockham, William 149, 159Oldenburg, Henry 5omnipotence, divinein Descartes 130, 275, 276,

284, 285, 286–87in Malebranche 89in Sozzini 289

ontologyin Descartes 103–107, 125mechanistic 77, 79of natural world 72, 75–76of space and time 129–34

order, natural 236and forms 87and laws 35, 69, 88, 90, 91–92and politics 251–62

Oresme, Nicole 76orthodoxy, philosophicalconservativism 15–16and innovation 11–36and medieval synthesis 16–18

Owen, John 326

414 Index






Pallavicino, Sforza 314Panger, Marin 313pantheismand Cartesianism 287in Spinoza 108, 130, 278, 287

paradoxes 171Pascal, Blaise 2, 357and Descartes 8, 31, 32, 296, 358and fideism 295–96as incompatibilist 32and Jansenism 293and Jesuits 294, 316reason and virtue 208–209

passions 198–218and action 200, 213and Aristotelianism 206control of 200, 202, 203, 204–206,

207, 209–10, 217–18in Descartes 199, 200, 204–205, 209and ethics 199–200, 202, 203in Hobbes 200, 207, 210–12, 217in Hume 214–15, 240in Hutcheson 198, 212–14in Malebranche 200, 201, 203, 214medical views 199in Pascal 208–209and reason 200, 204–209, 210–12,

213, 214, 217and science 199in Spinoza 205, 207, 209, 215, 236, 332theological views 199as unreliable 202–203and virtue 198, 199, 200, 203see also sentimentalism

patriarchalism 252Patrizi, Francesco 75pedagogy, and Aristotle 45Penn, William 357perceptionin Arnauld 152in Decartes 141, 150, 152,

153, 159–60and free will 159–60in Leibniz 143, 145, 146, 152, 155,

158, 167in Malebranche 151–52, 154, 234in Reid 362

Perez, Antonio 314perfectionismin Aquinas 222

in Leibniz 234in Wolff 248

Peter Damian 286Peter of Spain, Summulae

logicales 171, 172Philippo-Ramism 170, 178–79philosophyand Christianity 7, 8, 32, 37purpose 64and science 12–15, 64, 65, 67–94and theology 275–78, 297

physicsin Aristotle 50–52, 74, 75, 77–78, 80in Descartes 75–82, 85–88, 120–21, 199and scientific revolution 67

physiology 199and Descartes 67, 138

Pitigianus of Arezzo 311Plato, and appearance and reality 96, 111Platonismand cognition 148–49and innate ideas 156, 158reemergence 7, 19, 20, 36and theory of monads 111

Poinsot, Joao see John of St. Thomaspolitics 250–72and government 266–67, 269–72medieval theories 251naturalism and antinaturalism 250,

251–62, 267, 269and right of resistance 258–59,

261–62, 267, 348and sovereignty 6, 14, 250, 262, 264and territoriality 263–64, 268–69and theology 260and transition to modern state 262–64

Popkin, Richard H. 294, 295, 297Porphyry 171potentia, and matter 71, 72, 74–75, 84Pounce (Poncius), John 311powerand desire 210–11divine see omnipotence

predestination, and grace 294, 318predication, and substance 105,

108, 110prejudicein Condorcet 337in Holbach 335in Hume 334

Index 415






prejudice (cont.)in Kant 341in Spinoza 330–31, 332see also enthusiasm; superstition

presentation, and discovery59–64, 68

Price, Richard 230, 238, 241priestcraft

in Condorcet 337and Enlightenment 328, 330in Holbach 335, 336in Kant 342, 344

probabilism 306probability

in Agricola 173in Leibniz 181–82in Ramus 176

propery rights, in Locke 269propositions

in Agricola 173in Leibniz 179–80, 181, 182, 191in Locke 187, 188, 191in Ramus 175, 176in traditional logic 171

Protestantismand Enlightenment 330and reason 208and scholasticism 302–303, 304,

317–20providence, divine 23, 305, 313

and Epicureanism 19prudence, and morality 230psychology

of Aquinas 307and passions 199, 200, 210, 215and prejudice 337

Pufendorf, Samuel 2, 359and contractarianism 254, 257, 259and Enlightenment 349and natural law 222, 224, 359and obligation 226, 227–28, 229and political antinaturalism

253, 273and sociality 268and sovereignty 265

Pyrrhonism 295, 297

qualitiesand forms 76–80and matter 68, 71, 73–74, 75

primary/secondary 153sensible 80–82

quantity, and matter 71, 75Quietism 291–93

Ramism 170, 179Ramus, Peter 41, 45, 46, 174–76rationalismin Cudworth 230–32, 242and ethics 228–37, 241–44in Leibniz 233–34in Malebranche 234–35, 287in Shaftesbury 232–33in Spinoza 234, 235–37and theology 287types 229–30

realism, and cognition 149, 363reality, objective, in Descartes 151–53reasonin Aquinas 309in Aristotle 17in Descartes 28, 31, 93, 139, 185,

204–205and Enlightenment 328, 331, 332–33and faith see faith, and reasonand fideism 294–95, 296in Hobbes 184–85, 210–12, 214in Hume 214, 334in Kant 93, 186, 338–48, 364in Leibniz 192–93and morality 34, 222, 245, 364,

see also rationalismand passions 200, 204–209, 210–12,

213, 214, 217practical 231, 232, 242, 340, 341, 346and revelation 31and sentiment 238–44in Spinoza 164, 333syllogistic 41and theology 276–77

reciprocity, and ethics 228, 244reductio ad absurdum arguments 283Reformationand break with scholasticism 18, 20and interpretation of the Bible 21and theological debate 293, 308

Regis, Pierre 360regressus theory 41–44, 45Reid, Thomas 2, 362and cognition 150–51

416 Index






and ethics 241and scholasticism 317

religionand Enlightenment 330–38in Holbach 335–36, 347in Hume 334–35in Kant 338–40, 342in Locke 332–33and passions 199and prejudice 330–31, 332,

334, 335, 336–38and science 8, 21–26in Spinoza 331–32see also enthusiasm; superstition

Renaissanceand language 182–83and scholasticism 18, 40–44, 303

representationin Arnauld 152in Descartes 151–53

republicanism 270, 348, 355res extensa, in Descartes 75–76, 89resistance, right to 258–59,

261–62, 267, 348responsibility, and freedom 225, 244revelationin Hobbes 280and reason 31

rhetoric 41, 45and Bacon 47and Ramus 175

righteousness, and virtue 208rights, naturalin Grotius 224–25and political antinaturalism 255–56and sovereignty 266

Robinet, Andre 292Roman Catholic churchand Bayle 282and Descartes 28–29, 31and Enlightenment 330and Hume 334and interpretation of the Bible 21–22and science 22–23see also Jansenism

Rorty, Richard 136, 151Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 2, 363and contractarianism 257, 363and general will 235and government 270

and intellectual community 5and political antinaturalism 253and virtue 216–17

Saccheri, Girolamo 172Salamanca, school of 71, 304Sales, Francois de 296salvation, and divine grace 282,

293–94, 344sanctions 229in Locke 227in Pufendorf 227, 229

Schneewind, J. B. 221, 223Schneiders, Werner 348scholasticism 299–320break with 6–7, 11, 14,

18–21, 23, 46, 67–68and causality 115and cognition 148–51and form 68influence of 15, 16–18, 299–302and intellect 158–60and metaphysics 65, 95, 303and mind–body problem 122–23,

137–40and natural laws 69–70, 82, 222and prime matter and quantity 71and prime and proximate matter

70–71Protestant 302–303, 304, 317–20schools 302–20

Jesuit 302, 303, 313–17Scotism 302, 310–13, 303Thomism 302, 303, 304–10

and the soul 137–40sciencein Aristotle 50–53and compatibilism 31–32emergence 3, 6, 8–9, 15and Enlightenment 335, 336, 337, 347and incompatibilism 32–36and language 184, 189and metaphysics 95and passions 199and philosophy 12–15, 20, 64–65,

67–94and religion 8, 21–26scientific revolution 12–15, 68–94scientific societies 5, 358, 360see also method; physics

Index 417






Scotism 303, 310–13decline 311and Franciscans 302, 310, 311

Scotus, John Duns 159, 303, 306, 310,312, 313, 315

Scriptoris, Paul 311Selden, John 259self-determination

in Butler 230, 243in Cudworth 231in Locke 227, 230, 231in Shaftesbury 232in Spinoza 236

self-discipline, and the passions203, 208

self-interestin Grotius 223–24in Hobbes 228, 293in Kant 346, 347in Leibniz 234in Locke 227in Shaftesbury 239

self-knowledge, and passions 199,236, 237

Semi-Ramism 170, 178–79Senault, Jean-Francois 209sensations

and cognition 149–50, 335in Descartes 150, 152, 153–54, 156in Hutcheson 212and judgment 153–55in Leibniz 153, 158in Malebranche 152as modes of thought 140and objective reality 151–53and passions 201–202

sense, moral 241in Hutcheson 238–39, 240in Shaftesbury 232–33, 238–39

senses, and knowledge 27, 28,42, 45

sentimentalism, moral 230,238–44

Serry, Jacques Hyacintha 310Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper,

3rd Earl of 4, 359and passion and virtue 212and rationalist ethics 229, 230,

232–33, 238–39, 243Sidgwick, Henry 224, 246, 248

Sidney, Philip 207simplicity, and natural laws 82,

86–87, 88, 90–91, 93, 120sin, originalin Bacon 25in Kant 342in Locke 290in Malebranche 203in Pascal 208in Sozzini 289

skepticismand Berkeley 151and Descartes 136, 276, 279ethical 221and fideism 294–95, 296and Hume 151, 335and Locke 96, 101, 147–48, 157reemergence 19–20, 295–97

Smiglecki, Martin 172Smith, Adam 203, 216, 237, 363and intellectual community 5and obligation 224

sociability 218, 260in Hobbes 253in Hume 214in Hutcheson 213

societies, scientific 5, 358, 360society, and enlightenment 339, 341Socinianism 289–90Soto, Dominic 304, 316Soto, Peter 304soul 137–48in Aristotelianism 71–72, 122, 123,

137–40in Aristotle 137, 139and body see mind–body problemin Descartes 138–40, 279in Hobbes 146as immaterial 138, 140, 146, 147,

307, 308as immortal 138, 146, 227, 279,

305, 308in Leibniz 123, 145in Locke 227and substance 138, 139see also mind

sovereignty 6, 14, 250, 262, 264absolute 258, 259–60, 266divided 265, 266, 270–71external 264, 267–68

418 Index






in Hobbes 98, 265, 268, 270–71, 355internal 264–67limits to 266–67location 265–66popular 261, 265, 266and territory 263–64, 268–69

space 128–34in Clarke 131in Descartes 129–30as ideal 132and infinity 129, 130in Leibniz 131–32in Locke 132–34as relational 132, 133in Spinoza 130, 131as substance 129–30and vacuum 129–30, 131, 133

speciesintelligible 149, 158sensible 149, 150, 153, 158

Spinoza, Benedict de 4, 359and causality 127–28; Causal

Likeness Principle 117, 118;final causes 121, 236

and Chinese thought 274and contract theory 259and Descartes 8, 107, 121, 359epistemology 288–89and ethics 34, 96, 98, 101, 229,

234, 235–37and free will 164–65, 167, 235–37and government 270and human nature 9and idealism 145and intellect 158and intellectual community 5and law, obligation and virtue 14and Leibniz 35, 107, 111–12and mathematics 332and metaphysics 98, 103, 107–109and mind–body problem 123–24,

126–46, 143–46and naturalism 33–36and pantheism 108, 130,

281, 287and passions 205, 207, 209, 215,

236, 332and prejudice 330and radical Enlightenment 16, 330and space 130, 131

and substance monism 95, 103,107–109, 144, 287

and superstition 331–32state, modern 250–72and government 266–67, 269–72and political naturalism 251–62and religion 331and territory 263–64, 268–69

state of nature 254, 255, 267–68Stillingfleet, Edward 147, 319Stoicismand morality 222and passions 205, 206reemergence 19, 20, 295, 354

Strauss, Leo 297Sturm, Johann 174, 175, 176Suarez, Francisco de 2, 303, 313, 354and consent theory 256and contract theory 259and efficient causation 83–85, 88,

116–17, 274and essence and existence 315influence 7and matter 71, 315and metaphysics 314–15and natural law 222–23, 225, 354and political naturalism 253, 272and the soul 137, 140

substance 70–82and accidents 68, 71–72, 73, 77, 315in Aristotelianism 17, 70–75, 103, 105;

and change 74, and form 17, 26,68, 71; prime/proximate substance 70–71; andqualities 68, 71–72, 73, 74, 75; andquantity 71–72, 75

in Berkeley 114, 362in Descartes 27, 29, 73, 75–82,

103–107, 139; and dualism 27,104–105, 107, 113; and forms andqualities 76–80; and res extensa

75–76, 89, 104, 105–107; andsensible qualities 80–82

in Gassendi 26, 75, 112, 113in Hobbes 26, 75, 124, 127, 146, 280in Leibniz 103in Locke 96, 112–14, 128mental 114, 146and metaphysics 103–14and mind–body problem 122–23

Index 419






substance (cont.)and predication 105, 108,

110, 112in Spinoza 33, 103, 107–109,

130, 144, 287see also monism

superaddition, and thought 147–48superstition 330, 331

in Condorcet 336–38in Holbach 336in Hume 334in Kant 340–41, 342, 344–45, 346in Locke 332in Spinoza 331–32

syllogismin Agricola 173–74in Aristotelianism 44–45,

170, 171in Leibniz 179in Ramus 175and regressus theory 41–44, 45

Tanner, Adam 314Taylor, Jeremy 319teleology see endsTelesio, Bernardino 75territory, and modern states

263–64, 268–69theodicy, in Leibniz 360theology 274–97

and Aristotelianism 17, 19, 20confessional issues 3and Descartes 26, 275,

283–87and dissimulation 278–83and metaphysics 95natural 276, 304, 306and other world faiths 274–75and the passions 199and philosophy 275–78, 297and politics 260and rationalism 287revealed 276and science 276see also deism; fideism; Jansenism

Thomasius 348Thomism 303, 304–10

and Dominicans 302, 309–10and Jesuits 304, 309, 313and John of St. Thomas 71, 309

leading figures 304, 309–10and Protestantism 304and Salamanca school 71, 304see also Aquinas, Thomas;

scholasticism; Suarez,Francisco de

thoughtin Descartes 138, 140, 152in Leibniz 191–94in Locke 147–48, 187–89in Spinoza 144and superaddition 147–48see also cognition; intellect; mind

time 128–34and eternity 131as ideal 132as relational 132

tolerationin Bayle 361and Enlightenment 328in Locke 267, 359in Spinoza 273

Toletus, Francisco 314transsubstantiation 71, 73Trent, Council, and the Bible 21Trinitarianism, and monotheism 289Trombetta, Anthony 311truthcontingent/necessary 181in Descartes 87, 275–76, 286in Leibniz 100, 191, 287in Locke 191, 332, 333in Malebranche 292and reason 22–23, 32in Spinoza 332

Tuck, Richard 245understandingin Descartes 156in Kant 153in Leibniz 166–68in Locke 187see also cognition; intellect;

knowledge; mind

Unitarianism 289Urban VIII, Pope 37Ussher, James 319utilitarianism 233, 234, 238, 246and political antinaturalism

254, 259

420 Index






Valencia, Gregory de 314Valla, Lorenzo 183Vazquez, Gabriel 303, 314Vermigli, Peter Martyr 318virtueand culture 215–17developmental view 216in Hobbes 14in Hume 214, 216, 241in Hutcheson 212–14in Kant 341, 344in Leibniz 233–34in Luther 208–209moral 230, 231, 242in Pascal 208–209and passions 198, 199, 200, 203,

205, 212in Rousseau 216–17and self-control 217–18in Shaftesbury 212, 232, 233, 243in Spinoza 14, 215, 235

Vitoria, Francisco de 304, 316Vives, Juan Luis 183Voetius, Gisbertus 318volition see willVoltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) 275voluntarism 159, 225–28, 243in Aquinas 308in Hobbes 228in Pascal 296rationalist critique 229, 230,

233, 241in Suarez 225

Wadding, Luke 311Wallis, John 172, 354

Ward, Seth 197Webster, John 197Weigel, Erhard 359Whichcote, Benjamin 230Wiggers, Johannes 305, 306Wilkins, John 195, 197willin Descartes 159–62, 204, 209, 296and passions 204, 209in scholastic thought 159, 308see also free will; voluntarism

will, divinein Descartes 85–88, 93, 276, 296in Grotius 272in Leibniz 92in Malebranche 83, 89, 90, 93,

118, 141, 142, 235, 287and Quietism 291

Wilson, Thomas 172wisdom, and passions 199wisdom, divinein Leibniz 91–92, 93–94, 275in Malebranche 90–91, 93–94

Wolff, Christian 2, 4, 361and Enlightenment 328, 348and intellectual community 5and rational perfectionism 248and scholasticism 303, 317

Wollaston, William 241Wood, Allen 348

Ysambert, Nicolas 306Yves of Paris 311

Zabarella, Jacopo 41, 44Zanchi, Girolamo 318

Index 421






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