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������ ��� ������������ 1. �������� ���������������������� ������������ ������������� !��!���"�#$% M-N "�� �� 1,000 +� ,����� !��!���"�#$% M 200 +� MN 400 +� �� N 400 +� ���$�$���������!/�� �012���������!������������������������

����� � +��3!�4$� allele M(P) = 400

1,000

= 0.4 +��3!�4$� allele N(P) = 1-p = 0.6 $������4$��!/�� �0 [p(M) + q(N)]2 = [0.4 + 0.6)]2 = 0.16MM + 0.48MN + 0.36 NN = 160MM + 480MN + 360NN $������ !��%� 0.16 MM : 0.48MN : 0.36NN "�E�����$������ !���%�����F$�G%!�� ���G"�$�G .................................................................................................................................................................... 2. H�����������"�#$% M-N 4$���$"���������4������ 6,129 +� !�$J�2$2�H�"�#$����2$�G+,�� +� !��!"�#$%��� M �! 1,787 +� , ��� M-N �! 3,039 +� �� ��� N �! 1,303 +� �� %�$�",#�$��%�H��"�L�� �� ���$��"�E� !��4$�+������!M$2�H��1,��%����#$��? ����� � �+��3!�4$�$���!� M �� N

P = $������4$� allele M = 1

1,787( ) 3,0392

6,129

×

= 0.539 q = $������4$� allele N = 1-0.539 = 0.461 �$������4$� Genotype H��1,��%�� /%2422��/�"�!2� �� ����"�E�$������4$� 6,129 +�

Genotype $������ !���%�� ++%��2 MM P = (0.539)2 = 0.2905 1,780 MN 2pq = 2(0.539)(0.461) = 0.4969 3,039 NN q = (0.47)2 = 0.2209 1,303

�!"#��� $���� ���� 4741060017 $�����*���!� ���������+�

4�M� %�$�++�������� ���+���"���� ++��++��+%��2/%2H���+-��+��G ���"�#$% o e o - e (o U e)2/e M 1,780 1,777.49 +9.59 0.05 MN 3,039 3,064.50 -25.50 0.21 N 1,303 1,287.09 15.91 0.19 X2 = 0.45

X2 !�+���X�%��!+" ��� 0.45 df = 1 ,�� X2 !�+���X�%� �!+��$2�� X !�� %����%��� ���2$�����++%+ "� !��%�����������!M�$%+��$���� .................................................................................................................................................................... 3. �� ����������%���!,�"�#$� 1,000 +� �!���"�#$% A 450 +� ���"�#$% O 360 +� ���"�#$% B 130 +� �� ���"�#$% AB 60 +� ��+���X�+��3!�4$�2!� IA ,IB �� i

����� � +��3!�4$�,�"�#$� !��!���"�#$% O = 250

1,000

+��3!�4$�2!� i(r) = O

= 250

1,000

+��3!�4$�2!� IA(p) = O U O

= 110 250

1,000 1,000+ U 0.5

= 0.6 U 0.5 = 0.1 +��3!�4$�2!� IB(q) = B+O U O = B+O U 0.5 = 0.9 U 0.5 = 0.4 %����M�+��3!�4$� IA = 0.1 , IB = 0.4 , r = 0.5 ....................................................................................................................................................................

4. H��� ���4�%H�ab���$2�H��1,��%���!,�"�#$� 1,000 +� �� �!+��3!�4$� Genotype IA, IB �� i " ��� 0.1, 0.2 �� 0.7 ����%�� ��������+� !��!���"�#$% A, B, AB �� O 4$��� ����!M ����� � +� !��!���"�#$% A = p2 + 2pr = (0.1)2 + 2(0.1)2(0.7) × 1,000 = 0.15 × 1,000 = 150 +� +� !��!���"�#$% B = q2 + 2qr = (0.2)2 + 2(0.2)2(0.7) × 1,000 = 320 +� +� !��!���"�#$% AB = 2pq = 2(0.1)(0.2) × 1,000 = 40 +� +� !��!���"�#$% O = r2 = (0.7)2 × 1,000 = 490 +� %����M��!+����"�#$% A = 150 +� ���"�#$% B = 320 +� ���"�#$% AB = 40 +��� ���"�#$% O = 490 +� .................................................................................................................................................................... 5. H��� ������������ �!����� !���%����dX 4� (+#$ AA �� Aa) $2� 51 % �� ��%����dX %�$2 49 % 3��� ����!M$2�H��1,��%�� ���+��3!�4$�2!� ����� � q2 = $������4$� aa

q(a) = 2q = 0.49 = 0.7 P(A) = 1 U q = 1-0.7 = 0.3 %����M�+��3!�4$�2!�" ��� 0.3