5.application of solar energy 1
TRANSCRIPT
APPLICATION OF SOLAR ENERGY
GOPI PK HOS ELECTRICALM T I THRISSUR
1. DIRECT THERMAL APPLICATION
2. SOLAR ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS
SOLAR WATER HEATING (HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM)
BASIC ELEMENTS
FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR STORAGE TANK CIRCULATION SYSTEM& AUXILARY SYSTEM CONTROL OF THE SYSTEM
COMMERCIAL DESIGNS
NATURAL CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER (PRESSURISED)
NATURAL CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER (NON-PRESSURISED)
FORCED CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER
1. NATURAL CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER(PRESSURISED)
COLD WATER FROM MAINS
HOT WATER TANK
AUXILARY HEATER
≥0.3M
INSULATION
HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION
SCHEME OF A NATURAL CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER
SOLAR COLLECTOR
AUXILARY HEATER
INSULATION
ONE WAYCHECK
VALVE
COLD WATER
HOT WATER
SOLAR COLLECTOR
NON PRESSURISED SOLAR WATER HEATER
HOT WATER TANK
FORCED CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER
SOLAR COLLECTOR
CO
LL
EC
TO
R
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
SEN
SOR
TANK TEMPERATURE SENSOR
PUMP SWITCH
PUMP
AUXILARY HEATER
COLD WATER
HOT WATER TANK
ONE WAY CHECK VALVE
SCHEMATIC OF A FORCED CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER
INSULATED TANK
SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM WITH ANTIFREEZESO
LAR
COLL
ECTO
R
HEAT EXCHANGER
COLD SERVICE WATER
PUMP
ANTI FREEZ SOLUTION
HOT WATER
HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION
AUXILARY HEATER
SPACE HEATING ( SOLAR HEATING OF BUILDINGS)
PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEMS
BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVE SOLAR SPACE–HEATING SYSTEM WITHOUT MECHANICAL COMPONENTS.
DIRECT GAIN
THERMAL STORAGE WALL
ATTACHED SUN SPACE
ROOF STORAGE
CONVECTIVE LOOP
GLASS COVER
BLACKENDSURFACE
CONCRETE WALL 20 CM THICK
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM
ROOF STORAGE
WATER WATER
PLASTIC WATER BAG
SNAGNANT AIR SPACEMOVABLE PANNELS
METAL ROOF
METAL CONTAINER
ROOF STORAGE OF SOLAR HEAT
S u n r a y s
CONVECTIVE LOOP
AIR CIRCULATION
RETURN AIR
THERMAL STORAGE
CO
LL
EC
TO
R
CONTROL VALVE
CONVECTIVE LOOP PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
ACTIVE SPACE HEATING SYSTEM
WATER TANK
STORAGE UNIT
COLL
ECTO
R A
RR
AY
PUMPPUMP
SCHEME OF A BASIC HOT WATER ACTIVE SYSTEM
AUXILARY
TO BUILDING
FROM BUILDING
3 WAY VALVE
HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION
TO DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
RETURN FROM DISTRIBUTION
3 WAY VALVE
COLD SERVICE WATER
PUMP
PUMP
COLL
ECTO
R
ANTI FREEZ SOLUTION
WATER STORAGE TANK
AUXILARY HEATER
SOLAR SPACE HEATING AND HOT WATER SYSTEM
BY P
ASS
BASIC HOT AIR SYSTEMCO
LLEC
TION
- AR
RAY
3 WAY VALVEDAMPER
DAMPER 3 WAY VALVE
ROCK STORAGE
BLOWER BLOWER
BY P
ASS
AUXILARY HEATER
HEATED AIR TO DISTRIBUTION
RETURN FROM DISTRIBUTION
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A BASIC HOT AIR HEATING SYSTEM
SPACE COOLING (SOLAR COOLING OF BUILDING)
ABSORPTION AIR CONDITIONING
PUMPPUMP
PUMP PUMP3-WAY VALVE
COOLING WATER IN
TO COOLED ESPAC
COOLING TOWER
SOLA
R CO
LLEC
TION
AR
RAYS
STORAGE TANK
AUXILARY HEATER
ABSORBER
GENERATOR
CONDENSEREVAPARATOR
HEAT EXCHANGER
SCHEME OF SOLAR OPERATED ABSORPTION AIR CONDITIONER
SOLAR COLLECTOR & STORAGE ABSORPTION AIR CONDITIONER
EV
HEAT EXCHANGER
SOLAR FURNACE
SOLAR RADIATION
RECEIVER
CONCENTRATOR
HELIOSTAT
INSULATION COOKING UTENSILS
WOODEN FRAME
S U N R A Y S
GLASS COVERS
PRINCIPLE OF BOX TYPE COOKER
REFLECTOR TYPE SOLAR COOKER
MIRROR
Thermal electric conversion system
Low temperature cycles using flat plate collector or solar pond
Concentrating collectors for medium & high temperature cycle
Power tower concept to central receiver system
Distributed collector system
THERMAL ELECTRIC CONVERSION SYSTEM
COLD WATER
SOLAR POND
SOLAR RADIATION
COOLING TOWER
HOT WATER
PUMPCOLD WATER
CONDENCER
EVAPARATOR BOILER
PUMP
ORGANIC WORKING FLUIDTURBINE
ELECTRICAL POWER OUTPUTGENERATOR
FLOW DIAGRAM OF SOLAR POND ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Thermal energy from a solar pond is used to drive a Rankine cycle heat engine. Hot water from bottom level of the pond is pumped to the evaporator where the organic working fluid is vaporised. The vapour flows under high pressure to the turbine and there by expanding through the turbine wheels, and the electric generator linked to it. The vapour then travel to the condenser where cold water from the cooling tower condenses the vapour back it to the evaporator where the cycle is repeated.
Water circuit
Butane boiler
condenser
well
Solar array
Sola
r rad
iatio
n
Water for irrigation purpose
pump
Butane turbine
SCHEMATIC OF A LOW TEMPERATURE SOLAR POWER PLANT
pump
This system has array of flat- plate collectors to heat water up to nearly 70o and in the heat exchanger , the heat of water is used for boiling furnace. The high pressure butane vapour runs a butane turbine which operate a hydraulic pump which pumps the water from well and used for irrigation. The exhausted butane vapour from butane turbine is condensed with the help of water which is pumped by the pump. This condensed butane is fed to the heat exchanger
Absorber tube
Chain drive
Chain drive
Mirror strips
Stay rods
shield
Jack shaft
A typical parabolic cylindrical concentrator
Solar ray
Schematic of a Central Tower receiver associated with a field of flat mirrors and a gas turbine.
Electrical power output
Black body Cavity
Insulation
Spherical Central Receiver Unit
Sun Rays
Alternator
Heat sink
Recuperator
One of the Heliostats of the Field
Compressor
in a recuperative furnace a system of thin-walled ducts through which incoming air and exhausted gases pass separately so that the air is heated by the gases.
Description of the System
The tower with the central receiver on top of it
The heat conversion subsystem
The heat storage device
The field of oriented mirrors.
In this system , the incoming solar radiation is focused to a central receiver or a boiler mounted on a tall tower using thousands of plane reflectors, which are steerable about two axes and are called heliostats. A schematic view of an electric power plant using gas turbine is shown in figure. The mirrors are installed on the ground and are oriented so as to reflect the direct beam radiation in to an absorber or boiler which is mounted on the top of a tower located near the centre of the field of mirrors to produce high temperature.
Beam radiation incident on boiler absorbed by black pipes in which working fluid circulates and is heated. The working fluid is allowed to drive a turbine and produce mechanical energy. The turbine which is coupled to an alternator produces electrical energy. A suitable heat storage is also provided to supply the hest energy during the periods of cloudiness.
The power of the rise and fall of the sea level or tidal power, can be harnessed to generate electricity.Tidal PowerTidal power traditionally involves erecting a dam across the opening to a tidal basin. The dam includes a sluice that is opened to allow the tide to flow into the basin; the sluice is then closed, and as the sea level drops, traditional hydropower technologies can be used to generate electricity from the elevated water in the basin. Some researchers are also trying to extract energy directly from tidal flow streams.The energy potential of tidal basins is large — the largest facility, the La Rance station in France, generates 240 megawatts of power. Currently, France is the only country that successfully uses this power source. French engineers have noted that if the use of tidal power on a global level was brought to high enough levels, the Earth would slow its rotation by 24 hours every 2,000 years.Tidal energy systems can have environmental impacts on tidal basins because of reduced tidal flow and silt buildup.3 Ways of Using the Tidal Power of the OceanThere are three basic ways to tap the ocean for its energy. We can use the ocean's waves, we can use the ocean's high and low tides, or we can use temperature differences in the water.1 Wave EnergyKinetic energy (movement) exists in the moving waves of the ocean. That energy can be used to power a turbine. In this simple example, (illustrated to the right) the wave rises into a chamber. The rising water forces the air out of the chamber. The moving air spins a turbine which can turn a generator.When the wave goes down, air flows through the turbine and back into the chamber through doors that are normally closed.This is only one type of wave-energy system. Others actually use the up and down motion of the wave to power a piston that moves up and down inside a cylinder. That piston can also turn a generator.Most wave-energy systems are very small. But, they can be used to power a warning buoy or a small light house.2 Tidal EnergyAnother form of ocean energy is called tidal energy. When tides comes into the shore, they can be trapped in reservoirs behind dams. Then when the tide drops, the water behind the dam can be let out just like in a regular hydroelectric power plant.In order for this to work well, you need large increases in tides. An increase of at least 16 feet between low tide to high tide is needed. There are only a few places where this tide change occurs around the earth. Some power plants are already operating using this idea. One plant in France makes enough energy from tides to power 240,000 homes.3 Ocean Thermal EnergyThe final ocean energy idea uses temperature differences in the ocean. If you ever went swimming in the ocean and dove deep below the surface, you would have noticed that the water gets colder the deeper you go. It's warmer on the surface because sunlight warms the water. But below the surface, the ocean gets very cold. That's why scuba divers wear wet suits when they dive down deep. Their wet suits trapped their body heat to keep them warm.Power plants can be built that use this difference in temperature to make energy. A difference of at least 38 degrees Fahrenheit is needed between the warmer surface water and the colder deep ocean water.Using this type of energy source is called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or OTEC. It is being used in both Japan and in Hawaii in some demonstration projects