5th field artillery group unit history

7/30/2019 5th Field Artillery Group Unit History

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-1France and GermanyAbout the middle of July alert orders were received for the Group to move to marshalling

areas, once again on its way into combat. The Group Headquarters and Headquarters

Battery sailed from Southampton harbor on 20 July and the forward echelon disembarked

at OMAHA Beach on the evening of the 24th. By the 29th the entire Group had closedinto the assembly area in the vicinity of Bricquebec, Normandy.

On the 1st of August the Group with its battalions was relieved from the XX Corps, the

Corps that had directed most or the training while in England, and attached to the VIIICorps for its attack to capture Brittany Peninsula. The Group was to support the

spearheading 4th and 6th Armored Divisions, one battalion, the 83rd to be with the 6th

and the Group, less the 93rd to be with the 4th.

Road priority through the Avranches Gap was at a premium but the Group receivedclearance to follow the6th Armored through between 0200 and 0600 on, the 2nd, and

closed in the Rennes area with the 695th and 696th later that day, after having been

strafed and bombed early that morning. While here the Group Air Officer, Captain

Davenport, was seriously wounded by flak on a reconnaissance flight with one of thepilots.

The Group was to be artillery component of Combat Command B and on the 3rd ofAugust the march with that Combat Command began with bypassing of Rennes. The

march, which changed direction periodically, was generally in the direction of Lorient.

This was one of the daring armored thrusts behind the enemys lines that made the 4thArmored famous. On this operation the cubs were found to be the ideal "eyes" of the

Combat Commander, flying at the head of the column, checking routes and enemy

dispositions. By noon on the 7th the column had reached the Pont-Scorff-Lorient area

where the Combat Command B headquarters was ambushed and suffered heavy losses. Itbecame evident that Lorient was a fortress city that could not be taken by a small armored

task force. The Group remained in this area with Combat Command B, out on a limb,reported annihilated by German radio, until relieved by the 6thArmored Division on the14th. While in this area the enemy in Lorient used his 170mm high velocity gun

extensively, augmenting it with his heavy ack-ack guns. The M-7s with their 105s were

no defense or counterbattery weapon against guns emplaced behind reinforced concreteof four to seven meter thickness. Since the enemy had closed in on our rear, supplies and

ammunition were brought in by convoy with tank escort.

On the 14th Combat Command B was relieved and assembled near BAUD. Movement

eastward began on the 15th and continued all night and the next day. Enroute, orderswere received relieving the Group Headquarters and the 695th from the 4th Armored and

attaching them to XX Corps Artillery. The Group received the 282nd (105mm howitzer,

truck drawn) and the 943rd (155mm howitzer, tractor drawn) Field Artillery battalionsand the entire Group went into positions in the vicinity of Chartres, closing before

daylight on the 17th. On the 17th the 282nd fired on enemy strongpoints, bypassed by the

armor, and that evening supported an infantry battalion of the 5th Division that wasclearing up pockets southwest of Chartres. The woods yielded several field pieces and

Anti-aircraft guns, beside numerous mortars arid machine guns.

On the 21st the Group with the 695th, 943rd, and 177th (155 howitzer, tractor drawn)

began its march with the spearheading 7th Armored Division eastward. Movement
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continued against light resistance on the 22nd until blown bridges across the Seine at

Melun held up the advance. The Group supported the establishing of the bridgehead at

Melun, but crossed the bridge at Fontainebleau. Here the Group shifted Battalions, losingthe 177th and 943rd Field Artillery Battalions and getting the 274th Armored Field

Artillery Battalion, and the 558th Field Artillery Battalion (155 gun, self propelled). The

direction of advance was changed to northward. and began on the 27th, continuing on the28th.

While with the 7th Armored the Group Headquarters operated in two echelons in

different columns. On the 28th the echelon referred to as "Rear" became separated fromthe column it was following and advanced along a road that had not been cleared by the

armor. In the village of Regault a German tank appeared which attacked this echelon of

the Group Headquarters. The vehicles were quickly dispersed, a fifty caliber machine gun

set up on a ground mount, a Bazooka team began firing, and a gun of the 558th wascalled on to go into position adjusted by a cub. The tank was driven off but it had take its

toll. One man was killed, the battery commander, Captain Petty, and two men seriously

wounded, and several other men injured slightly.

U.S. Army Center of Military HistoryThe Marne was crossed on this date and on the 29th the armor drove on toward the Aisne.

On the 30th the direction of advance was changed to the ast with the bridges over the

Meuse as the objective. The 558th was unable to advance because of fuel shortage.Verdun was taken late the next night where the division was halted until the 6th of

September because all vehicles were out of gas.

When night marches were made the cubs remained at the last strip used prior to darkness,and closed on the column next morning. This they attempted on the morning of the 1st ofSeptember, but an enemy column had crossed the axis of advance behind the 7th

Armored and spent the night in Clermont. When the unsuspecting "Grasshoppers" flew

over they were clay pigeons for enemy small arms, As a result of this ambush the GroupAir Officer, Lieutenant WICKER was killed and one Group plane totally destroyed.

While awaiting gas in Verdun area the Group Command Post was located in Fort St.

Michel, where members of the Headquarters and Headquarters Battery saw their firstmovies since leaving England. During the show one evening German planes bombed the

area in an attempt to get the Verdun bridge but the show continued uninterrupted in the

comparative safety of the fort.

When the fuel shortage was alleviated on the7th Division was ordered to continueeastward, but the Metz forts, about which much has been written, stopped the advance

cold. While feeling out the German defenses in this area the impregnability of the forts to

assault attack was soon learned. Eight inch howitzers of the 33rd Brigade were calledupon for fire on one of the forts by a Group observer. After six direct hits with the 235

pound projectile it was given up - with no effect. During this period the 695th Armored

Field Artillery Battalion, having reached the Moselle with a small armored column in thevicinity of Maizieres-les-Metz distinguished itself in manning the flanks of the positions
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while covering a .sector of 4800 mils.

The 5th Infantry Division had established a bridgehead at Pagny sur Moselle, through

which the 7th Armored, supported by the Group, was to pass. However, because ofeffective antitank defense, mud arid rain which kept the armor roadbound, the attack was

stopped and heavy losses sustained.

Upon relief of the 7th Armored by the 5th Infantry Division on the 25th the Groupremained to support the Infantry. On the 26th the Group Headquarters moved to

Champey where the Command Post was located in a cafe and the men were quartered in

hay lofts, welcome relief from knee-deep mud and continuous rain.On the 27th and 28th our counterbattery system of air, terrestrial, and flash Observation

Post and an up-to-date chart began paying dividends with the destruction of several and

neutralization of many enemy batteries, and by the middle of October enemy artillery fire

in the Group area was negligible. The Group remained in Champey until the 31st ofOctober.

The much publicized ammunition shortage became evident with orders which rationed

ammunition strictly, (105mm was zero). However, the Group obtained two 88s and two

German 150s with plenty ammunition These were manned by the idle 105mm guncrews. Also the three forward observer tanks in each armored battalion were used as

batteries, since the 75mm ammunition was still available.While in the Champey area the Group established a schedule of three movies per day in a

large wall tent and the battalions were allotted quotas each day.

On the 31st of October the Group moved to an assembly area at Pierrepont in preparationfor the crossing of the Moselle at Thionville by the 90th and the flanking of Metz by the

10th Armored. From the 8th to the l5th of November, the Group supported the 90th in

establishing a bridgehead across the flooded Moselle and on the 15th crossed the

Thionville bridge with Task Force CHAMBERLAIN of the 10th Armored. The Groupsupported the 10th, slashing through fanatical resistance until the last escape route out of

the fortress city had been cut and the Division was relieved by the90th Infantry Division.

The direction of attack of the10th Armored was to be northeast with Saarburg as theobjective. The Group Headquarters entered Germany for the first time on the 22nd of

November 1944 with its Command Post in the village of Eft. On this date our forces were

stopped by the dragons teeth and pillboxes of the Siegfried Switch Line between the Saarand Moselle Rivers. The 3rd Cavalry Group relieved Combat Command A on the 28th

and the Group received the additional mission of supporting the Cavalry. The 10th

Armored was to drive on the Saar, take the bridge intact at Merzig and keep going. The

Group moved its Command Post to Ritzing, France, and following the attack, advancedto Wehingen, Germany. Here heavy enemy artillery fire resulted in four casualties, two

killed, two wounded, one truck destroyed, and the kitchen truck damaged. Upon reaching

the river the bridge was found blown and on the 6th of December the10th was pulled outof the line. The Group Command POL again withdrew from Germany to Launstroff,

France, with its mission changed to direct support of the Cavalry which had relieved the

Tankers and held a line generally along the dragons teeth between the Saar and Moselle.Colonel JOHN E. THEIMERreplaced Colonel CONDER as Group Commander on the

12th of December. Twice during December the Group was required to transfer 5% of its

Table or Organization strength to the Infantry.

When the enemy made his attack in the Ardennes the 274th and 695th Armored Field
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Artillery Battalions were taken from the Group and for the night 21-22 December the

defense of the line between the rivers depended on the Cavalry, one medium artillery

battalion (689th) and the 5th Field Artillery Group Headquarters, and HeadquartersBattery. However on the 22nd the 284th Field Artillery Battalion (105mm howitzer, truck

drawn), the 558th Field Artillery Battalion (155 gun, self-propelled) were attached to the

Group, infantry of the 90th Division took over approximately half of the Cavalry sector,and the forces were echeloned in depth to make a formidable defensive system. The

Group retained its mission with the Cavalry and so moved its Command Post to Kirsch,

where it remained until the 3rd of February 1945. While here the mission was changed togeneral support in the zone of the 94th Infantry Division when that Division relieved the

90th and took over in the zone of the Cavalry, the Cavalry being shifted to the right flank,

on the 8th of January. An elaborate defensive plan was made with two delaying positions

and the final defensive position in the Maginot Line. Routes were reconnoitered,Observation Posts selected and surveyed in, and positions prepared.

On the 27th of December P47 fighters committed hostile acts. and dropped bombs on the

battery position of B Battery 733rd Field Artillery Battalion. They were engaged by our

ground defenses and one was shot down. The pilot, an American Major, read his mapincorrectly for the front lines had not changed in that sector in over a month.

After the Hun lost his initiative in the north, the 94th engaged in limited objective attacks.To prevent a major breakthrough the Germans brought the 11th Panzer Division into the

line. Attrition on the material of this division was very high. All the air sections of the

Group cooperated in an original patrol from the first faint light of dawn until the lastsometimes later glimmer at dusk, so effectively that approximately forty of the sixty-five

tanks originally brought in by the Germans were known to have been destroyed. The

weapons primarily used by the air observers for these tank missions was the 155mm

howitzer of the 689th Field Artillery Battalion.As a result of the limited objective attacks of the 94th front lines were advanced until

they ran approximately from Nennig to Tettingen, thence south giving the Germans the

Campholz Woods and Oberleuken, then east to the finger in the Saar above Merzig. TheGroup Headquarters moved its Command Post into Germany for the third time to the

town of Perl on the 3rd of February. During this period single guns of the 558th were

used for direct fire missions on pillboxes. The self-propelled 155s with their highvelocity, heavy projectile, concrete piercing fuse, and mobility were found a most

effective weapon for attacking concrete fortifications.

The attack to clear the Saar / Moselle triangle began early on the 19th of February with a

terrific artillery barrage by the Group and the 94th Division Artillery. By noon theinfantry had accomplished a complete breakthrough and on the morning of the 20th the

10th Armored Division was committed. The Group received the additional mission of

supporting the armor for its initial jump off. By the 21st the triangle was cleared exceptfor scattered pockets and the 94th made plans to establish a bridgehead the next morning

without artillery preparation. However the artillery went into position for support and the

Group moved its Command Post to Freudenberg with its battalions in the vicinity. Thebridgehead was established with comparative ease, but because the Germans still held the

commanding high ground the bridge site was kept hot most of the time with artillery and

mortar fire.

The 5th RangerBattalion was assigned the mission of crossing the river farther south,
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coming up on the enemys rear, and securing a road junction and high ground east of

lrsch. The Groups284th was placed in direct support of the Rangers. The Rangers

reached their objective, but were cut off and surrounded. Time and again vicious attackson their position were broken up by the 284th aided by the medium and heavy battalions

of the Group. Cubs from the Group flew in ammunition, radio batteries, and rations. One

of the Group pilots being wounded and his plane damaged during the operation. Theinfantry of the 94th contacted the Rangers on the 27th of February. Also on this day, the

bridge having been completed, the Group Command Post crossed the river and set up in

Beurig.The XX Corps plan called for an attack with four infantry divisions abreast from, left to

right the 94th, 80th, 26th and 65th, driving generally east on toward the Rhine. The

attack, with the Group supporting the 80th and 26th began on the 13rd of March, but

progressed very slowly. However by the 16th opposition was lessening, and on the 21stthe Rhine was reached and contact made with the XII Crops troops on the left and 7th

Army troops on the right.

The new Group mission was to support the 80th Infantry Division in establishing a

bridgehead across the Rhine at Mainz and so moved into position on the 27th. Thecrossing was made without opposition and the forward echelon of the Group

Headquarters crossed the longest European pontoon bridge on the 29th, followed by theremainder on the 30th.

The 6th Armored Division was advancing fast on Kassel, by-passing Frankfurt. The 80th

Division was motorized to keep up with the advance, and for this purpose called on theGroup for nearly all its trucks, which left it immobile.

On the 1st of April all trucks were returned and the Group marched to positions for the

support of the assault on Kassel by the 80th. The mission of the Group was changed on

the 6th to support of the 76th Infantry Division, with the 284th in direct support of the 3rdCavalry Group on a different mission, and moved southeast, first to Abterode and on the

8th to Eschwege. While here the Group was alerted for support of the 4th Armored

Division, lost the 736th, 284th, and picked up the 177th and 58th. On the 10th the Groupassembled in the vicinity of Gotha in preparation for the4th Armored drive on Chemnitz.

The 4th Armored jumped off on the morning of the 11th with the Group Headquarters,

the 177th and the 22nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion of the4th Armored DivisionArtillery comprising the artillery of Combat Command B: the 58th supported Combat

Command R, while the 943rd joined the Division Artillery with Combat Command A.

The tanks rolled east all day, passing Erfurt and liberating the concentration camp at

Buchenwald. Ed. note: Clickhere for newly discovered photos from this action Thenight was spent in the vicinity of Grosskromsdorf just north of Weimar. On the 12th

march was resumed until noon when blown bridges across the Salle River held up the

advance. By the next morning Engineers had completed a pontoon bridge and once againthe tankers jumped off. On this day we traveled 72 miles passing Jena, Eisenerg, Gera,

and Altenburg, and not stopping until a bridge over the Mulde River was secured intact at

Kaufungen. This great advance was made possible by its speed, giving the Germans nochance to destroy bridges.

On the 14th the 4th Armored ,was ordered to expand the bridgehead over the Mulde but

not to continue its drive to the east. When this was done the Group Command Post was in

Muhlau, only a few miles from Chemnitz. On the 16th the Infantry of the 80th caught up
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and relieved the armor.

The mission of the XX Corps was changed to an attack to and across the Danube, shifting

from the left to the right flank of the Third Army. On the 17th and 18th the Group movedto an assembly area north of Bamberg to await the arrival of the 13th Armored Division

which the Group was to support on its drive across the Danube, passing through the

bridgehead of the 71st or 65th Infantry Division. Having exchanged the 274th ArmoredField Artillery Battalion for the 58th, the Group operating as it had with the 4thArmored

Division acted as division artillery with Combat Command B. The Division with the

Group crossed the Danube on the night of 27-28 April and in the morning jumped offmeeting only light resistance until the Isar River where all bridges were blown. The

Group Command Post set up in Plattling, a few hundred yards from the river. On the 29th

a bridgehead was established and by evening of the 30th a pontoon bridge was

completed. The Division began crossing immediately and continued to advance all nightand the next day against light opposition. Again blown bridges stopped the armor, this

time at the Inn at Neuotting. The Group Headquarters moved into Reischach to support

establishing of a bridgehead, although no bridge was constructed. Prisoners were

captured or surrendered by ones, twos or hundreds. VE Day found the Group inReischach.
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5th field artillery group unit history

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