6. biology fa 2 10th(1-13)

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT–2

Lab Activities & Project Works

10th ClassBiological Sciences

:: 2 ::Bhashyam's 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

Aim : Observation of external and internal features of a Kidney.

Apparatus : Kidney of a goat, sharp blade, tray and a jug of water.

Procedure : i) I collected a kidney and wash it thoroughly, so as to drain the bloodfrom it.

ii) Put the kidney in a tray and I observed external features.

iii) With the help of a sharp blade I made a longitudinal section and Iobserved the internal structure and drew figures.

Observations :

External features : i) The kidney is bean shaped structure.

ii) Each kidney is convex on the outer side and concave on innerside.

iii) The inner side of each kidney has a fissur or hilus for the entryof renal artery, exit of renal vein and ureter (whitish tube likestructure.)

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LAB ACTIVITY – 1


Internal features : i) L.S. of kidney shows that two distinct regions, Dark coloured

outer zone is called cortex and pale inner zone is called medulla.

ii) Inverted pyramid like structures are present in medulla. They

open into ureter.

iii) Each kidney is made of approximately more than one million

microscopic and thin tubular functional units called nephrons

(or) uriniferous tubules. These are the basic structures which

take part in urine formation. So they are known as structural

and functional units of kidney.

Result : By the above characters, I observed that kidney is helpful for filtration of

blood and formation of urine.

Precautions :

1. Handle the kidney smoothly.

2. Use surgical items carefully.

3. After dissection wash hands with anti bacterial lotion.

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LAB ACTIVITY – 2

Aim : Observation of phototropism and geotropism in plants.

Materials used : A transparent plant pot with soil, fenugreek seeds and water.

Procedure : i) Take a transparent plant pot filled with soil.

ii) Put some soaked fenugreek seeds in the soil and water it.

iii) With in a week the seeds vertically upwards germinate and produceroots and stem.

iv) The stem grows vertically upwards and the roots grow verticallydownwards.

v) Now this jar is placed horizontally as shown in the figure and observefor a week.

Observation : After a week it is observed that the stem instead of growing horizontallytake a bend towards the sun and grows upwards. At the same timethe roots instead of growing horizontally they grow downwards.

Inference : i) The above experiment shows the two types of tropic movements inplants.

ii) The stem grows towards the sun. This is known as phototropism.

iii) The roots grow towards the ground in accordance with gravitationalforce. This is known as geotropism.


Conclusions : i) It is observed that in all the cases the radicle grows downwards and

plumule grows upwards.

ii) Roots are primaryly positively getropic and stems are negatively

geotropic.

iii) These phototropic and geotropic curvatures are again due to unequal

grwoth of root and shoot apices of the seedlings and unequal hormonal

distribution and their differential growth effect result into these

curvatures.

Precautions : The apparatus should be kept under sun light and be provided sufficient

water.

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PROJECT WORK – 1

Preliminary Information :

Class : X

Subject : Biological sciences

Name of the lesson : Coordination – The linking system

Project No. : 2

Date of Submission :

Role of Team :

1. Team Leader : Allotting work to the team members and lead the team.

2. 2nd student : Collecting information about endocrine glands.

3. 3rd student : Collecting information about endocrine glands.

4. 4th student : Collection of pictures.

5. 5th student : Presentation of the project

Project details :

Title of the project : Collect the information of different endocrine glands.

Objectives of the Project : To know the importance, functions, deficiency diseases ofendocrine glands.

Tools : Observation.

Materials used : Paper articles, Internet and ICSE books.

Introduction : Endocrine is a Greek word which means Endo–within, crinis–to secrete. The glands of the endocrine system that secrete theirproducts called hormones, directly into the blood rather thanthrough a duct.

The major endocrine glands of human being are pituitary gland,pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,hypothalamus and adrenal glands.

Pituitary Gland : It is located at the base of the brain. It secretes and releasesvarious hormones like

1. Growth hormone (GH),

2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

4. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

5. Follicle–stimulating hormone (FSH)

6. Oxytocin,

7. Prolactin.


i) Growth Hormone (GH): Somatotropic hormone or Growth hormone (GH) is ananabolic hormone that stimulates growth of all body tissues but especially skeletalmuscle and bone. Hypersecretion of GH causes gigantism in children and acromegalyin adults; hyposecretion of GH in children causes pituitary dwarfism.

ii) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): Thyroid–stimulating hormone (TSH)promotes normal development and activity of the thyroid gland and it controls thesecretions of Thyroid gland.

iii) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids from adrenal glands.

iv) Luteinizing hormone (LH): Luteinizing hormone (LH) regulates the functions ofthe gonads in both sexes. LH stimulates Gonadal hormone production and ovulationin females.

v) Follicle–stimulating hormone (FSH): FSH stimulates sex cell production in therespective gonads in both male and female.

vi) Oxytocin: Oxytocin stimulates powerful uterine contractions, which trigger labourand delivery of an infant, and milk ejection in nursing women.

vii)Prolactin: Prolactin (PRL) promotes milk production in human females. Its secretionis promoted by prolactin–releasing hormone (PRH) and inhibited by prolactin–inhibiting hormone (PIH).

Thyroid Gland :

The thyroid gland is located in the anterior throat. Thyroid follicles store colloid containingthyroglobulin, a glycoprotein from which thyroid hormone is derived.

Thyroid hormone (TH) includes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which increasethe rate of cellular metabolism. Consequently, oxygen use and heat production rise.

Secretion of thyroid hormone, prompted by TSH, requires uptake of the stored colloid bythe follicle cells and splitting of the hormones from the colloid for release. Rising levels ofthyroid hormone feed back to inhibit the pituitary and hypothalamus.

Most T4 is converted to T3 (the more active form) in the target tissues. These hormonesact by turning on gene and protein synthesis.

Grave's disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism; hyposecretion causescretinism in infants and myxoedema in adults.

Parathyroid glands :

The parathyroid glands, located on the dorsal (back) aspect of the thyroid gland, secreteparathyroid hormone (PTH), which causes an increase in blood calcium levels by targetingbone, the intestine, and the kidneys. PTH is the antagonist of calcitonin. PTH release istriggered by falling blood calcium levels and is inhibited by rising blood calcium levels.

Hyperparathyroidism results in hypercalcaemia and its effects and in extreme bone wasting.Hypoparathyroidism leads to hypocalcaemia, evidenced by tetany seizure and respiratoryparalysis.


Adrenal glands :

The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys in humans and infront of kidneys inother animals. The adrenal glands (also known as supra renal glands) are endocrine glandsthat produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone andcortisol. Adrenal is also called flight or fight hormone and also called stress hormone.

Pancreas :

The pancreas, located in the abdomen close to the stomach, is both exocrine and endocrinegland. The alpha and beta cells are the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets that releaseinsulin and glucagon and smaller amounts of other hormones into the blood.

The pancreas contains two kinds of tissue, both are the glandular; one kind functions asan exocrine part and the other as an endocrine part. The pancreas is located in the abdominalcavity, close to the stomach and the duodenum. Endocrine part have 3 types of cells.

Glucagon is released by alpha (α) cells when the blood glucose level is low, and this stimulatesthe liver to release glucose into the blood.

Insulin is released by beta (β) cells when blood levels of glucose (and amino acids) arerising. It increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells.Hyposecretion of insulin results in diabetes mellitus; cardinal signs are polyuria, polydipsia,and polyphagia.

Somatostatin is released by Delta cells and act as an Inhibitor of GH, Insulin and Glucagon.

Gonads :

The ovaries of the female, located in the pelvic cavity, release two main hormones. Secretionof estrogens by the ovarian follicles begins at puberty under the influence of FSH. Estrogensstimulate maturation of the female reproductive system and development of the secondarysexual characteristics. Progesterone is released in response to high blood levels of LH. Itworks with estrogens in establishing the menstrual cycle.

The testes of the male begin to produce testosterone at puberty in response to LH.Testosterone promotes maturation of the male reproductive organs, development ofsecondary sex characteristics, and production of sperm by the tests.

Conclusion : Endocrine glands and tissues are present in different parts of our body.they secrete hormones that regulate the body's growth, metabolism andsexual development and functions, sleep and mood.

Experience of the Student:

1. I knew the importance of endocrine glands.

2. I knew the reasons for some body diseases.

3. I was amazed to know the reasons for anger, hunger and thirst.

Doubts while conducting this project :

1. What happens if endocrine glands are not present in our body ?

2. What is the role of hypothalamus in our body ?

3. What are the causes for addison's disease, cushing's syndrome ?


Acknowledgement :1. Thanks to the co-students of this group in presenting the project.2. Thank to the teachers who guided us to do this project and for their valuable guidance for

the success of this project.

Signature of the Student :

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PROJECT WORK – 2

Preliminary Information :

Class : X

Subject : Biological sciences

Name of the lesson : Excretion

Project No. : 2

Date of Submission :

Role of Team :

1. Team Leader : Allotting work to the team members and lead the team.

2. 2nd student : Collecting information about organ donation.

3. 3rd student : Collecting information about organ donation.

4. 4th student : Collection of pictures.

5. 5th student : Presentation of the project.

Project details :

Title of the project : Organ donation.

Objectives of the Project : To know the steps, types, laws and importance of organ

donation.

Tools : Observation

Materials used : Paper clipings, Internet.

Introduction : Organ donation is giving an organ to help someone who needs a

transplant. Kidney, Heart, Liver, Lungs, Pancreas and small

bowel can all be transplanted. Transplants are one of the biggest

achievement of biggest modern medicine and can save (or)

greatly enhance the lives of other people. However, they depend

completely on donors and their families consenting to organ

(or) tissue donation. One donor can save the life of several people,

restore the sight of two others and improve the quality of life of

many more. The first living organ donor in a sucessfull

transplant was Ronald Lee Herrick (1931-2010) who donated a

kidney to his identical twin brother. The lead surgeon, Joseph

Murray, won noble prize in physiology (or) medicine 1990.


Procedure :

1. Steps of organ donation :

1. Identification of the potential Donor by the hospital.

2. Evaluation of donor eligibility.

3. Authorization for organ recovery.

4. Medical importance of the patient.

5. Maching organs to potential recipients.

6. Offering organs Regionally then Nationally.

7. Placing organs and coordinating recovery.

8. Surgical removary of organs.

2. Process of organ donation :

The surgical team removes the organs and tissues from the donar's body in an operating

room. First organs are recorded and then additional tissues such as bone, cornea, skin etc.

Surgical teams work around the clock as needed to transplant the new organs into the

waiting recipients.

3. Types of organ transplants :

Organ transplantation is one of the most remarkable successes in the history of medicine.

Organ transplantation is often the only source of hope for those who suffer from organ

failure.

i) Heart transplant ii) Lung transplant

iii) liver transplant iv) Pancreas transplant

v) Cornea transplant vi) Trachea transplant

vii) Kidney transplant viii) Skin transplant

ix) Vascular tissue transplant x) Bone, tendon, cartilage transplant

4. Law governing organ transplants :

A) HOTA (Human Organ Transplant Act) :

It allows for the kidneys, heart, liver and corneas to be removed in the event of death from

any cause for the purpose of transplantation.

B) MTERA (Medical Therapy, Education and Research Act) :

It is an opt in scheme, whereby people can pledge their organs (or) any body parts for the

purposes of transplant, education (or) research after they pass away.


5. Who can be an organ donor :

People of all ages should consider themselves potential donors. When a person dies, he (or)

she is evaluated for donor suitability based on medical history and age. The organ

procurement agency determines medical suitability for donation.

6. Types of organ donations :

i) Live unrelated donation : Living donation take place when a living person donates an

organ for transplantation to another person.

ii) Live Related donation: Living donation can also come from someone who is emotionally

related to the recipient. Donor is a good friend, a relative, a neighbour.

iii) Deceased / cadaver organ donation: The patient has to register in a hospital that does

transplants transplant. When the organ from an appropriate deceased donor is available

the patient will be intimated. The organs should be collected within 12 to 24 hours.

7. Organ donation day : It is observed every on 13th of August. The aim this day is to

motivate normal human beings to pledge to donate organs after death and to spread

awareness about the importance of organ donation.

Organ transplantation ................ save life

Conclusion : One single organ and tissue donor can save or improve the lives

of more than eight people, helping to restore eyesight, damaged

tissues (or) vital functions.

Experience of the Student :

1. I came to know who can be a donor.

2. I came to know types of donations and I came to know types of transplants.

Doubts while conducting this project :

1. What is the period of time to be taken to collect the organs from brain dead person?

2. What are the organs we have to collect for transplantation?

3. How are the collected organs stored?

Acknowledgement :

1. Thanks to the co-students of this group in presenting of the project.

2. Thank to the teachers who guided us to do this project and for their valuable guidance for

the success of this project.

Signature of the Student :


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6. biology fa 2 10th(1-13)

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