6-ict-note full and final

of 33

Post-Graduate Diploma In Human Resource Management (BIM)

ICT Fundamentals

[ 2015]

[ Bangladesh Institute of Management ]

[ Life Is Really Simple, But We Insist On Making It Complicated]

[One Important Key To Success Is Self-Confidence. An Important Key To Self-Confidence Is Preparation]

BIM_PGD-HRM-2015. Subject: ICT Fundamentals

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Qus: What Is A Computer? Different Types of Computers [2013-1.a; 2012-1.a; 2011-1.b]

Ans: A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to

store, retrieve, and process data. A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of

digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on

how the data is to be processed. Complex computers also include the means for storing data

(including the program, which is also a form of data) for some necessary duration. A program may be

invariable and built into the computer (and called logic circuitry as it is on microprocessors) or

different programs may be provided to the computer (loaded into its storage and then started by an

administrator or user).

Depending On Their Processing Powers, Size And Area Of Use, They Have Been Classified Into Various Types.

A. Based On Operational Principle

1) Analog computer: The computer, which can process analog quantities, is called analog

comp. Used to solve differential equations.

2) Digital computer: The computer, which can process Digital quantities, is called Digital

comp.

3) Hybrid computer: It is a combination of digital and analog computer. Used in medical field.

B. Based On Size and Processing Power [2013-1.a; 2012-1.a]

1) Supercomputers...are used to process very large amounts of information including

processing information to predict hurricanes, satellite images and navigation, and process

military war scenarios.

2) Mainframes...are used by government and businesses to process very large amounts of

information.

3) Mini-Computers...are similar to mainframes...they are used by business and government to

process large amounts of information.

4) Personal Computers (PC) A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. A

small, general purpose computer that is created to be utilized by one person at a time. The

size and capabilities of the computer allow it be operated by an individual for personal

purposes and can be a desktop or laptop device.

C. Based on Use/ Personal Computers (PC) Classification [2012-1.a]

1) Desktop Computers: A desktop computer is intended to be used on a single location.

2) Laptops: Similar in operation to desktop computers, laptop computers are miniaturized and

optimized for mobile use.

3) Net books: They fall in the category of laptops, but are inexpensive and relatively smaller in

size.



4) Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a

palmtop.

5) Servers: They are computers designed to provide services to client machines in a computer

network.

6) Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the creation

of wearable computers.

7) Tablets: Tablets are mobile computers that are very handy to use. They use the touch screen

technology.

Qus: Why Computers So Useful? What Are Its Limitations? [2012-1.b]

Ans: Computer nowadays is part of our daily lives. Basically it was made to make our work easy and

fast.

1) Banks: Almost every bank is using computers to keep the record of all the money transaction and

other calculations

2) Communication: Communication is another important aspect of computer and has become very

easy through internet and email.

3) Business: Computer has now become an integral part of corporate life. They can do business

transactions very easily and accurately and keep the record of all the profit and loss.

4) Medical Science: Diseases can be easily diagnosed with the help of computer and can also know

about its cure

5) Education: Today computer has become an important part of ones education because we are

using computers in every field

6) Media: Almost every type of editing and audio- visual compositions can be made by using

special software especially made for this purpose.

7) Travel and Ticketing: Computers do all the work of plane and train reservation. It shows the

data for vacant and reserved seats and also saves the record for reservation.

8) Weather Predictions: Weather predictions are also possible by the experts using

supercomputers.

9) Sports: It is also used for umpiring decisions.

10) Daily Life: We operate washing machines, microwave oven and many other products using

software. Moreover we can store all the information about our important work, appointments

schedules and list of contacts

Limitation of Computer

1) No Self Intelligence: It works according to the instruction only.

2) No Learning Power: Computer has no learning power.

3) No Decision-Making Power: Computer cannot take any decision of its own. It does only those

tasks which are already instructed to it.



Qus: Describe the Organization of a Computer (Syllabus Item) [2013-1.b; 2012-2.b; 2011-3.b]

1) Input: Each sensor transmits its information in the form of voltage signals.

2) Processing: Input voltage signals received by a computer are processed through a series of

electronic logic circuits maintained in its programmed instructions.

3) Storage: Computers have two types of memory: permanent and temporary. Permanent memory

is called read-only memory (ROM) because the computer can only read the contents. This data is

retained even when power to the computer is shut off.

4) Output: After the computer has processed the input signals, it sends voltage signals or

commands to other devices in the system to output the result.

Qus: Describe The Various Layers In A Computer System. [2013-2.a]

1) Hardware: In information technology, hardware is the physical aspect of computers,

telecommunications, and other devices.

2) System Software: System software (systems software) is computer software designed to operate

and control the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software.

System software can be separated into two different categories, operating systems and utility

software.

3) Application Software: Application software (an application) is a set of one or more programs

designed to permit the user to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities.

Application software cannot run on itself but is dependent on system software to execute.

Examples of an application include a word processor, a spreadsheet design and management

system, an aeronautical flight simulator, a console game, a drawing, painting, and illustrating

system, or a library management system.

4) User: A person who uses or operates something, especially a computer or other machine. Users

generally use a system or a software product without the technical expertise required to fully

understand it.



Qus: Main Components of CPU (Syllabus Item) [2013-4.b; 2011-2.a]

Ans: The main components of CPU help it in performing various functions. The components of a

CPU work together, and their making/manufacturing determine the complexity of operations as well

as how fast they can be carried out. The three components of the CPU are following,

1) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): There is electronic circuitry in arithmetic logic unit which

executes all arithmetic and logical operations. Its function is obvious from its name. It performs

arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division as well as

comparisons. The unit can compare numbers, letters, or special characters. There can be more

than one Arithmetic logic unit in a CPU, and these ALUs can also be used for the purpose of

maintaining timers that help run the computer.

2) Control Unit (CU): There is circuitry in the control unit which uses electrical signals to instruct

the whole computer system for carrying out or executing, already stored program instructions. Its

name clearly shows that it controls and co-ordinates computer components. It extracts

instructions from memory and decodes and executes them. In fact it regulates the flow of

information through the processor. In short, it can be said, this component receives, decodes,

stores results and manages execution of data that flows through the CPU. Its communication with

both arithmetic unit and memory is inevitable.

3) Registers/The Memory Unit: Registers are temporary storage areas which are responsible for

holding the data that is to be processed. They store the instructions and data in a processor. This

data is further used by Control Unit. There are some registers that are set aside for specific tasks,

these generally include a program counter, stack, and flags.

Qus: Describe Five Input Devices Briefly. (Syllabus Item) [2013-4.a]

Ans: An input device is any hardware device that sends data to the computer, without any input

devices, a computer would only be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, much like

a TV.

1) Keyboard

2) Mouse

3) Tracker ball

4) Microphone

5) Touch screen

6) Scanner

7) Touch pad



Qus: Describe Five Output Devices Briefly. (Syllabus Item) [2013-4.a]

Ans: Computer output devices get information out of the computer, delivering data that has been

processed by the computer to you, the user. Output devices produce data in different forms including

audio, visual and hard copy. Computer output devices are all peripheral hardware connected to a

computer using cables or wireless networking.

1) Monitor

2) Printer

3) Plotter

4) Speaker

5) Headphone

6) CD, DVD (both input and output)

7) Modem (both input and output)

Qus: Data vs. Information [2011-5.a]

Ans: There is a subtle difference between data and information. Data are the facts or details from

which information is derived. Individual pieces of data are rarely useful alone. For data to become

information, data needs to be put into context.

Dimension Data Information

Meaning

Data is raw, unorganized facts that

need to be processed. Data can be

something simple and seemingly

random and useless until it is

organized.

When data is processed, organized, structured or

presented in a given context so as to make it

useful, it is called information.

Example Each student's test score is one piece

of data.

The average score of a class or of the entire

school is information that can be derived from the

given data.

Etymology

"Data" comes from a singular Latin

word, datum, which originally meant

"something given." Its early usage

dates back to the 1600s. Over time

"data" has become the plural of datum.

"Information" is an older word that dates back to

the 1300s and has Old French and Middle English

origins. It has always referred to "the act of

informing, usually in regard to education,

instruction, or other knowledge communication.



Qus: What Is Software? Describe Various Types Of Software. [2014-2.b; 2013-2.b+5.b; 2011-2.b]

Ans: Software is a set of instruction that tells computer what to do and how to do that. Computer

software or simply software is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's

processor to perform specific operations. Computer software contrasts with computer hardware,

which is the physical component of computers. Computer hardware and software require each other

and neither can be realistically used without the other. Using a musical analogy, hardware is like a

musical instrument and software is like the notes played on that instrument.

Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and their associated documentation. The

word software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only.

Software is stored in computer memory and is intangible, i.e. it cannot be touched.

Computer Software Is Divided Into Two Basic Types.

A. System software: Operating System is the base program on a computer is considered system

software. It tells the computer how to work or operate. The operating system also allows you to

load other programs that do specialized tasks on to your computer. Examples: Windows, DOS,

Linux, Unix etc.

B. Application software: Application software allows you to accomplish one or more specific

(non-computer related) tasks. Such as computer games for entertainment or Microsoft Word for

typing. Examples: MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, Adobe Photoshop, QuarkXPress, 3D

Max, AutoCAD etc.

Subject Application Software System Software

Definition

Application software is computer

software designed to help the user to

perform specific tasks.

System software is computer software

designed to operate the computer hardware

and to provide a platform for running

application software.

Purpose It is specific purpose software. It is general-purpose software.

Classification Package Program,

Customized Program

Time Sharing,

Resource Sharing,

Client Server

Batch Processing Operating System

Real time Operating System

Multi-processing Operating System

Multi-programming Operating System

Distributed Operating System



Environment

Application Software performs in a

environment which created by

System/Operating System

System Software Create his own

environment to run itself and run other

application.

Execution

Time It executes as and when required. It executes all the time in computer.

Essentiality Application is not essential for a

computer. System software is essential for a computer

Number The number of application software is

much more than system software.

The number of system software is less than

application software.

Picture

Qus: Differences between Computer Hardware and Software. (Syllabus Item) [2014-2.a; 2013-5.a]

Hardware Software

Definition Devices that are required to store and execute

(or run) the software.

Collection of instructions that enables a user

to interact with the computer. Software is a

program that enables a computer to perform

a specific task, as opposed to the physical

components of the system (hardware).

Types Input, storage, processing, control, and output

devices.

System software, Programming software,

and Application software.

Examples CD-ROM, monitor, printer, video card,

scanners, label makers, routers, and modems.

QuickBooks, Adobe Acrobat, Winoms-Cs,

Internet Explorer , Microsoft Word ,

Microsoft Excel

Function

Hardware serves as the delivery system for

software solutions. The hardware of a computer

is infrequently changed, in comparison with

software and data, which are soft in the sense

that they are readily created, modified, or erased

on the compute

To perform the specific task you need to

complete. Software is generally not needed

to for the hardware to perform its basic level

tasks such as turning on and responding to

input.

Inter

dependency

Hardware starts functioning once software is

loaded.

To deliver its set of instructions, Software is

installed on hardware.

Failure Hardware failure is random. Hardware does

have increasing failure at the last stage.

Software failure is systematic. Software

does not have an increasing failure rate.

Durability Hardware wears out over time.

Software does not wear out over time.

However, bugs are discovered in software as

time passes.

Nature Hardware is physical in nature. Software is logical in nature.



Qus: Describe The Computer Memory.

Ans: Memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs or data on a temporary or

permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic device.

A. Primary Memory (Volatile): Primary memory, often called main memory, constitutes that

device, or group of devices, that holds instructions and data for rapid and direct access by the

computer's central processing unit (CPU).

1) RAM

2) ROM

B. Secondary Memory (Storage): Secondary memory, also called auxiliary memory or mass

storage, consists of devices not directly accessible by the CPU.

1) Hard disk

2) CD

3) DVD

4) Pen Drive

5) Floppy disk

6) Magnetic tape

Qus: Random Access Memory (RAM) & Read Only Memory (ROM) [2012-2.a]

Ans: Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM (pronounced ramm) is an acronym for random access

memory. Alternatively referred to as main memory, primary memory, or system memory,

Random Access Memory (RAM) is a computer storage location that allows information to be

stored and accessed quickly from random locations within DRAM on a memory module. Because

information is accessed randomly instead of sequentially like it is on a CD or hard drive, the

computer can access the data much faster. However, unlike ROM and the hard drive RAM is a

volatile memory and requires power in order to keep the data accessible, if power is lost all data

contained in memory lost.

Read Only Memory (ROM): Read Only Memory (ROM) as the name suggests is a special type of

memory chip that holds software that can be read but not written to. A good example is the ROM-

BIOS chip, which contains read-only software. Often network cards and video cards also contain

ROM chips.



Qus: Difference between the RAM and ROM [2011-3.a]

Ans: The Following Table Highlights The Major Difference Between The RAM Memory And ROM

Memory:

Options RAM ROM

Elaboration Random Access Memory Read Only memory

Accessibility In reference with the processor, the

information stored in the RAM is easily

accessed

The processor cannot directly access the

information that is stored in the ROM. In

order to access the ROM information,

first the information will be transferred

into the RAM and then it gets executed

by the processor

Working type Both the read and write operations can

be performed over the information that

is stored in the RAM

The ROM memory only allows the user

to read the information. User cannot

make any changes to the information.

Storage RAM memory is only used to store the

temporary information.

ROM memory is used to store permanent

information and cannot be deleted.

Speed The accessing speed of RAM is faster,

it assist the processor to boost up the

speed

Speed is slower in comparison with

RAM, ROM cannot boost up the

processor speed

Data preserving Electricity is needed in RAM to flow to

preserving information

Electricity is not needed in ROM to flow

to preserving information

structure The RAM is an chip, which is in the

rectangle form and is inserted over the

mother board of the computer

ROMs are generally the optical drivers,

which are made of magnetic tapes.

Cost The price of RAMs are comparatively

high

The price of ROMs are comparatively

low

Chip size Physically size of RAM chip is larger

than ROM chip

Physically size of ROM chip is smaller

than RAM chip.

Types The RAM memory is categorized into

two types they are the: Statistic RAM

(SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

The ROM memory is categorized into

three types, they are: PROM

(Programmable Read Only memory),

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read

Only memory) and EEPROM

(Electrically Erasable Programmable

Read Only memory)



Qus: What Are the Differences between Primary and Secondary Memory? [2013-2.b]

Ans: The following table list out some of the key differences between the primary and secondary

memory:

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

The memory devices used for primary memory

are semiconductor memories

The secondary memory devices are magnetic and

optical memories.

The primary memory is categorized as volatile

and non volatile memories, RAM is the volatile

memory and ROM is the non volatile memory

The secondary memory is always non volatile

The primary memory is composed of programs

and data that are presently being used by the

micro processor

The secondary memory is enough capable to store

huge amount of information

The primary memories are more effective and

fast to interact with the micro processor

The secondary memories are somewhat slow in

interacting with the micro processor, when

compared with the primary memory.

Primary memory is known as main memory Secondary memory is known as additional memory

or back memory

These memories are also called as internal

memory

These memories are also called as external memory

Primary memory is temporary The secondary memory is permanent

Commonly used primary memory (main

memory) available in the range of 512 MB to 8

GB RAMs.

Generally secondary memories range between 80

GB to 4 TB Hard Disc Drives.

The primary memory devices are connected to

the computer through slots

The secondary memory devices are connected to

the computer through Cables

Qus: Define Information System. Information System Is the Key Elements to Manage Human

Resources (Syllabus Item) [2014-1.a+b]

Ans: A set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute

information to support decision making and control in an organization.

Information System: A combination of hardware, software, infrastructure and trained personnel

organized to facilitate planning, control, coordination, and decision making in an organization.

Information system, an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data and

for delivering information, knowledge, and digital products. Business firms and other organizations



rely on information systems to carry out and manage their operations, interact with their customers

and suppliers, and compete in the marketplace. For instance, corporations use information systems to

reach their potential customers with targeted messages over the Web, to process financial accounts,

and to manage their human resources. Governments deploy information systems to provide services

cost-effectively to citizens.

Types of Management Information Systems

A Four Level Pyramid Model of Different Types of Information Systems Based On the Different Levels of Hierarchy in an Organization

1. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)- These systems are designed to handle a large volume of

routine, recurring transactions. Banks use them to record deposits and payments into accounts.

Supermarkets use them to record sales and track inventory. Most managers use these systems to deal

with tasks such as payroll, customer billing and payments to suppliers

2. Management Information System (MIS)- Management Information Systems are management-level

systems that are used by middle managers to help ensure the smooth running of the organization in

the short to medium term

3. Decision Support Systems (DSS) - A DSS is an interactive computer system that can be used by

managers without help from computer specialists. A DSS provides managers with the necessary

information to make intelligent decisions

4. Expert Support Systems (ESS)- These systems use human knowledge captured in a computer to

solve problems that ordinarily need human expertise. These systems explain the logic of their advice

to the user; hence, in addition to solving problems they can also serve as a teacher. They use flexible

thinking processes and can accommodate new knowledge

Qus: How Does Information System Help HRIS (Syllabus Item) [2013-7.b; 2012-6.a+b]

Ans: A HRIS, which is also known as a human resource information system or human resource

management system (HRMS), is basically an intersection of human resources and information

technology through HR software. This allows HR activities and processes to occur electronically.

HRIS Is Geared Toward Enhancing The Capacity Of HR Management To:

1) Absorb new and promising technologies

2) Simplify workflow

3) Optimize precision, stability and credibility of workforce data

4) Simplify the deployment and collection of data



Currently Human Resource Management Systems Encompass:

1) Payroll

2) Time and attendance

3) Performance appraisal

4) Benefits administration

5) HR management information system

6) Recruiting/Learning management

7) Performance record

8) Employee self-service

9) Scheduling

10) Absence management

11) Analytics

Qus: Information Systems vs Information Technology (Syllabus Item)

Ans: Information system and information technology are similar in many ways but at the same time

they are different.

Dimension Information system Information Technology

Origin Information systems have been in

existence since pre-mechanical era in

form of books, drawings, etc.

The origin of information

technology is mostly associated

with invention of computers.

Development Information systems have undergone

great deal of evolution, i.e. from

manual record keeping to the current

cloud storage system. Similarly,

Information technology is seeing

constant changes with evermore

faster processor and constantly

shrinking size of storage devices.

Business

Application

Businesses have been using

information systems for example in

form of manual books of accounts to

modern TALLY. The mode of

communication has also gone under

big change, for example, from a letter

to email.

Information technology has

helped drive efficiency across

organization with improved

productivity and precision

manufacturing.



Qus: What Is Computer Network? (Syllabus Item)

Ans: A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows computers

to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along

data connections (network links). Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between

nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network

is the Internet.

A collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology.

Computer Network is a collection of computers, printers, routers, switches, and other devices that

are able to communicate with each other over some transmission medium.

In other words a network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share

resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications.

Qus: Describe The Elements Of A Computer Network. (Syllabus Item) [2014-3.a]

1. Message: The message is the information (data) to be communicated. It can consist of text,

numbers, pictures, sound, or video - or any combination of these.

2. Sender: The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can-be a computer, workstation,

server, telephone handset, mobile phone, video camera, and so on.

3. Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a computer, workstation,

telephone handset, mobile phone, television, and so on.

4. Medium: The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender

to receiver. It could be a twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, or radio waves.

5. Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communications. It represents an

agreement between the communicating devices. Two devices may be connected but cannot

communicate without a protocol.

Qus: Describe The Advantages Of Computer Network.

1. Speedy

2. Cost Saving

3. Secured

4. Centralized Software Management

5. Resource Sharing

6. Electronic Mail

7. Flexible Access

8. Workgroup Computing

Qus: What Is Communication Media? Describe Various Communications Media Briefly.

Ans: Communication media refers to the means of delivering and receiving data or information. In

telecommunication, these means are transmission and storage tools or channels for data storage and

transmission. The term is also commonly used in place of mass media or news media.



A. Guided Media: In Guided media the messages flow through the physical media like twisted

pair-wire, coaxial cable fiber optic cables, the media guided is the signal.

B. Unguided Media: In Radiated media messages are broadcast through the air such as infrared,

microwave, or satellite.

Guided Media

1) Open Wire: Open Wire is traditionally used to describe the electrical wire strung along power

poles. There is a single wire strung between poles. No shielding or protection from noise

interference is used.

2) Twisted-Pair Cable: The wires in Twisted Pair cabling are twisted together in pairs. Each pair

would consist of a wire used for the +ve data signal and a wire used for the -ve data signal.

3) Coaxial Cable: Coaxial Cable consists of 2 conductors. The inner conductor is held inside an

insulator with the other conductor woven around it providing a shield. An insulating protective

coating called a jacket covers the outer conductor. The outer shield protects the inner conductor

from outside electrical signals.

4) Fiber-Optic Cables: Optical Fiber consists of thin glass fibers that can carry information at

frequencies in the visible light spectrum and beyond. The typical optical fiber consists of a very

narrow strand of glass called the Core. Around the Core is a concentric layer of glass called the

Cladding. A typical Core diameter is 62.5 microns (1 micron = 10-6 meters). Typically Cladding

has a diameter of 125 microns. Coating the cladding is a protective coating consisting of plastic,

it is called the Jacket.



Unguided Media

5) Radio: The frequency spectrum operates from 0 Hz (DC) to Gamma Rays (1019 Hz).

6) Microwave: Microwave transmission is line of sight transmission. The Transmit station must be

in visible contact with the receive station. This sets a limit on the distance between stations

depending on the local geography. Typically the line of sight due to the Earth's curvature is only

50 km to the horizon! Repeater stations must be placed so the data signal can hop, skip and jump

across the country.

Microwaves operate at high operating frequencies of 3 to 10 GHz. This allows them to carry

large quantities of data due to the large bandwidth.

7) Satellites: Satellites are transponders that are set in a geostationary orbit directly over the

equator. A transponder is a unit that receives on one frequency and retransmits on another. The

geostationary orbit is 36,000 km from the Earth's surface. At this point, the gravitational pull of

the Earth and the centrifugal force of Earths rotation are balanced and cancel each other out.



8) Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a computing and telecommunications industry specification that

describes how mobile phones, computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) can easily

interconnect with each other and with home and business phones and computers using a short-

range wireless connection.

9) Infrared: Infrared radiation (IR) or the term infrared alone refers to energy in the region of the

electromagnetic radiation spectrum at wavelengths longer than those of visible light, but shorter

than those of radio waves.



Qus: Explain Various Types Of Network. (Syllabus Item)

Ans: Networking is required to make accessible communication between computers possible by a

network connection. Networking allows for many possibilities, such as accessing the internet, file

sharing, file transferring, networks attacks and system communication. Lets look at the different

types of networking ways in detail.

1) Local Area Network (LAN): A computer network that spans a relatively small area is termed as

LAN. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings.

2) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): It is a network that spans a metropolitan area. Generally,

a MAN spans a larger geographic area than a LAN, but a smaller geographic area than a WAN.

3) Wide Area Network (WAN): One LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via

telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs connected in this way is called a wide-area

network (WAN).

4) Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN): Wireless Local Area Networks are much like LAN

networks, except they do not require network cables to connect each other. Radio and infrared

signals are used to communicate between machines whilst using a wireless local area network.

5) Campus Area Networks (CAN): Campus Area Networks are usually a connection of many

small LAN networks which are often used on university campuses and office buildings. Campus

Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network

6) Storage Area Network (SAN): Storage Area Networks are primarily used as information

databases. They are not usually used by large organizations or similar entities. They are

specifically used for the storage of information,

7) System Area Network (SAN): System Area Networks are speed oriented networks which

provide high speed internet connections to a cluster of computers.

8) Personal Area Network(PAN): Is a computer network used for data transmission among

devices such as computers, telephones and personal digital assistants.

9) Desk Area Network (DAN): Is a multimedia workstation based around an ATM interconnect

Qus: What is Network Topology? [2012-4]

Ans: Computer network topology is the way various components of a network (like nodes, links,

peripherals, etc) are arranged. Network topologies define the layout, virtual shape or structure of

network, not only physically but also logically. The way in which different systems and nodes are

connected and communicate with each other is determined by topology of the network. Topology can



be physical or logical. Physical Topology is the physical layout of nodes, workstations and cables in

the network; while logical topology is the way information flows between different components.

1) Mesh Topology: In a mesh network, devices are connected with many redundant

interconnections between network nodes.

2) Star Topology: In a star network devices are connected to a central computer, called a hub.

Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub.

3) Bus Topology: In networking a bus is the central cable -- the main wire -- that connects all

devices on a local-area network (LAN). It is also called the backbone. This is often used to

describe the main network connections composing the Internet.

4) Ring Topology: A local-area network (LAN) whose topology is a ring. That is, all of the nodes

are connected in a closed loop. Messages travel around the ring, with each node reading those

messages addressed to it.

5) Tree Topology: This is a "hybrid" topology that combines characteristics of linear bus and star

topologies. In a tree network, groups of star-configured networks are connected to a linear bus

backbone cable.

6) Token Ring: If a Token Ring protocol is used in a star or ring topology, the signal travels in only

one direction, carried by a so-called token from node to node.

7) Point-to-point: The simplest topology with a permanent link between two endpoints. Switched

point-to-point topologies are the basic model of conventional telephony.

8) Hybrid: Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies, in such a way that

the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.).

9) Daisy chain: Except for star-based networks, the easiest way to add more computers into a

network is by daisy-chaining, or connecting each computer in series to the next. If a message is

intended for a computer partway down the line, each system bounces it along in sequence until it

reaches the destination.



Qus: Data flow: Data Transmission Modes - Types of Data Transmission Modes [2014-3.b; 2011-6.b]

Ans: Buses and networks are designed to allow communication to occur between individual devices

that are interconnected. The flow of information, or data, between nodes can take a variety of forms:

Simplex communication: With simplex communication, all data flow is unidirectional: from the

designated transmitter to the designated receiver. BogusBus is an example of simplex

communication, where the transmitter sent information to the remote monitoring location, but no

information is ever sent back to the water tank. If all we want to do is send information one-way,

then simplex is just fine. Most applications, however, demand more:

Duplex communication: With duplex communication, the flow of information is bidirectional for

each device. Duplex can be further divided into two sub-categories:

Half-duplex communication may be likened to two tin cans on the ends of a single taut string: Either

can may be used to transmit or receive, but not at the same time. Full-duplex communication is more

like a true telephone, where two people can talk at the same time and hear one another

simultaneously, the mouthpiece of one phone transmitting the the earpiece of the other, and vice

versa. Full-duplex is often facilitated through the use of two separate channels or networks, with an

individual set of wires for each direction of communication. It is sometimes accomplished by means

of multiple-frequency carrier waves, especially in radio links, where one frequency is reserved for

each direction of communication.

Qus: What is VPN? Why does a company use VPN?

Ans: A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, such as the

Internet. It enables a computer or network-enabled device to send and receive data across shared or

public networks as if it were directly connected to the private network, while benefiting from the

functionality, security and management policies of the public network.



Benefits of VPN are:

1) Extend geographic connectivity.

2) Improve security where data lines have not been ciphered.

3) Reduce operational costs in compared with traditional WAN.

4) Reduce transit time and transportation costs for remote users.

5) Simplify network topology in certain scenarios.

6) Provide global networking opportunities.

Qus: Describe Intranet, Extranet, And Internet. (Syllabus Item) [2014-4.b; 2013-7.a; 2011-6.a+7.a]

1) Internet: The Internet (also known simply as the Net) can be briefly understood as "a network of

networks". Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers. Almost all countries

are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly

accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching

using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic,

business, and governmental networks, which together carry various information and services,

such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other

documents of the World Wide Web.

2) Intranet: A network based on TCP/IP protocols (an internet) belonging to an organization,

usually a corporation, accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with

authorization (proper permissions and passwords). An intranet's Web sites look and act just like

any other Web sites, but the firewall surrounding an intranet fends off unauthorized access. Like

the Internet itself, intranets are used to share information. Secure intranets are now the fastest-

growing segment of the Internet because they are much less expensive to build and manage than

private networks based on proprietary protocols.

3) Extranet: A buzzword that refers to an intranet that is partially accessible to authorized

outsiders. Whereas an intranet resides behind a firewall and is accessible only to people who are



members of the same company or organization, an extranet provides various levels of

accessibility to outsiders.

Qus: Difference between Internet and Intranet [2014-4.a]

Internet Intranet

Internet is network of Computers which is open

for all.

Intranet is network of Computers designed for a

specific group of users.

Internet itself contains a large number of

intranets.

Intranet can be accessed from Internet but with

restrictions.

Unlimited number of users. Limited number of Users.

Visitors traffic is unlimited. Limited visitors traffic.

Contains unlimited source of information. Contains only specific group purpose

information.

Collection of various LANs, WANs and

MANs.

Mostly any of LAN or MAN or WAN.

Qus: How Does Internet Communication Work? (Syllabus Item) [2011-6.a]

Ans: The internet is a world-wide network of computers linked together by telephone wires, satellite

links and other means. For simplicity's sake we will say that all computers on the internet can be

divided into two categories: servers and browsers.

Servers are where most of the information on the internet "lives". These are specialized computers

which store information, share information with other servers, and make this information available to

the general public.

Browsers are what people use to access the World Wide Web from any standard computer. Chances

are, the browser you're using to view this page is either Netscape Navigator/Communicator or

Microsoft Internet Explorer. These are by far the most popular browsers, but there are also a number

of others in common use.

When you connect your computer to the internet, you are connecting to a special type of server

which is provided and operated by your Internet Service Provider (ISP). The job of this "ISP Server"

is to provide the link between your browser and the rest of the internet. A single ISP server handles

the internet connections of many individual browsers - there may be thousands of other people

connected to the same server that you are connected to right now.



Qus: Internet Is Information Platform-Explain [2014-4.b; 2013-7.a]

Ans: One of the hottest of hot topics these days is the topic of Internet platforms, or platforms on the

Internet ... 'platform' is turning into a central theme of our industry.

1) Access API - Where data is pulled from a service and reconstituted to create something new or

add value to something else (think Flickr, or Google Maps)

2) Plug-in API - Where developers plug their applications directly into the platform (think

Facebook, Firefox, or, well, Google Maps again (Mapplets))

3) Runtime Environment - Like a plug-in API but where code is executed directly on the platform,

and the "platform itself handles everything required to run your application on your behalf"

(think Andreessen's own Ning, Second Life, or Salesforce.com)

API, an abbreviation of application program interface

Qus: What Is Server? Enumerate The Name Of Servers. [2012-7.d]

Ans: A server is typically a high-powered PC that is really no different than a typical desktop

computer. Most servers have a low-end video card and usually no sound card but boast some

advanced management options.

1) Web server: A computer, including software package that provides a specific kind of service to

client software running on other computers.

2) Mail server: A computer devoted to sending, receiving, and storing mail. The network computer

which stores and distributes electronic mail messages.

3) Proxy server: A server that acts as an intermediary between a workstation user and the Internet

so that the enterprise can ensure security, administrative control, and caching service. A proxy

server is associated with or part of a gateway server that separates the enterprise network from

the outside network and a firewall server that protects the enterprise network from outside

intrusion.

4) File server: A networked computer used to store files for access by other client computers on the

network.

5) Application server: An application server is a software platform that delivers content to the

Web. This means that an application server interprets site traffic and constructs pages based on a

dynamic content repository.

6) Print server: A thin server that connects a printer to a network and allows users to share the

printer. It may be a separate unit or a plug-in card in the printer.

Qus: Describe Five Network Devices Briefly. [2012-7.A]

1) Network Interface Card (NIC): A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or

card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network. Network interface

cards provide a dedicated, full-time connection to a network.

2) Modem: Short for modulator/demodulator. A communications device that converts one form of

a signal to another that is suitable for transmission over communication circuits, typically from

digital to analog and then from analog to digital.



3) Repeater: Repeaters are physical hardware devices that have a primary function to regenerate

the electrical signal by: reshaping the waveform, amplifying the waveform, or retiming the

signal.

4) Hub: Hubs are also called Multiport Repeaters or Concentrators. They are physical hardware

devices. Some Hubs are basic hubs with minimum intelligence - no microprocessors.

5) Bridge: The purposes of a Bridge are: isolates networks by MAC addresses, manages network

traffic by filtering packets and translate from one protocol to another.

6) Switch: Switches configure themselves automatically. They listen to traffic on each Ethernet port

and discover to which port each attached device is connected. Switches are used to link physical

segments of a network together and allow data to move between these segments.

7) Router: Routers are hardware and software devices. They can be cards that plug into a collapsed

backbone, stand-alone devices (rack mount or desktop) or software that would run on a file

server with 2 NICs.

Short Notes: (Syllabus Item) [2012-7.a+c; 2011-7.b+d]

1) Bandwidth: The maximum amount of data that can be carried over a specific transmission media

in a fixed amount of time.

2) Frequency: The number of cycle a signal completes in one second. Frequency is a general

measurement of the rate of change of a signal with respect to time. If the value of a signal

changes over very short span of time, its frequency is high. If it changes over a long span of time,

its frequency is low.

3) Topology: The physical structure of a network. The physical topology refers to how the

computers in a network are actually connected and arranged. The overall appearance includes the

types of cables that are used to connect the network, as well as how the computers are physically

configured to communicate with other computers in the network.

4) Protocol: The set of rules of communication over a network. Protocol - a set of communication

rules to make sure that everyone speaks the same language. In information technology, a protocol

(from the Greek protocollon, which was a leaf of paper glued to a manuscript volume, describing

its contents) is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use

when they communicate. Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For

example, there are protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols

for data interchange at the application program level. In the standard model known as Open

Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the

telecommunication exchange that both ends of the exchange must recognize and observe.

Protocols are often described in an industry or international standard.



5) Domain Name: The English-like name of a Web site. Domain names serve as humanly-

memorable names for Internet participants, like computers, networks, and services. An important

function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to

numerically addressed Internet resources. For example, the domain name microsoft.com

represents about a dozen IP addresses.

6) VoIP: VoIP is an acronym for Voice over Internet Protocol, or in more common terms phone

service over the Internet. If you have a reasonable quality Internet connection you can get phone

service delivered through your Internet connection instead of from your local phone company. So

VoIP is the process of using Internet backbone for voice communication as phone. Voice over IP

(VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications

and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms

commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, broadband telephony,

and broadband phone service.

7) Decision Support System (DSS): A Decision Support System is a computer-based information

system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the

management, operations, and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher

management) and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily

specified in advance (Unstructured and Semi-Structured decision problems). Decision support

systems can be either fully computerized, human or a combination of both.

8) E-mail: Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since 1993, is a method

of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates

across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the

author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging.

Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model.

Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers

are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to a mail

server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.

An Internet email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message

header, and the message body. The message header contains control information, including,

minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive

information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time

stamp.

9) URL: Uniform (Universal) Resource Locator (URL) shows the location of Web page with its

name.

10) Web 2.0: The new version of the Web site that allows users to share, create, and edit contents on

the Web.

Web 1.0 Web 2.0

DoubleClick --> Google AdSense

Ofoto --> Flickr

Akamai --> BitTorrent



mp3.com --> Napster

Britannica Online --> Wikipedia

personal websites --> Blogging

evite --> upcoming.org and EVDB

domain name speculation --> search engine optimization

page views --> cost per click

screen scraping --> web services

publishing --> Participation

content management systems --> Wikis

directories (taxonomy) --> tagging ("folksonomy")

stickiness --> Syndication

Qus: Define Database and Database Management Systems (DBMS) (Syllabus Item) [2014-5.a; 2013-3.a; 2012-5.a]

Database: A physical repository of centralized data of a particular organization. Importantly, it is

permanent, self-descriptive store of interrelated data items that can be processed by one or more

business applications.

Database Management Systems (DBMS): A database management system (DBMS) is a collection

of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are

many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge

systems that run on mainframes. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL

Server, Oracle, Sybase and IBM DB2.

DBMS Is The Combination Of The Following:

Collection of interrelated data (database)

Set of programs to access and process the data

An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use

Qus: Explain Advantages Of DBMS.

1) Flexibility

2) Fast response to information requests

3) Multiple accesses

4) Lower user training costs

5) Less storage

6) Data is integrated

7) Data duplication is reduced

8) Data is easy to understand

9) Data Validity

10) Data Security

11) Data is program independent



Qus: Describe The Applications Of DBMS.

1) Banking: All Transactions

2) Airlines: Reservations, Schedules

3) Universities: Registration, Grades

4) Sales: Customers, Products, Purchases

5) Online Retailers: Order Tracking, Customized Recommendations

6) Manufacturing: Production, Inventory, Orders, Supply Chain

7) Human Resources: Employee Records, Salaries, Tax Deductions

8) And Many More

Qus: Describe The Limitations Of Paper-Based File System. (Syllabus Item) [2013-3.b; 2012-5.b]

1) Duplication of data

2) Data integrity problem

3) Limited data sharing

4) Lengthy processing time

5) Data redundancy and inconsistency

6) Difficulty in accessing data

7) Data isolation multiple files and formats

8) Integrity problems

9) Atomicity of updates

10) Concurrent access by multiple users

11) It might be heavy to carry around.

12) There will be possibility of losing it easily.

13) It might get grammar and spelling mistake

Qus: Who Are The Users Of A HR Database? [2014-5.b]

A. Employees

1) Managers (DBA)

2) Analysts (power users)

3) Technicians (HRIS expert)

4) Clerical employees

5) Employee self-service

B. Non-employees

1) Job seekers

2) Partner organizations

Qus: Describe The Responsibilities Of A Database Administrator.

Ans: Database Administrator is the coordinator of all the activities of the database system; the

database administrator has a good understanding of the enterprises information resources and needs.

The specific responsibilities of a database administrator are:

1) Schema definition

2) Storage structure and access method definition



3) Schema and physical organization modification

4) Granting user authority to access the database

5) Specifying integrity constraints

6) Acting as liaison with users

7) Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements

Qus: Explain The Operations In A Database.

1) Insert (Adding a row)

2) Retrieve (Query)

3) Update (Modifying a column value)

4) Delete (Deleting a row)

Short Note:

1) Primary Key: Column values of a table that cannot be duplicate.

2) Foreign Key: Primary key of another table.

3) Entity: An object that can be attributed values.

4) Attribute: Column name of a table.

5) Field: Column of a table.

6) Record: Row of a table.

7) Null Value: A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable. A null is

not the same as zero or a space. Zero is a number, and a space is a character.

8) Query: Operation in database to find any specific information.

9) Form: Web page with data input facility.

10) Report: Any search result performed on a database.

Qus: Define MIS. Describe the objectives of MIS implementation. (Syllabus Item) [2012-3; 2011-5.a]

MIS is the management of Information System for supporting organizations. MIS is less about IT

and more about management. MIS is the collaboration of management, technology, and

organization.

The MIS is defined as a system which provides information support for decision making in the

organization.

The MIS is defined as an integrated system of man and machine for providing the information to

support the operations, the management and the decision making function in the organization.

The MIS is defined as a system based on the database of the organization evolved for the purpose

of providing information to the people in the organization.

Describe the objectives of MIS implementation: MIS uses computers and communications

technology to deal with these points of supreme importance:

1) Handling of a voluminous data

2) Confirmation of the validity of data and transaction

3) Complex processing of data and multidimensional analysis

4) Quick search and retrieval



5) Mass storage

6) Communication of the information system to the user on time

7) Fulfilling the changing needs of the information

In short, the objective of MIS is to deliver right information, to the right people, in right time, in right

form, at right cost.

Qus: Differentiate between Information Systems (IS) & Management Information Systems (MIS)

Information Systems (IS) Management Information Systems (MIS)

Information system is the system consisting of

hardware, software, and network.

MIS is the system consisting of information

system, management, and organization. That is

MIS is more about business than technology.

Qus: Explain The Challenges Management Faces To Implement MIS.

Ans: MIS imposes some challenges to management. MIS implementation is not possible without top

management support. The major challenges are:

1) Design competitive and effective systems

2) Understand system requirements of global business environment

3) Create information architecture that supports organizations goal

4) Determine business value of information systems

5) Design systems people can control, understand and use in a socially, ethically responsible manner

6) Empower and connect people

7) Manage and deliver information

8) Integrate and adapt processes

9) Run and optimize IT

10) Consolidate and govern IT

Qus: Describe How Information System Is Transforming Businesses. [2014-6]

Ans: Four powerful worldwide changes that have altered the business environment:

A. Emergence of Global Economy

1) Management and control in a global marketplace

2) Competition in world markets

3) Global work groups

4) Global delivery systems

B. Transformation of Industrial Economies

1) Knowledge- and information-based economies

2) Shorter product life

3) Productivity

4) New products and services

5) Time-based competition

6) Turbulent environment

7) Knowledge: a central productive and strategic asset

8) Limited employee knowledge base



C. Transformation of the Business Enterprise

1) Flattening

2) Decentralization

3) Flexibility

4) Location independence

5) Low transaction and coordination costs

6) Empowerment

7) Collaborative work and teamwork

D. The Emergence of Digital Firm

1) Digitally-enabled relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees

2) Core business processes accomplished via digital networks

3) Digital management of key corporate assets

4) Rapid sensing and responding to environmental changes

Qus: What Is Digital Firm? Describe The Specialties Of A Digital Firm. [2014-7.a+b; 2013-6.a+b]

Ans: A digital firm is one in which nearly all of the organization's significant business relationships

with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled and mediate. Core business processes

are accomplished through digital networks spanning the entire organization or linking multiple

organizations.

1) Round-the-clock service: Web sites available to consumers 24 hours a day.

2) Extended distribution channels: Outlets created for attracting customers who otherwise would

not patronize.

3) Reduced transaction costs: Costs of searching for buyers, sellers, etc. reduced.

4) Flattening organizations

5) Separating work from location

6) Reorganizing work-flows

7) Increasing flexibility

8) Redefining organizational boundaries

Qus: Describe The Enterprise Applications Briefly.

Ans: Enterprise Applications are systems that can coordinate activities, decisions, and knowledge

across many different functions, levels, and business units in a firm. The four main enterprise

applications help organizations organize their all activities and relationships with inside and outside

customers.

A. Enterprise Systems: Enterprise systems can integrate the key business processes of an entire

firm into a single software system that allow information to flow seamlessly throughout the

organization. These systems focus primarily on internal processes but may include transactions

with customers and vendors.

B. Supply Chain Management Systems (SCMS): Close linkage and coordination of activities

involved in buying, making, and moving a product.

1) Integrates supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and customer logistics time.

2) Reduces time, redundant effort, and inventory costs.



3) Helps in procurement of materials, transformation of raw materials into intermediate and

finished products.

C. Customer Relationship Management Systems: Manages all ways used by firms to deal with

existing and potential new customers and uses information system to coordinate entire business

processes of a firm.

1) Provides end-to-end customer care and provides a unified view of customer across the

company.

2) Consolidates customer data from multiple sources and provides analytical tools for answering

questions.

3) Identifies the most profitable customers by calculating customer life time value.

D. Knowledge Management Systems (KMS): Knowledge management systems refer to any kind

of IT system that stores and retrieves knowledge, improves collaboration, locates knowledge

sources, mines repositories for hidden knowledge, captures and uses knowledge, or in some other

way enhances the KM process.

1) Creating knowledge

2) Discovering and codifying knowledge

3) Storing knowledge

4) Sharing knowledge

5) Distributing knowledge

Qus: The Internet Not Only Reshapes The Existing Businesses But Also Helps Start Ever New

Businesses - Elaborate The Statement With Examples.

Business Model Description Example

Virtual storefront Sells goods, services on-line amazon.com

Information brokers Provide info on products, pricing, etc. realtor.com

Transaction brokers Buyers view rates, terms from various sources etrade.com

Online marketplace Concentrates information from several providers eBay.com

Content provider Creates revenue through providing client for a fee, and

advertising

WSJ.com

Social network Website for staying connected with others facebook.com

Portal Initial point of entry to Web, specialized content, services yahoo.com

Online Service provider Provides service, support for hardware, software products Salesforce.com

Virtual community Chat room, on-line meeting place iVillage.com

Syndicator Aggregate information from several sources sold to other

companies

Auction Electronic clearinghouse products, prices, change in

response to demand

Cellbazaar.com



Qus: E-commerce [2011-4.a+b]

Ans: Electronic commerce, commonly known as E-commerce or eCommerce, is trading in products

or services using computer networks, such as the Internet. Electronic commerce draws on

technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet

marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management

systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the

World Wide Web for at least one part of the transaction's life cycle, although it may also use other

technologies such as e-mail.

E-Commerce Businesses May Employ Some Or All Of The Following:

1) Online shopping web sites for retail sales direct to consumers

2) Providing or participating in online marketplaces, which process third-party business-to-

consumer or consumer-to-consumer sales

3) Business-to-business buying and selling

4) Gathering and using demographic data through web contacts and social media

5) Business-to-business electronic data interchange

6) Marketing to prospective and established customers by e-mail or fax (for example, with

newsletters)

7) Engaging in pretail for launching new products and services

Qus: Types/Categories/Models of e-commerce [2011-5.b]

Ans: Many companies today are participating in or sponsoring four basic categories of e-commerce

applications: business-to-consumer, business-to-business, consumer-to-consumer and business-to-

government e-commerce.

1. Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-Commerce: In this form of e-commerce, businesses must

develop attractive electronic marketplaces to sell products and services to consumers.

2. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) e-Commerce: The huge success of online auctions like eBay,

where consumers (as well as businesses) can buy from and sell to one another in an auction

process at an auction Web site, makes this e-commerce model an important e-commerce business

strategy.

3. Business-to-Business (B2B) e-Commerce: This category of e-commerce involves both e-

business marketplaces and direct market links between businesses. For example, many

companies offer secure Internet or extranet e-commerce catalog Web sites for their business

customers and suppliers.

4. Consumer-to-Business (C2B) e-Commerce: A consumer posts his project with a set budget

online and within hours companies review the consumer's requirements and bid on the project.

5. Peer to Peer (P2P): It is a discipline that deal itself which assists people to instantly shares

related computer files and computer sources without having to interact with central web server.

6. M-Commerce: It deals with conducting the transactions with the help of mobile.

7. Additional Models of e-commerce:

a. B2E (Business-to-Employee) e-commerce

b. G2G (Government-to-Government) e-commerce

c. G2E (Government-to-Employee) e-commerce



d. G2B (Government-to-Business) e-commerce

e. B2G (Business-to-Government) e-commerce

f. G2C (Government-to-Citizen) e-commerce

g. C2G (Citizen-to-Government) e-commerce

Qus: Electronic Data Interchange [2011-4.a]

Ans: Electronic data interchange (EDI) is an electronic communication method that provides

standards for exchanging data via any electronic means. By adhering to the same standard, two

different companies, even in two different countries, can electronically exchange documents (such as

purchase orders, invoices, shipping notices, and many others). EDI has existed for more than 30

years, and there are many EDI standards (including X12, EDIFACT, ODETTE, etc.), some of which

address the needs of specific industries or regions. It also refers specifically to a family of standards.

Qus: ICT (Information and Communications Technology) (Syllabus Item) [2011-7.c]

Ans: Stands for "Information and Communication Technologies." ICT refers to technologies that

provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to Information Technology

(IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This includes the Internet, wireless

networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums. Modern information and communication

technologies have created a "global village," in which people can communicate with others across the

world as if they were living next door.

ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing:

radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and

so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as

videoconferencing and distance learning.

Copy + Cut + Paste =Md. Ali Reza

BBA (NU), MDS (KU), PGD-HRM (BIM)

Email: [email protected]

Cell: 01916-104295 & 0177-88275795

6-ict-note full and final

Documents

digital computer

analog computer

computer network

handheld computer

hybrid computer

desktop computers

laptop computers

singleuser computer