6. REFERENCES

Ahdelnasser Salah Sheble Ibrahim., and Ahmed I El-diwany., Isolation and

Identification of New Cellulases Producing Thermophilic Bacteria from an Egyptian

Hot Spring and Some Properties of the Crude Enzyme, Australran Journal of Basic

and Applied Sciences, 1 (4), 473-478 (2007)

Aguilsr, C. F., Sanderson, I., Moracci, M., Ciaramella, M., Nucci, R., Rossi, M.,

and Pearl. L.H., Custal structure of the P-glycosidase from the hyperthermophilic

Archaeon Sulfi,lohus soija/uricus: resilience as a key factor in themostability, J Mol.

Biol. 271, 789-802 (1997).

.4hren, B., Effects of a-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on thyroid hormone

secretion. Acla Endocrrnol (Copenhi. 108. 181 (1985).

Anand, L., Krishnmurty, S., and Vithayathil, P. J., Purification and properties of

xylanase from the thermophilic fungus. Humicola lanuginosa (Griffon and Maublanc)

Bunce. Arch Biochem. Biophy.~ , 276.546 (1990).

Angelos, K., Kanellis., and Panagiotis Kalaitzis., Cellulase Occurs in Multiple

Active Forms in Ripe Avocado Fruit Mesocarp, Plant Physiol, .Y8, 530-534 (1992).

Arioli, T., Liangcai Peng., Andreas S. Betzner., Joanne Burn., Werner Wittke.,

Werner Henh., Christine Camilleri., Herman HBft., Jacek Plazinski., Rosemary

Birch., Ann Cork., Julie Glover., John Redmond., Richard E. Williamson.,

Molecular analysis of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, Science 279, 717-720

(1998).

Bagga, P. S., Sandhu, D. K., and Sharma. S., Purification and characterization of

cellulolytic enzymes produced by Aspergillus niduluns, Appl. Bacterial, 68, 6 1 4 8

(1990).

Bairoch, A., and Apweiler, R.. The SWISS-PROT protein sequence database and its

supplement TrEMBL in 2000, Nucleic Acids Res , 28, 45 (2000).

Barbera, G., Carimi, F., and Inglese, P., Past and present role of the Indian-fig

prickly pear (Opunriaficus-indica (L.) Miller, Cactaceae) in the agriculture of Sicily,

Economic Botany, 46, 10-22 (1 992).

Barthlott, W., (English Trans. L. Glass). Cacri. Chelre~tham: Stanley Thomes Ltd

( 1 977).

Barthlott, W., Biogeography and evolurion in neo- and paleotropical Rhipsalinae,

In K . Kubitzki [ed.]. Dispersal and Distribution. Sonderbd. naturnaturwiss. Ver.

Hamburg 7.41-248 (1983).

Barthlott, W., and Hunt, D. R., Cactaceae, In K. Kubitzki [ed.], The Families and

Genera of I/ascular Plants Val I1 Flowering Planls. Springer Verlag Berlin. 161-

196 (1993).

Bauer, M. W., Driskill, L. E., and Kelly, R. M., Glycosyl hydrolases from

hyperthermophilic microorganisms. Curr Opin. Biorechnol 9,141-145 (1998).

Bayer, E.A., Shimon, L.J.W., Shoham, Y., and Lamed, R.. Cellulosomes-structure and

ultrastructure, .Journal qJ'Structural B~ology, 121, 221-234 (1998).

Beguin, P., Molecular biology of cellulose degradation. AMU. Rev. Microbiol. 44,

219-248 (1990).

Beguin, P., and Aubert, J.P., 'l'he biological degradation of' cellulost..FEMS Microbiol Rev, 13.25- 58 (1994).

Beguin, P., and Lemaire, M., The cellulosome: an exocellular, multiprotein complex

specialized in cellulose degradation, Crif Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 31. 201-36 (1996).

Beguin, P., and ALzari, P.M., The cellulosome of Closrridium

thermocellum, .Biochem Sac Trans, 26,178 - 85 (1998).

Beldman, G., Searle-Van Leewen, MF., Rombouts, FM., and Voragen, FGJ.,

1985.The cellulase of Trichoderma v~ride. Purification characterization and

comparison of all detectable endoglucanases, exoglucanases and P -glucosidases, Eur

JBiochem.l46,301-308 (1985).

Benson, L., The Cacti of the United States and Canada. Stanford, Ca: Stanford

University Press (1982).

Bergquist, P.L., and Morgan, H.W., The molecular genetics and biotechnological

application of enzymes from extremely thermophilic eubacteria. In R.A. Herbert and

R.J. Sharp (ed.), Molecular biology and biofechnology of extremophiles. Chapman &

Hall, New York. N. Y. 44-75 (1992).

Bhat, K. M., and Maheshwari, R., Sporotrichum thermophile Growth, Cellulose

Degradation. and Cellulase Activity. Appl Environ. lMicrohio.. 63. 2176 (1987).

Bhat, K. M., McCrae S. I., and Wood, T. M., The endo (I-4)-0-D-glucanase system

of Penicllliumpinophilum cellulase: isolation. purification and characterization of five

major endoglucanase components. Carhohydr R r s . 190.279-329 (1989).

Bhat, M.K., and Bhat, S., Cellulose degrading enzymes and their potential industrial

applications. Bio technolo~ Ad>'ances. 1.5. 583-620 (1997).

Bhat, M.K., Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnolog), Biofechnology

Advances. 18.355-383 (2000)

Bhat, M.K., and Hazlewood, G.P., Enzytnology and other characteristics of

cellulases and xylanases. In: Enzymes ill farm animal nutrition. Bedford, M.R., and

Patridge, G.G., (eds). C 4 B International, 11-60 (2001).

Bin Yang., and Charles E Wyman., Biotechnology for cellulosic ethanol, APBN, I I ,

9 (2007)

Bingze Xu., Ulf Hellman., Bo Erssonl., and Jan-Christer Janson., Purification,

characterization and amino-acid sequence analysis of a thermostable, low molecular

mass endo-P-1,4-glucanase from blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, Eur. J. Biochem, 267,

497014977 (2000).

Blouin, F. A., Martin. L. F., and Rowland, S. P., Gel permeation properties of

cellulose. 111. Measurement of pore structure of unmodified and of mercerized cottons

in fibrous form. Textrle Rcs. J, 40, 809-813 (1970).

Bradford, M. M., A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram

quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Anal Biochem. 72,

248 (1976)

Brett, C.T., Cellulose Microfibrils in Plants Biosynthesis, Deposition and integration

into the wall. volume 199. Academic press, Int Rev Cytol, 199, 161-99 (2000).

Bronnenmeir, K., Kern, A., Liebl, W., and Standenbauer, W.L., Purification of

Thrrmotogu niarltrme enzymes for the degradation of cellulosic materials, Appl.

Environ Mirrobio, 61. 1399-1407 (1995).

Brown, R.M., Jr , Saxena, I.M., and Kudlica, K., Cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants, Trends Plant SCI. 1, 149 - 55 (1996).

Brown, R.M., and Jr , Saxena, I.M., Cellulose biosynthesis: A model for

understanding the assembly of biopolymers, Plunr Physiol Biochem, 38, 5 7 6 7

(2000).

Brummell, D.A., Lashbrook, C.C., and Bennett, A.B., Plant endo-l,4-P-D-

glucanases. Structure. properties. and physiolog~cal function. Am Chem Soc S'mp

Ser, 556, 100- 29 (1994).

Brummell, D.A., Catala, C., Lashbrook, C.C., and Bennett, A.B., A membrane-

anchored E-type endo-l,4-b-glucanase is localized on golgi and plasma membranes of

higher plants, Proc Natl AcadSci USA, 94, 4794- 9 (1997).

B ~ m m e l l , D.A., Bird, C.R., Schuch, W., and Bennett, A.B., An endo-I, 4-b - glucanase expressed at high levels in rapidly expanding tissues, .Plant Mol Biol, 33,

87- 95 (1997).

Brutsche, M.O., Prickly pear (Opuntiu ficus-indica) cultivation in southern Africa.

In: Symposium of agricultural use of the C'acraceae Prospects and problems.

international organizalion fi)r succulent plant .study, Frankfurt (1984).

Buchanan, C.L., Connaris, H., Danson, M.J., Reeve, C.D., and Hough, D.W., An

extremely them~ostable aldolose from Suyoiohus solfitaricus with specificity for non-

phosphorylated substrates. Blochem J , 333. 563-570 (I 999).

Byrne, H., Christou, N.V., Verma, D.P., and Maclachlan, G.A., Purification and

characterization of two cellulases from auxin-treated pea epicotyls, Biol.Chem, 250,

1012-1018 (1975).

Canganella, F., Andrade, C.M., and Antranikian, G., Characterization of

amylolpic and pullulytic enzymes from thennophilic archaea and from a new

Fevidobacterium species . Appl .I4rcrohioi Biorechnol., 12. 239-245 (1994).

Cao, Y.. and Huimin, T.. Effects of cellulase on the modification of cellulose,

Carbohydrate Research, 337. 1291 - 1 296 (2002).

Carolina, M.M.C., Andrade, I. , Nei Pereira Jr . I. , and Garo Antranikian.,

Extremely thermophilic microorganisms and their polymer hydrolytic enzymes,

Revista de Microbiologia, 30, 287-298 (1 999).

Cavicchioli, R., and Watson, K.. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization

of endoglucanase genes from Fibrobacter succinogenes ARI. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol, 5'. 359-365 (1991 ).

Carpita, N.C., and Giheaut, D.M., Structural models of primary cell walls in

flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of

walls during growth, Plant J, 3. 1 - 30 (1993).

Catala, C., Rose, J.K.C., and Bennett, A.B., Auxin regulation and spatial

localization of an endo-1.4-e-1)-glucanase and a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase in

expanding tonlato hypocotyls. Plant J, 12,417 -26 (1997).

Catala, C., Bennett, A.B., Cloning and sequence analysis of Tomcel 8, a new plant

endo beta-14, D glucanase gene encoding a protein with a putative carbohydrate

binding domain (accession no AF098292), Plant Physiol. 118. 1535 (1998).

Cass, L.G., Kilven, K.A., Christoffersen, K.E., lsolation and characterization of a

cellulase gene family member expressed durlng avocado fruit ripening, Mol Gen

Genet, 223.76 - 86 (1990).

Cavaco-Paulo, A., Mechanism of cellulase action in textile processes, Carbohydrate

Pob;mers. 37.273-2770 998).

Chang, C., Park, B. C., Lee, D.S., and Suh, S. W., Crystal structures of

themostable xylose isomerases from Thermus caldophilus and Thermus

thermophrlus: Possible structural determinants of thermostability. .l Mol. Biol, 288,

623-634 (1999).

Chen, W., Avison, M.J., Zhu, X.H., and Shulman, R.G., NMR Studies of 'H NOES

in Glycogen. Biochemistry, 32, 11383-1 1487 (1993).

Chidamian, C., The Book of Cacti irnd Othcr S~rccuients New York: The American

Garden Guild and Doubleday Company Inc (1958).

Chikamatsu, G., Shirai, K., Kato, M., Kobayashi, T., and Tsukagoshi, N.,

Structure and expression properties of the endo-P-I, 4-glucanase a gene from the

filamentous fungus A,\pergrllus nidulans. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 175, 239-245

(1999).

Christakopoulos, P., Kekos, D., Macris, B.J., Claeyssens, M., and Bhat, M.K.,

Purification and Characterization of less randomly acting endo-1, 4-P-D-glucanase

from culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum, Arch Biochem Biophys.316, 428-433

(1995a).

Christakopoulos, P., Kekos, D., Macris, B.J., Claeyssens, M., Bhat, M.K.,

Purification and mode of action of low molecular mass endo-l,4-p-D-glucanase from

Fusarium oxysporum, JBiorechnol, 39, 85-93 (1995b).

Chomoczynski, P., and sacchi, N., Single step method of RNA isolation by acid

guanidium thiocyanate-Phenol-chloroform extraction, Anal. Biochem, 162, 156

(1987).

Clovis de Andrade, J., As palmas forragerias em Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil, 181

( 1 990).

Colombo, S, D., Auria, S., Fusi, P., Zecca, L., Raia, C.A., and Tortora, P.,

Purification and characterization of a thermostable carboxypeptidase from the

extreme thermophilic archaebacterium Su!foloh~rs sol/actaricus. Eur J Biochem.,

206.349-357 (1992).

Coughlan, M. P., and McHale, A., Purification of P-D-glucoside glucohgdrolases of

Taluromyces emer.vonii. Merhods Enzymol. 160,437443 (1988).

Coughlan, M.P., and Moloney, A.P., Isolation of 1, 4- P -D-glucan 4-

ylucanohydrolases of Tniuromycr.~ emer.ronii. Methods Enzymol. 160, 363-368

(1988).

Coughlan, M. P., Cellulose degradation b) fungl. In W. M.Fogarty and C. T. Kelly

(ed.), Microbial enzymes and biotechnology. 2nd ed. Elsevier Applied Science.

London, United Kingdom, 1-36 (1990).

Coutinho, PM., and Henrissat, B., Carbohydrate active enzymes: An integrated

database approach. In: Recent advances in carbohydrate bioengineering Gilbert HJ,

Davies GJ, and Henrissat B, Svensson B. Eds. Royal Society of Chemistry,

Cambridge. 3-12 (1999).

Covert, S.F., van den Wymelenberg , A., and Cullen, D., Structure, Organization,

and Transcription of a Cellobiohydrolase Gene Cluster from Phanerochaete

chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbial. 58,2168-75 (1992).

Cosgrove, D.J., Enzymes and other agents that enhance cell wall extensibility, Annu

Rev Planr Physiol and Planr Mol Biol, 50.391- 417 (1999)

Cowling, E. B., Physical and chemical constraints in the hydrolysis of cellulose and

lignocellulosic materials, Biorrchnol. Bioeng. Symp, 5, 163-181 (1975).

Cumming, C. M., Rizkallah, H. D., McKendrick, K.A., Abdel-Massih, R.M.,

Baydoun, E.A., Brett, C.T., Uiosj~nrhesis and cell-wall deposition of a pectin-

xyloglucan complex in pea. Planru doi: 10.1007/s00425-005- 1560-2) (2005).

Cullmann, W., Gotz, D., and Groner, G., The Encyclopedia of Cacti. Portland. OR:

Tlmber Press (I 986).

Curtis, R.J., Prickly pear farming in the Santa Clara Valley, California. Economic

Botany (1979).

Daniel, J. Cosgrove., Growth of the plant cell wall, .Varure Reviews. Molecular cell

Blologq. 6 , 850-861 (2005).

Davis, B. J., Disc Electrophoresis. 11. Method and Application to Human Serum

Proteins, Ann N YAcadSci . 121, 404 (1 964).

Davis, G., Structural studies on cellulases, Blochem Soc Trans, 26, 167-73 (1998)

Del Campillo, E., and Bennett, A.B., Pedicel breakstrength and cellulase gene

expression during tomato flower abscission, Planr Physiol, I l l , 81 3 - 20 (1996).

Del Campillo, E., Multiple endo-I, 4-beta-D-glucanase (cellulase) genes in

Arabidopsis, ('urr Top Dev Biol, 46, 3 9 4 1 (1999).

Delmer, D.P., and Amor, Y., Cellulose biosynthesis, Plant Cell, 7,987 - 1000

(1995).

Delmer, D.P., Cellulose biosynthesis: exciting times for a difficult field of study,

Annu Rev. Plant Physiol Plant Mol. Biol. 50, 245-276 (1999).

De Silva, J., Jarman, C.D., Arrowsmith, D.A., Stronach, MS., Chengappa, S.,

Sidebottom, C., and Reid, J.S., Molecular characterization of a xyloglucan-specific

endo-f M)-j3-D-glucanase (xyloglucan erdotransglycosylase) from nasturtium

seeds.Plant J, 3, 701-1 1 (1993).

De Vos, W. M., Kengen, S. W., Voorhorst, W. G . B., and van der Oost. J., Sugar

utilization and its control in hyperthermophiles, Extremophile~, 2,201-205 (1998).

Di Giulio, M., The universal ancestor was a thermophile or a hyperthermophile. Gene,

281, 11-17 (2001).

Di Giulio, M., The ancestor of the Bacteria domain was a hyperthermophile. Theor

Biol, 224,277-283 (2003).

Dong, G., and Zeikus, J.G.. Purification and characterization of alkaline phosphatase

from Thermotogu neupolitanu. Enzyme ,M~crob. Techno).. 21.335-340 (1997).

Driskill, L. E., Kusy, K., Bauer, M. W., and Kelly, R. M., Relationship between

glycosyl hydrolase invent00 and growth physiology of the hyperthemophile

Pyrucoccus furiosu.\ on carbohydrate-based media, Appl. Environ. Microbial, 65, 893-

897 (1 999).

Edward A Bayer., Raphael Lamed., and Michael E Himmel., The potential of

cellulases and cellulosomes for cellulosic waste management, Current Opinion in

Biotechnologv, 18,237-245 (2007)

Ekperigin, M, M., Preliminary studies of cellulase production by Acinetobacler

anrtrarus and Branhamella sp. African Journal of Biotechnologv .6 ( I ) , 028-033,

(2007)

Elegir, G., Panizza, E., and Canetti, M., Neutral enzyme-assisted deinking of

xerographic Office waste with a cellulaselamylase mixture, Tappi J, 83,71 (2000).

Eriksson, K.-E., & Pettersson, B., Extracellular enzyme system utilized by the

fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum (Chrysosporium lignorum) for the breakdown of

cellulose 1. Separation, purification and physico-chemical characterization of five

endo-l,4-P-glucanases, Eur. J Biochem, 51, 193 - 206 (1975).

Evans, K. A., Hoyne, P. A., and Stone, B. A., Characteristics and specificity of the

interaction of a fluorochrome from Anil~ne blue (Sirofluor) with polysaccharides,

Carh Polymer.$. 4, 215-230 (1984).

Fan, L. T., Lee, Y.-H., and Beardmore. D. H., Mechanism of the enzymatic

hydrolqsis of cellulose: effects of major structural features of cellulose on enzymatic

hydrolysis, Biorechnol. Biocng, 22. 177-199 (1980).

Faiez Alani., William, A Anderson., Murray Moo-Young., New isolate of

Streptomyces sp. with novel thermoalkalotolerant cellulases, Biotechnol Lerl 30.123-

126(2008)

Fensome, R.A., and Williams, G.L., (Eds) The Last Billion Years. Atlantic

Geoscience Society: Halifax. Nova Scoria: Nimbus (2001).

Fischer, R.L., and Bennett, A.B., Role of cell wall hydrolases.in fruit ripening,,

Annu Rev Plan1 Physiol Plant Mol Biol, 42,675-703 (1991)

Fitter, J., Herrmann, R., HauB, T., Lechner, R.E., and Dencher, N.A., Dynamical

properties of a-amylase in the folded and unfolded state: the role of thermal

equilibrium fluctuations for conformational entropy and protein stabilization, Phy~icu

B, 301, 1-2 (2001).

F r a n ~ o i s CBtf., Souad El Ouakfaoui., Alain Asselin., Detection of P -glucanase

activity on various p - 1,3 and P - 1,4-glucans after native and denaturing

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Eledrophoresis, 12, 69-14 (1991).

French, D., Chemical and physical properties of starch. .I Animal Soi, 37, 1048-1061

(1973).

French, D., International review of Biochemistry, (Whelan, W.J., ed), Univ. Park

Prem. Baltimore, Maryland (Series one), 5.269 (1975).

Friedrich, A.B., and Antranikia, G., Keratin degradation by Fervidohacferium

pennavorans, a novel thermophilic anaerobic species of the order Thermotogales.

.Appl Environ .Wicrohiol.. 62,2875-2882 (1996).

Fry S.C., Polysaccharide-modifying enzyme in the plant cell wall, Annu Rev Plan!

Physiol Plant Mu1 Bioi. 16. 497-520 (1 995)

Gabelsberger, J., Liebl, W., and Schleifer, K.H., Cloning and characterization of P- glycoside hydrolyzing enzymes of Thermofoga marirtme. FEMS Microhiol. Lerr.. 109,

131-138 (1993).

Gabriel Waksman., purification and characterization of two endp-1-,4-D-glucanases

from Sclerorrnia sclerotiorum Brochemica rf Biuphysica Acta, 1073,49-55 (1 991).

Galante, Y.M., De Conti, A., and Monteverdi, R., Application of Trichoderma

enzymes in textile industry. In: Trichodrerrna and Gliocladium-enzymes, biological

control and commercial applications. Harman. G.F.. and Kubicek, C.P., (eds). Taylor

and Francis, London Volume 2. 3 11-326 (1998).

Gan, Q., Allen, S.J., and Taylor, G., Kinetic dynamics in heterogeneous enzymatic

hydrolysis of cellulose: an overview, an experimental study and mathematical modeling,

Process Biochernisrry, 38(7). 1003-1018 (2003).

Gibson, A. C., and Nobel, P.S., The Cactus Primer. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge,

Ma (1986).

Gilbert, H.J., and Hazlewood, G.P.. Bacterial cellulases and xylanases, Journal of

General Microbiology, 139, 187-194 (1993).

Gilkes N.R., Langsford, M.L., Kilburn, D.G., Miller, R.C., Jr., and Warren,

R.A.J., Mode of Action and Substrate Specificities of Cellulases from Cloned

Baterial Genes, JBiol Chem, 259, 10455.10459 (1984).

Gilkes, N.R., Henrissat, B., Kilburn, D.G., Miller, R.J., and Warren, R.A.,

Domains in m~crobial b-1.4-glqcanases: sequence conservation, function, and enzyme

families, Microbiol Rev. 55, 303- 15 (1991).

Giorgi Kvesitadze., Rusudan Khvedelidze., Tamar Urushadze., Lali

Kutateladze., Archil Berulava., Homogenous Preparation and Kinetic and

Molecular Indices of Endo-l,4-B-glucanase from the Extremophilic Micromycete

Aspergillus versicolor-83, Bulletin of the Georgian national academy of sciences,

175.2 (2007).

Godfroy, A.. Lesongeur, F.. Raguenes, G., Querellou, J., Antoine, E., Meunier, J.

R., Guezennec, J., and Barbier. G. , Thermococcus hydrothermuli.~ sp. nov., a neu

hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Inf. Sysr

Bacterial, 47, 6 2 2 4 2 6 ( 1 997).

Comes, J., and Steiner, \Ir., Production of a high activity of an extremely

thermostable p-mannanase by the thermophilic eubacterium Rhodothermtrs marinus,

grown on locust bean gum. Biotechnol Lett.. 20.729-733 (1998).

Gong, C.S., and Tsao, G.T.. Cellulase and biosynthesis regulation. Ann Rep Fermenr

Proc, 3, 1 11-140 (1979).

Gong, C.S., Chen, L.F., and Tsao, G.T., Affinity chromatography of Endoglucanase

of Trichoderma viride by concanavalin-A agarose, Biotech Bioeng, 21, 167-171

( 1 979).

Gordon E. Willick., and Verner L. Seligy., Multiplicity in cellulases of

Schizophyllum commune Derivation partly from heterogeneity in transcription and

glycosylation Eur. .I Biochem, 151, 89-96 (1985).

Gretty K. Villena., and Marcel GutiCrrez-Correa., Production of lignocellulolytic

enzymes by Aspergillu~ niger biofilms at variable hater activities, Electronic .lournu1

ofBiofechnology, 10. 1 (2007)

Guex, N., and Peitsch, MC., "SWISS-MODEL and the Swiss-PdbViewer: an

environment for comparative protein modeling." Electrophores~~, 18/15), 2714-23,

(1997).

Gum, E.K., Brown, and R.D. Jr., Comparison of four purified extracellular 1-4. P- D-glucan cellobiohydrolase from Trichoderma viride, Biochim Biophys Act, 92, 225-

231 (1977).

Habib Onsori., Mohammad Raza Zamani., Mostafa Mntallebi., and Nosratollah

Zarghami.. Identification of over producer strain of endo-b-1, 4-glucanase in

Asperg~llu~ Species: Characterization of crude carbowymethyl cellulase. Africun

Journal ofBiotechnologl;, 1 (1). 26-30 (2005).

Haigler, C.H., and Brown, R.M., Transport of rosettes from the Golgi apparatus to

the plasma membrane in isolated mesophyll cells of Zinnia eleguns during

differentiation to tracheary elements in suspension culture. Protoplasma 134. 1 1 1-120

(1986).

Halliwell, G., The action of cellulolq~tic enzymes from Myrothecium verrucaria,

Biochem J. 79, 185-192 (1961).

Hayashi, T., Xyloglucans in the primary cell walls, Annu Rev Planr Physiol, 40, 139-

68 (1989).

Hayashi, T., and Ohsumi, C., Endo-1.4-b-glucanase in the cell. wall of stems of

auxin-treated pea seedlings, Plant Cell Physiol, 35.419 - 24 (1994).

Henrissat, B., Claeyssens, M., Tomme, P., Lemesle, L., and Mornon, J.P.,

Cellulase families revealed by hydrophobic cluster analysis, Gene, 81, 83- 95 (1989).

Henrissat, B., A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence

similarity, Biochem. J, 280. 309-3 I6 (1991).

Henrissat, B., and Bairoch, A., New families in the classification of glycosyl

hydolase based on amino acid sequence similarity. Biochem 293, 781-788 (1993).

Henrissat, B., and Bairoch, A., Updating the sequence-based classification of

glycosyl hydrolases, Biochem. J, 316, 695-696 (1996).

Hitomi, J., Hatada, Y., Kawaminami, S., and Kawai, S., Ito S Amino acid

sequence and stereoselective hydrolytic reaction of an endo-l, 4- P -glucanase from a

Bacillus strain. Biosci Biorechnol Biochem, 61,2004-2009 (1997).

Hoj, P.B., and Fincher, G.B., Molecular evolution of plant R-glucan

endohydrolases, Planr J, ', 367- 79 (1995).

Hoshino, E., and Ito, S., Application of alkaline cellulases that contribute to soil

removal in detergents. In: J .H. van Ee. 0. Misset and E.J. Baas, Editors, Enzymes in

Detergency. Dekker, New York , pp. 149-1 74 (1997).

Hough, D. W., and Danson, M. J., Extremozymes Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.. 3,39-46

(1999).

Hybl, A., Rundle, R.E., and Williams, D.E., The Crystal and Molecular Structure of

the Cyclohexaamylose-Potassium Acetate Complex, J Am Chc,m Soc. 87, 2779-

2788 (1965).

Ikeda, M., and Clark, D.S., Molecular cloning of extremely thermostable esterase

gene from hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus in Escherichia coli.

Biotechnol. Bioeng , 57,624-629 (1 998).

Jacohsen, H., A Handbook of Succulent Plants. Poole, Vol. 111: Dorset: Blandford

Press, (1 954c).

Jaenicke, R., Stability and stabilization of globular proteins in solution, J Biotechnol,

79, 193-203 (2000).

Jeffries, T.W., Klungness, J.H., Marguerite, S., and Cropsey, K.R., Comparison

of enzyme enhanced with conventional deinking of xerographic and laser-printed

paper. Tappi J. 7'. 173-79 (1994).

Jensen, L. G., Olsen, O., Kops, O., Wolf, N., Thomsen, K. K., and von Wettstein.

D., Transgenic barley expressing a protein-engineered, thermostable (I . 3-1, 4)-beta-

glucanase during gemination, Proc ;liar/. Acad. Sci, U.S.A. 93, 3487-3491 (1996).

Jin, R., Richter, S., Zhong, R., and Lamppa, G. K., Expression and impon of an

active cellulase from a themophilic bacterium into the chloroplast both in vitro and in

vivo, Plant Mol. Biol, 51,493-507 (2003).

Karl-Erik Erihson., and Bert Petterson.. Extracellular Enzyme System Utilized by

the Fungus Spororrichum puh'erulmtum (C'hrposporium lignorum) for the

Breakdmn of Cellulose 1. Separation. Purification and Physico-Chemical

Characterization of Five Endo-l, 4-P-glucanases, Eur. J Biochem. 51, 193-206 (1975).

Karel Grohmann., Melvin P. Tucker., William S. Adney., and Michael E.

Himmel., Themostable purified endoglucanase from acidothermus

cellulolyticus ATCC 43068US Pacent Issued on January 4 (1994).

Karl-Erik Erihson., and Bert Pettersson., Extracellular Enzyme System Utilized

by the Fungus Spororrichum pulverulentum /Chrysosporium lignorum) for the

Breakdown of Cellulose 1. Separation, Purification and Physico-Chemical

Characterization of Five Endo-l, 4- P -glucanases, Eur. J Biochem, 51. 193-206

(1975).

Kashiwabara, S., Ogawa, S., Miyoshi, N., Oda, M. and Suzuki, Y., Three domains

comprised in thermostable molecular weight 54,000 pullulanase of type I from

Bacillus~avocaldarius KP 1228. Biosci. Bioiechnol. Biochem. 63: 1736-1 748 (1 999).

Katherine Cavedon., Susan B. Leschine., and Canale-Parola, E., .Cellulase

System of a Free-Living, Mesophilic Clostridium (Strain C7) Journal o f Bacleriology,

172.8,4222-4230 (1990).

Kelly, R. M., and Adams, M. W., Metabolism in hyperthermophilic

microorganisms. Anionie van Leeuwenhoek, 66,247-270 (1994).

Kelvin Eekert., and Erwin Schneider., A thermoacidophilic endoglucanase (CelB)

from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius displays high sequence similarity to

arabinofuranosidases belonging to family 51 of glycoside hydrolases, Eur. J Blochem,

270, 3593-3602 (2003).

Kemmerer, E.C., and Tucker, M.L., Comparative study of cellulases associated

with adventitious root initiation, apical buds. and leaf, flower, and pod abscission

zones in soybean, Plant Physiol, 104. 557 - 62 (1994).

Kengen, A.W., Luesink, E.V., Stams A.J. and Zehnder, A.J.. Purification and

characterization of an extremely thermostable P-glucosidase from the

hypenhermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furio~us. Eur. J Blochem., 213, 305-12

(1993).

Ken-ichi Suzuki., Takao Ojima., and Kiyoyoshi Nishita., Purification and cDNA

cloning of a cellulase from abalone Haliotis discus hannai, Eur. J Biochem, 270,

771-778 (2003).

Khandke, K. M., Vol. PhD Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

(1986).

Khandke, K. M., Vithayathil, P.J., and Murthy, S.K., Purification of xylanase, P- glucosidase, endocellulase, and exocellulase from a thermophilic fungus,

Thermoascus auranliacus. Arch Biochem. Blophys, 274,491-500 (1 989).

Kim, Y.O., Kim, H.-K., Bae, K.-S., Yu, J.-H. and Oh, T.K., Purification and

properties of a thermostable phytase from Bacillus sp. DSI 1 . Enzyme Microb.

Technol., 22, 2-7 (1998).

Kimura, S., Laosinchai, W., Itoh, T., Cui, X., Linder, C.R., and Brown, R.M.,

Immunogold labeling of rosette terminal cellulose-synthesizing complexes in the

vascular plant L'igna angularis, Plant Cell, 11. 2075-2085 (1999a).

Knowles J., Lehtovaara P., Teeri T.T., Cellulase families and their genes. Trends

BiotechnoI,5.255 - 61 (1987).

Koivula, A., Lappalainen, A., Virtanen, S., Mantyla, A.L., Suominen, P., Teeri,

T.T., Immunoaffinity chromatographic purification of cellobiohydrolase I1 mutants

from recombinant Trichoderma reesei strains devoid of major endoglucanase genes.

Protein Expression and Pur[ficarlon, 8,391-400 (1996).

Koh, S., Shin, H.J., Kim, J.S., Lee, D.S., and Lee, S.Y., Trehalose synthesis from

maltose by a thermostable trehalose synthase from Thermus caidophilus. Biotechnol.

Lett., 20, 757-761 (1998).

Kozianowski, G., Canganella, F., Rainey, F.A., Hippe, H., and Antranikian, G.,

Purification and characterization of thermostable pectate-lyases from a newly isolated

thermophilic bacterium, Thermoanaerobac~er italicus p . Nov. Extremophiles 1, 171 - 182 (1997).

Krishna-Murti, C.R., and Stone, B.A., Fractionation of the, 3-glucosidases of

Aspergillus niger, Biochem. J 78,715-723 (1961).

Krystyna Zoltowska, Purification and characterization of a-amylases from the

intestine and muscle of Ascaris suum (Nematoda). Acta. Biochimica. Polonic,~. 48,

763-774 (2001).

Kumar, S., Tsai, C.-J., and Nussinov. R., Factors enhancing protein thermostability.

Protein Eng, 13, 179-191 (2000).

Kumar, V. S., Meenakshisundaram, S., and Selvakumar, N., Conservation of

cellulase enzyme in biopolishing application of cotton fabrics, Journal of the Textile

Insrilule, 99,4,339-346 (2008)

Kumar, S., and Nussinov, R., How do thermophilic proteins deal with heat? Cell.

Moi. Life Sci, 58, 1216-1233 (2001).

Lachke, A.H., Isolation. purification and characterization of cellulolytic enzymes

from Sclerolium rolfi~i. Ph.D. thesis (1982), University of Pune, India.

Lachke, A.H., and Deshpande, M.V., Sclrrotium rqfiii. Status in cellulase research,

FEkfS Microhiol Rev, 54. 177-1 93 (1 988).

Ladenstein, R., and Antranikian, G., Proteins from hyperthermophiles Adv.

Biochrm. Eng/Biotcchnol, 61. 37-85 (1998).

Laderman, K. A., B. R. Davis. H. C. Krutzsch, M. S. Lewis, Y. V. Griko, P.

L.Privalov, and C. B. Anfinsen. The purification and characterization of an

extremely thermostable a-amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium

Pyrococcusfurrosus, J Biol. Chem , 268,24394 (3993).

Laemmli, U. K., Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of

bacteriophage T4, Nature, 227,680 (1970).

Lashbrook C.C., Gonzales-Bosch C., Bennett A.B., Two divergent endo-$-1,4-

glucanase genes exhibit overlapping expression in ripening fruit and abscising flowers,

Plant Cell, 6, 1485- 93 (1994).

Lebbink, J. H. G., Molecular characterisation of the thennostability and catalytic

properties of enzymes from hyperthennophiles. PhD Thesis. Wageningen University,

Wageningen (1999).

Lee, C.Y., and Zeikus, J.G., Purification and characterization of thermostable

glucose isomerase from C'losrridium thermosulfurogens and Thermoanaerohacrer

strain B6A. Biochem. J , 273, 565-571 (1991).

Lee, S.G., Lee, D.C., Hong, S.P., Sung, M.H., and Kim, H.S., Thermostable D-

hydantoinase from thermophilic Bacillus stearothermophilus DS-l: characteristics of

purified enzyme. Appl. Microhiol. Biorechnol., 13,270-276 (1995).

Le Houerou, H.N.. Resources and potential of the native flora for fodder and sown

pastures production in the arid and semi-arid zones of North Africa. In Goodin J R and

Worthington DK, eds, Arid Land plant Resources. ICASALS, Texas Tech Univ.

Lubbock, Texas. 384-401 (1979).

Le Houerou, H.N., The role of Opunria cacti in the agricultural development of

Mediterranean arid zones. Proc. 2nd International Congress on Prickly Pear and

Cochineal. Santiago, Chile. 22-25 (1992).

Leibl, W., Ruile, P., Bronnenmeier, K., Riedel, K., Lottspeich, F., and Greif, L.,

Analysis of a Thermoroga maritime DNA fragment encoding two similar

thermostable cellulases, CetA and CetB, and characterization of the recombinant

enzymes, Microbioiogv, 142,2533-2542 (1996).

Liebl, W., Wangner, B., and Schellhase, J., Properties of an a-glactosidase, and

structure of its gene ga14, within an a and P-galactoside utilization gene cluster of the

hyperthennophilic bacterium Thermaroga maritime. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 21, 1-11

(1998).

Lemos, M.A., Teixeira, J.A., Domingues, M.R.M., Mota, M., and Gama, F.M., The

enhancement of the cellulolytic activity of cellobiohydrolases I and endoglucanase by the

addition of cellulose binding domains derived from Trichoderma reesei. Enzyme and

M~crobial Technology, 32,35-40 (2003).

Leschine S.B., Cellulose degradation in anaerobic environments, .Annu Rev

Microbiol, 49. 399 - 426 (1995).

Levy, I., Shani, Z., and Shoseyov, O., Modification of polysaccharides and plant cell

wall by endo-l, 4-b-glucanase and cellulose-binding domains. Biomolecular

Engineering, 1 Y , 17-30 (2002).

Lomako, J., Lomako, W.M., Whelan, W.J., Domdro, R.S., Neary, J.T., and

Norenberg, M.D., Glycogen synthesis in the astrocyte: from glycogenin to

proglycogen to glycogen. FASEB .I. 7, 1386-1393 (1993).

Lynd. L. R., Wyman, C. E., and Gerngross. T. U., Biocommodity engineering.

Biotr.chno1. Prog, 13. 777-793 (1999).

Lynd, L.R., Weimer, P.J., van ZyI, W.H., and Pretorius, I.S., Microbial cellulose

utilization: Fundamentals and biotechnology. M~crobiologv and ~~olecular hrologv

Reviews, 66. 3, 506-577 (2002).

Machius, M., Declerck, N., Huber, R., and Wiegand, G., Kinetic stabilization of

Bacillus lichenrformrs amylase through introduction of hydrophobic residues at the

surface. J Biol. Chem, 278, 11546-1 1553 (2003).

Macarron, R., Acebal, C., Castillon, M.P., Dominguez, J.M., de la Mata, I.,

Pettersson, G., Tomme, P., and Claeyssens, M., Mode of action of endoglucanase

111 from Trichodermu reesei. B~orhem. J . 289.867 - 873 (1993).

Madeleine, M.L., Libemart, N., Bellanger, F., Delrue, B., D' Hulst, C., Van den

Koorhuyse, N., Fontaine, T., Wieruszeski, J.M., Decq. A., and Ball, S., Toward an

understanding of the biogenesis of the starch granule. Determination of granule-bound

and soluble starch synthase functions in amylopectin synthesis. J. Biol. Chem, 269.

25150-25157 (1994).

Maeda, H., and Ischida, N., Specificity of binding of hexapyranosyl polysaccharides

with fluorescent brightener. J . Biochem, 62,276-278 (1967).

Mallick, P., Boutz, D. R., Eisenberg, D., and Yeates, T. O., Genomic evidence that

the intracellular proteins of archaeal microbes contain disulfide bonds., Proc. Nafl.

Acad Sci U S A . , 99, 9679-9684 (2002).

Mandels., and Weber., Production of Cellulases, Advun Chem. Ser., 93, 391-414

Mansfield, S.D., Saddler, J.N., and Gu"bitz, G.M., Characterization of

endoglucanases from the brown rot fungi Gloeophyllum sepiurium and Gloeophyllum

traheum, Enzyme Microh Technol, 23. 133-140 (1998).

Marchessault, R. H., and Sundararajan, P. R., Cellulose, In G 0. Aspinall (ed.).

The polysaccharides, Academic Press. Inc.. New York, N.Y , vol. 2. 11-95 (1993).

Marion, E.H., Luderer., Franz Hofer., Karl Hagspiel., Giinter Allmaier., Dieter

Blaas., and Christian P. Kubicek., A re-appraisal of multiplicity of endoglucanase I

from Trichodermu reesei using monoclonal antibodies and plasma desorption mass

spectrometry, Biochimlca el BiophyMca Acta. 1076,427-434 (1991).

Marli Camassola., Luciano Ramos Debittencourt., Nicolet.Shenem., J u Rgen

Andreaus., and Aldo Jose Pinheiro Dillon., Characterization of the Cellulase

Complex of Penicillium Echinulatum, Biocara1)~sb und Biotransformation, 22 (316).

391- 396 (2004).

McCann M.C., and Wells B., Roberts K., Direct visualization of cross-links in the

primary cell wall, JCell Sci, 96, 323 -34 (1990).

Mc Carten, N., Fossil cacti and other succulents from the late Pleistocene. Cacr. Succ

Journ, (U.S.) 53. 122-123 (1981).

McHale, A., and Coughlan, M.P., Synergistic hydrolysis of cellulose by components

of the extracellular cellulase system of Talaromyces emersonii. FEBS Let, 11 7, 3 19-

322 (1980).

McHale, A., and Coughlan, M. P., The cellulolytic system of Talaromyces

emersonii. Identification of the various components produced during growth on

cellulosic media, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 662, 145-151 (1981).

McHale, A., and Coughlan, M.P., Properties of the P-glucosidases of Taluromyces

emersonii, J Gen. Microbiol. 128,2327-2331 (1982).

Medve, J., Lee, D., and Tjerneld, F. , Ion-exchange chromatographic purification

and quantitative analysis of Trichoderrna reesei cellulases cellohiohqdrolase I , I1 and

endoglucanase I1 by fast protein liquid chromatography, .7 ('hrorn .4 808, 1-2, 153-

165 (1998).

Melissa Goellner., Xiaohong Wang., and Eric L.Davis., Endo-P-l,4-Glucanase

Expression in Compatible Plant-Nematode Interactions, The Plunf Cell, 13, 2241-

2255 (2001).

Merkler, D. J., Srikumar, k., Marchese Ragona, S. P., and Wedler, F.C.,

Aggregation of thenno-inactivation of glutamine synthetase from an extreme

thennoph~le, Bacillus ca1dolyticu.r.. Bioch~rnica el Biophysics Acra, 952, 101-114

(1988).

Michael W.Bauer., Lance E.Driskill., Walter Callen., Marjory A.Snead., Eric

J.Mathur., and Robert M. Kelly., An Endoglucanase. EglA, from the

Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcusfurio~us Hydrolyzes P-1,4 Bonds in Mixed-

Linkage (1 -3), (I--4)-P-D-Glucans and Cellulose, Journal of Bucteriologv, Vol.

181, No. 1,284-290 (1999).

Miller, G.L., Use of the dinitro salicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing

sugar, Anal Chem, 31,426-428, (1959)

Moloney, A. P., McCrae, S.I., Wood, T.M., and Coughlan, M.P., Isolation and

characterization of l,4- P -D-glucan glucanohydrolases of Talaromyces emersonii,

Biochem. J , 225,365-374 (1985).

Monti, R., Terenzi, H.F., and Jorge, J.A., Purification and properties of an

extracellular xylanase from the thermophilus fungus Humicola grisea var.

Thermoidea, Can. Microbial 37, 675-681 (1991).

Monika S. Doblin., Isaac Kurek., Deborah Jacob-Wilk., and Deborah P. Delmer.,

Cellulose Biosynthesis in Plants: from Genes to Rosettes. Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 12,

1407-1420 (2002).

Mosier, N.S., Hall, P., Ladisch, C.M., and Ladisch, M.R.. Reaction kinetics, molecular

action, and mechanisms of cellulolytic proteins, Advances in Biochemical

Eng~neering/Biotechnolo~:. 65, 23-40 (1999).

Mulas, M., Medicinal properties and yield possibilities of the prickly pear (Opuntia

spp . ) in the Mediterranean enxironment. Acra Hurt. 331. 79-84 (1993).

Morkbak, AL., Zimmermann, W., Deinking of mixed office paper, old newspaper

and vegetable oil-based ink printed paper using cellulases, xylanases and lipases. Prog

Pap Recycle, 7, 14-21 (1 998a)

Morkbak, AL., and Zimmermann, W., Deinking of recovered mixed office paper

by treatment with a single endoglucanase I from H~rmicola insolens and a neutral

surfactant, ProgPap Recycle, 73-33-37 (1998b).

Morkbak, AL., Degn, P., and Zimmermann, W., Deinking of soybean oil based ink

printed-paper with lipases and a neutral surfactant, J B~otechnol, 6,229-236 (1999).

Murao, S., Sakamoto, S., and Arai. M., Cellulases of Aspergillus aculearus.

Methods Enzymol. 160, 275-299 (1988).

Myoung Kyu Kang., Pil Jae Maeng., Young Ha Ree., Purification and

Characterization of Two Xylanases from Alkalophilic Cephalosporium sp. Strain

RYM-202, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 62, No. 9, 3480-3482

(1996).

Nathan, A Ekborg., Wendy Morrill., Adam M Burgoyne., Li Li., and Daniel, L

Distell., CelAB, a Multifunctional Cellulase Encoded by Teredinibacrer turnerae

T7902T, a Culturable Symbiont Isolated from the Wood-Boring Marine Bivalve

Lyrodus pedicellatus, Applied and environmental microbiology, 73, 23. 7785-7788

(2007)

National Renewable Energy Laboratory Research review, unravelling the

structure of plant life, NREL [BR - 840-36718 (2003).

Nabi , B., and Srikumar, K., Studies on the effect of metal ions, protein denaturants

and temperature. on a-amylase activity in O p ~ m t i ~ vulgaris J Phytol Res, 16(2),215-

218,2003.

Nicol, F., His, I., Jauneau, A., Vernhettes, S., Canut, H., and Hofte, H.. A plasma

memhrane-hound putative endo-I. 4-b-D-glucanase is required for nom~al wall

assembly and cell elongation in .4rahidopsi.s. EIMBO J 17, 5563-5576. (1998).

Niehaus, F., Bertoldo, C., Kahler, M., and Antranikian. G., Extremophiles as a

source of novel enzymes for industrial application. Appl. Microhiol Biorechnol. 51,

71 1.729. (1 999).

Nielsen, H., Engelbrecht, J., Brunak, S., von Heijne, G., Identification of

prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites,

Prorein Eng 10, 1-6 (1 997)

Nobel, P.S., A nutrient index quantifying productivity of agaves and cacti. J .Appl.

Ecol. 26,635-645 (1989a).

Nwodo-Chinedu, S., Okochi, V.I., Smith, H.A., Okafor, U. A,, Onyegeme-

Okerenta, B, M., and Omidiji, O., Effect of carbon sources on cellulase (EC 3. 2. 1.

4) production by Penicillium chrysogenum PCL501 African Journal of Biochemistry

Research 1 (I ) , 006-010,(2007)

Pauly, M., Andersen, L. N., Kaupinnen, S., Kofod, L. V., York, W. S.,

Alhersheim, P., and Damrill, A., A xyloglucan-specific endo-P-1, 4-glucanase from

Aspergillus aculearus: expression cloning in yeast. purification and characterization of

the recombinant enzyme, Glqrohiology, 9, 93-lOO(1999).

Pear, J. R., Kawagoe, Y., Schreckengost, W. E., Delmer, D. P., and Stalker, D.

M., Higher plants contain homologs of the bacterial celA genes encoding the catalytic

subunit of cellulose synthase. Proc .Vat1 ArudSci, LISA, 93. 12637-12642 (1996).

Perutz, M. F., and Raidt. H.. Stereochemical basis of heat stability in bacterial

ferredoxins and in haemoglobin A?. h'ulure. 255. 256-259 (1975).

Pimienta-Barrios., Maria Eugenia Gonzalez del., Castillo-Aranda and Park S.

Nobel., Ecophysiology of a wild platyopuntia exposed to prolonged drought,

Environmenral and Experimenfal Botunj: 47.issue I. 77-86, (2002).

Prabhu, K. A., Xylanases from a thermophilic fungus Melanocurpw dbomyces: Their

isolation, properties and action on cell walls. Vol. Ph. D., The Indian Institute of

Science. Bangalore, India (1 989).

Po-Jui Chenl., Tao-Chun Wei., Yao-Tsung Chang., and Liang-Ping Lin.,

Purification and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulase from Sinorhizobium

fredii. Bol Bull AcadSin. 15, 11 1 - 1 18 (2004).

Poonsuk Prasertsan., and Horst W. Doelle., Separation and characterization of

endoglucanases from culture filtrates of Cellulomonas sp. Applied Microbrology

B~orechnologv, 24,326-333 (1986).

Radford, S. E., Protein folding: progress made and promises ahead, Trends Biochem.

Sci, 25,611-618 (2000).

Ramesh Maheshwari., Girish Bharadwaj., and Mahalingeshwara K. Bhat.,

Thermophilic fungi: their physiology and enzymes, Microbiologp und Molecular

Blologv Reviews, 64, No.3, 4 6 1 4 8 8 (2000).

Ramos, L.P., Filho, A.Z., Deschamps, F.C., and Saddler, J.N., The effect of

Trichoderma cellulases on the fine structure of a bleached softwood kraft pulp.

Enzyme and Microhiul Technology, 24,371-380 (1999).

Rao, V.S.R., and Sathyanarayana, B.K., Conformational studies on a-glucans,

Bir~polyrners, 11, 1379-1394 (1972).

Reese, E. T., and Mandells, M., Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and its

derivatives, Methods Carhohvdr Chem, 3, 139-143 (1963).

Ravikumar, S., Shyamala, S., and Srikumar, K., Metal Ion stabilization of

Thermophillic Xylose isomerase Activity in Opuntia vulgaris. .Journal of Current

science 10, 1 ,SS (2007).

Richmond, P.A., In: Haigler, C.H., Weiner, C.J., editors. Bio-synthesis and

biodegradation of cellulose. New York: Marcel Dekker, 5 - 25 (1991)

Richmond, T. A., and Somerville, C. R., The cellulose synthase super family., Planr

Phy.~iol. 124,495498 (2000).

Riha, J., and Subik, R., The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Cacti and Other Succulents.

Octopus Books Ltd, London (1981)

Riik, S. E., Abdel-Massih, R. M., Baydoun, E. A., and Brett, C. T., Protein- and

pH-dependent binding of nascent Pectin and glucuronoarabinoxylan to xyloglucan in

pea. Planra, 21 I , 423-429 (2000).

Ronald P de Vries., and Jaap Visser., Aspergillus Enzymes Involved in Degradation

of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides. M i c r o b i o l o ~ and Molecular Biology Reviews, 65,

No. 4,497-522 (2001).

Rose, J.K.C., and Bennett, A.B., Cooperative disassembly of the cellulose-

xyloglucan network of plant cell walls parallel between cell expansion and fruit

ripening, Trends Plant Sci, 4. 176 - 83 (1999).

Rouvinen, J., Bergfors, T., Teeri, T., Knowles, JKC., and Jones, TA., The three

dimensional structure of cellobiohydrolase I1 from Trichoderma reesei. Science, 249,

380-386 (1 990).

Rundle, R.E., and French, D. J . . Am. Chem. Sac, 65, 1707-171 0 (1 943).

Russell, C.E, and Felker, P., The Prickly pear (Opuntiu sp. . Cactaceae): a source of

human and animal food in semi-arid regions. Eron Bot. 41,433-455 (1987a).

Ruttersmith, L. D., and Daniel, R. M., Thermostable cellobiohydrolase from the

thermophilic eubacterium Thermorogu sp. strain FjSS3-B.1, Biochem. .I, 277, 887-

890(1991).

Ruttersmith, L.D., and Daniel. R.M., Thermostable e-glucosidase and P-xylosidase

from Thermoroga .sp. strain FjSS3-B. I. Blochim Biophy.5. Acra., 1156. 167-172

(1993).

Sadana, J.C., Lachke, A.H., Patil, R.V., Endo-(I-4)e-D-Glucanase from

Sclerotium ro!fiii purification, substrate specificity and mode of action, Carbohydr

Res.133, 297-312 (1984).

Saenz, C., La tuna (Opunliaficus-indica) un cultivo con perspectives, Alimenfos, 3 ,

47-49 (1985).

Saenz-Hernandez, C., Corrales-Garcia, J., Aquino-Prez, G., Nopalitos, mucilage,

fiber, and cochineal, in: Nobel, P. S . (Ed.), Cacti. Biology and Uses, University of

California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 21 1-234 (2002).

Saenz, C., Estevez, A. M., Fonatnot, M., and Pak, N., Oatmeal cookies enriched

with cactus pear flour as dietary fiber. Acra Horf, 581,275-278 (2002).

Saha, B., and Zeikus. J.G., Characterization of thermostable a-glucosidase from

Closrridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E. Appl Miicrobiol Biorechnol., 35, 568-571

(1991).

Saul, D.S., Williams, L.C., Reeves, R.A., Gibbs, M.D., and Bergquist, P.I.,

Sequence and expression of a xylanase gene from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga

.sp. strain FjSS3-B.1 and characterization of the recombinant enzyme and its activity

on kraft pulp, Appl. Environm. Microhiol, 61,4110-41 13 (1995).

Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T.. Moleculur Cloning: a Laboratory

Manual, 2nd edn , Cold Spring Harbor Laborator) Press. Cold Spring Harbor, New

York. (1989).

Santos, H., and da Costa, M. S., Compatible $elutes of organisms that live in hot

saline environments. En><iron Microhiol , 4, 501 -509 (1002).

Schiilein, M., Enzymatic properties of cellulases from Humicola insolens.

J Biorechnol, 57, 7 1-81 ( I 997).

Schink, B., and Zeikus, J.G., Characterization of pectinolytic enzymes of

Clo.stridium rhermo.su~furogen.s. FEAIS Microhiol Lerl, 17,295-298 (1983).

Schwantes, D.G., English Trans. V Higgins. Flowering Sto~les and Mid-day Flowers.

London: Ernest Benn Ltd (1957).

Schwede, T., Kopp, J., Guex, N., and Peitsch, M.C., SWISS-MODEL: an

automated protein homology-modeling server, Nucieic Acids Res, 31, 3381-3385

(2003 ).

Scheible, W. R., Eshed, R., Richmond, T., Delmer, D., and Somewille, C.,

Modifications of cellulose spnthase confer resistance to isoxaben and thiazolidinone

herbicides in Arabidopsis lxrl mutants, Proc. Narl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10079-10084

(2001).

Schumann, J., Wrba, A., Jaenicke, R., and Stetter, K.O., Topographical and

enzymatic characterization of amylases from the extremely thermophilic eubacterium

Thermoroga maritime, FEBS Len. 282, 122-126 (1991).

Schwarz, W. H., The cellulosome and cellulose degradation by anaerobic bacteria,

Appl Microblol Biorechnol. 56.634-649 (2001).

Schiilein, M., Kirsten., Levering, B., Fungal cellulases composition containing

alkaline-CMC-endoglucanase and essentially no cellobiohydrolase. United State

patent No.5691178. Novo Industries A'S Denmark (1997).

Schiilein, M., Protein engineering of cellulases, B~ochimicu ct Biophy.cica Acra. 1543,

239-252 (2000).

Scrivener, A.M., and Slaytor. M., Properties of the Endogenous Cellulase from

Panesthia crihrara Saussure and Purification of Major Endo- P -1.4-Glucanase

Components, Insecl Biochem .A4olec Riol. 24. .Yo 3. 223-23 1 (1994).

Shani. Z., Dekel, M., Tsabary, G., Shoseyov, O., Cloning and characterization of

elongation specific endo-1.4-beta-glucanase (cell ) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Planr

Mol Biol. 34. 837-42 (1997).

Sheweita, S.A., Ichi-lshi, A., Park, J.S., Liu, C., Malburg, L.M. J r and Doi, R.H.,

Characterization of engF, a gene for a noncellulosomal Clostridium ccllulovorans

endoglucanase, Gene 182,163=167 (1996)

Shockley, K. R., Ward, D. E., Chhabra, S. R., Conners, S. B., Montero, C. I., and

Kelly, R. M., Heat shock response by the hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus

furiiosus Appl Environ Microhiol, 69.2365-2371 (2003).

Shoemaker, S.P., and Brown, R.D., Characterization of endo-l, 4-p-D-glucanase

purified from T Viride, Biochem Biophyr Acla. 523,147 -161 (1978).

Shoop, M.C., Alford, E.J., and Mayland, H.F., Plains prickly pear is good forage

for cattle, J Range Mgmt, 30. 12-16 (1977).

Southern, E., Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by

gel electrophoresis, J Mol. Biol. 98, 5 13-5 17 (1 979).

Specka, U., Mayer, F., and Antranikian, G., Purification and properties of a

thermoactive glucoamylase from Clo~fridium thermosaccharolyricum. Apl~l Enviorn.

Mlcrohiol., 57,23 17-2323 (1 991).

Stetter, K. 0.. The lesson of Archaebacter~a. Nobel symposium. Neu, York, Columbia

University Press, 143-3 5 I ( I 994).

Stetter, K. O., Hyperthermophilic prokaryotes. FEMS ~W~crohiol. Lrrr. 18, 149-158

(1996).

Stetter, K. 0.. Extremophiles and their adaptation to hot environments. FEBS Lett.

452. 22-25 (1999).

Stone, J. E., and Scallan, A. M., A structural model for the cell wall of water-

swollen wood pulp fibres based on their accessibility to macromolecules, Cellulose

C'hem. Tcchnol. 3. 343-358 (1968).

Stone, J. E., Scallan, A. M., Donefer, E., and Ahlgren. E., Digestibilit? as a simple

function of a molecule of similar size to a cellulase enzyme. Adv. ( ' h m Ser, 95, 219-

241 (1969).

Susumu Ando., Hiroyasu Ishida., Yoshitsugu Kosugi., and Kazuhiko Ishikawal.,

Hyperthem~ostable Endoglucanase from Pyrococcus horiko,\hii, Applied and

Environmrnral Microbiolo,g, 68, I, 430-33 (2002).

Tachibana, Y., Kuramura, A., Shirasaka, N., Suzuki, Y., Yamamoto, T.,

Fujiwara, S., Takagi, M., and Imanaka, T., Purification and characterization of an

extremely thermostable cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase from a newly isolated

hyperthermophilic archaeon, a Thermococcus sp. Appl. Environ. M~crohiol., 65,

1991-1997 (1999).

Takada, G., Kawaguchi, T., Yoneda, T., Kawasaki, M., Sumitani, J.-I., and Arai,

M., Molecular cloning and expression of the cellulolytic system from Aspergillus

aculeatus, p. 364-373. In K. S. K. Ohmiya, S. Karita, H . Hayashi, Y. Kobayashi, T.

Kimura (ed.), Genetics, biochemistry and ecology of cellulose degradation. Uni

Publishers Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (1999).

Takashima, S., likura, H., Nakamura, A., Hidaka, M., Masaki, H., and Uozumi,

T., Isolation of the gene and characterization of the enzymatic properties of a major

exoglucanase of humicola grisea without a cellulose-binding domain.1 Biarhrm, 124,

71 7-25 (1998).

Teather, R. M., and Wood, P.J., Use of Congo red-polysaccharidc interactions in

enumeration and characterization of cellulolytic bacteria from bovine rumen, Appl.

Environ. Microbial, 43, 777-780 (1982).

Teeri, T.T., Crystalline cellulose degradation: new insight into the function of

cellobiohqdrolases, Trends in B~orechnology, 15. 160-167 ( 1 997).

Tel-Zur, N., Abbo, S., Myslanbodski, D., and %lizarhi, Y.. Modified CTAB

procedure for DNA isolation from epiphytic Cacti of the Genera H~locerrw and

Selenicereus (Cactaceae). Plant Molecular h io lop Reporter, 17. 249 (1999).

Tengerdy, R.P., and Szakacs, G. , Bioconversion of lignocellulosc in solid substrate

fermentation. Biochem~cal Engineering.lournal. 13, 169-1 79 (2003).

Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., and Gibson, T. J., CLIJSTALW. improving the

senditivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting,

position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice., .Vuc/eir .Acids Rex., 22,

4673 (1994).

Thukra1.V' Dey, S., and Panda.T.. Multiple pH and temperature optimum of

extracellular xylanase from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414, Bioproce~s und Biosystems

Engineering, Volume 4 , Number 1 (1989).

Toth, E. A., Worby, C., Dixon, J. E., Goedken, E. R., Marqusee, S., and Yeates,

T. O., The crystal structure of adenylosuccinate lyase from Pyrobaculum aerophilum

reveals an intracellular protein with three disulfide bonds. J Mol. Biol., 301, 433-450

(2000).

Tolan, J. S., Pulp and paper. In T. Godfrey and S. West (ed.), Industrial enzymology.

2nd ed. Stockton Press, Ne- York. N.Y 327-338 (1996).

Tomaz, C.T., Queiroz, J.A., Fractionation of Trichodermu rcesei cellulases by

hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose, Biotechnol Lett, 26,

223-227 (2004).

Tomme, P., van Beeurnen, J., and Claeyssens, M., Moditication of catalytically

important carhoxy residues in endoglucanase D from C'lo.~lrrdium ~hermocellum,

Biochem J, 285,319 - 24 (1992).

Tomme, P., Warren, RA., Miller, J r RC., Kilburn, DG., Gilkes, NR., In:Saddler,

JN., Penner, MH., (Eds.) Enzymatic Degradation of Insoluble Carbohydrates,

American (1995).

Tong, C. C., Cole, A.L., and Shepherd. M.G.. Purification and properties of the

cellulases from the thermophilic fungus Thermoucctr\ uuranrinrus, Riochrm J 191,

83-949 (1980).

Towbin, H., Staehelin, T., and Gordon, J., Electrophoretic transfer of protelns from

polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications, Proc

Nu// AcadSci Lr S A, 76,4350 (1979).

Trainotti, L., Spolaore, S., Pavanello, A., Baldan, B., and Casadoro, G., A novel

E-type mdo-beta-1,4-glucanase with a putative cellulose-binding domain is highly

expressed in ripening strawberr) fruits, Plunr hfol Biol, 40. 323-32(1999).

Trudel. J., and Asselin, A., Detection of chitinase activity after polyacrylamide gel

electrophoresis. Anal. Biochem., 178. 362-366 (1989).

Tsekos, I., The sites of cellulose synthesis in algae: diversity and evolution of

cellulose synthesizing enzyme complexes. J Phycol, 35 ,635455 (1999).

Tsujibo, H., Minoura, K., Miyamoto, K., Endo, H., Moriwaki, M., and Inamori.

Y., Purification and properties of a thermostable chitinase from Srreptomyces

thermoviolaccus OPC- 520. Appl. Environ. Microhiol . 59,620-622 (1993).

Tucker M.L., Durbin M.L., Clegg M.T., and Lewis L.N., Avacoda cellulase:

Nucleotide sequence of a putative full length cDNA clone and evidence for a small

gene family. Plant Mr11 Biol, 9, 197-203 (1987).

Tucker M.L., Milligan S.B., Sequence analysis and comparison of avocado fruit and

bean abscission cellulases, Plant Phj:siul, Yj. 928- 33 (1991).

Van Soest, P. J., Nutritional ecology of the ruminant, 2nd ed. Cornell University

Press, Ithaca, N.Y. (1994).

van Wyk, J.P.H., and Mohulatsi, M., Biodegradation of wastepaper by cellulase from

Trichoderma viride. B~oresource Terhnologq. 86. 2 1-23 (2003).

Vian, B., Reis, D., In: Haigler C.H., Weiner C.J., editors. B~osynthesis and

biodegradation of cellulose. New York: hlarcel Dekker. 25-51(1991).

Vieille, C., and Zeikus, G.J., I-Iypenhermophilic enzymes: sources. uses, and

molecular mechanisms for thermostability, Zlio.ohio1. Mol. Biol Rev. 65, 1-43

(2001).

Vipul Gohel., Pranav Vyas., and Chhatpar, H.S., Activity staining method of

chitinase on chitin agar plate through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, .!/r;cnn

Journal qfBiotechnolo~, 4 ( I ) , 87-90 (2005).

Voorhorst, W. G. B., Eggen, R. I. L., Geerling, A. C. M., Platteeuw, C., Siezen, R.

J., and de Vos, W. M., Isolation and characterization of the hyperthermostable serine

protease, pyrolysin, and its gene from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus

,furiosus. Biol. Chem. 271,20426-20431 (1996).

Voorhorst, W. G. B., Warner, A.W., de Vos, M., and Siezen. R. J., Homology

modelling of two subtilisin-like serine proteases from the hypenhermophilic archaea

Pyrococcus,furiosus and Thermococcus srerferi, Prolein Eng, 10, 905-914 (1997).

Vyas, S., Lachke, A., Ahmad, A., Fungal cellulases for novel industrial applications.

In: Rao. G.P., Manoharachari, C., Bhat, D.J., Rajak. R.C., Lakhanpal TN Eds.

Frontiers of Fungal Diversity in India. Lucknow: International Book Distributing Co.,

143-159 (2003).

Warschkow, S., Warschkon, K.. Hair loss treatment and hair growth promoter -

comprises drink and hair gel containing cold pressed juice of nieristematic tissue of

cacti plants and panipa grass. DE Patent 4331252 (15. 05. 1994).

Wakarchuk, W. W., Sung, W. L., Campbell, R. L., Cunningham, A., Watson, D.

C., and Yaguchi. M., Thermostabilization of the Oacillu~ circulans sylanase by the

introduction of disulfide bonds. Protein Eng, 7. 1379-386 (1994).

Walker, L.P., Wilson, D.B., and Irwin, D.C.. Measuring fragmentation of cellulose

by Thermomonspora fusca cellulase. Enzyme Microbial Technoio~). 12. 378-386

(1990).

Whitaker, D.R., in the Enzymes (BOYER. P. D.ed) 3rd Ed. Vol. 11. pp. 273-290,

.4cademic Press, New york (1970).

Wilson, D.B., Cellulases of Thermomono fu.sca. In: Kellogg and Wood. T.M.,

Eds.Merhod.5 in Enzymology. Academic Press. New York. London. 160. 314-323

(1988).

Woese, C. R., Kandler, O., and Wheelis, M., Towards a natural system of organisms:

proposal for the domains Archuea, Bacreria and Eucurya. Proc ifrull. Acud. Sci

U.S.A.. 87,4576-4579 (1990).

Wood, T.M., and McCrae, S.I., The purification and properties of C1 components of

Tr~choderma koningii cellulase, Biochem J , 128. 1183.1 192 (1572).

Xiao Ping Huang., and Colin Monk., Purification and characterization of a cellulase

(CMCase) from a newly isolated thermophilic aerobic bacterium C'aldihacillu,~

cellulovorans gen. nov.. sp. nov World Journal i ~ f Microhlology & Biulechnology 20.

85-92 (2004).

Yan-Hong Li., Rui Guo., Qiu-Yu Yin., Ming Ding., Si-Liang Zhang., Gen-Jun

Xu., and Fu-Kun Zhao., Purification and Characterization of Two endo-P-1,4-

glucanases from Molluscs, Ampullaria crossean. Acra Biochimica er Biophysica

.Sinicu. 37. 10, 702-708 (2005).

Yip, K. S., Britton, L., Stillman, T. J., Lebbink, J. H. G., De Vos, W. M., Robb,

F. T., Vetriani, C. , Maeder, D., and Rice, D. W., Insights into the molecular basis of

thermal stabilit) from the analysis of ion-pair networks in the glutamate

dehydrogenase family. Eur .I B~ochem.. 255.336-346 (1998).

Young, R.A., Rowell, R.M., In: Young R.A., Rowell, R.M.. editors. Cellulose:

structure. modification and hydrolysis. New York: Wiley Interscience, 3, 50 (1986).

Zollner, H., Schroeder, K., and Leland, R., Enzymatic deinking of non-impact

printed white office paper with a-amylase. Tappi J. 81. 166-170 (1998).

Zyktvinska, A. W., Ralet, M. C., Garnier, C. D., and Thibault, .I. F., Evidence For

in viiro binding of pectin side chams to cellulose, PIuni Phy.sio1, 139, 397-407 (2005).