5th nutritional status of filipino children 2005 update

FACTS & FIGURES

Nutritional Status of Filipino Childrenand Selected Population Groups: 2005 Update

INTRODUCTION

Anthropometry

Since the First National Nutrition Survey (NNS) of FNRI-DOST in 1978and the 1989/90 Update of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children, the surveyresults are vital components in the formulation of national and sub-national policies,plans and programs for the nutrition and related development sectors. These plansand programs include the Medium-Term Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition(MTPPAN), Medium-Term Philippine Plan of Action for Children (MTPPAC),Poverty Alleviation Programs, among others. It is also being used as gauge to thecountry’s progress on achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), thecountry being a signatory to the UN Millennium Declaration of 2000.

This Facts and Figures 2005 covers the anthropometric data generated fromthe 2005 Survey of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and Selected PopulationGroups which is a follow-up to the 2001 Update of the Nutritional Status of FilipinoChildren and the 2003 National Nutrition Survey. It provides reliable national estimateson the nutritional status of zero to 10 year-old children and 11 to 19 year-oldadolescents, pregnant women and lactating mothers.

The 2005 Updating Survey covered all the 17 regions and 79 provinces,excluding Batanes. The sample totaled to 12,560 individuals, which may be brokendown into 3,560 preschool-age children (zero to five years), 3,264 school-age children(six to 10 years), 1,273 pre-adolescents (11 to 12 years), 3,114 adolescents (13 to 19years), 360 pregnant women and 989 lactating mothers. A total of 5,774 males and6,786 females participated in the survey.

1

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM1

FACTS & FIGURES

Using the standard techniques of anthropometric measurements, the height,weight and recumbent length (for children less than two years old) were measuredfor each subject by locally trained professionals in the region.

The weight and height measurements of the children zero to 10 years ofage were assessed to determine nutritional status, using the International ReferenceStandards or the anthropometric references established by the NCHS/WHO (IRS-NCHS, 1997) as shown in Table A.

The study did not have index of thinness among the nine to 10 year oldchildren primarily because of the limitation of the weight-for-height table of theNCHS-WHO where heights of children beyond eight years old were not available.

The weight and height measurement of the pre-adolescents and adolescents11 to 19 years of age were assessed using Body Mass Index-for-Age (Must, 1991)as presented in Table B.

Classification Cut-off Points

• Weight-for-Age Underweight <-2SD Normal -2SD to +2SD Overweight >+2SD

• Height-for-Age Underheight or short <-2SD Normal -2SD to +2SD Above Average/Tall >+2SD

• Weight-for-Height

Thin <-2SD Normal -2SD to +2SD Overweight >+2SD NEC (Not Elsewhere Classified – those whose heights are beyond the limits of the weight-for-height tables)

2

Table A. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of childrenbased on NCHS/WHO Reference Standards for Growth

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM2

FACTS & FIGURES3


Underweight <P5 Mild P5 to <P15 Normal P15 to <P85 Overweight >P85

The weight and height of pregnant women were assessed using the criteria

established for pregnant women by Magbitang et al., (1988) (Table C). Using the

cut-off points, pregnant women whose weights fell below the 95th percentile of the

reference were considered to have a high risk of delivering low birthweight (LBW)

babies.

For the lactating mothers, 20 years old and over, the Body Mass Index

(BMI) for adults was used (NCHS/WHO, 1978). The BMI-for-Age was used for

adolescent lactating mothers (Table D).


Nutritionally at-risk < P95

Not Nutritionally at-risk > P95

Table B. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of subjects11 to 19 years based on BMI-for-Age (Must, 1991)

Table C. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of pregnantwomen based on weight-for-height (Magbitang, 1988)

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM3

FACTS & FIGURES

Lactating Classification

Adolescent Adult

Underweight/CED <P5 <18.5 Mild P5 to <P15 Normal P15 to <P85 18.5 to <25.0 Overweight >P85 25.0 to <30 Obese >30.0

Table D. Cut-off points used in classifying lactating mothers using bodymass index for adults (NCHS/WHO, 1978) and BMI-for-agefor adolescents (Must, 1991)

4

Iodized Salt Survey

The 2003 NNS results also showed general improvements in householdutilization of iodized salt, but the rate of utilization at the national level (47.9%) is stillshort of the country’s Universal Salt Iodization (USI) target. There was also adramatic improvement in median UIE among six to 12 years old children, from 71µg/L in 1998 to 201 µg/L in 2003, and correspondingly, a dramatic shift in distributionof UIE values among the children such that a significant proportion has high UIElevels that may be indicative of very high iodine intake. There is, therefore, validconcern to ascertain the level of iodine in iodized salt at the household level, whichwill provide the scientific basis for any warranted review of the iodization level nowprescribed under the ASIN Law.

The iodized salt survey has two components. The first component is thesurvey on awareness and usage of iodized salt. The other component is the testingof iodized salt using rapid test kit and WYD iodine checker machine.

1. Awareness and Usage of Iodized Salt

A face-to-face interview with the mothers or responsible adults of thehousehold regarding the usage and awareness of iodized salt was conducted bythe locally trained professionals. A structured and pre-tested questionnaire

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM4

FACTS & FIGURES5

was used in gathering the information. A total of 5, 345 households were covered inthe survey.

2. Iodine Testing

Using Rapid Test Kit

In additon, on-site testing for the presence of iodine in household salt usingthe Rapid Test Kit was also simultaneously done with the interview. Respondentswere requested to bring a small quantity of their household salt in the assemblyarea for the testing.

Using WYD Iodine Checker Machine

Quantitative measurement of iodine in household salt was also conductedto check whether the desired levels of 40-50 ppm, set by ASIN Law, was met.Only a sub-sample of 3,050 households, representing 25 percent of the full sampleof the MS, was included. The mothers or responsible adults of the households wererequested to bring about 100 grams household salt to be placed in the polyethylenecontainers that were provided a day before the interview. Collected samples wereplaced in black plastic bags and transported to the FNRI in Manila for laboratoryanalysis. Iodine in salt was analyzed using the WYD Iodine Checker machineunder laboratory conditions.

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM5

FACTS & FIGURES

RESULTS

Anthropometry

1. AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL

1.1 Preschool-age Children (0 to 5 Years)

• 74 in every 100 pre-school children have normal weight for their age, about

25 are underweight and two are overweight

• 73 in every 100 children have normal height for their age, 26 are short or

underheight, and one in every 100 children is considered tall for his/her age

• 93 out of every 100 children have normal weight for their height, five are

thin and two are overweight for their height

Table 1. Percentage distribution of 0 to 5 year-old children by NCHS/WHO weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-heightclassifications: Philippines, 2005

6

Classification / Nutritional Status Number Percent Distribution

Weight-for-Age

Underweight 895 24.6 Normal 2,601 73.5 Overweight 64 2.0

Height-for-Age

Underheight 964 26.3 Normal 2,557 72.5 Tall 39 1.2

Weight-for-Height

Thin 175 4.8 Normal 3,316 93.0 Overweight-for-Height 63 2.0 NEC 6 0.2

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM6

FACTS & FIGURES

Based on the 2005 Projected Population, the estimated count of zero tofive-year old children who are underweight is 3.7 M, underheight is 3.9 M, 717,643are thin and 299,000 are overweight.

By single age group

• Twenty-nine in every 100 children ages one and five years have highprevalence rates of underweight.

• The three to five year-old children, on the other hand, have high proportionof short or underheight with 30, 35 and 36, respectively, out of every 100children.

• The one-year-old children have the highest prevalence of thinness with 12children out of every 100.

Percent Distribution by Weight-for-Age Age (Years)

Number

Underweight Normal Overweight

0 551 10.2 85.9 3.9 1 570 28.9 69.8 1.3 2 598 24.7 73.4 2.0 3 601 25.6 72.5 1.9 4 594 27.7 71.2 1.1 5 646 28.7 69.4 1.8

All 3,560 24.6 73.5 2.0

Percent Distribution by Height-for-Age Age (Years)

Number

Underheight Normal Tall

0 551 5.4 91.3 3.4 1 570 23.5 75.6 0.9 2 598 25.5 72.6 1.9 3 601 30.0 69.4 0.6 4 594 34.6 65.3 0.2 5 646 36.2 63.6 0.2

All 3,560 26.3 72.5 1.2

Table 2. Percentage distribution of 0 to 5 year-old children by single agegroup by NCHS/WHO weight-for-age and height-for-ageclassification: Philippines, 2005

7

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM7

FACTS & FIGURES

Percent Distribution by Weight-for-Height Age (Years)

Number

Thin

Normal

Overweight for their Height

NEC

0 551 4.5 91.9 2.5 1.2 1 570 12.0 86.2 1.9 0.0 2 598 4.0 94.8 1.2 0.0 3 601 4.2 93.9 2.0 0.0 4 594 2.7 95.7 1.6 0.0 5 646 2.1 95.1 2.8 0.0

All 3,560 4.8 93.0 2.0 0.2

By gender

• There are 25 and 24 boys and girls, respectively, in every 100, who are

underweight; 27 and 26 respectively, are underheight and six and four

respectively, are thin.

• About two children among the boys and girls are overweight relative to his/

her age and height.

• There is one boy and one girl out of 100 who are tall for their age.

Table 3. Percentage distribution of 0 to 5 year-old children by single agegroup by NCHS/ WHO weight-for-height classification:Philippines, 2005

8

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM8

FACTS & FIGURES

Table 4. Percentage distribution of 0 to 5 year-old children by NCHS/WHO weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-heightclassifications and by gender: Philippines, 2005

9

Boys Girls Classification /

Nutritional Status Number Percent Number Percent

Weight-for-Age

Underweight 475 25.0 420 24.1 Normal 1,347 73.1 1,256 73.9 Overweight 32 1.9 32 2.0

Height-for-Age

Underheight 512 26.8 452 25.8 Normal 1,320 72.1 1,237 73.1 Tall 20 1.1 19 1.2

Weight-for-Height

Thin 103 5.5 72 4.2 Normal 1,712 92.2 1,604 93.8 Overweight-for-Height 36 2.2 27 1.7 NEC 1 0.1 5 0.3

1.2 School-age Children (6 to 10 Years)

• 76 in every 100 have normal weight-for-age, 23 are underweight and two

are overweight

• 32 out of every 100 Filipino children are underheight

• Three in every 100 children, six to eight years old are thin, 94 are normal

and three are overweight for their height

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM9

FACTS & FIGURES

Thin Normal Overweight NEC Age (Years)

Number

Percent

6 659 2.9 94.1 3.0 0.0

7 646 3.8 93.0 2.8 0.4

8 643 2.9 94.1 2.4 0.5

All 1,948 3.2 93.7 2.8 0.3

Table 6.Percentage distribution of 6 to 8 year-old children by single agegroup by NCHS/WHO weight-for-height classification: Philippines,2005

Classification Number Percent Distribution

Weight-for-Age

Underweight 752 22.8 Normal 2,466 75.6 Overweight 46 1.6

Height-for-Age

Underheight 1,086 32.0 Normal 2,162 67.5 Tall 16 0.5

Table 5.Percentage distribution of 6 to 10 year-old children by NCHS/WHOweight-for-age and height-for-age classification: Philippines, 2005

10

By single age group

• The six year-old children have high prevalence rate of underweight, 25 inevery 100, as well as the seven and eight year-old with 24 in every 100.

• The prevalence rate of underweight-for-age for the older children, nineand 10 years of age is 21 out of every 100 children.

• The prevalence rates of underheight or short relative to their age are evenhigher for every single age group with 31 to as high as 35 children in every100.

• Translating these percentages into actual counts, there are 2.4 M and 3.4Munderweight and underheight children aged six to 10 years, respectively.

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM10

FACTS & FIGURES

Percent Distribution by Weight-for-Age Age (Years)

Number

Underweight Normal Overweight

6 659 24.6 73.7 1.6

7 646 23.8 74.0 2.2

8 643 24.0 74.1 1.9

9 640 20.6 77.7 1.7

10 676 20.7 78.6 0.8

All 3,264 22.8 75.6 1.6

Percent Distribution by Height-for-Age Age (Years)

Number

Underheight Normal Tall

6 659 30.6 69.1 0.3

7 646 31.4 67.9 0.7

8 643 31.6 67.9 0.5

9 640 31.3 68.2 0.4

10 676 35.0 64.2 0.8

All 3,264 32.0 67.5 0.5

By gender

• There are 26 boys and 20 girls out of every 100 who have low weight

relative to their age and about two boys and one girl in every 100 who are

overweight for their age.

• There are 37 boys and 27 girls in every 100 who are short for their age.

There is hardly one boy or girl recorded tall for his/her age.

Table 7.Percentage distribution of 6 to 10 year-old children by single agegroup by NCHS/WHO weight-for-age and height-for-ageclassification: Philippines, 2005

11

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM11

FACTS & FIGURES

Boys Girls Classification / Nutritional Status Number Percent Number Percent

Weight-for-Age

Underweight 438 25.9 314 19.5 Normal 1,201 71.9 1,265 79.5 Overweight 33 2.2 13 1.0

Height-for-Age

Underheight 641 36.7 445 27.1 Normal 1,024 62.8 1,138 72.3 Tall 7 0.5 9 0.6

1.3 Comparison with past surveys in the New Millennium: 2001, 2003 and 2005

1.3.1 Preschool-age Children (0 to 5 Years)

• There are reductions of 6.0, 5.1 and 1.5 percentage points in the

prevalence of underweight, underheight and thinness, respectively

for the zero to five year-old children, between 2001 and 2005.

• For this period, the average yearly reduction in the prevalence of

underweight and underheight translate to about 1.5 and 1.3

percentage points per year, respectively.

• The prevalence of overweight for age and overweight for height

increased by 1.0 and 0.6 percentage points, respectively. The

prevalence of overweight for age increased two times in four years.

Table 8. Percentage distribution of 6 to 10 year-old children by NCHS/WHO weight-for-age and height-for-age classification and bygender: Philippines, 2005

12

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM12

FACTS & FIGURES

Classification / Nutritional Status 2001 2003 2005

Weight-for-Age

Underweight 30.6 26.9 24.6 Normal 68.4 71.7 73.5 Overweight 1.0 1.4 2.0

Height-for-Age

Underheight 31.4 29.9 26.3 Normal 68.0 69.5 72.5 Tall 0.5 0.6 1.2

Weight-for-Height

Thin 6.3 5.3 4.8 Normal 92.1 92.4 93.0 Overweight-for-Height 1.4 2.1 2.0 NEC 0.1 0.3 0.2

1.3.2 School-age Children (6 to 10 Years)

• There are 10.1 and 9.1 percentage points reduction in the prevalence

rates of underweight and underheight for the six to 10 year-old

children from 2001 to 2005.

• These translates to 2.53 percentage points average reduction per

year for underweight and 2.28 average percentage points reduction

for underheight per year among the six to10 year-old children.

• The prevalence rate of overweight for age doubled from 0.8 rate in

2001 to 1.6 prevalence rate in 2005.

Table 9. Comparison in the prevalence of underweight, underheight,thin and overweight among 0 to 5 year-old children:Philippines, 2001, 2003 and 2005

13

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM13

FACTS & FIGURES

Classification / Nutritional Status 2001 2003 2005

Weight-for-Age

Underweight 32.9 25.6 22.8 Normal 66.2 73.1 75.6 Overweight 0.8 1.3 1.6

Height-for-Age

Underheight 41.1 35.8 32.0 Normal 58.7 63.7 67.5 Tall 0.2 0.4 0.5

1.4 Trends in the Nutritional Status of Children, 1989-90 to 2005

1.4.1 Preschool-age Children (0 to 5 Years)

• In the span of 15 years, from 1989/90 to 2005, there has been a

reduction of 9.9 (from 34.5 percent to 24.6 percent) and 13.6

percentage points (from 39.9 percent to 26.3 percent) in the

prevalence of underweight and underheight among zero to five year-

old children, respectively.

• These translate to average yearly reductions of 0.66 percentage

point for underweight and 0.91 percentage point for underheight

among these children. Within the same time frame, overweight

prevalence increased by 1.4 percentage points.

Table 10. Comparison in the prevalence of underweight, underheight andoverweight among 6 to 10 year-old children: Philippines, 2001,2003 and 2005

14

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM14

FACTS & FIGURES

1.4.2 School-age Children (6 to 10 Years)

• Among the six to 10 years old children, the prevalence ofunderweight and underheight decreased by 11.4 and 12.8percentage points, respectively, between 1989 to 90 and 2005.

• This averages to a yearly reduction of 0.76 percentage points forthe underweight and 0.85 percentage points for underheightprevalence.

• The prevalence of overweight increased by 1.5 percentage pointsduring the 15-year period.

• The overall trend indicate that undernutrition remains to be theoverriding problem among the zero to five year-old and six to 10year-old children and still need to be the priority concern.

• The increasing magnitude of overweight among the age group neednot be ignored due to associated risks such as cardiovasculardiseases and other health-related diseases during childhood.

Table 11. Trends in the prevalence of underweight, underheight, thin,and overweight among 0 to 5 and 6 to 10 year-old children:Philippines, 1989-90 to 2005

15

1989-90 1992 1993 1996 1998 2001 2003 2005 Nutritional Status

Percent Prevalence

0 to 5 Years Old

Underweight 34.5 34.0 29.9 30.8 32.0 30.6 26.9 24.6

Underheight 39.9 36.8 34.3 34.5 34.0 31.4 29.9 26.3

Thinness 5.0 6.6 6.7 5.2 6.0 6.3 5.3 4.8

Overweight-for-age 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.4 2.0

6 to 10 Years Old

Underweight 34.2 32.5 30.5 28.3 30.2 32.9 25.6 22.8

Underheight 44.8 42.8 42.2 39.1 40.8 41.1 35.8 32.0

Overweight-for-age 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.4 n 0.8 1.3 1.6

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM15

FACTS & FIGURES

1.5 Adolescents (11 to 19 Years)

• The mean weight and mean height of Filipino pre-adolescents, 11–12years old, and adolescents, 13–19 years old, are 32.7 kg and 45.7 kg,and 139.4 cm and 154.0 cm, respectively.

• For both age groups, the mean weight of males is 43.0 kg while that ofthe females is 40.9 kg. Their mean height is 152.1 cm and 147.4 cm,respectively.

By age group

• There are proportionally more pre-adolescents compared to adolescentswho are underweight (23 vs. 13 out of 100).

• There are more adolescents (65.6 percent) than the pre-adolescents(50.0 percent), who have normal BMI-for-age.

• Six and four out of 100 of the pre-adolescents and adolescents,respectively, are overweight.

By gender

••••• In terms of gender differences, there are more females (69 out of every100) than males (53 out of 100) who have normal BMI-for-age, andmore males (21 in every 100) than females (11 in every 100) who areunderweight among the 11 to 12 year-olds and 13 to 19 year-olds.

Table 12. Mean weight and height of adolescents, 11 to 19 years old by agegroup and by gender: Philippines, 2005

16

Male Female Both Gender Age Group

(years) Mean Weight

(kg)

Mean Height

(cm)

Mean Weight

(kg)

Mean Height

(cm)

Mean Weight

(kg)

Mean Height

(cm)

11-12 31.66 137.93 33.79 140.85 32.74 139.41

13-19 47.34 157.50 43.90 150.21 45.70 154.02

All 43.00 152.08 40.86 147.39 41.96 149.80

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM16

FACTS & FIGURES

• In both sexes, 16 in every 100 adolescents 11 to 19 years are

underweight.

• While for overweight, there are the same number of male and female

adolescents who are overweight at five in every 100 adolescents.

• Adequate nutritional status is an important concern to adolescents

because of the increased nutritional need to support growth and

development during this period. In addition, adequate nutrition

especially among the female adolescents is an essential condition in

preparation for pregnancy in later years.

Table 13. Percentage distribution of adolescents, 11 to 19 years old byBMI classification, by age and by gender: Philippines, 2005

Gender & Age Group

Sample size

Underweight < P5th

Mild P5th to < P15th

Normal P15th to P85th

Overweight > P85th

Male 11-12 622 27.8 23.0 42.9 6.3 13-19 1,628 17.8 20.7 57.2 4.3

All 2,250 20.5 21.3 53.3 4.9

Female 11-12 651 18.0 19.9 56.9 5.2 13-19 1,486 8.2 12.6 74.7 4.6

All 2,137 11.1 14.8 69.3 4.8

Both Sexes 11-12 1,273 22.8 21.4 50.0 5.8 13-19 3,114 13.2 16.8 65.6 4.4

All 4,387 16.0 18.1 61.1 4.8

17

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM17

FACTS & FIGURES

1.6 Trends in the Nutritional Status of Adolescents, 1993 to 2005

• Looking at the trends in the nutritional status of the 11 to 19 year-old

children from 1993 to 2005, the prevalence of underweight practically

did not change (15.8 vs 16.0) during these periods.

• Overweight, on the other hand, had increased twice from 2.4 in 1993

to 4.8 in 2005.

• Considering the gender differences, underweight among the 11 to 19

year-old males decreased between 1993 and 2005 from 21.6 to 20.5

percent (1.1 percentage points). However, among the females,

underweight increased by 1.6 percentage points from 9.5 percent in

1993 to 11.1 percent in 2005.

Table 14. Trends in the prevalence of underweight and overweight amongadolescents, 11 to 19 years old: Philippines, 1993-2005

18

Underweight Overweight Gender/Age

1993 1998 2003 2005 1993 1998 2003 2005

Male

11-12 27.1 34.0 31.0 27.8 2.6 1.8 4.9 6.3 13-19 19.1 19.3 17.0 17.8 2.5 1.0 2.9 4.3

All 21.6 23.0 20.5 20.5 2.6 1.2 3.4 4.9 Female

11-12 19.2 27.2 20.6 18.0 1.5 3.2 3.4 5.2 13-19 5.9 12.9 6.4 8.2 2.5 5.2 3.9 4.6

All 9.5 16.4 10.1 11.1 2.2 4.7 3.8 4.8 Both

11-12 23.5 30.6 25.9 22.8 2.2 2.5 4.2 5.8 13-19 12.6 16.2 12.0 13.2 2.5 3.1 3.4 4.4

All 15.8 19.8 15.5 16.0 2.4 2.9 3.6 4.8

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM18

FACTS & FIGURES 19

1.7 Pregnant and Lactating Women

1.7.1 Pregnant Women

• Among the pregnant women, 72 in every 100 are considered notnutritionally at-risk and 28 are nutritionally-at-risk.

• Between 2003 and 2005, there was 1.8 percentage points increasein the proportion of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women from 26.6to 28.4.

• Underweight pregnant women are more likely to deliver low birth weightbabies, who in turn become vulnerable to undernutrition, poor health anddelayed psychosocial development.

• The results, therefore, present a challenge to nutrition planners and programimplementers to strengthen programs for pregnant women to sustain thereduction of undernutrition among young children.

1.7.2 Lactating Mothers

• Among the lactating mothers, 66 in every 100 have normal weight, 14 areunderweight and 20 are overweight for their height.

• Between 1998 and 2005, overweight prevalence had increased by 6.2percentage points from 13.6 to 19.8 or a yearly increase of 0.89 percentagepoint.

Table 15. Percentage distribution of pregnant women by weight-for-heightclassification: Philippines, 1998, 2003 and 2005

Percentage Distribution Year

Total

Subjects Nutritionally at-risk < P 95

Not Nutritionally at-risk > P 95

1998 2,880 30.7 69.3

2003 594 26.6 73.4

2005 360 28.4 71.6

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM19

FACTS & FIGURES

2. AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL

2.1 Preschool-age Children (0 to 5 Years)

• NCR is the only region that has much lower prevalence of underweight

zero to five year-old children as compared to the national estimate (16.2 vs.

24.6).

• ARMM, on the other hand, has the highest underweight prevalence with

38.0 percent compared to the national estimate. Prevalence rates of the

other regions ranged from 19.7 percent (Central Luzon) to 35.8 percent

(MIMAROPA).

• Based on the cut-off used by NSO, those regions with coefficient of variation

(CV) less than 15 percent are reliable estimates for the region.

• For underweight prevalence, almost all regions except CAR (23.0), Cagayan

Valley (17.2) and SOCCKSARGEN (15.0) have CVs less than 15 percent,

which indicate that the estimates are reliable for these regions.

Nutritional Status Year

Total

Subjects Underweight Normal Overweight

1998 2,990 13.2 73.3 13.6

2003 1,201 11.7 70.7 17.6

2005 989 13.9 66.3 19.8

Table 16. Percentage distribution of lactating mothers by nutritionalstatus: Philippines, 1998, 2003 and 2005

20

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM20

FACTS & FIGURES

• For the estimates of the prevalence of underheight among zero to five year-old children, all regions except CAR and Davao region have CVs less than15 percent (17.4 and 16.7, respectively), hence, considered reliable.

• Central Luzon has the estimate of underheight that is much below the nationalestimate (19.3 vs. 26.3) while Zamboanga Peninsula (37.4 vs. 26.3) andSOCCSKSARGEN (40.5 vs. 26.3) have estimates that are way above thenational prevalence.

Table 17. Estimates of the proportion of underweight among 0 to 5 year-old children, standard error, confidence interval, margin of errorand coefficient of variation by region: Philippines, 2005

21

95 Percent Confidence

Interval Region

Sample Size

Percent Under-weight

Stan- dard Error

LL UL

Margin of Error

Percent CV

Philippines 3,560 24.6 0.8 22.9 26.2 1.6 3.4

• NCR 391 16.2 2.3 11.6 20.7 4.6 14.3

• CAR 125 17.5 4.0 9.6 25.5 7.9 23.0

• Ilocos 226 28.5 3.4 21.8 35.1 6.6 11.8

• Cagayan Valley 139 17.9 3.1 11.9 24.0 6.1 17.2

• Central Luzon 295 19.7 2.3 15.2 24.2 4.5 11.6

• CALABARZON 335 20.5 2.5 15.6 25.5 4.9 12.2

• MIMAROPA 151 35.8 5.2 25.6 46.1 10.3 14.6

• Bicol 248 26.4 3.0 20.4 32.4 6.0 11.5

• Western Visayas 237 28.3 3.0 22.4 34.2 5.9 10.6

• Central Visayas 229 27.0 3.9 19.4 34.6 7.6 14.3

• Eastern Visayas 240 32.1 3.4 25.4 38.8 6.7 10.6

• Zamboanga Peninsula 149 33.9 5.0 24.1 43.6 9.7 14.6

• Northern Mindanao 146 25.4 3.0 19.6 31.2 5.8 11.6

• Davao 181 23.1 3.3 16.6 29.7 6.6 14.5

• SOCCSKSARGEN 184 27.8 4.2 19.6 36.0 8.2 15.0

• Caraga 168 24.3 3.1 18.3 30.4 6.1 12.7

• ARMM 116 38.0 5.2 27.7 48.2 10.3 13.8

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM21

FACTS & FIGURES

Table 18. Estimates of the proportion of underheight among 0 to 5 year-oldchildren, standard error, confidence interval, margin of error andcoefficient of variation by region: Philippines, 2005

22


Interval Region Sample Size

Percent Under-height

Stan-dard Error

LL

UL

Margin of Error

Percent CV

Philippines 3,560 26.3 0.8 24.7 27.9 1.6 3.0

• NCR 391 21.4 2.3 16.9 25.9 4.5 10.7

• CAR 125 27.6 4.8 18.2 37.0 9.4 17.4

• Ilocos 226 21.4 3.0 15.5 27.3 5.9 14.1

• Cagayan Valley 139 23.0 2.8 17.5 28.5 5.5 12.2

• Central Luzon 295 19.3 2.4 14.5 24.0 4.8 12.6

• CALABARZON 335 21.0 2.4 16.2 25.7 4.7 11.5

• MIMAROPA 151 33.6 4.2 25.3 41.9 8.3 12.6

• Bicol 248 22.7 3.1 16.6 28.7 6.1 13.6

• Western Visayas 237 29.0 3.2 22.7 35.4 6.4 11.2

• Central Visayas 229 29.9 2.6 24.8 35.1 5.2 8.8

• Eastern Visayas 240 34.4 3.3 27.9 40.9 6.5 9.6



• Davao 181 27.4 4.6 18.4 36.4 9.0 16.7

• SOCCSKSARGEN 184 40.5 3.6 33.5 47.5 7.0 8.8

• CARAGA 168 27.0 4.0 19.1 34.8 7.8 14.8

• ARMM 116 36.1 5.0 26.3 46.0 9.8 13.8

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM22

FACTS & FIGURES


Interval

Region

Sample

Size

Percent Under-weight

Stan-dard Error LL UL

Margin

of Error

Percent

CV

Philippines 3,264 22.8 0.8 21.2 24.4 1.6 3.6 • NCR 316 14.1 2.5 9.2 18.9 4.8 17.5

• CAR 113 16.2 3.9 8.5 23.9 7.7 24.0

• Ilocos 182 26.4 3.4 19.6 33.1 6.8 13.0 • Cagayan Valley 148 14.1 3.0 8.3 19.9 5.8 20.9

• Central Luzon 261 22.6 2.6 17.4 27.7 5.1 11.5

• CALABARZON 304 21.2 2.4 16.5 26.0 4.7 11.4

• MIMAROPA 158 30.1 3.8 22.6 37.7 7.6 12.8

• Bicol 223 22.0 3.1 15.8 28.1 6.2 14.3

• Western Visayas 220 30.0 3.4 23.2 36.8 6.8 11.5

• Central Visayas 255 23.7 3.0 17.8 29.6 5.9 12.7

• Eastern Visayas 227 32.2 3.8 24.8 39.7 7.4 11.7 • Zamboanga Peninsula 125 35.2 5.9 23.7 46.7 11.5 16.7


• Davao 164 17.2 3.8 9.8 24.7 7.4 22.0

• SOCCSKSARGEN 166 31.1 3.2 24.7 37.5 6.4 10.4

• CARAGA 155 20.4 3.0 14.5 26.3 5.9 14.7

• ARMM 96 23.5 5.0 13.6 33.3 9.8 21.3

2.2 School-age children (6 to 10 Years)

• For the prevalence of underweight among school-age children six to 10years old, the regions with reliable estimates (CVs less than 15 percent) areIlocos (26.4 percent), Central Luzon (22.6 percent), CALABARZON (21.2percent), MIMAROPA (30.1 percent), Bicol (22.0 percent), Western Visayas(30 percent), Central Visayas (23.7 percent), Eastern Visayas (32.2 percent,SOCCSKSARGEN (31.1 percent) and CARAGA (20.4 percent).

• For the underweight prevalence, NCR, Cagayan Valley and NorthernMindanao have estimates that are much below the national figure (14.1 to14.7 vs. 22.8).

• On the other hand, Eastern Visayas and SOCCSKSARGEN have higherestimates (32.2 and 31.1, respectively vs. 22.8) than that of the nationalfigure.

23

Table 19. Estimates of the proportion of underweight among 6 to 10 year-old children, standard error, confidence interval, margin of errorand coefficient of variation by region: Philippines, 2005

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM23

FACTS & FIGURES

Table 20. Estimates of the proportion of underheight among 6 to 10 year-old children, standard error, confidence interval, margin of errorand coefficient of variation by region: Philippines, 2005

24


Interval

Region

Sample

Size

Percent Under-height

Stan-dard Error

LL

UL

Margin of Error

Percent

CV

Philippines 3,264 32.1 1.0 30.1 34.1 2.0 3.1

• NCR 316 20.7 2.5 15.8 25.5 4.9 12.0

• CAR 113 35.8 5.8 24.4 47.3 11.4 16.2

• Ilocos 182 27.5 2.7 22.1 32.9 5.4 9.9

• Cagayan Valley 148 24.3 4.0 16.4 32.2 7.9 16.6

• Central Luzon 261 24.1 3.5 17.2 30.9 6.8 14.5

• CALABARZON 304 24.5 3.1 18.5 30.6 6.0 12.5

• MIMAROPA 158 42.1 4.4 33.4 50.8 8.7 10.5

• Bicol 223 33.4 4.3 24.9 41.9 8.5 13.0

• Western Visayas 220 36.9 4.0 29.1 44.6 7.8 10.7

• Central Visayas 255 36.9 3.7 29.7 44.1 7.2 10.0

• Eastern Visayas 227 44.6 3.9 36.9 52.2 7.7 8.7



• Davao 164 33.8 4.0 25.9 41.6 7.8 11.8

• SOCCSKSARGEN 166 45.6 3.9 38.0 53.2 7.6 8.5

• CARAGA 155 41.2 5.6 30.1 52.3 11.1 13.7

• ARMM 96 40.0 6.1 28.1 51.9 11.9 15.2

• Underheight prevalence rates indicate that the regions of Eastern Visayas,

Zamboanga Peninsula and SOCCSKSARGEN have higher prevalence rates

as compared with the national estimate (44.6, 50.1 and 45.6, respectively

vs. 32.1).

• NCR, on the other hand, has an estimate that is much below the national

figure (20.7 vs. 32.1).

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM24

FACTS & FIGURES

Iodized Salt Survey

1. AWARENESS AND USAGE OF IODIZED SALT

• 83.4 percent of sample households (5,344) are aware of iodized salt

• 49.2 percent of all survey households claimed to be users of iodized salt

during the survey

• Among those who are aware of iodized salt (or from the 83.4 percent who

are aware), more than one-half or 59.0 percent claimed to be users of

iodized salt.

Other results revealed that:

• The most common sources of information on iodized salt are from health

personnel and the television

• Grocery/supermarket/drugstore and market/’talipapa’ are the common

market source of iodized salt

• According to households, iodized salt is usually used as table salt and for

cooking

• Households’ perception on the cost of iodized salt is just right and the most

common packaging is in package with label

25

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM25

FACTS & FIGURES

Percent of Households Information /Data 2003 2005

Aware of iodized salt 79.5 83.4 Reported users of iodized salt during survey

• All survey households 38.1 49.2 • All households aware of iodized salt 47.9 59.0

Sources of information on iodized salt* • TV - 41.5 • Radio - 13.7 • Print media - 4.1 • IEC materials / billboards / posters / food labels - 8.4 • Health personnel / LGU - 54.1 • Relatives / friends / neighbors - 14.5 • School / seminar / meeting - 4.2 • Others - 1.3

Market source of iodized salt • Sari-sari store 19.2 19.0 • Market / ‘Talipapa’ 28.8 32.5 • Grocery / supermarket / drugstore 38.6 35.6 • Health center / hospital / school 9.1 10.1 • Other sources (ambulant vendors, salt plant) 4.2 1.2 • Given / free 1.5 • No data 0.1

How iodized salt is used • Table salt as ‘sawsawan’ - 1.8 • Cooking - 39.2 • Both table salt and cooking - 58.8 • Others - 0.1 • No data - 0.1

Perception on the cost of iodized salt • Cheap 18.9 10.6 • Just right 65.6 64.9 • Expensive 15.2 23.0 • Others (given / free / no idea) 1.3 • No data 0.2

Type of iodized salt packaging bought by /given to households

• ‘Takal’ - 22.1 • In package with label - 50.1 • In package without label - 27.7 • No data - 0.1

Table 21.Results of iodized salt survey: Philippines, 2003 and 2005

* multiple response

26

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM26

FACTS & FIGURES

2. IODINE TESTING

2.1 Using Rapid Test Kit

• Using the rapid test kit, results revealed that 75.4 percent (as compared to56.4 in 2003) of the total household salts tested had positive reaction topotassium iodate.

• The 24.1 percent of the total households have salt negative to the test, i.ethe salt either had no detectable iodine as potassium iodate, or had iodinebut in potassium iodide form, or was confirmed to be ordinary non-iodizedsalt.

• Among households who claimed using iodized salt, only 88.7 percent hadpositive reaction indicating that iodine in salt is in the form of potassiumiodate.

• The remaining 11.0 percent, probably had iodine but in iodide form or evenwith iodine but in very low undetectable level.

2.2. Using the WYD Iodine Checker Machine

• Majority of the household salts (65.1 percent) was iodized, that is, five andabove ppm.

• Only 44.5 percent of salt samples were found to have iodine at > 15ppm.• About 20.6 percent of salt samples were found to have 5-14.9 ppm of

iodine at the household level.• In addition, 35 percent of household salts have no iodine content at all in

their salt (0-4.9 ppm).

Table 22. Household salt testing results using the Rapid Test Kit (RTK):Philippines, 2005

27

Data/Information Number Positive Negative No available

salt

No data

Percent of all sampled household salts by reaction to potassium iodate solution

5,345 75.4 24.1 0.3 0.3

Percent of households who claimed to be using iodized salt by reaction to potassium iodate solution

2,598 88.7 11.0 0.1 0.2

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM27

FACTS & FIGURES

• The minimum and maximum iodine level content in sample salts analyzed

are zero and 445 ppm, respectively.

• Median value of iodine in salt is 12.00 ppm.

Iodine Levels

(ppm)

Number Minimum Maximum Mean Median Standard Deviation

0 to 4.9 1,009 0.00 4.00 1.16 0.80 1.10

5.0 to 9.9 328 5.00 9.00 7.00 7.00 1.50

10.0 to 14.9 329 10.00 14.00 12.02 12.00 1.43

15.0 to 29.9 675 15.00 29.00 21.13 21.00 4.13

30.0 to 39.9 220 30.00 39.00 34.31 34.00 2.83

40.0 to 59.9 213 40.00 59.00 48.11 48.00 5.56

> 60.0 261 60.00 445.00 89.95 89.00 30.21

Total 3,035 0.00 445.00 20.95 12.00 27.53

Iodine Levels (ppm) Number Percent

0 to 4.9 1,009 34.9

5.0 to 9.9 328 10.3

10.0 to 14.9 329 10.3

15.0 to 29.9 675 21.0

30.0 to 39.9 220 7.2

40.0 to 59.9 213 7.1

> 60.0 261 9.2

Total 3,035 100.0

Table 23. Percentage distribution of households by iodine levels in saltusing the WYD Iodine checker: Philippines, 2005

Table 24.Mean, median, standard deviation, minimum and maximum iodinecontent of salt using the WYD Iodine checker: Philippines, 2005

28

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM28

FACTS & FIGURES

Iodine Levels (ppm)

Number

Positive to RTK

0 to 4.9 1,006 18.3

5.0 to 9.9 326 12.6

10.0 to 14.9 329 13.0

15.0 to 29.9 674 26.5

30.0 to 39.9 220 9.4

40.0 to 59.9 210 8.8

> 60.0 258 11.5

TOTAL 3,023 100.0

• There were 18.3 percent of the household salts that positively reacted to

RTK but has no iodine content when analyzed by the WYD Iodine Checker

machine.

• On the other hand, there were 81.8 percent of household salts that were

correctly identified by RTK test to have iodine, the levels of which ranged

from 5.0 to >60 ppm.

• In addition, those 56.2 percent, which tested positive from RTK, had sufficient

to high iodine content.

Table 25. Percentage distribution of households by iodine levels and byRTK: Philippines, 2005

29

body_june20.pmd 2/20/2008, 9:00 AM29

5th nutritional status of filipino children 2005 update

Documents