571 book rust busters1

7/25/2019 571 Book Rust Busters1

1/231

8/6/20L0

Module

o

Class

Administration

Introduction

o

cicdulc

.

Classstartsat:

=-

Ends

at

. Brcaks: z\boutevery | - %hour

.

l.unch

One hour

-

Break

at

[,vening essionsre

available

f

you

want.

Rcatroom

\bur

kcyr to clrrr

succcsr:

.

Ask

Questions

We

arc hcre

o

leam

o

Participatc n thc discussion-

Share

our

stcies

.

Refrain

frun

profanity

.

fiach niSht review ccncepB

oovered n chss

o

'frcat

uhcrs

right...inchding

thc

"Chump"

.

llave fun

Thc Run 8urtcfl

Module

o Introduction

| . ,ffA{-S

o

ay

r: Intnxluction

.

lte API

5Zr

Tert Or,ewrfl

. Rctrncry Mstdirlr of Connnrction

.

thtigrc'

Strc corrcion

CrEhiry

(SCt)

& HydroFtr

l\y

r: Rwiov

Malulec e,3

t ith TemprrtuE

Corrosioa

.

RrfincryOperrtioru lol

Dry

I

Hil.h

Temp.r.ture

(bmion

(ootinutd)

r

C*mnl

Drmagc Mccluninru

-

All loAEtri.

.

Refineryopcrationrtor

Dry

+

lJnifr)m or lnslizal

krss of Thic&n'la

.

(lencral

Damatc [techrnilDr

-

nrfning

Indlrtry

.

R.cfincry

)pcntionr ror

D.y

S

Puttint it All ToSetler

-

Prmesr

Unitr

Reriew of aI Modulei

Dry 6: TL|stPreporsti'otr

'fest

TheRurt Busterr

Modulco

Moddc

I

Mdlub l

Mddco

MqtuL

4

Modulc

Moduh4

Dlodub

s

Moduh 8

Mfllulc

6

Mqlul

7

Modui.

S

Modul

8

MotIuIe

9


2/231

8/6l20L

Module r

-

The API

57r

Test

Overrriew

lnlroductior

o What o bring lbr the API tcst - llring sweral perrcils, ndyour brain. lhis is an cntirely

closedkxrk

tcst, and herc

are

no cnlculations hat require

a

calculator.

.

What o expect By my Estimates, bout 75% of thc

questions

cquie

deductivc

rcasonint.

Ihe other 2595otthe

questions

re strsight out ofthe API 571 document.

.

I ow to

preparc.

Pa.ssinghc test requiresa

basic

knowlalge ot:

o

Mctalhrgt

o Thcoccbnicrofcortocimmechaoim

o

Corrmioo mcchmisos spccific

to vrrious

uniti,

.

ltis class

WILL

NOT teach

you

the est"but it will adequately

rcpare ou

tor it.

We will

cover

hese

hree

areas n

class.

o

Rcading he

c"ntire

PI J7l

is not sunething wc will have ime to

do

in

class.

-that

will

bc

yur

respnnsibility.

.

Most of

this material

y


3/231

8/6/20LO

Module z

-

Refinery Materials

of Const:uction

o

rrt

t

I troduii[

I Slc6l

2

(liulm

stccl

I

C'agl m

{

C

Mo

Stcl

I

('r-Mo

Stal3

6 Killd

stccl

7

Startrleq StRlt

Prn l l

t.

Ho

Slel aDd Crl

lm

i]bfli:

9.

:itrcrs

Rcliaing.

l0 Areding

and mlzng

| |

lHrydrcgmtio.

Prrt lll

-

()cnl

Corrclor

Tlpr

Prri lV

-

(;lcrrt

of

'fcrrr

'nr

Rurt

8u t6r

Module z

-

Refinery

Materials

of

Constmction

o

ntroductior

.

:itcl

is a matcrial comptncd

primarily

of iroo. Most slccl conlsins

morp

lhan

(X)o/o

iron. Many

lypcs of cartxm stecl

(CS)

contain more lhan 9'9cloron.

-

,l \

stccl-lrn+cata \i"t

,

&

o

All typcg f stcclcontain sccond

lcmant

carhrn. Manyothcralloying

elcmenB re uscd n

moslstccl,but ron Nnd

arb


4/231

Module z

-

Refinery Materials

of Construction

o

hrton

F,quivalcnt

(CE)

of

a

stoel alloy refers to mtthod of

mtasuring the wddrbt[ty

of the alloy, boscdon the chemical ctmp


5/231

8/6/20tO

Module z

-

Refinery

Materials of Construction

Mctals and thcir alloys also must bc selcctcd 1'or hcir t-abrication apobilitics,

rncluding:

Weldability

-

Ftr casc ofjoining

and alloy

ovcrlaying

Formablc

-

Drrwing, bending,

upscnin& and

rulling

Caslable - lix maling complex shapcs.

Machinablc

-

(lutling

shcaring

and

grinding

I

eat treatablc

*

Pcrmits changc

of

mcchanrcd

proprtica.

Thc

Rutt Btstdr

('rrbor

Stccl

,llloy

Stccl

)

l,css cxpengivc

)

Fcweralloys

Fcwcr spccial

propcrrics

>

Mora

expensivc

>

Morc alloys

>

Spccial

propcrtics

Module z

-

Refinery Materials

of Construction

o

Stccl

-

is a

gcncral

term ussl for iron-based

alloys containing inm, cartxn and ohcr alloying

clcrncnts. Ilrc

carboncontcntof mort rcfincry stccls s betrwcn0.03% o 0.3O% to Bssur uctiliry andwcldability.

(lrrbor

stccl

-

Sincecarbonstccl

CS)

is

typic8lly

welded,

he carboncontcntmust

bc

reluivety low,

bctru:cn

0. i%

ald 0.35 %.

(lut

lror

-

lron

(

Fc) ac{ounB tbr

nrcrc

thrn 957c of thc alloy mat rid, whilc

thc main alloying elorrcnts

are

carbon(C)andsilicon(Si). hcamounlofcarbonincastironsisl.l-4eh.

Clstrronstcndtobcbrinlc.

With its

low

melting

point, gmd

tluidity, castability, xccllcat

mrchinabrlity

ard uar

resistancc, art ronr

haw bccomca

cngrnctnng

malcrralwith

a

wi&

rangeof applicatiom.

C'-MoSlccl-Thisisoldtehoologr. Inthepost,itwasbclievedtharC-l2Mosteclhedbnerresistrncc

than carbon steel to hrgh-temperaturehydroget anack ard

was

otlen specified in hot FI2

(hydrogen)

scrvice.

llor,r,tvcr,

tlrc

ltmg-term exposurc rnhigh ternpcrature H2 scrvicc is

now

qucstiomblc.

C-Mo stcclg,cxhibit improvcr high-tcmpcraturc lrcngthand crecp csistancc vcr

carbonstccl, capocially

t

temperatuGt

bctwcn

00

-

100

F.

flowever,

molyMcnum aridition

provides

NO

signrticant ncrcalc

n

corm3ron resislancover carbon slecls.

'It

Rurt lutter'

8


6/231

Module

z

-

Refrnery Materials

of Constmction

provrdca strst4llory.lnctrlity antl rcrlurcql hc hkclih


7/231

8/6/2OLO

Module z

-

Refrnery

Materials of Constmction

Killcd stccl

O

I'hir ir

"clem

stlrl- with minimd wrdr ud incluionr. KilH stccl is

F(drrcd

whib

rh. moltcn stcel r st ill in thc

lirmre Jurl fru to bcint poucd into a mold. A dcoxidizing atnl ir illdd to rcmovcgr.scB,rrh ar c.abondioridc

as t ir

b.ing

pourcd

nto thc moH. Ihc rcgljt

of

killcd stccl .

prcdrr,.l

hat hs

morc rnrl'orm chcmical

sontrxitioo

and

propdrisr.

()m

imprtafi result g thc krllod stcel her

grcalcr

uil'miry m mgarxp

to

corrsiw rttek.

flr

dcorrdizing agmt

would rcult

rn

quienng

lbc

powing

opcratron.

'ftp

nrch would likc

quicily

in thc

mold,

hcmc,

rhc em KILLED

STF-EL.

Bcocfitr:

l. Minmal

voidr

arxl

irrclusiom,

ard

2. Mfi?

M6ivc

rcslstut.

Thc Rurl burtd

Module z

-

Refrnery

Materials of

.

Dwint dr stccl mrking

proccq

oxytd nry

bccans

rli*r$rcd

in tho iquit

racol,

Drrbg solidifrc*ioo. dro

dirrolval

orygcn

ca cqnbir

witi

cu&n to ftm czbrn mxi& bubbhs.

fnc

cr$oo

ir

addEd o tlrc cccl

aa

m alloying clcrrd.

Ibc

cahr

oomri& hrbblcs arc oftco rrycd in dta caltir4

and

cstr

aci ar initi|lioo

pulr

fr teilw.

Hc

Xilltd Srcb rrt Prodrcd ud Ttcir Acvrrtryor

r

Ftmtim of tlrc csrbonmxidc bubblcrcao

bc

climindcd

tlrmgh thc additim of danidising Egcnt $Eh

er

rlnniriur rrd rilku.

ln

thc crsc of alurunium,

thc

disrohrcd

oxyt. ru6i

with it

to

form

aluinium ori&

{Alumina

Al:O ).

It

fmutrm

of alumur mt only

prwcntr

thc

lbrmrtion

of

bubblcr u

prxolty,

hrt Sc tiny

partrclcr

or inclwions also

pin

graro

bflDdsric

&nnB

hcrl

[cabncrn

ptrcsrcr, prevalug gratn

gtow6.

o

Alminum b a bctLr

gran

rcfining

clcrmnt

han silicon

(it

mal(er

ighEr/smdlrf

gratm).

Hor lilhd h tinGd ??

.

TlErc arevriationr uf thc

pnxess,

wbich

ar tenndscmi-killcd

gcel,

rimmedsteeland cuppedsccl. Thcsc

lariantt

nay rchicrc

mly

p{rtrsl

{tr

noc

d all)

rcrultr of firlly tillcd

slccl .

10


8/231

8/6/2070

Module

z

-

Refinery Materials of Constnrction

Str|llcs Slccb

-

l'hrs rs an

alloy

wrth

flt

lcrrt l l.5% Cr.

fhcre

ar*

MANY drllbrrnt

gradcs

ol

SS.

l hcre arc lbur categoriesof SS that are charartcnzcd by their rnaallurgicsl Btructureat flx)m tcmpcrsturr:

.

Auslenrtrc

.

lerrlttc

.

Mdrfisltic,

an{l

.

Duplex.

\urrcnitic

thrs s hc

.F

.{

.f'

*1

.+aI

,ft-1

nor

magncric.

l'errtrc

-

Founrln '"rt.-,1'i1un-o,-;**doo**.*$,rr*lornufu4;*mpu

are {)5. )e.

{10.

42.

und ;16.

Mrrtcesitk

*

A melc{rsrtr

ste-turE

tirund rn

srrnc

,lO0

series SS. llat

trErhnl anrVor uclding

tbllorrrcd

b1'

aprd

curlrng

can

pnxluce

his

gtnroture

n carbonard lor alloy stccb.

Exampb3

arc

410.

{10S,

itl6,

't2O,

{.10A.

140 tJ, and.l40C.

l)upla

-

A t'amrly of SS

thsf {jt'nlrin

r

mixcd luslrnitic-ttfiitic slructurE. Comnon

typca ar. ?2O5,23o4

&.

2507.

'fhc

wcldr ol'l0O sricsSS may also cxhibrt a duplcx $lrul'turc.

-fhc

nut burt6

Module

z

-

Refrnery

Materials

of

Consbmction

Tr? %c

%Cr

%Ni %Mo

304

(Austenitic)

o.o8 Mex

18-2() 8-

rz Max

304L

(Austenitic)

o.o3 Max

18-eo 8-

rz Max

316

o.oBMax

r6

r8

to-14

2-3

4o5

(Ferritic)

.o8 Max

11.5 r4.5 o.5

Max

4r o

(Martensitic)

o.15 MaJ(

r1.5 t3.5

416

(Martensitic)

o.l5 Mil)(

L2-14

Duplex

o.o3 Max

18-eo

3-7

l -3

1


9/231

Module

e

-

Refinery Materials

of Constnrction

o

Prra l

llor Slccl rnd

(-zrt

lmr

Dillcr

ll

rs tmponarn

o understanl the rlillbrcncc

bctwen

slel and

casl

rron.

Whm

stcel

s

prtxJucal.

he carbondrssolves n thc irtn-

Eventually,

s

)ou

adl

cnougltcarbon, hc irm canmrtdrssolvcall

ol'rt

and sonE ol'thc

carbm

precrprtalas

ul.

Stecl s inn wilh

th. cartm in silutroq

which tr,curs

below I 6 -

2%. Carl

iron

is rrsr i n which

scrrc of

thc

carboo

has

prucrprtatal

mt and appcan ai llrk6

(x

liulc sptrcr6. TlE

cllirts of thc

precrprtatcd

catnn are

both

good

and bed.

fhc

gtxtd

-

f'ttc

llslca

providc

a cushioorng ell'er,r br

irtn

when ,t recarvql high comprelsion lo.&.

n.

Dod I}|e tlalcs

makc thc

(nalrirl

m


10/231

Module

z

-

Refinery Materials

of Constr-uction

ol*--

emdh3rd mujizinjcan b{h bc dclirsl ar hcating nErd lbovc a cnt&d tcrnpcrsnn and slnrty curliog

rn rrdcr to obraro mllcr rutcnal. Jrd ac a t'Bct

nsh

puircr

a

herd

nrl

skp

c(x)ling

pwc*rcr pnrda

r

rulla

ul

w,xc dwtih

pdt.

Amli4ir

a crntrulbd

ctrling

prwg

thr

involvcr

hcuing a marl arl than slowly rcduing thc mling

tcmpcrarurc to anain a hi3

rlagrcc of rthcrr. lt i cffiilnooly m a trvcn of funre.

In

an'Edrng dE mdrl is

6rg hcrtcd rbryvc thc tsrycr tralsfrrmaioa tcmpcrrturr Nrd lc0 lo so* d frr

tmpcranr fir

a

pcnod

of tnrc. llrcn tlr tmpcmhrc

is

slowiy knercd to cu{

thc nrdd.

Nanrlbiry

-

lhis involrrs a m(rc

rapd

cmlrng

pacss

tho

aunling.

Thc Rurt

Buttcrt

D

Slow

c'rxrling

pu;css

)

Soltcns and

urcatcru mctd

>

('awcaducrility

> Reducg intrrnal strJse3

)

Rapidcrnlint

procat

)

Har&nsandstrcn$hcnsmc[l

D

Causcsbnttlclx

>

Caucainlernrlstrcass

D

Increag

chanccs

of

crackine and dirrdion

816/2Ot

Module z

-

Refinery Materialc

of Construction

o

t:ffect of Grain Sizp - Grain sie hrs profoundelfcct m thc strcngttl har&rcasbrinlenessmd

ductilityof

ms{all

ALE

(take

it easy)

.fhe

Ruqt 8ut6

Pnccl

Mtttod

GnirSirc

Rr3Lil|lccto

Frrta.c

Anrcottng

Slowcooling

poces

L"te"

Grain Sizc

Easy

to tcar,

kcal ,r

tirr'turc.

Normoltda

This

involv

a morc

raprd unling

proces

thanannealing

Sfiull Grain

SizD

Highcr esisunr to

tiacture.

Qucncung

Rapid cooling

proocss

13


11/231

8/6/2010

Module

z

-

General

Corrosion fips

o}---

Test Your

Knowledge

Ttre

Rust 8u'tffs

Module z

-

Refinery Materials

of Constmction

i4{^'+

Dchydrogcnrtiotr

-

(llake

Out)

-

Outgassing

llcat frcamc'|t is rxxmally

applicd to stecls

prirr

to rcpair welding

of refinery cquipmcnt

crp


12/231

Module z

-

General Corrosion

fips

Prrt lll

Wcrvs.

Dry

rxmxion

'Ihc

prsivc

hycr

Facton which

cfti:c1

wei

cor


13/231

8/6/2OrO

q

Module

a

-

General

Comosion

Tips

Damageo the Passive ayer

When

the

passive

aycr is

dissohrcd or

disnrptcd

at a

given point

a

very

active antxlic site

ie set

up

which catrsB ctlerated cormsion.

Reduction

of lonr

or oxlgcn Metd

lonr

Fe++

\/

\ /

I C-rthode- /

-^-^L-,

ethodet

/

--+cathode

^i}o*=-

Anode

'***

tr'{fi

ffi'o""

Module z

-

General Conosion

Tips

GalvanicCorrosion

The

rate

of corrosion esulting rom

galvanic

action

dependson - the

relatiae

eqtosed

urea:s

of the

ttuo meto,ls in

contoet

If there s

a

large atio

of anode o cathode re4 the crthodc will effectively

be

protec'ted

nd

may not

corrodcat all However

a small rnodc arcawhen coupled

with a largecethodc areawill corrode apidty. ,ri(.ffil

'lleRstBwt6

c"ttt"dffi----,ni*o

fr,c"tn"a"

16


14/231

8l6lzoLo

fVfodtrt.

z

-

General

Corrosion

Tips

llighFlowVelocidecCanBrodcPa.ssivel,ayerrandAccrclerateCorro .|on

U"aU"

z

-

General

Conosion

TiPs

A'

Ttris faPh illustrate" q" t'?igtl corrosion rate of

fresh

metal.

a

B

'thc

Ruli

Butert


15/231

8/6/2010

1

Module z

-

General

Corrosion

Tips

Primary Factors Which Effect Wet Comosion Rates

.pH

r

Concentradon of Dlcoolved ionic epeciec

(cdtr,

grscc)

.

Tempcrature

.

Presaure

.

Velocity of the flutd

T} c

Rut Eut"n

---l

I

Module z

-

General Corrosion Tips

Efitct of Orygen C-onentration

& Tempcrature on Cotrocion

f,nb

of C-anton Stcd ln Tap Water

lo .

a

o

I

A

lo

?o.

I

E

;o

c

o

o

5o

a5 a

FnortF

ThcRutBut6

18


16/231

Module e

-

General Corrosion

Tips

('curl

TYDi

ha6tnlds aTlu{ru.lrF

Cmcfing along thc

Bmin

bomdaria ir calkrd intcrg'mrlr frfrkins. Th* crelt E wlly miatcd

with

rcIte ard

rc

tgically in tha hu

rutd at

th rcld'r llesl Aftc'rcd Zo.r

(

HAA.

JA

rds-

.


17/231

8/6/?OLO

Module

z

-

General Corrosion

Tips

General

Refinery

flow.

)*"

-

:&,..1

I

Module

z

-

General

Corrosion

TiPs

0

.-1

A

{ ' "s

OF-.o.

Iv-\

l1

..,__*r*

1r.,1

.-:-rc

ffi

{4

-

J'-a:,

-rJ

a/1

n"ar*t**

20


18/231

816l2O

Module

z

-

General Corrosion

Tips

----o

'/''

FCCU

Cat UnitYields

Yteld %

Coke

8.o

Butane&

lighter

35.o

Gasoline

55.o

Kerpsene

l2.o

Diesel Lo

Fuel Oil L2.o

Module s

-

General

--o

Corrosion

fips

SectionV - Glossaryf terms

2


19/231

816/2OrO

\

Module

s

-

Gneral Corrosion

Tips

Glocca.ry

of terms

'{lloy

stcel

-

Ordinary Carbon steel to which has bccn added allo/int elment', such us chmmium,

nluktrl,

ctf-

.{nncrllng

-

A

genric

term denoting a treatmnt consistint of hr:ating

to

and holding

at a suitsble

temperatuFe,

ollorvedby

crnling

at a suitable ate, uccd

primarily

to

soften metsllic materials, but

al6o

to

simultaneowly

producg

deeired

changee

n other

propertier

or in micrGtnrlture.

'l-he

purposc

of

suh

changer may bc, but

is

not mnfined to: imprsvem"nt of machinability,

facilitation

of cold

wort,

impmrement

of mcl;hanil or electrical

pmpcrtieg,

and/or

incn

asc

in

stability of

dimcnsionc.

.{urtcnldc

-

A

term

applied to t}rat @ndition of imn

assaiated

with

a

change

n

cryrtd

silructure,

that aleo maktr it non-magntic, fhis ours

with

ordirury

imn

at an

elewted temperatu. Wlrcn

sulficient

chmmium

and nickel

ar"

pledent,

iron

be(oms audenitic

at atmapheric tcmprstuE.

'Ihir

ie

hc cac

with

thc many

rtainlcer stccle that

contain about

r8l chromium

and

8% or morc

nickcl.

Brclcftll - Materisl

placrd

in a drilled hole to fill

space

around

anoder,

vent

pipe,

and buried

romponentr o{

a cathodic

prute.tion

s}atem.

B.tnlb

-

A agtrr8rtc of frrrite and cemcntitc resulting from

the

transformrtion

of auatenitc at

temperaturee

below the

pearlitc

ranse

but abo,c the

martensite strrt temp.rstun,

Beinite formed

in

the upper

pan

of thc bainitc

transfodDation range has a feathery appr:rrarrr; bainite

formed in

thc

lowe,r

psrt

of the range har an *icrlar appesrancc resembling that of temperad

msrtensitc. Thir ir

one of soreral

paeiblc

mirro*nrcturcr ohaioed byttr aandormction

of austenite on urling

(norrnslly

astaisted

with

Cg and

low

alloy rtecb).

The Rst ButeF

Module z

-

General Corrosion

fips

Gloccary of terrru

.

BcaA mrtr

-

Mqffipic

pryEEion

marlr

on

a [rtigu

ftrtw

6 ctw'.{:troio

lrukirB lurfa tlEt iry.li.rtr

suauriw

poritioru

of tlrc rdnncing

srck hdrt. Tb clsric

app.enrE

ir of Inqulrr elliptical or unidliptical riryp"

mdiating outwrd from onc o morc origiil. Bceh mrt6

(ako

lnm

u clarohdl

marts d arElt Esrk ) N

typically

found m sdie frraw

whm

ih.

part

is

loelcd mdomly, intcrnitteotly,

d

with periqlic

wiationt in mcan rtrera

or altmatlnS *u

.

Blo.

brldslra

-

Brittlod ahibitRl by mc nftk sftu beir8

hdtcd to a temDcntul

wlthin

tha mntc

of about

26 to

3pC 4m

to

fmn,

particuledy

if

the rtal

ir

mrlcd

at thc el,6nlcd

topdanE.

.

Britdcltstur

-

Sepsrationo arc[daccmprniedbylitrlcornomxltropicplasticilcfmtio-

T\'trelv,

lrrittle fractw

(ruby

npidmcl

pmpaplimwithlsspqditwof

cmrEr than htdxtihftrnm

.

Crrildr

-

A

compound of

carbql

with

oc

q

mm mctallic elcmtr, ruh u

ircIr' e.htwim or tutttd

.

Certon Stel

-

stel that doer

not

sntain ritnillfft amut

of alloyint

clcmnts

{)ther

tha carton.

.

cutuddn

-

Thc

uborption

ol carbon rtoro

by

a metal at hith

temFnturEs; it roy re@b dislwtl or fom

rutd carbida

.rbrcrprion

and difirsim ol carbm

into

rcUd hru

dloF bt'

hatin .

to a

hith

tmpentw

itr

mntacl with a

nitabh erbcrmur

mt6ial. A f(]m of 6c hardaiq

that

product

t 6rton

trtdiet

dtdlinS

inward ftom

thc

surfc,

emblng

the rufrc latu to bc hanlcncd eitha by

qmchingdictly

ftom thc cartuizin3

temlxntw G by @ling to m

tupcatw tlEa

E

autoitidry ard

qwu:hiry.

.

Crrtulatlon - The abcorption of carboD

nto

a

rutd srfacci

ey or uy rct be dsinblc

.

The Rut Bsten

o

22


20/231

Module z

-

General

Corrosion

Tips

Glocgarr of termc

Carc hardening - A generic term cxrveringsweral proceseesapplicable to steel that

changc

he

chemical composition

of

the

surface ayer n' absorption of carbon,

nitmgen,

or a mixture of the wn an4

by diftrsion, createa concentration

gradient,

The outer

portion,

or c:I.se,s made

suhstantial ty harder than the inner

portion,

or core. The

pn)cesses

ornmonly

used are carburizing and

quench

hardening; cyaniding:

nitrifring;

and

tarbonitridiry.

'fhc

usc

of

the applicable

specific

pro


21/231

816l2OrO

Module

z

-


I

I

I

-l

l

I

Gloeeery

of

terrng

Qi

flrd metd

-

A trmpcitc metal ontainiry t*o rr

more

laycc thrt hsrc

bcn bordcd ttrgsthcr.

"Ihe

bonding mry hne

bccn accompliehed by

rn-rolliry er:rtrusion,

wdding, diftreion

bondiry

curting, heavychcmiel depoeition, or heny electroplating .

Cold worlln;

-

Deforming

metal

plostically

under conditions of tempemtw

and strain that

induE

strain hardening. Usually, hut

not nessirib,

cpndu(ted

t r@m temperatum.

Contrast

with

hot working

Concsrtnddt

ccll

-

An cledmlytic r.rll, the elcrtmmdive force rrf

which

b caurcd by

u

diffetencr

in

(Dnoentration

of romc urmporcnt in thc electmlytc.

'Ihir

diffarmcc

lca&

to

the

formation

d

diecrte

cathode and anodc

regionr.

Conoclon-eroclon

-

Corroeion

which

is incruosed

h$ugc

of

the

sbrasile action of

a moning

strrrm; thc

prcecncc

of arrpended

particlec grretly

accclcratcs abrasiw sction. Sce enrcion-rprroeion.

Conoclon hdguc

-

The

procre

in

which

a

melal fratula

prrnsturely

undcrconditionr

of

simultaru:our r:orroaion and repetted

cydic

loodint

8t lorwr $ret8 lwdr rr fercr cydce tlun wurld

be

nquired in thc abcern

of the corraiw envimn ncnt

-fhe

Rut But6

Module z

-

General

Corrosion Tips

Gloccery

of

terrnt

...-r- r.".- t r*

".

t

"-***

".9;

-,

*t * *, o.r" *.

"r*J";;

yclct tr hrulb of dm in r

dH

miE dvimmL Se mio fati|u rtruttth

.

llE

Rut DutcF

('otndm ffitu drmffh - The muimu npelted ltrcs thrt cu he endursl brya metal withNt failw sdet

'

ell nitc onlidoro of comiiron aal fatigu

aml

fior spsiflc

nub6 of stns c?cls drid a sp*iEal

perict

of time

.

Cndna

-

A neiwl of s&clr appearing on tl|e surhc.

.

(

G.D

-

Tlm{qpcillnt 6ain

wrrirg uuhr mr.

'l}c

crcp stnin oc+rrw rt r

,tisini(hirB

ntt ic sallal

pnury

(EI,;

urtt

Mnt

rt

I

llltmu

ffil dmn mrutmt 6t , scondsrt

(Ep;

rDd

that ffiint et m

erdmunS mt ' tqtruy s p.

.

oallov|||

-

SehctlE

omdm o( ot c |rlft cumDonotr

d | $lid mlutim elby,

urudlv in

thc fm d im

Sc

rlo daruburir:doo, deobelrificzud dad.Hitu-ti(il,lrimi[etloo,

ard

gephift

mi


22/231

Module z

-

General Corrosion

fips

Gloecera of terrns

O)-

Ernbrltdcrncnt

-

LocEof

l@d

carrying

czpsciB

of

a

metal or alloy.

'Ite

rwerc

loer

of dutility

rx

bughrrcss or btll of s mstrrisl, ruually a mc,trl or

alloy. Many formr of Ernbrittlcmcrt can

leed

to

brittle frarture. Many

formr

can

ocorr during thermal

tnntmcnt or elsl'8ted-tempcrature scrrrcc

(thermally

induced embrittlement).

Some

oI ther

formr of embrittlernent,

whici

effect

steel ,

includc blue brittleneas,885,F

l7s9

embrittlement, sigma-phace mbrittlemnt, and

temper

r:mbrittlement. In addition, steels

and other metab and alkrye can be embrittled by

environmental

conditioru

(ewimrunentrlly

assisted

embrittlcment). Thc forror

of emrimnmcntrl

ernbrittlcment

includc, cautic embrinlement,

lrydrr4en

embrittlement,

liquid

metal embrittlernrrt, and *r*

corraion crocking,

.

Endurrncc

llrnft

-

The meximum strat

thst

r matcrial

cen withaand for en

irfnitely

laryc number

of fati$uc

ryclea;

maximun

$Tlic

drer8 ls/el a metal can

withctand withor-t fatigue failune. Seealso

fatigue

strength.

.

Environmcntd

cechq

.

Brinle fracture of a nornally

duttile matcrial

in wfiich

thc connsi\c

effect of th

sn/ironmcnt

ir n caurative fector. Ennimnmcntal crackirg ir a

gencral

term thd ittcludct

cnnuritm fatiguc, high-temperaturt trydrogen

attach hydmpn bli .*eriry hydmgm eobrittleoert,

liquid meal embrittlement, stre6 -con6ion

cr8ckin& and sulfi& 6trat crufiry,

nrc

Rut

Buterr

8/6/20rO

Module s

-

General Corrosion

fips

Gloeeery of termr

o -

Eroclortcotroclon - Action irwoMng corraion ard erodon in thc

prtcncc

of a morring corraiw

fluid, leodiq to the a


23/231

8/6l2OrO

Module z

-

General

Corrosion

Tips

(;rrin

bound&1r

-

A narrtny zonc in

a

maal orrt-.rpondint

to

thc tnndtion fmm

orr

crrrnallngrapNc

orientation

to anotlrr,

thu

seperating

o[e

gr:ain

from another: thc stornr in mch

grainarc orranged n an or&rly pottern; thc irrtgular jurrction rrf wo adjacentgrainr ie knrwn os

grarn

hrundary.

Cnphidc

cornrrion

-

Deterioration

ril

gray

cast iron

in which

thc metlllic $nstitucnt

are

seledirrly leachcd

or conwrtcd to corrosion

productr

lewing the

gaphitc

intsd.

Sec abo deolloying

and se/edrrr? eoch

ng.

Orrphttiadon

-

A

maallurXjcal rcrm

dccribing

thc

formation

of

g:rphit

in iron or sted, usudly

fnrm drrumpocition o{ irun

ortidc st la/atcd tcmprrrtunr.

Crry

(-'rd

inrn

-

Grc;r cert irrrn ir nanred aftcr itr

grta

fnc'tured surfacc,

which

ncrurt

br:cau,r the

rraphitic

flakca

derlrrt

a

passing

cracl

and

initiate

eountkxs

nw cracks

as

th rnaterial

breals. Whitc

trrt iron ir narned afier its white surfae whcn fracturud duc

to

its

erbidc imptrities

which

allow

cracks

o

pels

streight through.

Hrdcnrbilfg

-

Ttrc reladw abi[ty of

r

fermu dloy to form martemite wlren

qtrencied

ft,oar a

temFEtuac abd the uppcr sithal temprratrre.

Herdnes - Resictanccof a material to plastic dcformation, usually inrLntion.

Module z

-


Glocerrly

of

terrns

,"..o on*-^- ;

"*,,*

*QJ

atrfi..t d EF

-

Tht

Fnid

of th. b.* mrtrl th|t w

fftltrd

rfiuiq

broirg, oniq. c rcklirq, brr rlxc

mimndn rnd rEtunirl

prcF

ikr w rttrRi

by

ih" h.a.

R'frr to rm rliml io. rld

rh.F

thc th"ml

ctdc hr

ou*l micmnrdunl

chr.{g

whii

tcenlly

rftc min bchrvir.

HtHmpanen

hydnla rtrrA

-

A

B

of rtFluth a.d rlucility of

.nccl

by

hith-tmFnturc

F{ti.n

of rborb


24/231

Module

z

-

General Corrosion

Tips

Gloccan of termc

HvrcoDic

-

(

)

PlGim

r mrrtat abiliB to

qrdcntc

thr

onrbnrltion of

Frter vlDoc apolhl

to

co'nderurn6nnuchi r:ompocfof s&lt th.rt

yiclil

s


25/231

8/6/20L0

Module z

-


Gloccrry of

terrrrc

.

Sifrne-phera crnbritdcrncnt

-

Embrittlcrncnt

tf irgn-chmmium allrSa

(moc

notrbly aurtenitic

stainlecc

stceb) couscd

ln prer:ipitatidr

ot

trlin

borndaricr

rn thc har4 brinlc

intermetrllic

sigru

pharcduring long pcnuil ofexpocurcto temp.raturcr bctwecnappmximately56crBnd98oC (toso

and tSor;F). Sigma-phnrcembrittlement rtrultr in

sel'ere

oee n

torrghnerr

ond ductility, and can

rnake

the embrittled nraterial cuscrptible

to

intergranular

corrogioo" See

oho ecnsitir,stion.

.

Strrln r5in3

-

,rging inducul by

cold

workiry.

.

llbcr

-

'the

interuity of

tllc

interndly

dlrtntuted forcca or componcnt| of

forccr that n-irt

r change

in

thc

volumc

or shapc d

r

mrtrrial tbst ir or her

hcn

rubjettcd to stc'nrl forttr. Stn:$ ir

expnxeed

in

fortr

per

unit area and is

rnkulrtod rxt

thc buis

of

thc fiigitul

dimemiom of

the

cns

w'tion of tbe spcr:jmen,

Stredr

(rr

be eithcr dinct

(tension

or

eompruddon)

rr chrr. Sc lD

rtrgidusl

stresa.

.

SEcr-corrrrion crxllqg

(tlOC)

-

A crackint

pmccer

thet raluirur thr combincd action of

e

eomxlcnt

and surtErncd tendle

strera

Strr:$-c0rraion crarling

may mur

in

combrnation

vnth

hydrogan embrittlemcnt,

.

Sulfidrdon

-

Ttp reaction of e metd or

alloy

with

a eulfur-containinS spc{ict to

producc

a arlfur

ctm6xrnd

that

formr on fi betuth thc rurficr on thc mctal or

alloy

TheRuiBBt6

Module z

-

General Corrosion

Tips

Glocorry

of tcrmr

. Sullt& rtrer cncHnS - Brittlc hilurc by rrm.kin8 und.r thc tnmbincd action of tenrilc Etrrs. snd

coroeion

in

the

preccncc

of

watcr

and

hydrogen sul6&. Seeabo envimnmentel cracking.

.

Tcnpcr crnbr{ttlcmcnt

-

Embrinlcncnt of alloy stt'cb trurcd by holding

within or

cuoling slrnvly

thmugh

a

temperstur rangc

ust

belorv h transformation rant.

F.mbrittlcment is

the

rerult

of the

segrepption

at

grain

boundrrice of impuri'tice

nrch ae

arrcnic, antimony,

phocphorur,

nnd tin. lt

ir

usualty manifeeted ee

an upward

ehiff

in ductile-ta'brittb transition tcmpcmturc.

.

Tcndlc

6tnt$ -

In tensilc testkr& thc ratio of

marimum

lmd

to

origfud

crc-sc


26/231

Module

z

-

General

Corrosion

fips

Gloccary

of

termg

o

Trrlad- tciFnar|t - I | )Ao artritnnly ,lelincd tcnpcrensc $at lics wthin lh. lcrq.?rturt rangom whri

rrrtal

Frturc chsactcnsticr lar usrully

rbtcrmined

b

lcalr of

rr)lchcd

rpccrnrcnr)chrngc rapidly, srcb

{s

frurn

lxtrnanly

ibnxr

{ hcr)

lo

Fmlnly

orystrllim

(cLwagc)

frrturc.

t2}

Sorrlimcr

ured o dcrntc an arbrtrarily

dclincd

tctryqarura wrthin a

rangc

n whrch

hc

ductrlity changcrmprdly

wrth

tcrnpcraturr.

I ltlirL rtrfittl

-

I'hc marimurn

sfe|.

ltcnrilc.

coaqrssiw"

(r

rhar) metcrid

can

susreiowitlnu

lixlur, ddlnnirEd by dividing

rnrimum lood

by

thc rigind crercctrmd rcr

of

thc spccrm. Abo

cd|cd

runfd

rfagb I mari''un sfaF].

lrnlfrra

corruior

-

{

)

A

typ.

of

cmrim

anek

(d.tctimtion)

mrformly dirtr ibutcd ovcr maal strfacc.

(ltCmoom

thet

pu.crJr

a al4roximrrcly

thc sarnc6le ovcf

a

mael

surt'rc"

Also

callcd

gancrol

crmosrtxr.

Whit

cart

iril

.

ir uncd aftcr rts

white surfrc whca

frrrurcd

dw

to

itr

carbrdc

mpuntics whrch

allow

crrlu to

pe$

strerght hrouth.

G].t crra |ru

ir

nusl atlcr iu

Itc]

frs:t|rrcd

urfrcc, which occurr bcccur

tha

graphnE

iilcc dcflccl e

pescing

r*t and nlrnc cormtlccs

nc}

cf8ls ar thc

msl.f,id

brc.h

'The

Rut 8urtc6

8l6l20L

Module

z

-

General Corrosion

Tips

ctoccary

lSrmr

o

tVmr'lt

-

l-iquit mltrl

porned

itrlo r

big sleb mold Sleb ir hca bor

vrrtcd

lrolling

mill),

h

tEatc4 coH

wslcd. Rcsull is a

urulirm

mt6l struchnc. Itir

ir opp


27/231

TheRust

Busters

API57L

Module

2

RefinervMaterialsof Construction

ClassQuestionsor Part

Open

Book

L Name

wo

elements ound in every ype of steel:

2. How much carboncan steelcontain?

3.

Most steelcontainshow much

iron?

4. What alloying element n cast ron makes t difficult to weld?

5.

As

the carboncontent

n steel ncreases. oes he steelbecome

more

brittle

or more ductile?

6. Name wo elements hat are used o

kill

steel.

7.

Is

"outgassing"

equired

rior

o all welding

procedures?

xplain.

8.

In

general,

f

a

metal has

a

large

grain

size,has t had a rapid or slow cool

down?

9. How many

grades

of stainless teelare here? Name at

least4

chemicalcomponents

hat make hem

different han eachother.

10. I s therea reasono specifypartially il led sti l l?

I

l. A kil led steelmade fom what deoxidizing gentwill

provide

a larger

grain

size?

12.

Why do

we want

to use

killed"

steel?

I 3. Does steelwith more

or

lesscarbonhave

a

greater

ability to bulge or tear rather han o burst or break?

14.

ls

carbonalwaysdissolved

n

the ron?

15. Specifically,

what makes

StainlessSteel

essweldable

han carbonsteel?

16.

Give an

example

of type of

alloy

that was onceengineered usedas a

preventative

material o r high-

temperaturehydrogen attack.

17. What will have more mpact on weldability, a small ncreasen molybdenum

or carbon?

18. What is

the chemicalcompositiondifference

between

304

& 304L

SS?

What does

he

"L" stand or?

Copyright

@2008TheRustBusters

Page


28/231


29/231

TheRustBusters API571

Module2

Refinery Materials

of Construction

ClassQuestionsor Part

Open

Book

l. Name wo elements ound in every ype of steel:

2. How much

carboncan steelcontain?

3. Most steelcontainshow much iron?

4, What alloying element n cast ron makes t difficult to weld?

5. As the carbon

content n

steel ncreases,

oes he steelbecomemore

brittle or more ductile?

6, Name wo elements hatare used

o

kill

steel.

7 Is

"outgassing"

equired

rior

o all welding

procedures?

xplain.

8. In

general,

f

a metal has a l arge

grain

size,has t

had a rapid or slow

cool

down?

9. How many

grades

of stainless teelare here? Name

at least4 chemicalcomponents hat make

hem

different

han eachother.

10. Is there

a

reason

o specify

partially

il led

sti l l?

11. A killed steelmade rom what

deoxidizingagentwill

provide

alarger

grain

size?

12. Why do we want o use

kil led" steel?

13. Does steelwith more

or

less

carbonhavea

greater

ability to bulge or tear rather han o burst or

break?

14. Is

carbonalwaysdissolved n the ron?

15. Specifically,what makes

StainlessSteel essweldable han carbonsteel?

16. Give an exampleof type of alloy that was onceengineered usedas a preventativematerial or high-

temperature

hydrogen attack.

17. What will have more mpact

on weldability, a small ncreasen molybdenum

or

carbon?

18. What s the chemicalcomposition

differencebetween304 & 304L SS? What does he

"L"

stand or?

Copyright@2008TheRustBusters Page


30/231


31/231

The

RustBusters

API57L

Module

2

RefineryMaterials

f Construction

ClassQuestionsor Part I

Open

Book

1.

Explain where

n the refinery

you

would find the

"Crude Desalter".

What two things

does

t remove hat make

t

a corrosion

work-horse?

2. What is the product of a Hydrotreater,and what is the bi-product?

3. What

is

the difference

n

products

n a Sulfuric

Acid Alky and a

HF Alky?

4. How high can he

BH

go

in

the

HAZ?

5.

What

type of

stresswill causea

pressure

essel o

pull

apart?

6. Alloys that are used

n

a refinery ypically

containwhat alloying elements?

7.

In

general,

will

an

ncrease n velocity help or hurt

your

corrosion ate? Why?

8. Will corrosion ncrease r decrease ith a

higher emperature?

9.

If

you put

a

liner

on

your

tank

bottom and

hen

put

a small scratch n it, what

will

be the

corrosion esult?

10. Will corrosionoccur n

pure

water? Why??

Copyright 2008TheRustBusters

Page


32/231


33/231

TheRust

Busters API571

Module

-

Refinery aterials f Construction

Revisedugust 009

Closed

ook

Quiz#1

1. Revised

Whichof the ollowing

s

a metallurgicalreatment

hatworkedwell o

prevent

racking:

a) Useof low alloymaterial.

b)

PWHT

c) WFMPT

d) Useof low carbonmaterial.

2. What s a

common

eoxidizing

gent sedn

Killed

Steel?

a)

Cr-Mo

b) Mo

c) Cr

d)

Silicone

3.

Revised The

carb6n quivalentormula s comprisedf 7 elements.Whatsingle

lement as he

greatest

contributiono the results

f

the

overall

ormula?

a) Cr

b)c

c) Mo

d) Ni

What alloying element n

Cast

ron

makes t difficult to weld?

a) Lack

of sil icone

b) Abundance

of silicone

c) Carbon

content

d) Iron

(Fe)

content

5. How many

ypes f Cr-Mosteels recommonly

sed n the efining ndustry?

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

One

Two

Three

Four

Fiveor more

??

Copyright

O 2008 TheRustBusters

Page


34/231


35/231

The

Rust

Busters

API

571

6. For

most

corrosion

mechanisms,

he

corrosion

ate

of bare

metal

decreases

ith

time.

This

is

because:

l.

The

corrosive

acid

gets

weaker

as

t travels

along

he

pipe.

2.

The passive

ayer protects

he metal

rom

further

corrosion.

3.

The

anodegets

arger

n

respect

o

the

cathode.

4. Oxygen nterfereswith the speedof thecorrosion,andslowsdown the rate

7. The

addition

of

Cr to

steel

alloy's

is

known

to

stabilize

he

carbon.

What

does

stabilizins

mean?

a)

There

s

no need

o

pWHT

b)

The

carbon

n

the

alloy

is

less

ikely

to

migrate.

c)

There

s no

inspection

method

o determine

estabirization

d)

All

of the

above

are rue.

8. Is

Fenitic

SS magnetic?

a) Yes

b)

No

c)

Depends

n

the

grade.

d)

Depends

on the

temperature

9.

Which

of the

following

s

an

Austenit ic

rade

of SS?

a)

2205

b)

304L

c)

304M

d)

All

of

the

above

10.

Which

f the

ollowing

s

a Duplex

rade

f

SS?

a)

4909

b)

220s

c)

304L

d)

316

Fyl,

these

uestions

re

ight

out

of

the

book.

Remember

hat

onlv

about

25?6

f

the

API

est

questions

ill

be

"right

out

of

the

book,,.

Copyright

Z00B

TheRustBusters

Page2


36/231


37/231

8/6/20LO

Module

z.S

Amine

Treating

ThrRut

E( td

Module

z.S

Amine

Treating

Acid Gas - Has HzS

Purpose

of

Amine

Treating

_

Remove

HZS

from

-he

.lbrrybd

sorrr gas

Pu.ig

P.gffi16

I-eanAmine - Very little hzS

Rich

Aminc

-

Has

HrS

ThcRutButn

'

tn

h


38/231

8/6lzOL

Module

z.S

Amine

Treating

i.'rd

ert

F-{

p,fig

F.gff*d

Thc

Rurt Aud6r

Module

2.S

Arnine

Treating

Acid

Gag

-

Has HzS

Purpose

of Amine

Treating

-

Remove

HzS

from

lrlc

t'ryb"

sourgls

I-ean Amine - Very little HzS

Rich Aminc

-

Has HzS

Ttlc

Rult

Burtcrt


39/231

Module 2.S Amine

Treatit

g

Corroeion mechanicma:

l. Wet Hz.g demage

z. Arnrnonium Bisulfrde

g.

Erocion/Eroeion

Corrosion

+

AmineCracking

5.

Amine Corrosion

6. fitanium Hydriding

7.

Coollngwater

corroclon

Thc Rurt

But?fr

f*'

Rcflu

r:trrjanllr

r :o .n tmr{

tH.Srlor l

P1r +

P.96(ild

8/6/20rO

I

Modul

e

z.SAmine Treating

o --

AmincSCC 5.1.2.2

(pg

$Jl)

Aftccttd

Mrlcrirb

CS and ow

alloy

stctls

('rltlcd

Fector

.

lb

cxpenencc

Aminc SCC, a combrnation

of things must occur:

o

Aminc

gpc.

Cracking

rs

mote

ikely

to occur

n lean MEA

and DEA.

.

Tempcrature Craching can

occur li'orn ombicnt tcrnp to highcr tcmp, but it rnorG

ikcly

al highr tcmp.

.

Stres

-

Rcsrdual, Xclr/,&td

firrr;,a -

Examplcr are

hnding

or nalding. Odrcrs ore urrcrcn hciling or

cooling

Appornrcc

ol

Morpbolo,gy ol thm4c

.

Crackrngs INTERGRANULAI.-",Ttuabdel

.

Crackrng tlTically developc

parallcl

to

the wsld. In the

weld

metal, the uracks arc either trancverseOR

knginxlinil wrrh-frc

rrcld.

(Xlcr

. TrucAminccrackingisonlyaslociatedwrthf,.E/^/aminc. rackingassciaterlwithRichamineis

another corrosion mcchanism

Th

Rutt Bustert

-l

q


40/231

8/6/2OrO

Modul

e

z.SAmine Treating

Aminc SCC

s'1.2.2

(pg

$Jl )

l : l l1

l r r l

Cracking along the

grain

boundaries

is

called

Interaronular

eroclctng. Ttese cracls

arc

ustully

associated

with

welds

and are typically in the base metal at the

weld'g

Heat Afrected

Tnne(HAZ).

.1

r

571 book rust busters1

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