146

6. DISCUSSION

Origin and Settlement

The present study discusses about the Kanis or Kanikkars of the Kalakkad -

Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (Fig. I) living in the Agastyamalai hills of the Southern

Western Ghats in India. The Kani or Kanikkar means a hereditary proprietor. They speak

their own dialect 'Kanikkarbasha' or 'Malampashi'. They are short-statured

dolichocephals with round or oval faces and a broad nose.

There were two different opinions about their origin. The lack of literature

evidence one could not confirm it. According to one version, the then Travancore

Government of Kerala entrusted the work of protecting forests with them where as

another version states that the British Government in 1910 settled about 1,000 people

migrated from the Tiruvananthapuram district of Kerala (erstwhile Travancore region) at

Pothigaiadi to develop Teak plantations.

Around 1914, the disease of Vaisuri (Smallpox) killed majority of them. As a

result, they decided to get away from their habitation, split up and settled in other parts of

the Agastyamalai hills. Now they live in the settlements of 1. lngikuzhi (Figs. I & 4.1), 2.

Periyamylar (Figs. 1 & 4.4), 3. Chinnamylar (Adukkupaarai) (Fig. 4.3), 4.

Agastiyarkanikudiyiruppu (Figs. 1 & 4.2), and 5. Servalar (Thervatampaarai). Their total

population is about 402.

Life Style

The huts in their settlements are built with a variety of trees inside their

agricultural land based on requirement without any regular dimension. They are divided

into 2 broad divisions such as Annanthambi illakkars and Machami illakkars.

147

Annanthambi is a cluster of fraternal clans and machanbi that of off inal clans. The clans

are traced in the maternal line. The marriage with cross cousins is allowed. The

traditional symbol of marriage is a bead necklace. Often it is replaced by other customs as

that of plains due to the impact of civilization.

The community council Consists of a chief, Moothakani, a convener, Vilikani and

a Pilathi, sacred specialist-cum-medicine man, is the final authority, and meets at

'Chavadi' or 'Pattapara' (Fig.5.5) to take decisions on all-social, religious including

celebration of Onam following Hindu religion, and agricultural matters.

They are the god-fearing people, have their temples facing south and north. They

worship female deities like Karumpandiammam, Veeramarthandan (Fig.5.3) and

Mariamman and male deities like Murugan, Pillaiyar and Iyyappan. Ancestral and spirit

worship is also practiced because they believe that dead ancestors called as Theivam who

guard them from the attack of wild animals, diseases and all kinds of disasters. They

chant mantras and perform pooja to cure domestic diseases and to eliminate poisonous

effect. They believe that if a person is beaten with a stick of Poovankolli (Poeciloneuron

pauciflorum Bedd., Bonnetiaceae) the person slowly succumbs and dies.

In the early days, they cover hip to knees by the traditional attire made from the

bark of Arangi tree, Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. of Moraceae. They parted this

practice about 35 years back. They cultivate their traditional 4 varieties (3 white varieties

and 1 yellow variety; Fig.6.5).

Occupation

They were once traditional hunters and shifting cultivators. Now, they practice

settled cultivation and gather tubers, rhizomes, roots, fruits and seeds. Still, they often go

148

for fishing and collecting honey. Preparation of chips during March and April from

Elelakizhangu is the major source of income. Smoke of dried leaves of Nangu, Mesua

nagasarium (Burm.f.) Kosterm. var. coromandeliana (Wight) Kosterm,, Clusiaceae, is

used to drive the bees from the comb and collect honey with the help of artificial ladders

made of twiners. Some of them do work for the Forest Department of Tamil Nadu in

undergrowth clearing and other operations and a few others work in private and

temporary assignments for their living.

They practice the following 4 different kinds of fishing:

L Basket (Fig.7.1): Water is flowed through the basket built with sticks of

Alapanaieeakle (midrib of Arenga wightii Griff., Arecaceae) and collected fish catch.

The fishes that catch by this method include Kal/ari (1-lomaloptera brucei), Kalnekki

(Nemacheilus pu/cheF/us), Kendal (Puntius arulius-tambiraparani) and Keluru

(catfish, Mystus urmatus), Keliru (Mystus aor) and Keluihi (Mystus vitatus).

2. Fencing (Fig.7.2, 7.3 & 7.4): Construction of fence with a Bamboo (Bambusa

arundinacea (Retz.) Roxh., Poaceae; Fig.7.I) fish catch basket at bottom across the

water current during the months of March to May is used to catch bigger fishes of

/'erunipilari (Torkudiri mulaharicus) using Kooi/ai, Eleltaria cardamomum (L.)

Maton var. major Thw., Zingiberaceae (Fig. 7.4) as bait.

3. Casting the net: A plastic wire is tied at one end with a large stick of Pirainhu

(Calamus hrandisii Beccari ex Beccari & Hook. f., Arecaceae) and another end with

a hook. Pieces of boiled Ele/akizhangu (Manihot escu/enta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae;

Figs. 5.2 & 6.4,5) pierced into the hook are used as bait to catch fish.

149

4. Fishing net method: Large - size plastic nets are used in the evening to catch big

fishes of Perumpinari (Tar kudiri maluharicus).

Welfare Schemes of the Government

Most of them have solar lights (Fig.7.6) provided free of cost by the Tamil Nadu

Government. The Government further provides free school education (Fig.7.5) to the

children and training to the tribal ladies in basket making and in tailoring. The products

are sold for earning.

Ethnomedical Resource Persons

The Kam medical practitioners namely Chinnappankani (Fig.8.1), Sreerangankani

(Fig.7.6), Pitchandikani and Poovendrankani (Fig8.3), Mallankani (Figs.5.I & 8.5) and

Boothathankani (Figs.5.6, 7.3 & 8.2) and Maathikani (Figs.8.2 & 8.4) and his wife,

Kaliammal accompanied the field trips and provided medicinal data for 352 plants used

to cure 191 diseases. They often cure headache by instigating pulses instantly.

Ethnomedicines

The medical practitioners diagnose the diseases by the symptoms and sensing

pulses. Mostly the vernacular names are based on the external characteristics of the

plants. Medicines are prepared early in the morning. Either Karupetti or honey is added to

the medicines for sweet taste to facilitate easy administration of medicine with water,

cow milk or coconut milk.

Scientific Screening of the Ethnomedicinal Data

All the ethnomedicines are classified under the following 2 categories. Based on

the scientific screening done by referring available literature such as Bhattacharjee

150

(1998), Chopra el a! (1992), Jam (1991), Joshi (2000), Kirtikar el al. (1993), Nadkarni

(1908) and Warner el al. (1996).

1. Plants new to the recorded literature, and

2. Plants recorded in literature.

1. Plants New to the Recorded Literature

This category has 299 plants (Table-4) used to cure 169 diseases wherein 47 are

endemic and threatened plants. Habit-wise analysis reveals that there are 112 herbs, 99

trees, 50 shrubs, 17 climbers, 7 subshrubs, 4 liana, 3 climbing shrubs, 2 parasitic herbs

and one each of parasitic climber, epiphytic herb, epiphytic climber, stragging shrub and

(Figshrub (Fio l5).

Endemic and Threatened Plants

There are 47 Endemic and Threatened plants. Habit-wise categories include 19

trees, 15 herbs, 9 shrubs, 2 climbers and one each in subshrub and liana. They are

arranged according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and

Natural Resources) Threat categories (Fig. 16) as follows:

Critically Endangered

This category has only 2 species such as Eugenia singampattiana and Piper

barberi (Fig. 13.2).

Endangered

This category includes 22 species namely Biophytum longibracteatum,

(]entratherum anthe/minticum, (hi onan thus linocieroides, CIaoxylon an ama/urn,

Dioscorea 3vightii, Elatostema un eo!atum var. setosum, Glochidion ellipticum (Fig.

11 .4), Hedvotis u/bo-neri'ia, 1-Jedyotis travancorica, Hopea utilis, Knoxia sumatrensis

Table - 4

Plants New to the Recorded Literature

- Species name P - - Part(s) used - Medicinal use(s)

Abrus precafori us Leaves Diabetes

Acacia chundra' Stems. leaves and flowers1

Bone fracture, nervous pain

*A calvphn indica ' Whole plant l Dandruff

Acran/hera grand/flora Leaves and flowers Skin diseases in infants

Actephila excelsa Whole plant Bone fracture, nerve sprain

Leaves and flowers Blood discharge

.'ldenostennna lavenia Whole plant Giddiness

var. lawnia

:1 dianiurn rak/ianuin ' - - Fronds -- Blood clot, sprain - -.

.'lganope thvrs, flora Leaves, flowers and tender Bone fracture, pain

var. eualata 1 fruits

Aganosina cwnosa C Leaves and flowers To reduce body heat

Aglaia elaeagnoidea Leaves. flowers and tender Blood pressure

var. courtal/ensis fruits

Agroslistachvs inthca - Leaves -- Antidote for poisons

*/1 Ilium cep'7 -. - Bulb - -- - Blood clotting, cold, footsore, nail

swelling

.4 1/, urn sativuni ' Bulb Swelling. to remove solidified saliva

.4 be vera h Leaves Headache

Aiphonsea scierocarpa' Leaves, flowers and tender Blood discharge, body heat, gastric

fruits complaints. giddiness, piles,

rheumatism, stomach pain

A iphonsea zev/amnca' Leaves, flowers and tender Blood purifier, body pain

fruits

.4/seodaphne semecarpijoha Leaves and flowers Blood discharge, body heat

var. pareifolia

.'lndrographis a/ala'' Whole plant/Leaves Antidote for poisons

Anci/ema oi'aImj'oI/a Leaves and tender fruits Throat swelling

.417giopteris evecia" Stem and fronds Leg sore

inridesina alexiteria' Leaves and flowers Hand and leg pain

Antidesma menasu' Whole plant Blood purifier, body heat, rheumatism

*A ristolochia hid/ca C Roots, aerial portion and Headache

leaves

A spleni urn decrescens" Fronds Blood discharge. pneumonia. to

reduce excess body fluid

.'lsv s/asia chelonoides t ' Leaves and flowers Giddiness, hydration, leukemia

I iviosia albicans c Stem, leaves and flowers Headache. migraine

Baccaurea courta/IensLr t Tender fruits Fever

l3ar/eria invo/ucrata Leaves and flowers Scabies

var. c/ala5Begon,ajlocclferah Leaves and flowers Jaundice, to reduce both' heat, tonic

Begonia ma/aharica" Aerial portion Rheumatism, soresB1/ens hifernatahl - Whole plant - - Leg pain

/3iophvtum insignis" Leaves, flowers and tender Antidote for poisons

fruits

Whole plant Hip pain, loose motion. vomiting

Thophwum longibracleatum ' Whole plant Skin diseases

Roots, leaves and flowers Antidote for insect bites

Biachia ca/vcina Leaves, flowers and tender Blood purifier, body pain, nervous

fruits weakness, throat pain, toothache

Blechnurn n/lenin/c - Rhizome and fronds Blood clotting. giddiness, leukemia

Bluinea /acera 1 Whole plant Cold, diabetes, tooth pain, weakness

Leaves and flowers Leukemia

13rassicaju7cw - Seed Headache

Brewna re/usa - Whole plant Both' heat

Ca/am us brand/vu Flowers - Whooping cough

Stem Earache, ear pus, headache, hydration

calficarpa tomenlosa Leaves and flowers To reduce excess body heat

Ganscora roxhurglni h Whole plant Ulcer. vermifuge

Canthuuin dicoccum Whole plant Giddiness. leukemia

var. dicoccum Leaves and flowers Gastric complaints

Canihium neufgherrense - Stem, leaves and flowers - Blood clotting, chest pain

var. chartacea

Capparis dzm'ersiJh/ia 5 Leaves and flowers Headache

Capparisjiisifera Leaves and flowers Urinary blockage

cappari.s rheedii Leaves and tender fruits Cold. hemicrania

* Cap vi cu,nfruteccenv" Leaves and flowers Air-borne poisons. to cure abdominal

injury of delivery

CarexJilicina h Whole plant Antidote for poisons. scabies

Garex /eucantha t' WhOle plant Gastric complaints, giddiness*Garm;o la urens t Flowers Hair growth for ladies

Inflorescence juice Jaundice

*('a.sear/agra,eo/e ii sJ Leaves and flowers Giddiness

Cassia occ.-inta/is Leaves and fruits Eye complaints

I *(aççvha/j/jfojçPC Whole plant Fever

calunaregain .vpinosa t Leaves and flowers Nasal troubles

Centoiheca Iappaceahl Whole plant Appetizer. gastric complaints, tooth

pain

Cenirantheruin rangacharii Leaves and flowers Infection between fingers and toes, leg

pain, leg swelling

Ceropegia orni.v'aj

Aerial portion Blood clot, urinary blockage

Chassalia curviflora Aerial portion Sinusitisvar. op/noxvIoide.v Lcaves and tender fruits - Gastric complaints, nasal blockage

I Flowers and tender fruits Body pain. syphilis

(7hei/ant lies Jirinosa" Whole plant Jaundice, nervous problems(I'heilanihes ienuifo Fronds

j Giddiness, weakness

C'hwnanthus Leaves and tender fruits 1 Asphyxia, stomach painhnoceroides Leaves and flowers Gastric complaints -C'hr,.siel/a Lieniala Fronds Blood vomiting, intermittent urine

discharge

Christelfa parasilica Fronds To reduce excess body fluid

L^o*('j/l,la,)u)fl,un, r'pariurn Leaves and flowers iod purifier -

*Qpadesa haccifera Tender stein. ivcs. flowers Blood purifier, throat pain

and tender fruits

*('i(runied,cal Fruit Nail disease

C/aoxv/on 01701710/urn Leaves Gastric complaints, giddinessClausena indica Leaves and flowers Eye sight*Cle,ne gvnandra Roots, leaves and flowers - Diabetes

Clerodendrurn phionudis I Leaves and flowers Blood vomiting*Cocos nucijèra Endosperm (oil) - Head inurv. rhewnatism

( 'oninle/Ina dm'aia ' Whole plant Cold, jaundice, skin diseases(Tro,s.sandra I Whole plant Body pain, migraine, tooth paininfundihulifor,nis

Crotalaria verrucosa 1 Leaves and flowers Chest pain, throat complaints

Croton laccifer 5 Whole plant Gastric complaints*('urcu/i go irichocarpa h Rhizome Blood purifier, to reduce hair falling.

ulcer

Cvat/iea ni/girensis Fronds Cold, throat infectionvar. lobatus

Cvclea peliata CS Whole plant Joint pain

C'vrnhopogon caesius Root Fever. hemicrania

Whole plant To reduce excess body fluid

Cvriococcurn deccanense" Whole plant . To reduce body heat

Cvrtoc'occu,n longipes ' Leaves Scabies

Denc/rophthoefa/cata' t Leaves and flowers Giddiness

Derris bentha,nii Leaves and flowers Both' heat. giddiness, leukemia, piles

var. henthrnnii Leaves and tender fruits Giddiness

J)esmodiuni repandum" Whole plant Antidote for poisons. scabies

Didvinocarpus ganb/eanus" Whole plant Gastric complaints

l)iniorphocahr law/anus' Whole plant Skin diseases

Leaves and tender fruits Giddiness

l)ioscorea lomenlosa C Rhizome Jaundice

Dioscorea High/i, C Stem and flowers Cold, headache. heniicrania. hydration

Leaves. flowers and tender Asphyxia, gastric complaints, joint

fruits pain

Dwspvros ehenum Stem Blood purifier, toothache

Diospurosferrea - - Leaves, flowers and tender Blood clot, body pain, piles, scabies

var. buxijolia fruits

Diospvros ina/abarica Leaves, flowers and tender Constipation

fruits

Fruit Bone fracture

J)wspvros montana' 1 Leaves and flowers Body swellings, joint pain

Diotacainhus a/hiJiorus" Leaves, flowers and small Antidote for poisons

sticks

l)wtacanthusgrand,s' Leaves and flowers Piles, vomiting

Root, stems, leaves and flowers Rheumatism

Dolichos tri/ohusc Whole plant Chest pain, headache

I)orstenia i/u//ca Leaves and flowers Gastric complaints

Drvnar'a querc,/oba et - Fronds - Cholera. constipation, intestinal ulcer

E/aphog/ossu,n .rielligerum' Whole plant - Rheumatism

Elatostenia /jneo/af urn Leaf paste Indigestion, gastric complaints,

\ar.sprosumn giddiness

Leaves and flowers Body pain, nervous weakness

Leases. flowers and tender Gastric complaints

fruits

*Em,/j .scahra" Whole plant - Blood vomiting, constipation -

Leaves Gum swelling. toothache

Em//ia sonchifolia" Leaves Body pain

Entada pursaetha - Seeds To increase joint strength in infants,

to increase milk secretion in mothers

Ervrhropa/um populifolluin Aerial portion Air-borne poisons. rheumatism

Ervthroxv!urn monngvnuln Flowers and tender fruits - - Both' pain, throat pain

Eugenia calcadensis Stem and leaves - Rheumatism

Eugenia .vngainpalUana Whole plant Asthma. giddiness

Stems. leaves and flowers Gastric complaints

Leaves and flowers Body pain, throat pain

Leaves, flowers and tender Leg sores, rheumatism

fruits

Euonvinus (lichotomus leaves and flowers Appetizer, gastric complaints

Euphorhwi;a Roots. stem and leaves Fever, giddiness, urinary blockage,

weakness

Euphorhia nivulia Leaves Loose motion, stomach complaints in

infants

1',xcoecaria crenulata'1

Leaves and flowers - Asphyxia, gastric complaints

Pagraea ccl /anica TLeaves. flowers and tender Body heat. blood vomiting,

fruits Constipation. jaundice.

stomach pain

Garcinia oblong folio Leaves and flowers Body pain

Gardenia resin//era Leaves and tender fruits Asthma. leukemia

Leaves, flowers and tender Nervous problems

fruits

Givotia roil/er, /hrnus' Leaves and flowers Stomach problems. urinary trouble

G/oc/na'ion e//iplicuni Whole plant Cold. nose pain

Gl'.cos,nis ,l:aurttiana Leaves, flowers and tender Blood purifier

fruits

Leaves Asphyxia, bod y pain, bone fracture,

hand and leg pain, nasal blockage

Leaves and flowers White discharge, body pain, itching,

to prevent infection of skin diseases

Whole plant Antidote of poisonous bites

(;/vco.v,n,.c pen laph v/la' Leaves and flowers Gastric complaints

Gonioiha/aiiius %a'ighili' Leaves, flowers and tender Appetizer

fruits

Tender fruits Rheumatism

Gordonia obtusa' - Leaves Nervous dislocations

Go.c.vvpium hirsutun," Fruit fiber Cut wounds

Grew/a orhicu/ata' Leaves Ulcer*Gy,nne,,,a hirsutuin c Leaves and flowers Blood pressure, leukemia, vomiting -

Gvnura ni/u/oh - Leaf paste Antidote for bee, gastric complaints.

piles. rheumatism, wasp poisons

Leaves and flowers Blood clotting, body pain, mouth ulcer

Lialdina cordifolia

liedvoriv a/hv-neri.'ia

Iledvotis eualata

var. agastvamalavanah

J/ech'ms trai'ancorica

Ilec/votis iccu/a

*ITJeli cteres isora

f/opec uli/i.r

Jliic.,'onia nit stax

Iluperzia squarrosa

*Ijyha,ijhu.,

ennea.spernn,.y

ilvpti.r cuaveo/e

- - TIIinpaiiensfruti cosa

Impatiens grandis

Impatiens hens/oviana

Impatiens scabri risen/a

Impatiens scapijiora h

Indigo/era wightii

Ipomoea bar/er/older

Isonandra lanceolata

Ixora nigri canst

Ixora imt/u/ata

.Jatropha glandu/ijera

Kleinhovia hopita

Leaves and flowers

Leaves and flowers

Whole plant

Leaves and flowers

Aerial portion

Leaves and flowers

Whole plant

Bark

Leaves and tender fruits

Whole plant

Leaves and flowers

Whole plant

Leaves and flowers

Leaves

Leaves and flowers

Whole plant

Whole plant

Whole plant

Leaves and flowers

Whole plant -

Leaves

Whole plant

Leaves, flowers and tender

fruits

Bark, leaves and flowers

Leaves and flowers

Leaves, flowers and tender

fruits

Leaves and1flowers

Leaves

Leaves

Leaves and flowers

Blood pressure, piles

Rheumatism

Chest pain

Giddiness, leukemia. migraine,

stomachache. vomiting

Rheumatism

Appetizer, blood clotting, giddiness.

leukemia. stomach disorders

Toothache

Leech attack

Rheumatism

Giddiness, rheumatism

Vermifuge

Blood clotting, gastric complaints.

ulcer

Rheumatism, shrinkage of joints

Back itching, neck pain, throat pain

Blood clotting

Vermifuge

Giddiness, leukemia

Body pain, nervous problems

Cold, giddiness. leukemia

Allerg', intestinal ulcer

Free motion

Asphyxia, blood purifier

Stoniachache, throat pain

Piles, stomach problems

Giddiness, nasal blockage,

rheumatism

Back itching, body hydration.

headache

Body pain, constipation. gastric

problems, giddiness, headache.

leukemia. vennifuge

Appetizer

Toothache, to strengthen tooth gums

Nervous sprain, rheumatism

Lepiostachva ualhc'hii

Leuca.v he/ian! hemifolia

Stem, leaves and [lowers

Tender whole plant

Leaves or flowers

Lindernia coespi (nsa

Li (sea deccanensis l

*A laesa /11(1/ca

lIallotus alroi'irens

.ia/loius auren-punclatus

Tender leaves, flowers and

fruits

Whole plant

Leaves and flowers

Whole plant

Leaves, flowers and tender

fruits

Leaves and flowers -

Klein/a grand//bra

/rioia su/ilatrensis

var. linear,s

Inox,a M'ls.h1iw1a

Leea indica

Lepianthes umbe/lata

Leptacanthus

ruhicun(Iu,s

Leaves

Leaves and flowers

Whole plant

Stem. leaves and flowers

Leaves

Whole plant

Leaves, flowers and tender

fruits

Giddiness

Asthma, blood clotting, weakness

Digestive disorders

Body hydration, rheumatism -

Mosquito and poisonous insect bites

Antidote for poisons

Body pain

Leptochi/us lanceolatu.s 11

I Roots, leaves and flowers

Whole plant

Hand and leg swelling, stomach

swelling

Rheumatism

Refrigerant

Allergy, itching, scabies, skin diseases

in infants

Pimples

Infection between fingers and-nd toes.

throat pain

Blood punfier, gastric complaints.

whooping cough

Weakness (debility)

Body sprain, gastric complaints

Nasal blockage

Infection between toes and fingers

Stomachache, ulcer

Blood discharge. gastric complaints,

giddiness, itching, leukemia, white

discharge

Skin diseases in children

Sharp. fine and clear talking, nervous

weakness

Piles

Blood discharge, gastric complaints.

rheumatism

Hand and leg pain, h y dration, throat

pain

Whole plant

Leucas iesiia var.ves,tah Leaves and flowers

Ligustruni perrotteti i

Leaves

Ala/lotus beddo,nei

Leaves and flowers

MaIIorus ph///ppensi.s var. Whole plant

philippensi.s

lallotusp1nhippensis Leaves, flowers and tender

var. toinentosus l fruits

Leaves and flowers

\fa1lotus re.cinosus t Leaves and flowers Blood purifier, body heat, syphilis

Flowers and tender fruits Giddiness, vomiting

Leaves Mouth ulcer, stomach ulcer

Mal/otu.c rhamnifolius - Whole plant - - -- Throat pain

!tiaI/otus stenanthus Leaves Body pain, nervous problems, throat

infection, tooth pain

*i'tiartv,lia annua Tender fruits Vcrmifuge

Seeds - Antidote for snake poisons

A'Iec/,nh//a helc/on,e, Leaves Giddiness

Memecv/on gracile' Leaves - Blood purifier

1 '1emecvIon lushingloini Leaves and flowers Leg sores, rheumatism

Leaves, flowers and tender Blood discharge

fruits

'Jemecvlo;-, n yu/are Leaves Vermifuge

Memec v/on terminate Leaves and flowers Vermi fuge*AJes,Jafrre(7 Leaves and flowers Nasal blockage

subsp. pu/chella

*AIesua nagasarium Leaves and flowers Blood vomiting, giddiness

var. corw,iandefiana

A-Jeteoron,vnrus - Whole plant - Eve diseases

wvnaadens,s' Leaves Skin diseases, throat infection

Microcos pamnculala Leaves and flo ers Cold, whooping cough

Mi Ii usa erwcarpa' Leaves and tender fruits Piles

- Aii/iusa montana Roots. leaves and flowers Cold, cough, throat problem

Mi i/el/ia ruhigmosa" Leaves. flowers and tender Body heat, skin diseases

fruits

*!lI,mflosapU(hc Leaves Abnormal growth of the nail -

Mi/rephora hevneana t Stem and leaves Giddiness

Leaves and flowers To reduce body heat

*Mor! ,lda umbeilata C Leaves and flowers Appetizer, urinary blockage

Alundulea ser,cea t Leaves and flowers Breathing trouble, giddiness

Murdannia esculenia Whole plant Blood purifier, vomiting

iviurdanma glauca h - Whole plant Blood discharge. blood vomiting.

stomach pain

A lurdannia lanceotata" Whole plant Refrigerant

*iIurraya pana'cuiata - Leaves Oedema

A-Iussaenda bel:lla Roots and leaves Antidote for scorpion bites

Leaves Tonic for infants

*1t4'uccae,ida frondosa" Leaves and flowers Mouth-wash, strengthening of tooth,

toothache

Whole plant Rheumatism. weakness

*Aiaral,eIja zey!anicac Whole plant Chest pain

,Veanol,s deci p/ens 1 ' Stem, leaves and flowers Hand and leg pain, rheumatism

I\reil,iotl,c md/ca" Whole plant Gastric complaints

Leaves and flowers Both' hydration

Neolilsea scrobicu/ain I Leav es. flowers and tender Back itching, both' pain, hand and leg

fruits pain, sprain

Leaves and flowers Gastric complaints, nasal blockage

ephroIepis auriculata" Tubers and fronds Body heat

Aol hopegia hevneana' Leaves and flowers Urinary disorders, blood pressure,

body heat. nervous sprain

Leaves. flowers and tender Body itching, body pain, bone

fruits fracture, nere sprain, to reduce body

heat

gralissunuin Leaves and flowers Body pain. bruin development

Ocirnwn tcrnii/ki Whole plant Rheumatism

Ociotropis Iravancorica Leaves and flowers Rheumatism

Oligochaeta ramoso - Leaves - Cut wounds

Stems and leaves Cold. cough

Whole plant Rheumatism, sprain

Leaves Cut wounds

Ophiorrhiza 1nu17gos' Whole plant Skin infections (scabies and itching)

Oreoc'nide iiiterefofia Leaves and flowers Rheumatism

Orophea un//bra' Whole plant Post delivery treatment

Orthosiphon thvnis'florus" Whole plant Body pain

Osheckia aspera Leaves and flowers Body pain, gastric complaints, joints

var. aspera" pain, piles

Leaves Blood clot, rheumatism. skin diseases

Stem, leaves and flowers Blood discharge, piles

Osbeckia aspera Leaves and flowers Whooping cough

var. wlg/zriwia

Osbeckia laiioini Leaves, flowers and tender Nasal blockage, sprain, stomach pain

fruits

Osheckia Ieschenaultiana S Stem and flowers Piles

O.checkia ze,'lanic'a Whole plant Cold, cough

Leaves. flowers and tender -- Back itching. body pain, chest pain

fruits

Osvris quadripartita J

Leaves An antidote for scorpion bitesvar. quadripartita

Pandani,sJasc,cu/ar, _em. terminal bud Jaundice -Prn'etia hianda Leaves and flowers - - Intermittent urine discharge.

rheumatismPavetta hispidula' Leaves and tender fruits Giddiness, leukemiaPavetta thoinsomi / Root, leaves and flowers Body pain, nasal blockagevar puherula

Phoenix loureir,, Tender apical stem/fruits To reduce excessive body heatPh vI/anilius hafflonialms Whole plant Jaundice. refrigerant

Stem and leaves - Blood discharge. pilesPhvl1anihu. - - Leaves and flowers Body pain, headachegardnerianus' 5 Paste of aerial portion Cold. fever

Whole plant Giddiness, headache

Phvllanthu.v macraei Whole plant Rheumatismvar. macmci Flowers and tender fruits To reduce body heatPhvllanthuspolvphvl/us t Whole plant Jaundice

Phvl/anihus Leaves Jaundices.ngampattiana

Piper barber, Whole plant Post delivery complaintPlectranthus wa/A-er, l Leaves and flowers Urinary blockage

Roots, leaves and flowers Rheumatism

J'ogonatherw,i cr/Jim tumn Whole plant Gastric complaints, urinary blockagePogostenion Whole plant Leg pain, sores, swellings -ira van cur, corn h

Pu/va/thin kormnum - Leaves, flowers and tender Blood discharge. giddiness

fruits

Leaves and flow ers Body pain, breathing complaints,

nervous sprain, rheumatism

Po/valihia rufesc-ens t Leaves Cough

Pohgalasihirzca h Whole plant Urinary infections

Popowia heddorneana Leaves Blood discharge, diabetes, piles

Pouzo/zia our/cu/ala S Whole plant Cold, chest pain. hand and leg pain,

head ache, vomiting

Psvchoiria bisuIcalaS Whole plant Gastric complaints

Psvchotr,a connala S Leaves and flowers Gastric complaints, rheumatism.

sprain

Psvchorriajlai'ida' Leaves and flowers Cold, throat pain, whooping cough

Psvchoiria macrocarpa" Leaves and tender fruits [ Asthma, giddiness

Psvchotria nu(1,Jlora Leaves and flowers Rheumatism

var. nud/Jiora' Leaves, flowers and tender Giddiness, leukemia

Lfruits

Whole plant Syphilis

J'svchoir,a subinlegra - Leaves and flowers Joint painP/ens scahr/pe.rhl Fronds Antidote for poisons*Puni ca gran alum -- Seeds Fertility in gents

Rauvolfia densiflora Leaves and flowers Rheumatism

Leaves Sprain*1t)au 1 o/f,a .cerpen//na j Leaves and flowers Headache. toothache

Tender stem. leaves and Blood clotting, chest pain

procumbens 11 flowers

Rung/a apiculata Whole plant Body cold. throat infection

I? ungia Iaimr - Whole plant - Both pain, gastric complaints.

hydration, nasal blockage*Ruflgja repens Roots. leaves and flowers 1 Cold, hydration. rheumatism. throat

pain

I? ungia wightiana Leaves and flowers Chest pain, gastric complaints.

giddiness

S'alacia ohionga -- - Flowers and tender fruits Both pain, beaten swellings

Saprosma corvmhosu,n' Leaves Blood purifier

Sarcandra Leaves and tender fruits Blood clotting, feverch/oranlho,desS Leaves, flowers and tender Nervous problems. rheumatism

fruitsSauropus androgvnus' Leaves, flowers and tender Giddiness, vomiting

fruitsScurrula cor(/,tofia Leaves and flowers Nervous problems

Scute//aria violacea Whole plant Pimples

Scutellaria wiglniana 1- Whole plant Measles

Aerial portion Boils

Securinega virosa Stem, flowers and tender fruits Joint pain (hand & leg)

Se/agineila tenera Leaves Gastric complaints, tiredness

S'enecio hawIensisc Leaves and flowers Blood clotting, sore throat

Sida acuta h Plant extract Jaundice

Sin//h/a graci iis Roots, leaves and flowers Leukemia. pilesSonenila tinnevei/iensish Whole plant Rheumatism

Leaves Body itching

Sperinacoce hisp/da Leaves, flowers and tender Blood clotting, inner bod y pain

fruits

- Leaves and tender fruits Rheumatism

Sr,eri,,acoce push/a h- Roots, stem and flowers Back pain, body pain

.Sfenosipho;num Stem, leaves and flowers Blood purifier

russellianu;n Ii

S''enosiphoniuni 14ighlii Whole plant Giddiness

Whole plant Antidote for honey bee and scorpion

bites, leukemia

Siephaniajaponica c Leaves Cough -

Siephania wightil C Le-es and tender fruits Body heat

Stropanihe.c wightianus' Leaves and flowers Body pain

Whole plant Leg pain

Sirvchnos potalorum Leaves and tender fruits Piles

Sirvchnos i'anprukii Leaves, flowers and tender Rheumatism

fruits

r'ada an'u.s'1fo/ia Tender leaves Toothache, tooth worms

Leaves and flowers Blood vomiting, skin diseases, piles.

weakness

SvInp/OcoS inacrocarpa Leaves, flowers and tender Rheumatism

fruits

St;zgiuii cunilni Leaves, flowers and tender Rheumatism

fruits

Bark Body pain, headache

Svzvgium inundagain t Leaves and flowers Both pain, breathing complaints, head

ache, hydration

Siu,n ,'tthicunc/um -- - -- Leaves and flowers Body pain, gastric problems

Svzv,giuin zevianicum Leases Antidote for poisons

var. lineare' Leaves Urinary disorders

i 'ahernaemoniana gainbfei S Leaves Injury by poisonous thorns

Leaves and flowers Rheumatism

7'abernaenioniana herneana' Leaves Fever, headache

Tarenna alpesiris Leaves and flowers Earache, fits, headache. nervous

problems

Leaves, flowers and tender General health

fruits

7'arenna lucens Leaves. flowers and tender Health tonic for pregnant ladies

fruits

T inonosperma Leaves and flowers Blood vomiting

Terinina/ta cheb u/a Seeds Sterility in gents

Tiliacora acununala Leaves and flowers Body pain, Giddiness, nervous sprain

Trema orientalis t Plant [ Antidote for poisons'Iic/n//a comlaroic/es Bark To unite fractured bones

- Bone fracture, nervous problems

Trichopus zevinnicus Leaves and tender fruits Body pain, fever, whooping coughsubsp trai'ancoricus h

i'r,dax procumbens' Whole plant Giddiness, nervous dislocations.

tiredness7riumfetta annua 1 Whole plant Body heatiitri cu/aria graininTj/ia Whole plant - Itching of hands and legsace/mum ne/glierrense Whole plant Body pain, cough. joint pain, nervous

problems*lernonia cinerear Whole plant BoilsJernoniacI,vergens - Whole plant Blood discharge. body heat

Leaves Asthma in infants

Verno,na peninsularis JLeaves and flowers Gastric complaintsvar. kodat'aren.s-is

l'ernonia ra1na.s-1-a,nhI h- Leaves and flowers Giddiness, skin infection between

fingers and toes

l'iscuin raniosiss,,nw,, j Leaves and flowers Asthma. gastric complaintsVitex altissinia Tiieaves and tender fruits 1 Giddiness, leukemia

*Vilev Ieucoxv/on Leaves and tender fruits Piles

iValsura info/iota Leaves and tender fruits Cancer, fits

Xant hi urn zndicurn' Roots. leaves and flowers To reduce excess body fluid, leg

ulcers

anthophv//uiii Aerial portion Back itching chest painflavescen.c Whole plant

-Body heat, skin diseases, swelling.

throat painZehneria ,nat,sorensisC Whole plant Body pain

Ziziphus x'v/opvrus - - Whole plant Dysentery, stomach cleaning

Uses are new to the recorded literature but plants are recorded in literature.

Tree, Shrub, Sub shrub, Straggling shrub, h Herb eh Epiphytic herb, Epiphytic

climber, '- Climber, Climbing shrub, PC- Parasitic climber, ph- Parasitic herb, Parasiticshrub, Liane.

0 Critically Endangered

Endangered

22 0 Vulnerable

23

Fig. 15. Plants new to the recorded literature

HerbsL SuhshruhsO ClimbersQClimbirig shrubs

80 QShrubs

o TreesQ Parasitic herbsOLianeO Parasitic climberDEpiphytic herb

Epiphytic climberParasitic shrub

DStraggling shrub

Fig. 16. Endemic and threatened ethnomedicines

2

151

var. linearis, Ma/lotus resin osus, Memecylon rii'u lure, Meteoromyrtus wynaadensis,

Pizyllanthus baillonianus, Phyllantlius singumpattiana (Fig. 13.5), Son en/a

tinne'elliensis (Fig. 13 3), Stenosiphonium wightii, Syzygium ze'lanicum var. lineare,

Tarenna monosperma, Vernonia peninsularis var. kodayarensis and Vernonia

ramaswumii.

Vulnerable

This category contains 23 species. They are, Acranthera grandJ7ora (Fig.8.6),

Aiphonsea zeylunica, Baccaurea courtallensis. Begonia floccifera (Fig. 9.2), ('anth jam

neilgherrense var. churtucea, Didymocarpus gambleanus, Diotacanthus albiflorus,

1)iotacanthus grandis, Eugenia calcadensis, 1-Jedyotis eualata var. agastyamalayana,

Hedyotis viscida, Impatiens hensloviana, Impatiens scapjfloru (Fig. 11 .7), Jsonandra

lunceolata, Murdanniu glaucu (Fig. 12.3), Octotropis truvancorica, Orophea uniflora,

Saprosma corym hosum, Sarcundra ch/oranthoides, Stropunthes wightianus,

Symplocos macrocarpa, Syzygium mundagum and Syzygium rubicundum.

Preparation of Medicines

There are 386 preparations. 98 preparations are from leaves and flowers, whole

plants are used in 94 preparations. Leaves alone are used in 49 preparations. 36

preparations are made from leaves, flowers and tender fruits. More details are given in

Table-5 (Fig. 17).

2. Plants recorded in literature

This category has 87 plants used to prepare 107 preparations for curing 65

diseases (Table - 6). All of them are widespread in nature. Habit-wise analysis reveals

that there are 35 herbs, 28 trees, 11 climbers, 7 shrubs, 3 straggling shrubs and each one

Table - 5Analysis on preparations of ethnomedicines

Plant part(s) used

Aerial portionAerial portion except fruitBarkBark leaves and flowersBulbFlowersFlowers and tender fruitsFrondFruitInflorescence juiceLeavesLeaves and flowersLeaves and fruitsLeaves and seedsLeaves and tender fruitsLeaves, flowers and rootsLeaves, flowers and small sticksLeaves, flowers and tender fruitsPseudo stemRhizomeRhiLome and frondRootRoot, aerial portion and leavesRoot, stem and flowersRoot. stems. leaves and floersRoots and leavesRoots. (eaves and flowersRoots, leaves, flowers and tender fruitsRoots, stem and leavesSeedStemStem and flowersStem and leavesStem, flowers and tender fruitsStem, terminal budStems, leaves and flowersTender apical stern/fruitsTender fruitsTender leaves, flowers and fruitsTender stem. leaves and flowersTender stem. leaves, flowers and tender fruits

Tuber and frondWhole olant

Number ofPlants new to therecorded literature -

S

4

2

9

4995

19

136

21

9

622

9

3

94

reparationsPlants recorded in

literature

13

231

71

1917

131

314

21

71

1

1

4

11

21

Fig.17. Plants new to the recorded literature

3

94 1

49

1

1 -- /// N.J1

I7

H/

36

DAerial portion/ OBuIbs

DFrond/ 131-eaves

2 0 Leaves and tender fruits• Rhizomes

0 Roots, stem and flowers

o Roots, leaves and flowers•Seeds

0 Stem and leavesO Stems, leaves and flowers

U Tender leaves, flowers and fruits

0 Tuber and frond

19 1U Bark• Flowers

0 Fruits

O Leaves and flowers0 Leaves, flowers and small sticks• Rhizomes and fronds

E3 Roots, stems, leaves and flowerso Roots, leaves, flowers and tender fruitsU Stem

O Stem, flowers and tender fruits0 Tender apical stem/fruits

U Tender stem, leaves and flowers0 Whole plant

o Bark, leaves and flowers

E3 Flowers and tender fruits

o Inflorescence juice

• Leaves and fruitsU Leaves, flowers and tender fruitsDRoots

U Roots and leaveso Roots, stem and leaves

0 Stem and flowers

DStem and terminal budO Tender fruits

U Tender stem, leaves, flowers and tender fruits

Table - 6

Plants recorded in literature

-- - - -- Citations

Species name Part(s) used Medicinal use(s) References

21c(ilvpJ1a indica 1? Whole plant Cough Jam. 1991: Joshi, 2000. 2 29

Skin eruptions I Jam. 1991: Joshi. 2000; 4 57

Nadkarni. 1908: Warner

et at., 1996.

Ac/iiranlhes aspera Whole plant Antidote for dog bites Jam. 1991: Josh, 2000: 3 43

Kirtikar el al., 1993.

Leaves E\e injun Jam. 1991: Joshi. 2000. 2 29

.4c'oru.' calamu.v ' Rhizome Chest pain Kirtikar ci al., 1993. 1 14

Cold Jam. 1991. 1 14

.1gera!um Whole plant Scabies Jam. 1991: Joshi, 2000. 2 29

con tzoides.l Ili uncepah Bulb Eve pain Jain,1991. I 14

Carminative - Jam. 1991. 1 14

-linorphophnIIzis Rhizomes Piles Chopra ci al., 1992: Jam, 3 43

paeoniifolius 1991: Joshi. 2000.

var. campanulaiu.c h

.inacardium Fruits Cholera Chopra ci al., 1992; 2 29

oc;cic/enta/e Joshi. 2000.

Seeds Foot sore Jam. 1991: Josh. 2000. 2 29

.1 170170S cnniosu.v h Fruits Abortion of two Chopra ci al., 1992; Jam. 4 57

months old 1991 .- Joshi. 2000:

pregnancyWarner etal., 1996.

.'lngwpteri.c ei'ecla Stem and Body pain Jam. 1991. 1 14

fronds

.4r1.suilocI7Ia ind,ca Roots, aerial Antidote for poisons Chopra ci al., 1992: Jam. 6 86

portion and 199 I; Joshi. 2000: Kirtikar

leaves etal., 1993; Nadkanii,

1908; Warner et al., 1996.

Skin diseases Jam. 1991; Joshi, 2000: 3 43

Warner ci al., 1996.

1r,s!o/oc/na taga/a Leaves Antidote for poisons Jam. 1991. 1 14

7ti7a racemosa Leaves and Stomach pain Jam. 1991; Josh. 2000. 2 29

flowers

Blumea Iacera - Whole plant Blood discharge Josh. 2000: Kirtikar ci 3 43

al., 1993: Warrieretaf.,

1996.

Joshi, 2000. I

14

Joshi. 2000. 14

Kirtikareia/., 1993: 2

29Wamereial., 1996.

Leaves and Giddiness

flowers Nenous problems

Horassits jlahcfhfcr! Jaggerv with Fever

Sukku and

Thulasi

('aesa/pinia Leaves and Gastric complaintshonduc '' tender fruits

Stomach problems

Cots ledon Gastric complaints

Lem es and -

seeds

Chopra ci at. 1992: Jain. 4

1991: Joshi. 2000:

Nadkarni. 1908.

Chopra ci al., 1992: Jam, 5

1991: Josh.

2000-.Nadkarni. 1908:

Warner et at. 1996.

Chopra eral., 1992; Jaiii, 41991: Joshi. 2000:

Nadkarni. 1908.

Joshi. 2000; Nadkarni. 3

1908: Warner et al.,

Chest pain tWarnier et at, 1996.(.'anih,um Leaves. Stomach disorders

1 Warner et al., 1996.

pan//brain' flowers and

cndcr fruitsCapsicum flJflu7' Fruits FCold and cough Chopra c —to !., 1992: 2

________ Warricreiat, 1996.Capsicum Fruits Refreshner Chopra ci —al l 3friile.scens h

Joshi. 2000: Kirtikar etat., 1993.

Leaves and Gastric complaints Chopra ci al., 1992: 2flowers Joshi. 2000.

I('aricapapaia' Tender fruit of to Chopra c/ al., 1992: Jam,

months old 1991: Kirlikar ci al.,pregnancy 1993.

Corwin areas' Thfflorcscencc To reduce excess Choprac'i at, 1992: Jam. 3juice j both heat 1991; Kirtikar ci al.,

1993.Casearia Leaves and I Stomach troubles Jam. 1991.grrn.'ealens / flowers

(axsv//7a/i///ormJ,v" Whole plant T

To reduce excess

Cebody fluid

lastrus I .eaves. Coldpaiiic'u/aius"' flowers and

tender fruits Weakness

Jam. 1991.

Jam. 1991. - -i

Jam, 1991: Warner el al., 21996.

57

71

57

43

14

14

29

43

29

43

43

14

14

14

29

Cinnamoinum Leaves and I Vermifuge

riparlum' flowers

CipadeMa Tender stein. Stomach disorders

haccifera ' leaves,

flowers and

tender fruits

Citrus md/ca' Fruits Pimples

Cleunie g'.;nandra h Whole plant Headache

Cocos /wci/era' Endosperm Cold

(oil)

Fever

^Indigcstlon

(iro1aIaria aihi da Leaves rminativeCroton tighwn' Leaves and Blood \ omiting.

flowers GiddinessCurcu/igo Rhizome To increase male.'ric:hocarpa

Jigor

Elaeocorpus Leaves. Gastric complaints.cerralu.r' flowers and

tender fruits

Elephantopus T Whole plant Blood clotting

scaher h

Warner ci al., 1996. 1 1 14

Jain , 1991. 1 114

Jain. 1991: niet 7TT2

29

1996.

Jam. 1991; Joshi. 2000. 2

29

Chopra et al., 1992: - 2

29

Kirtikareia/., 1993.

Chopraeial., 1992: Jain, 3

43

1991: Kirtikar ci al.,

1993.

Kirtikaretal.. 1993. 14

Nadkarni. 1908. 14

Nadkarni. 1908. I

14

Jam. 199!. 1 1 14

Nadkarni. 1908. 1 14

Kirtikar ci al. 1993

1 1 14

1..IeUar,a Leaves Indigestion Bhattacharjee. 199: 3cardaniomuni Nadkarni. 1908: Wan-icrvar. major h et al.. 1996.

Seeds Vomiting Bhattacharjee, 1998: 2

Nadkarni, 1908.Ln,iha sonchiJo/ia" Whole plant Boils Jam. 1991. flcus hspidn' Tender fruits t Swellings of testis in Warner ci al, 1996.

infants(hinne,na hirsutum Leaves and Giddiness Jam. 1991. 1

flowers

1-le/icteres i.rom' - Seeds Earache. ear pus - Jam. 1991: Kirtikar et al., 21993.

Whole plant Gastric complaints Chopra et al., 1992; Jam. 2

1991.

liemidesmus indicus Roots Mouth ulcer Jam. 199!. 1var. puhescens' Whole plant Mouth refreshuier Jam. 1991.

To increase eyesight Nadkarni. 1908.

43

29

14

14

14

29

29

14

14

14

I - - To strengthen tooth Jam. 1991.

gums

Hibiscus rosa- FIoers Blood haemorrhage Joshi. 2000: Kirtikar el 3sinensi. al.. 1993: Warner et al..

1996.Ilvhaniiius Leaves and Digestive disorders Jam. 1991. -enneaspermu.v flowers

Ipomoea haiaia.c Leaves Urinary disorders TJoshm. 2000,.Jusi,crn adliatoda ' jieaves Blood vomiting Joshi. 2000.Laniana camaro'

f Leaves Loose motion Jam. 1991 .- Warner el at., 2

1996.lIaL'sa iizdtca' Whole plant Body heat Jam. 1991.lIa/Ioius Leaves and Rheumatism (joints) Bhattacliaijee. 1998.p/n hppensis var. tender fruitsphi lippensis'

lJaneiJera indica Bark Antiemciic Nadkarni, 190$: Warner 2etal., 1996.

Diabetes Nadkarni, 1908: Warner

el al. 1996

Fertlith Jii'i. 199!: Nadkarni. 2

7o control while

discharge

\1arantaf

Rhizome Tonic for infants,arundinacea h

loose motion

A/artvnia annua h Roots Skin diseases

Flowers Cold.tIe.cua ii'ea subsp. Leaves and Gastric complaintspu/che/la' flowers

Nervous sprain

!\Ie.stia Leaves and Blood dischargenagasarium var. flowerscoroinande/tana'

Mimosa puthca h Whole plant Leg swelling

A'Jollugo Whole plant Giddinesspen/ap/n'//a Refrigerant

.l'Iorinda uinbellata C 1 Leaves and Dysentery

flowers

1908.

Joshi, 2000: Nadkarni. 3

1908: Warner el al.,

1996.

Jam. 1991: Nadkarni, I

1908: Warner el al.,

1996.

Jam. 1991. 1

Jam. 1991. 1

ioslii. 2000: Nadkarni 21908.

Joshi, 2000: Nadkarni. 21908.

Warner exa/., 1996.

14

43

14

14

14

29

14

'4

29

29

29

43

43

14

14

29

29

14

Kirtikaret al., 1993; 3 143

Nadkarni. 1908: Warner

et al., 1996.

Nadkarni. 1908. 14

Nadkarni. 1908. 14

Chopra et al.. 1992: 43Kirtikar el al., 1993:

Piper iriolcum

Pleciranthus(ii)IhOifliCUS h

Seeds4

fruitsoughtende

Whole plant Giddiness

Nadkarni. 1908. IA'IuIia Leaves Giddiness Kirtikar et al.. 1993. 2

ivadera.cpatana J J Warner et al.. 1996.

!\ lurrava paniculata Leaves and Sw elling of small Jam, 1991. fl 14

flowers intestine in infants

[leaves FGastric complaints Jam. 1991: Kirtikar ci a/.. 2

1993.

LC iL.4/usa para(/isiaca' scudostem To contain excessive Josh. 2000: Kirtikar ci 43

bleeding al.. 1993: Nadkarni.

L _____1908.

Fruit Vcrmifuge Joshi. 2000: Nadkanu. 2 29

1908.

AIusxa.'nda Leaves and Lip swelling Warner el al., 1996. 1 14

Jronilosa flowers _______fWhole pkmi To heal wounds Warner eu,I 1996 I 14

.4'Ivr,slica Jragrans Leaves Blood vomiting Joshi. 2000: Nadkarni, 3 43

1908: Warner el al.,

.varai'eiia

complaints

ZeV1QIIIC:a

Oc/inum hasilicuin Leaves Bodv pain

var. purpurascens

Oc,inum Leaves and Gastric complaints

[jralLs.vimwn h flowers

Pavonia odorata T Lea% cs,BodN pain.

flowers and Nasal blockage

roots

Piper nigrum Aerial Both pain

portion

except fruit

Seeds Fever

1996.

Jam. 1991: Joshi, 2000

2 29

Jam. 1991- 14

Jam. 1991: Nadkarni. 2 29

1908.

Jam. 1991: Joshi, 2000

2 29

Kirtikar ci al.. 1993: 2 29

Nadkarni. 1908-

Joshi. 2000: Nadkarni. 2 1 29

1908.

Chopra et al., 1992; Jam. 6

86

1991; Joshi, 2000;

Kirtikar et al.. 1993;

Nadkarni. 1908: Warner

el tit, 1996.

Joshi. 2000: Nadkarni. 2

29

1908.

Joshi. 2000: Nadkanii. 2

29

1908.

Joshi. 2000. 14

14Stem. Rheumatism I Joshi, 2000. I I

leaves.

flowers and

tender fruits

Tender fruits Emetic. loose motion Chopra ci al., 1992: Jam.

1991: Joshi. 2000:

Nadkarni. 1908; Warner

eral., 1996.

Bark powder To strengthen tooth Jam. 1991; Joshi. 2000; 3

or milk gums Nadkarni 1908.

Bark powder Toothache Chopra ci al., 1992: Jam. 5

1991: Joshi, 2000;

Kirtikar etal.. 1993;

Nadkarni. 1908.

Leaves or Stomach disorders Bhauacharice. 1998; 5

tender fruits Jam. 1991; Joshi. 2000:

Nadkarni. 1908; Warner

el al.. 1996.

Fruit rind Loose motion in Bhattacharjec. 1998; 6

infants Chopra ci al., 1992: Jam,

1991: Joshi, 2000;

Nadkarni. 1908: Warner

etal., 1996.

Leases Emetic Warner etal., 1996.

Loose motion Bhauacharjee. 1998: 5

Jam, 1991: Josh.

2000:Nadkami, 1908:

Warner et a/., 1996.

Leaves and Gastric complaints Jam. 1991: Joshi. 2000; 3

floxN Nadkanii. 1908.

Rheumatism Joshi. 2000; Nadkarni. 2

1908.

Tender Fever Joshi. 2000.

stem, leaves

and flowers

Whole plant Antidote for scorpion .ioshi. 2000: Kirtikar et

bites al., 1993; Nadkami,

1908.

Intermittent urine Joshi. 2000; Nadkami.

discharge 1908.

Leaves Earache Jam. 1991.

Prenina lalifolia

Il(/l u/n guajava

1'lerocarpi.is

!'unica granaluin /

I?aui'oljia

.verpentina"

1?o. tel/u/aria

procunib ens"

Rungia repens

S'a,i.se'ieria

roxh urghiana"

71

43

71

71

86

14

71

43

29

14

3 143

2 1 29

I 114

14

14

29

14

14

43

43

43

14

14

43

57

ccoparia du/cis" Whole plant Gastric complaints Kirtikar et at, 1993. 1

Toothache Kirtikar el al.. 1993.

Weakness-11993.

iain.1991: Kirtikar c/aL. 2

Leaves Liver complaints Jam. 1991.I ---_j

-

Sidacordala" Whole plant Boils. UrinaryJam. 1991.

blockage

&/anuiPi nigruin Leaves Earache Jam. 1991; Josh, 2000; 3

Kirtikare! al., 1993.

Stomach pain Joshi. 2000: Kirtikar el 3

al., 1993: Nadkarni.

1908.

Stomach problems in Jam. 1991: Joshi. 2000; 3

infants Kirtikareta/., 1993.

Spi/anthes ca/va" \jj Gastric complaints Jam. 1991. -

rFlovers 7_ToothacheJam. 1991. 1

7a,narindus indica Leaves r.e pain Jam, 199 1: Joshi. 2000: 3

Warner etal., 1996.

icIcIaha a.ciaiica'' Leaves and Intestinal problems Kiffikar etal., 1993: Jam. r4

flowers 1991: Joshi, 2000;

Warriereial.. 1996.

7r,dax procuuthenseaves Itching and scabies Jain. 1991.

Skin infections Jam. 1991.

Urginea inthca" ffBulb Burns Nadkarni. 1908.

Uvaria narun, rFlower and - Rheumatism Nadkarni. 1908.

lender fruits

1 ernoiiia cinerea Wholc plant Gastric complaints Joshi. 2000; Nadkarni, 2

1908.

Skill Joshi. 2000; Nadkarni. 3

1908: Warner ci al.,

1996.

I entilago gamh!ei Stem. leaves Skill Joshi. 2000; Kirtikar et 4

and flowers al., 1993; Nadkarni.

1908: Warner ci al.,

1996.

Viiex Ieucoxvlon - Leaves and - Weakness (debility) Jam. 1991.

flowers

I 'iex negundo fiaves BodNpain Jam. 1991; Joshi, 2000: 3

Warner ci al., 1996.

'4

14

14

14

) 0

43

57

14

43

* ' Tree: .S Shrub: h- Herb: Climber; " Parasitic climber: Climbing shrub; straggling shrub: suhshrub

152

in climbing shrub, parasitic climber and subshrub (Fig.18). The percentage of references

based on the uses recorded in the literature includes 59 in 14%, 36 in 29%, 26 in 43%, 6

in 57%, 5 in 71% and 3 in 86% (Fig 19).

Preparation of Medicines

This category has comparatively lesser number of preparations (107) than the

former category. Main preparations include 21 from whole plants, 19 from leaves, 17

from leaves and flowers and 7 each from fruits, and, seeds. More details are given in

Table-5 (Fig.20).

Plant medicines with minerals

Chunnambu (Calcium carbonate) is added during preparation of medicines in 3

diseases: I. As an antidote for dog bite with Achyrunthes aspera, 2. To heal cut wounds

with Oligochueta ramosa, 3. And for pimples with Sculellaria i'iolacea.

30

20

DHerbs

D Climbers

DClirnbmg shrub

0 Shrubs

0 Trees

LI Parasitic climber

• Straggling shrub

LI Subshrub

ONEIN

Fig. 18. Plants recorded in literature

43% 57%

Fig. 19. Analysis on the percentage of uses for plants recorded in literature

60 1

50

40

:0

14% 29% 71% 86%

1 3 2 -

1 11/

19

Fig. 20. Plants recorded in literature

Aerial portion except fruit

o Flowers

• Inflorescence juice

• Leaves and seeds

o Leaves, flowers and tender fruits

U Roots

0 Stem

O Tender fruits

0 Whole plant

0 Bark

• Flowers and tender fruits

Leaves

0 Leaves and tender fruits

• Pseudo stem

• Roots, aerial portion and leaves

O Stem and leaves

DTender stem, leaves and flowers

U Bulbs

o Fruits

o Leaves and flowers

fl Leaves, flowers and roots

O Rhizomes

0 Seeds

O Stem, leaves and flowers

0 Tender stem, leaves, flowers and tender fruits