智育與智性發展

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Title Intellectual Education and Cognitive Development William J.F, Lew This paper" explores the relationship between intellectual education cognitive development. The exploration is primarily based on relevant theories and research findings and occasionally on the author's observations. It is carried on in four sections: (1) the aim and environment of intellectual education, (2) the home and intellectual education, (3) the school and intellectual education, (4) personality and academic achievement. The main purpose of.intellectual education Is to facilitate cognitive development. To maximize the effectiveness of intellectual education, optimal environmental conditions should be provided in the home and the school. While academic achievement is a common indicator of cognitive development, it is closely related to, among other factors, the students' personality. ' ° *>amM WW±@6:lSiiitHil ( Wtt^^ ) ft ' - fttfi ( ilil^A&' II ( Kohlberg and Mayer, 19.72 ) ( J, Kaget ' 1980 ) » t^At^ ' ; X 'f3 yx problematic situations 16

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Page 1: 智育與智性發展

Title Intellectual Education and Cognitive Development

William J.F, Lew

This paper" explores the relationship between intellectualeducation cognitive development. The exploration is primarilybased on relevant theories and research findings and occasionally onthe author's observations. It is carried on in four sections: (1) the aimand environment of intellectual education, (2) the home and intellectualeducation, (3) the school and intellectual education, (4) personalityand academic achievement. The main purpose of.intellectual educationIs to facilitate cognitive development. To maximize the effectivenessof intellectual education, optimal environmental conditions should beprovided in the home and the school. While academic achievement is acommon indicator of cognitive development, it is closely related to,among other factors, the students' personality.

'

° *>amMWW±@6:lSiiitHil ( Wtt^^ ) ft

'

-

fttfi ( ilil^A&'II ( Kohlberg and Mayer, 19.72 )

( J, Kaget

' 1980 ) » t^At^

'

;

X'f3yx

problematic situations

16

Page 2: 智育與智性發展

( a^ta^^

( acceleration )

decalage ) ±g^ °

f-i )

S ( Furth and Wachs, 1974;

Ockona, 1976 ) °

'(Yarrow et al, 1972, 1975)

( social stimulation ) fi! i

( inanimate stimula-

tion

17

Page 3: 智育與智性發展

^±73c'!H£

White, 1975 )

• tiltWiS^^^stia^^i^^^W^ ( Conger,

1973 ) ' -

( Morrow

and Wilson, 1961 )

1965 )

Shaw and White,

)(

( Wachs er ^/, 1971; Golden

1971 ) - nj

( Simpson, 1962;

Bachman et al, 1967; Conger, 1973 )

18

Page 4: 智育與智性發展

( learning to learn ) • Sfr

( Cole and Schribner,

1974; Bee and Mitchell, 1980 ) °

4 ° J ( Piaget, 1964, p. 5

Itr£!/J ( spontaneous

activity

( material ) >

'

Appel, 1977 )

Personalized Approach to Science Education,

m PASE ) o

.IS

It'

)

)

m r

19

Page 5: 智育與智性發展

#j ft [ i. ( Maria Montessori

( ) '

S ) •

' (

)

( Taylor, 1964

( m

) ;

Mathis, 1965 )

Gawronski • and

L^^^Hm : ̂

( overachievers ) .• 5PK

it^fl^Mr^^ ; ̂ r-iasnormal achievers ) • SP^$C

underachievers )

20

Page 6: 智育與智性發展

S^ ' H

Appel, M. H. The application of Piagetianlearning theory to a science curriculumproject. In M. H. Appel and L. S. Goldberg(Eds.), Topics in Cognitive Development,vol. 1. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.

Bachman, J. G. et al. Youth in Transition, vol. 1.Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for SocialResearch, University of Michigan, 1967.

Bee, H. L. and Mitchell, S. K. The DevelopingPerson. New York: Harper, 1980.

Cole, M. and Schribner, S. Culture and Thought:A Psychological Introduction. New York:Wiley, 1974.

Conger, J. J. Adolescence and Youth. New York:Harper, 1973.

Furth, H. and Wachs, H. Thinking Goes toSchool. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1974.

Gawronski, D. A. and Mathis, C. Differencesbetween over-achieving, normal-achieving,and under-achieving high-school boys.Psychology of Schools, 1965,2, 152-155.

Golden, M. et al. Social class differentiation incognitive development among blackpreschool children. Child Development,1971,42,3745.

Kohlberg, L. and Mayor, R. Development as theaim of education. Harvard EducationalReview, 1972,42,449-496.

Lickona, T. (Ed.) Moral Development andBehavior. New York: Holt, 1976.

Morrow, W. R. and Wilson, R. C. Family relat-ions of bright high-achieving and under-achieving high-school boys. Child Develop-ment, 1961,32,501-510.

Piaget, J. Development and learning. In R.Ripple and V. Rockcastle (Eds.) PiagetRediscovered. Ithaca, N. Y.: CornellUniversity Press, 1964.

Shaw, M. E. and White, D. L. The relationshipbetween child-parent identification andacademic underachievement. Journal ofClinical Psychology, 1965, 21, 10-13.

Simpson, R. L. Parental influence, anticipatorysocialization, and social mobility.American Sociological Review, 1962, 27,517-522.

Taylor, R. G. Personality traits and discrepantachievement: A review. Journal of Coun-seling Psychology, 1964, 11, 76-82.

Wachs, T. D. et al. Congnitive development ininfants of different age levels and fromdifferent environmental backgrounds: anexplanatory investigation. Merrill-PalmerQuarterly, 1971, 17, 283-318.

White, B. L. Critical influences in the origins ofcompetence. Merill-Palmer Quarterly,1975,21,243-266.

Yarrow, L. J. et al. Infant and Environment:Early Cognitive and Motivational Develop-ment. New York: Halsted Press, 1975.

Yarrow, L . J et al. Dimensions of early stimula-tion and their differential effects on infantdevelopment. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly,1972,18,205-218.

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