5.5 j pyrotechnically pumped nd3+:y3al5o12 ceramic laser

124 Laser Phys. Lett. 3, No. 3 , 124–128 (2006) / DOI 10.1002/lapl.200510073

Abstract: We report on a high-energy ceramic Nd3+:Y3Al5O12

laser. Under the pyrotechnic explosion pumping, quasi-CW out-put power of about 1.1 KW (≈5.5 J) at 1.06415 µm wavelength(4F3/2 →4I11/2 lasing channel) was achieved. Pyrotechnicallypumped crystalline lasers are characterized by low size and cost,and the highest reported ratio of output energy to their weight.

Nd3+

:Y3A

l 5O

12 c

eram

ic a

bsor

ptio

n

Pyr

olam

b em

issi

on in

tens

ity

Wavelength, µm0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Fragments of spectral distribution of the explosive emission ofKClO4+Zr “pyrolamp” and of “active” absorption spectrum onNd3+ lasants in Y3Al5O12 nanocrystalline ceramics

c© 2006 by Astro Ltd.Published exclusively by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

5.5 J pyrotechnically pumped Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 ceramiclaserA.A. Kaminskii, 1,∗ S.N. Bagayev, 2 K. Ueda, 2 K. Takaichi, 3 H. Yagi, 3,4 and T. Yanagitani 4

1 Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia2 Institute of Laser Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia3 Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, 182-8585 Tokyo, Japan4 Takuma Works, Konoshima Chemical Co., Ltd., 769-1103 Kagawa, Japan

Received: 19 October 2005, Accepted: 23 October 2005Published online: 27 October 2005

Key words: ceramic laser; pyrotechnic pumping; Nd3+ doped Y3Al5O12 ceramic; solid-state laser

PACS: 42.70.Hj, 42.55.Rz, 78.55.Hx

1. Introduction

A variety pump sources are currently in use for solid-statelasers (SSL) on the base of Ln- and TM-ion doped singlecrystals (see, e.g. [1–3]). Among them are Xe, Kr, and Hgdischarge lamps of pulsed and continued action, tungsten-iodine filament lamps, several lasers source (e.g, Ar- andKr-ion, dye and excimer lasers, main generation and itssecond, third, and fourth harmonics of different SSL),light-emitted and laser diodes (LED and LD), sun light,e-beam, as well as chemical explosion and pyrotechni-cal light sources. The last type of pumping sources whichwere developed by Dr. S.I. Levikov and A.I. Bodretsova inthe end of 60s and used for numerous quasi-CW solid-state

lasers based on doped (Dy2+, Nd3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+,and Cr3+) single crystals and Nd3+-glasses (see, e.g. re-view article [4]).

In present work we have applied unusual pump usingthe “explosion pyrolamp-chamber” to obtain quasi-CWgeneration (tSE � τrad, here tSE and τrad ≈ 255 µs arethe duration of stimulated emission (SE) generation andthe radiative lifetime of the initial laser state 4F3/2 of Nd3+

activator ions, correspondingly) in novel solid-state lasermaterial - Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 nanocrystalline ceramic [5].The current status of laser research of used highly trans-parent ceramics on the base of cubic oxides fabricated bythe vacuum sintering method and nanotechnology (VSN)[6] is shown in Table 1.


∗ Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]

Laser Phys. Lett. 3, No. 3 (2006) / www.lphys.org 125

Ceramics Space Laser and nonlinear-lasing data obtained under LD pumping sources2)

group1) Ln3+ lasant and its SE channel Yb3+ ωSRS3)

Nd3+ Er3+ Yb3+ fs-lasing cm−1

Y2O3 T 7h

4F3/2 →4I11/2 [7]4) 2F5/2 →2F7/2 [8]4) ≈ 430 fs [10] ≈ 378 [11]

0.16 W5) 9.2 W [9]5)

Y3Al5O12 O10h

4F3/2 →4I9/2 [12]4) 2F5/2 →2F7/2 [13]4) ≈ 378 [14]

0.64 W5) 0.35 W [9]5)

4F3/2 →4I11/2 [15]4)

1470 W [16]5)

≈ 45 KW [17]6)

(Xe [18]7), Pth8))4F3/2 →4I13/2 [19]4)

36 W [20]5)

(Y0.5Er0.5)3Al5O129) O10

h4I11/2 →4I13/2 [21]4)

(Xe)6)

Sc2O3 T 7h

2F5/2 →2F7/2 [22]4) ≈ 419 [21]

0.42 W5)

(Gd0.5Y0.5)2O310) T 7

h4F3/2 →4I11/2 [23]4)

0.005 W5)

Lu2O3 T 7h

4F3/2 →4I11/2 [24]4) 2F5/2 →2F7/2 [25]4) ≈ 392 [26]

0.01 W5) 0.95 W5)

1) Grains of these ceramics are randomly oriented nano- or micro-size single crystals.2) Majority data were achieved under LD pumping in CW-mode lasing.3) Promoting vibration mode of the observed picosecond high-order SRS.4) Pioneer publication.5) Best published laser output power.6) Quite recently was presented by T.F. Soules, M.D. Rotter, S.N. Fochs, R.M. Yamamoto, T. Yanagitani, and J. Otto,

in: the 8-th Annual Directed Energy Symposium of the Directed Energy Professional Society (November 2005, Lihue, Hawaii, USA).7) Pulsed laser action under Xe-flashlamp pumping.8) Quasi-CW generation under pyrotechnical (Pth) lamp pumping.9) Solid solution of Y3Al5O12 and Er3Al5O12 in the ratio 1:1, can be written also as (YEr)3Al5O12.10) Solid solution of Gd2O3 and Y2O3 in the ratio 1:1, can be written also as GdYO3.

Table 1 Some data of the latest research achievements of laser crystalline ceramics obtained by the VSN method (It is known alsoseveral laser crystalline ceramics: Y3(Al0.5Sc0.5)2Al3O12:Nd3+ [27] and Y3(Al0.5Sc0.5)2Al3O12:Yb3+ [28] for CW and femtosecondlasers, Y3Al5O12:Cr3+,Nd3+ for solar radiation pumping [29], and Nd3+-core-doped Y3Al5O12 ceramics [30], which were fabricatedduring last decade by the solid-state reaction (SSR) method, see, e.g. Japanese patents JP3463941 and JP3243278, as well as [31])

2. Laser experiments

Schematic setup of our pyrotechnically pumpedNd3+:Y3Al5O12 ceramic laser is shown in Fig. 1.Its hermetic metallic “explosion pyrolamp-chamber” (1)of circular cross-section ≈135-mm long and ≈55 mm indiameter with a polished inner surface was used as anilluminator. Slightly yellow quartz tube (2) with 1.5 mmthick wall was placed at the center of the lamp. Aroundthis tube was mounted tightly the flat cellophane cartridgewith non-pressed pyrotechnical powder (3). Lasingceramic Y3Al5O12:Nd3+ (CNd ≈1.1%) element in theform of the rod ≈100 mm long and 8 mm in diameter(1) with polished side surface was accomplished in thetube, which acts also as an UV filter (transmitted from

0.48 µm wavelength). The plan-parallel end faces (30′′)of the rod have no antireflection coating. Through wholelength of the cartridge inside the special pyrochemicalpowder mixture KClO4+Zr was inserted thin tungstenwire (2) with electrical contacts (3) serving as the ignitingfuse. Voltages above 5 V (DC or AC) were required to firethe pyrolamp. The confocal optical cavity of investigatedlaser was formed by two external spherical (r ≈ 570 mm)mirrors (9,10) with multiplier dielectric coating. Its outputcoupler (10) had transmission ≈7% at SE wavelength1.06415 µm of Nd3+ lasants.

In used pyrochemical micture the potassium perchlo-rate and zirconium were as the oxidizer and the fuel (inthe ratio ≈43% for KClO4 and ≈57% for Zr), correspond-ingly. To this components was added also small amount


126 A.A. Kaminskii, S.N. Bagayev, et al.: 5.5 J pyrotechnically pumped ceramic laser

1

2

3

4 5

66

7

8

9 10

R ~ 99.5%1.06 µm

~ R ~ 93%1.06 µm

~

Figure 1 (online color at www.lphys.org) Schematic drawing ofquasi-CW Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 ceramic laser: 1 – hermetic metallicchamber; 2 – quartz tube; 3 – cartridge with non-pressed explo-sive pyrotechnical KClO4+Zr powder; 4 – Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 las-ing ceramic rod; 5 – tungsten wire fuse; 6 – electrical contacts;7 – metal plate; 8 – condensing rubber collar; 9 – resonator mir-ror with high reflectivity on lasing wavelength; 1– output coupler(mirror)

Nd3+

:Y3A

l 5O

12 c

eram

ic a

bsor

ptio

n

Pyr

olam

b em

issi

on in

tens

ity

Wavelength, µm0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Figure 2 Fragments of spectral distribution of the explosiveemission of KClO4+Zr - Sr(NO3)2 “pyrolamp” and of “active”absorption spectrum on Nd3+ lasants in Y3Al5O12 nanocrys-talline ceramics

of Sr(NO3)2. When this mixture is ignited, the followingchemical reaction takes place:

KClO4 → KCl + 2O2 , (1)

Zr + O2 = ZrO2 , (2)

2KCl → 2K + Cl2 . (3)

The second process is highly exothermic, so the re-action products are heated and burst with intense light-ing in the yellow-red region of spectrum. Investigationshowed that the spectral composition of our “explosionpyrolamp” emission is very close to the spectral curve ofan absolute blackbody radiation with a color temperature4800–5200 K. For an elucidation of pumping condition ofour laser, Fig. 2 shows the emission spectrum of the in-flammable KClO4 + Zr - Sr(NO3)2 and the fragment of

“active” absorption spectrum of lasing Nd3+:Y3Al5O12

ceramic. The SE spectrum and time dependence of py-rotechnically pumped Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 ceramic laser wasrecorded by a cooled InSb-based photodetector with anC1-93 oscillograph and grating MDR-3 monochromator.The output energy was measured in a regular mannerusing a calibrated calorimeter. The 5.5-J laser action ofNd3+:Y3Al5O12 garnet ceramic was achieved with ourexplosion pumping source containing in its cartridge theuniformly distributed of about 850 mg pyrochemical mix-ture. The duration of the one-micron SE spiking pulsewas hence ≈5.6 ms, which indicated a quasi-CW lasingregime. It should be noted here that main part of gener-ated energy (≈90%) measured fell within first ≈4.5 msthat was corresponded of about 1.1 KW of average outputpower. This was cost by cover of yellow quartz tube withdust of the burn products in the end of explosion reaction.

3. Spectroscopic measurements

The conducted room-temperature spectroscopic exper-iments and analysis showed that SE of the garnetY3Al5O12:Nd3+ (CNd ≈ 1.1 at.%) nanocrystalline ce-ramic runs at 1.06415 µm wavelength of the inter-StarkA-transition 11507 cm−1 4F3/2 →4I11/2 2110 cm−1 (see,Fig. 3) of its activator lasants. This results with measuringaccuracy completely resembles with corresponding datafor the garnet Y3Al5O12:Nd3+ (CNd ≈ 1.1 at.%) sin-gle crystal (see, e.g. [2]). Recent low-temperature detailedcrystal-field splitting analysis was found also within stan-dard deviation the energy-level structure of Nd3+ ions tobe similar in both crystalline laser materials [32].

In additional to measured spectroscopic identity of ce-ramic and single crystal Y3Al5O12:Nd3+ to be sure weaccepted also appropriate steps to check main intensityfeatures for ceramic garnet. In particular, the effectivecross-section σeff

e of its luminescent-laser inter-Stark A-transition was determined by using usual way of spec-troscopic analysis for single-centered crystalline materi-als (see, e.g, [2]). This value results from a sum of cor-responding parts of peak cross-section σp

e,ij for two “SE-active” transitions A and A′ which have close wavelengths(1.06415 and 1.0644 µm, respectively, see also Fig. 3). Ef-fective cross-section transition for partly overlapping ho-mogeneous broadened luminescence lines should be de-termined as

σeffe = σp

e,ij +∑

(imjm) �=(ij)

pimjm

ij σpe,imjm

, (4)

here

σpe,ij = Aed

ij bi

λ2ij

4π2n2∆νlum(5)

and

Aedij =

βij

biτrad. (6)


Laser Phys. Lett. 3, No. 3 (2006) / www.lphys.org 127

1.04 1.121.101.081.06

Lum

ines

cenc

e in

tens

ity

1

3

2

5

4

7

6

8

911 10 12

Wavelength, µm

∆E(4F3/2) = 84 cm-1

λSE = 1.06415 µm

Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 ceramics 4F3/2 → 4I11/2

300 K

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011507

11423

2514

2461

2146

2110

2028

2002

4F3/2

4I11/2

1064

1.5

1052

1

1061

5

1054

9

1064

4

1073

7

1068

2

1077

9

1105

5

1115

8

1111

9

1122

5

11 12

A' A

Figure 3 Room-temperature luminescence spectrum(4F3/2 →4I11/2 channel) and crystal-field splitting schemeof the 4F3/2 and 4I11/2 manifolds of Nd3+ ions in Y3Al5O12

nanocrystalline ceramics. Stark level positions are given incm−1, and the wavelength of transitions between them aregiven in A. The thick arrow indicates stimulated emissiontransition. The square brackets in the spectrum show the 4F3/2

manifold splitting (∆E = 84 cm−1). Lines in the spectrumand corresponding inter-Stark transitions in the energy schemedenoted by the same numeration

In Eqs. (3)–(5): n is the refractive index of nanocrys-talline ceramics at the λij = λSE wavelength; bi is theBoltzmann factor taking into account the Stark-level pop-ulation of metastable 4F3/2 state with the splitting ∆E12

(for Y3Al5O12:Nd3+ case at room temperature it is equal84 cm−1, see Fig. 3)

bi =exp

(−∆E1i

kT

)∑

i=1,2

exp(−∆E1i

kT

) ; (7)

pimjm

ij is the coefficient characterized the overlap of theneighboring luminescence lines of the im → jm transi-

tions and the given (“lasing”) i → j inter-Stark transi-tion; ∆νlum is the linewidth of the corresponding lumines-cence line; Aed

ij is the inter-Stark electric-dipole transitionprobabilities; bij is the inter-Stark luminescent branchingratio; and k = 1.38×10−16 erg grad−1 is the Boltzmannconstant. Comparative spectroscopic study suggests thatfor both crystalline materials all values of above men-tioned parameters are the same within the measurement er-rors. In particular, for ceramic Y3Al5O12:Nd3+ they are:βij(A) = 0.127 ± 0.005 and βij(A′) = 0.05 ± 0.005;∆νlum(A) = 5.1 ± 0.5 cm−1 and ∆νlum(A′) = 4.3 ±0.5 cm−1; n ≈ 1.816 (see [33]). As a result of con-ducted calculation, the effective cross section at 300 K andλSE = 1.06415 µm wavelength may be considered to be(3.3± 0.3)× 10−19 cm2. The contribution of the A′ inter-Stark transition in this value is about 10%.

4. Conclusion

The pyrotechnic explosion pumping method has beenshown by our experiments to be advantageous for the carryout of portable low-cost high-energy solid-state lasers ofsimplified design requiring no electrical power supplypacks or capacitor banks. Pyrotechnically pumped lasersdisplay the highest ratio of laser output energy to theirweight. For example, in our case is not optimal designedof Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 ceramic laser, the ratio was about10 J Kg−1. By way of comparison, the same ratio for con-ventional Xe-flashlamp pumping Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 laserswas roughly two orders of magnitude lower. These spe-cial qualities of pyrotechnically pumped neodymium crys-talline lasers render them suitable use in optical commu-nication systems for outer space, where a high repetitionrate for laser pulses is not a prime requirement, and also asouter-space beacon lights.

The given short review (in table form) shown thatpresently solid-state lasers based on Ln3+-ion dopednanocrystalline VSN-ceramics exhibit practically simi-lar output characteristics with different pumping sourcesas compared with their single-crystal analogs. Signifi-cant advantage of ceramic lasers (in particular, based onNd3+:Y3Al5O12) manifests when their active elementscould be without any real limitations. Presently com-mercial Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 laser VSN ceramic elementsare available by 230-mm long and 10 mm in diame-ter for rods, 230 mm×60 mm×10 mm for slabs, and100 mm×100 mm×20 mm for plates [34].

Acknowledgements This research was performed within the sci-entific agreement between the Institute of Crystallography of theRussian Academy of Sciences and the Institute for Laser Scienceof the University of Electro-Communications, and partially sup-ported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and by theProgram of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences,as well as by the 21st Century COE Program of the Ministryof Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.The authors would like to mention that the investigations were


128 A.A. Kaminskii, S.N. Bagayev, et al.: 5.5 J pyrotechnically pumped ceramic laser

considerably enhanced due to collaboration with the Joint OpenLaboratory for Laser Crystals and Precise Laser Systems. Theauthors thanks also Professors A. Ikesue and T. Taira for theirunpublished results on SSL laser ceramics.

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5.5 j pyrotechnically pumped nd3+:y3al5o12 ceramic laser

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