FOREWORD

In the next century, the spread of information, the development of and access to new technologies, andan increasing recognition of global problems will present vast opportunities for economic growth, regionalintegration, and global political cooperation. Yet for all of this promise, the world remains a complex,dynamic, and dangerous place. It will continue to be an uncertain security environment, one for whichU.S. special operations forces (SOF) are uniquely suited, offering the capabilities to avert emerging threatsand providing unprecedented opportunities to address the challenges in ways that advance U.S. interests.

Our national military strategy challenges us to “shape the international environment and respond tocrises while preparing now for an uncertain future.” No small feat, but SOF are doing that right now.In 1999, SOF conducted engagement operations in over one hundred countries. When crisis responsescenarios developed, SOF were already on the ground in many of those situations. SOF were shapingthe environment by their presence, providing regionally and culturally trained forces to facilitate thetheater commander’s response. Unique SOF abilities give our National Command Authorities expandedoptions, tailored to task, that are not available elsewhere.

Some of America’s most dedicated men and women are at the core of these unique capabilities. Theyare mature officers and enlisted personnel, drawn from the military services, trained in the special skillsunique to their mission, and then seasoned with real-world operations. We must continue to focuson selecting the right people and training them for the demanding tasks that SOF perform.

In addition, as we prepare for an uncertain future, we must continue a robust modernization program,leveraging technology, to enhance the human dimension. We express the concept simply as “equipping theman, not manning the equipment.” Merging technology with the human dimension will improve the SOFwarrior’s survivability, lethality, mobility, and ability to access and use all relevant information sources.

We look forward to meeting the security challenges of this new century as we work to ensure that America’sSOF remain the most carefully selected, most fully prepared, and best-equipped and trained special opera-tions fighting force in the world. Our country deserves no less.

Brian E. SheridanAssistant Secretary of Defense(Special Operations/Low-Intensity Conflict)

General Peter J. SchoomakerCommander in ChiefU.S. Special Operations Command

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................i

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1

ORGANIZATION OVERVIEW .................................................................................................. 11

CURRENT OPERATIONS ........................................................................................................ 15SOF Around the World .................................................................................................. 15U.S. Joint Forces Command and Special Operations Command,

Joint Forces Command ............................................................................................ 16U.S. Southern Command and Special Operations Command, South ...........................18U.S. European Command and Special Operations Command, Europe ......................... 21U.S. Central Command and Special Operations Command, Central ...........................24U.S. Pacific Command and Special Operations Command, Pacific .............................. 27The Korean Theater of Operations and Special Operations Command, Korea............. 30

SHAPING TOMORROW’S SOF ................................................................................................ 33

RESOURCE OVERVIEW ...........................................................................................................39

APPENDIXES

A – MISSIONS AND ACTIVITIES ...........................................................................................43

B – ORGANIZATION (CHARTS AND DESCRIPTIONS) .......................................................... 45

C – KEY PROGRAMS AND SYSTEMS ..................................................................................... 59

D – BUDGET AND MANPOWER ............................................................................................ 93

E – GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................... 103

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Special OperationsSpecial operations have been a part of our militaryhistory since the colonial era. In every conflictsince the Revolutionary War, the United Stateshas employed special operations tactics andstrategies to exploit an enemy’s vulnerabilities.These operations have always been carried outby specially trained people with a remarkableinventory of skills.

More recent history has caused the United Statesto maintain specialized forces capable of perform-ing extremely difficult, complex, and politicallysensitive missions on short notice, in peace andwar, anywhere in the world. In 1987, Congressmandated the creation of the U.S. Special Opera-tions Command (USSOCOM) with the responsi-bility to prepare and maintain combat-ready specialoperations forces (SOF) to successfully conductspecial operations, including civil affairs (CA)and psychological operations (PSYOP).

Characteristics andCapabilitiesU.S. SOF provide unique capabilities not found inother elements of the U.S. armed forces or those ofother nations. While other U.S. military units canconduct special operations, and some other nationshave special operations capabilities, no other forcein the world has our range of capabilities, whichinclude land, air, and maritime forces that can beemployed either as joint- or single-service units.

Today’s SOF are the product of an evolutionaryprocess. The lessons learned from past operationsand events, as well as the requirements of current

missions and operations, have brought about aunique force with distinctive characteristics,capabilities, and limitations.

The characteristics of SOF personnel are shapedby the requirements of their missions and includeforeign language capabilities; regional orientation;specialized equipment, training, and tactics; flex-ible force structure; and an understanding of thepolitical context of their mission. These charac-teristics make SOF unique in the U.S. military

SOF Characteristics

n Mature professionals with leadership abilities

n Specialized skills, equipment, and tactics

n Regional focus

n Language skills

n Political and cultural sensitivity

n Small, flexible, joint-force structure

INTRODUCTION

SEALs operate in the most unforgiving environment, water.

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Across the Spectrumof ConflictBased on these capabilities, SOF provide thenation with rapidly deployable and flexible jointtask forces for both war and peacetime activities.In peacetime, SOF can assist a nation in creatingthe conditions for stable development — therebyreducing the risk of or precluding armed conflict.By training indigenous forces to provide theirown security, and using integrated CA and PSYOPprograms to strengthen government infrastructures,small teams can help prevent local problems fromdeveloping into threats to internal and inter-national stability. SOF work closely with thehost nation government, military forces, andpopulation to assist them in resolving theirown problems. Their efforts to resolve or containregional conflicts or respond to natural disastersmay preclude, in some cases, the need to deploylarge conventional forces.

and enable SOF personnel to work as effectivelywith civilian populations as they do with othermilitary forces to influence situations favorablytoward U.S. national interests. Because of thesecharacteristics, SOF can be formed into small,versatile, self-contained units that have anumber of important capabilities. They can:

n organize quickly and deploy rapidly to providetailored responses to many different situations

n gain entry to and operate in hostile or denied areas

n provide limited security and medical supportfor themselves and those they support

n communicate worldwide with unit equipment

n live in austere, harsh environments withoutextensive support

n survey and assess local situations and reportthese assessments rapidly

n work closely with host nation militaryand civilian authorities and populations

n organize indigenous people into workingteams to help solve local problems

n deploy at relatively low cost, with a lowprofile and less intrusive presence thanlarger conventional forces

Members of the U.S. 22nd Special Tactics squadron andmembers of the United Kingdom Combat Control teamperform a high altitude, low opening (HALO) jump.

301st PSYOP Company soldier passes out flyers to citizens ofBrcko, Bosnia.

These same SOF teams often forge strong links withthe military establishment and civilian groups withwhom they come in contact. This can be of inesti-mable value to U.S. forces if they have to worklater with these same organizations, either as coali-tion partners, or in localized combat operations.SOF contact with foreign military hierarchies isalso an effective, low-cost means of cultivatingrespect for human rights and democratic values.

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In war, SOF conduct operational and strategicmissions that directly or indirectly support thejoint force commander’s (JFC’s) campaign plan.SOF missions originate with the JFC – often withthe advice of the joint force special operationscomponent commander (JFSOCC) – and aredirected toward exactly the same ends as theoperations of conventional forces. It is as anintegrated part of a joint or combined forcethat SOF prove of greatest assistance to theconventional commander.

SOF can help the JFC seize the initiative, reducerisk, facilitate maneuver, and achieve decisiveresults by attacking operational and strategictargets. SOF also can carry out PSYOP to deceiveand demoralize the enemy. As force multipliers,SOF work with indigenous forces to increase theircontribution to the campaign plan, and conductcoalition support to help integrate multinationalforces into a cohesive, combined task force to carryout coalition goals. Additionally, CA and PSYOPcan contribute directly to the commander’smaneuverability by reducing the number ofcivilians on or near battlefield areas.

Additionally, SOF play a vital role in post-conflictoperations. Many of the talents used in pre-conflictsituations are applicable after fighting has ceased,and are directed toward establishing (or re-estab-lishing) the infrastructure required for a peaceful,prosperous society. SOF training skills, coupledwith CA and PSYOP expertise, help speed thereturn to normal conditions, thereby allowingconventional forces to quickly re-deploy.

SOF also can conduct stand-alone operations insituations where a small, discreet force providesthe nation’s leaders with options that fall some-where between diplomatic efforts and the use ofhigh-profile conventional forces. Moreover, therelatively small size and the capabilities of highlytrained, joint SOF units enable them to reactrapidly and provide the United States withoptions that limit the risk of escalation, whichotherwise might accompany the commitmentof larger conventional forces. Unconventional

warfare, direct action, and special reconnaissancemissions, such as insurgency, counterterrorism,counterdrug activities, surgical counterprolifera-tion, and counterinsurgency, may be handled bestby such a force.

Counterproliferation of weapons of mass destruc-tion (WMD) is USSOCOM’s highest operationalpriority. SOF can enhance the effectiveness ofU.S. military, other government agencies, andinternational organizations in deterring prolifera-tion of WMD and reacting appropriately shoulddeterrence measures fail.

Against a growing security challenge, SOF alsooffer a wide variety of skills to combat terrorism.One area of focus includes defensive antiterrorismmeasures, such as training and advising of securitytechniques, procedures, and systems that reducevulnerability. The other major element of SOFoperational capabilities centers on offensivecounterterrorism measures directed at preventing,deterring, and vigorously responding to terroristacts against U.S. interests, wherever they occur.

LimitationsAs with any highly specialized capability, it isequally important to understand the limitationsof SOF. Some points to bear in mind are:

A Ranger from the 75th Ranger Regiment leads otherRangers in small-unit movement drills.

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n SOF operators require extensive training,often years in duration. They cannot bereplaced quickly and their capabilities cannot be expanded rapidly. Squandering scarceSOF resources on inappropriate missions orinordinately dangerous tasks, runs the risk ofdepleting the SOF inventory early in a conflict.

n SOF are not a substitute for conventional forces;they provide different capabilities that expandthe options of the employing commander. SOFshould not be used for operations wheneverconventional forces can accomplish the mission.

n SOF logistics support is austere. A large numberof SOF units generally cannot maintain them-selves for extended periods of time withoutsignificant support from the conventionalsupport structure.

Missions and ActivitiesSpecial operations are characterized by the useof small units in direct and indirect militaryactions focused on strategic and operationalobjectives. These actions require units withcombinations of specialized personnel, equip-ment, training, and tactics that go beyond theroutine capabilities of conventional militaryforces. The enduring, overarching purposesof SOF are derived from historical experience,congressional legislation, and the evolvingsecurity environment. In support of the nationalmilitary strategy, SOF are currently organizedand trained in nine principal mission areas.Based on their unique capabilities, SOF arealso frequently tasked to participate in otheractivities that are not principal SOF missions.These collateral activities tend to shift inresponse to the changing internationalenvironment. The principal missions andcollateral activities of SOF are listed in thefollowing charts and are further describedin Appendix A.

n SOF are not the solution to peacetime opera-tions. SOF have a role to play in peacetimeoperations, just as they have a role to playin war. Peacetime operations almost alwaysrequire an integrated, interagency approachto solve the problems encountered. SOFalone cannot do this.

SOF operators require specialized equipment andextensive training.

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Principal Missionsn Counterproliferation (CP)

n Combating terrorism (CBT)

n Foreign internal defense (FID)

n Special reconnaissance (SR)

n Direct action (DA)

n Psychological operations (PSYOP)

n Civil affairs (CA)

n Unconventional warfare (UW)

n Information operations (IO)

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Collateral Activitiesn Coalition support

n Combat search and rescue (CSAR)

n Counterdrug (CD) activities

n Humanitarian demining (HD) activities

n Humanitarian assistance (HA)

n Security assistance (SA)

n Special activities

The Role of SOFin National Defense

“The mere absence of war is not peace.”

John F. Kennedy1963 State of the Union Address

In the largest sense, this is a period of strategicopportunity for the United States. The threat ofglobal war has receded and the core U.S. values ofrepresentative democracy and market economicsare embraced in many parts of the world, creating

new opportunities to promote peace, prosperity,and enhanced cooperation among nations.

While the United States is taking full advantageof this period of strategic opportunity and positivechange, the world remains a complex, dynamic,and dangerous place. The United States likelywill continue to face several significant securitychallenges including regional coercion or aggres-sion, proliferation of potentially dangerous weap-ons and technologies, terrorism and internationalcrime, threats to the homeland, failed states andhumanitarian disasters, asymmetric challenges,and “wild card” or unpredictable scenarios.

A Posture of GlobalEngagementGlobalization – the process of acceleratingeconomic, technological, cultural, and politicalintegration – means that, more and more, weas a nation are affected by events beyond ourborders. Our strategic approach to the increasinginterdependence brought about by globalizationrecognizes that we must be involved in a leadingrole abroad in order to influence security at home.

The president’s National Security Strategy fora New Century stresses the “imperative ofengagement” and enhancing our security throughintegrated approaches that allow the nation toShape the international environment; Respondto the full spectrum of crises; and Prepare Nowfor an uncertain future. Our strategic approachuses all appropriate instruments of nationalpower to influence the actions of other statesand non-state actors, exert global leadership,and remain the preferred security partner forthe community of states that share our interests.

The Military ChallengeOur national military strategy is based on theconcept that the United States will continue todeploy its armed forces globally and will remainengaged to influence the shaping of the globalenvironment, creating favorable conditions for

304th PSYOP Company soldier hands out DC Supermancomics outlining mine awareness to children at a refugeecamp in Bosnia-Herzogovina.

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U.S. interests and global security. It emphasizesthat our armed forces must respond to the fullspectrum of crises in order to protect our nationalinterests. It further states that as we pursue shap-ing and responding activities, our armed forcesmust also take steps to prepare now for anuncertain future.

Today our armed forces prepare for and con-duct operations in environments ranging frompeacetime to global war. Moreover, both peace-time operations and war could take place eitherin high-technology industrial states or in lesser-developed parts of the world. The military challengeis to field forces that can fight and win againstthreats ranging from the modern high-technologynation-state, with its complex infrastructure,to such non-state entities as terrorists, ethnicfactions, religious radicals, and criminal cartels.

These diverse and contradictory environmentsrequire flexible and versatile forces that can func-tion effectively, with speed and precision, acrossthe full range of military operations anywhere inthe world. These forces must have a keen senseof the political implications of their actions, andmust be able to adapt quickly to changing rules ofengagement, with decisive and appropriate action.

Relevance of SOFSOF have an important and growing role inaddressing challenges to U.S. interests and globalsecurity. First, SOF provide significant capabilitiesin support of the core national objectives through acombination of each of their nine principal mis-sions. Second, SOF have the unique capability toprovide additional support through application oftheir collateral activities.

But to remain effective, SOF must also be preparedto adapt to changing missions, technology, andsecurity environments. To these ends, and insupport of the national “shape, respond, andprepare now” strategy, USSOCOM provides anarray of unique SOF flagship capabilities. Chiefamong these are:

n Ubiquitous Presence. Combat-ready SOFunits are routinely deployed around the worldto support peacetime engagement and to pre-vent conflict. Should conflict arise, these“global scouts” can quickly transition to combatoperations and spearhead a decisive victory.

n Strategic Agility. SOF will provide greaterstrategic and operational agility through thedevelopment of a more flexible and responsiveforce structure. The key elements to this struc-ture are maintaining an unparalleled nationalmission capability and developing more robusttheater special operations commands (SOCs).

n Global Access. Although theater engagementprovides SOF access to most parts of the world,SOF must retain the capability to go where U.S.forces are unwelcome. The capability to conduct

An MH-53J Pave Low helicopter is winched toward a C-5BGalaxy cargo plane at RAF Mildenhall, England.

Visit of U.S. Civil Affairs soldiers to Turkish refugee camp inAlbania brings a smile to young refugee.

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clandestine operations anywhere in the world insupport of the National Command Authorities(NCA) or theater CINCs is one of the definingattributes of SOF.

n Information Dominance. The information agehas opened up a wide range of new opportunities,seemingly endless possibilities, and significantvulnerabilities for all military forces, SOF included.Accordingly, USSOCOM is examining new waysto enhance SOF capabilities to ensure uninter-rupted information exchange, reduce an adversary’sability to use information, and influence situationsto support mission accomplishment.

In sum, USSOCOM’s mission is to provide fullspectrum SOF that are ready and capable ofsuccessfully conducting global special operationsthroughout the strategic operational continuumin support of the NCA, geographic CINCs, U.S.ambassadors, and other government agencies.Indeed, SOF are ready for today’s mission, relevantfor tomorrow’s challenges — continuously evolv-ing to meet the needs of the nation and seizethe opportunities brought about by change.

Personnel and ReadinessForce readiness is the SOF top priority andcrucial to mission success. USSOCOM’s FY 2001president’s budget request is predicated on main-taining and sustaining readiness as the top priority.

SOF must maintain a consistently high state ofreadiness. People and training are key factors thathelp to determine SOF current readiness posture.

People — The MostImportant Resource

SOF are made up of some of America’s mostdedicated men and women from the Army, Navy,and Air Force — from active, national guard,and reserve units. These men and women aremature, high-caliber professionals with intelli-gence, stamina, problem-solving skills, mentaltoughness, flexibility, determination, integrity,and extraordinary strength of character and will.

Assessment and SelectionA vigorous and extensive selection processensures that only mature, dependable, and self-reliant individuals join SOF. The selection andretention of high-quality, motivated, and dedi-cated personnel are most important becauseSOF operate in circumstances where the repu-tation of the United States may rest on thesuccessful completion of the mission.

Given the unique nature of special operationsand the often isolated environments, it takes adiscriminating selection and assessment processand hard work to find the right person. But it isimportant to learn up front whether a person hasthe qualities and the will necessary to perform tohighly demanding standards.

SOF DevelopmentAfter selection, personnel are trained extensivelyin the individual combat skills, foreign languages,and technical specialties required for their profes-sion. Next, they join a SOF aircrew, team, or squadand participate in extensive unit training. Finally,they are cross trained in essential, special skills,and advanced techniques. SOF training placesgreat emphasis on individual and team professionalA Ranger negotiates the horizontal rope slide during jungle

operations training.

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development. An essential part of all trainingand education is the building of teams who workwell together; who know the strengths, capabili-ties, and weaknesses of each member of the team;and who share a common doctrine that allowsprecise communication with minimal ambiguity.

Physical Fitness. Special operations are oftenextremely physically demanding. The body andmind are the fundamental operating system, andtheir capability to withstand stress is enhanced byhigh levels of physical fitness. Special operatorsrequire a high level of physical fitness becausemissions often take place in harsh climates, overextended periods of time, far from conventionalsupport, and frequently with little time to adjust toclimatic changes. A unit that stresses top physicalcondition for its members — all of the time — cancount on them being ready for any contingency.

Regional Orientation. Regional orientation hasgrown in importance over the past few years andrequires SOF to maintain proficiency in a num-ber of languages. Regional orientation, however,is much more than language training. It is notenough to speak the language. To communicateeffectively, one must know the culture and cus-toms, to include the subtleties of non-verbalcommunications. For example, foreign internaldefense and unconventional warfare operationshave as their focus preparing foreign forces, eithermilitary or paramilitary, to conduct operations

on a wide range of tasks from combat to internaldevelopment, in peace as well as in war. Success-ful conduct of these operations relies on the abilityof SOF teams to establish rapport with and posi-tively influence those they train. As such, theseoperations place a high premium on not onlyknowing the language of the people being taught,but in having a thorough understanding of theculture and the area where these operations takeplace. Units that conduct these operations investa great deal of time and energy in language profi-ciency, cultural awareness, regional orientation,cross-cultural communications, and negotiationwithin the context of culture.Physical conditioning is emphasized for potential SEAL

candidates.

SF soldier discusses how to obtain a tight shoot groupto Malian soldiers during African Crisis ResponseInitiative training.

TrainingSOF require a combination of basic militarytraining and specialized skills training to achieveoperational proficiency. Training and educationare the twin pillars of special operations profes-sional development. Training is designed toproduce individuals and units that have masteredthe tactics, techniques, and procedures throughwhich units accomplish their missions. Througheducation, individuals learn the art and scienceof war and peacetime operations, and developmilitary judgment necessary to apply initiativeand creativity to the solution of problems andchallenges. Training and education can be

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effective only in an environment that encouragesinnovation and allows — in fact, demands —subordinates to exercise independent judgment,and builds trust and confidence among all leadersin a unit. The SOF training system encompassesthree processes: institutional training, componenttraining, and joint training.

Institutional Training. There are two types ofinstitutional training: joint and common institu-tional training and service special operationstraining. USSOCOM has oversight of joint andcommon institutional training; ensuring programsof instruction adhere to joint doctrine and reflectcurrent tactics, techniques, and procedures. Insti-tutional special operations training, conducted byUSSOCOM’s service component schools, developsSOF-unique abilities through intensive training atthe John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center andSchool at Fort Bragg, North Carolina; the NavalSpecial Warfare Center at Coronado, California;and the Air Force Special Operations School atHurlburt Field, Florida. Courses cover a broad rangeof topics and scenarios from doctrine and foreignpolicy to mission-specific skills to cross-culturalcommunications skills and language training.

Component Training. The focus of this train-ing is to ensure units are capable of performingassigned wartime missions through the accom-plishment of individual and collective tasks.Component training, managed by the USSOCOMservice component commands, is governed by thedoctrine of the military departments and primarilydriven by mission requirements identified in thevarious geographic regions by the theater SOCs.

A SEAL team member fast ropes from a helicopter to anawaiting Zodiac inflatable boat during insertion trainingin the frigid waters of Tokyo Bay.

Joint Training. Although each of these proc-esses is important, SOF places great emphasison joint training with conventional forces.SOF joint training is primarily accomplishedthrough participation in exercises sponsoredby the chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS)/CINC and USSOCOM’s joint/combinedexchange training (JCET) events. ThroughSOF participation in over 60 CJCS exercisesannually, geographic CINC needs are met.Additionally, SOF are able to train to meetthe regional, cultural, and language demandsof each theater. Furthermore, SOF participa-tion in JCETs has averaged 200 events annually.These events are conducted overseas with hostnation forces. JCETs focus on SOF tasks thatare essential for mission accomplishment andalso provide valuable forward presence insupport of the geographic CINC’s strategic

U.S. SF soldier works with Thai Special Forces soldiersduring exercise Cobra Gold conducted in Thailand.

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objectives. JCETs provide SOF access to areasthat may not typically be open to larger con-ventional forces. In this respect, JCETs opendoors — politically, diplomatically, and militarily— for U.S. forces to train with foreign militaryforces. Joint training provides Army, Navy, andAir Force special operators the opportunity to trainas a joint team, performing tasks and activities thatspan the entire range of military operations.

As SOF prepare to execute missions and conductactivities in the international security environ-ment of the future, training priorities will reflectshifting emphasis among missions. The futureenvironment, characterized by regional instabilityand transnational dangers, will mandate increas-ing attention to training in non-lethal techniquesand support of humanitarian assistance and disasterrelief operations. SOF conduct joint/combined, no-notice deployments ensuring that the training isvigorous, realistic, and focused on preparing SOFto meet the entire spectrum of future demands.

SOF must remain combat ready to meet thechallenges of the international security environ-ment. SOF personnel, who have been properlyselected, trained, and professionally developedthroughout their careers, will be instrumental inmeeting future challenges. The return on theSOF human resource investment is a high-quality force ready to serve the nation.

Quality of LifeThe term “quality of life” is used to encompassthe entire package of compensation, benefits,and work and living environments for militarypersonnel. Because SOF rely on the militarydepartments for most aspects of quality of life,the SOF community continues to work closelywith the military departments to provide for thebasic needs of SOF personnel and their families.Quality-of-life improvements are needed to sus-tain healthy levels of recruitment, retention, andmorale that are necessary to maintain a ready,high-quality fighting force. The overall objectiveis to protect the commitment to service membersthrough quality-of-life enhancements and to main-tain currently provided benefits. To this end, theSOF community and the military departmentsshare the following quality of life concerns:

n adequate pay and allowances

n adequate access to quality and timelymedical care

n adequate retirement benefits

n adequate housing and quarters for militaryfamilies and single personnel

n adequate community support facilities

Retention and MoraleIn general, retention rates for SOF personneloutpace their service counterparts with fewexceptions. Increasing requirements, personnelloss, management dynamics, and high training-pipeline attrition contribute to low inventoriesin some SOF-specific skills; however, USSOCOM,in coordination with components and the services,is undertaking a number of initiatives to addressthese issues. Realistic training and deploymentson significant missions are positive contributorsto SOF retention rates. SOF are proud of theircontributions to the nation, and this sense ofpride bolsters morale that is reflected in theoverall retention of quality SOF personnel.

Pride and Professionalism: Special tactics team members standinspection during a change-of-command ceremony.

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USSOCOMUSSOCOM, one of nine unified commandsin the U.S. military’s combatant commandstructure, is composed of Army, Navy, and AirForce SOF. USSOCOM’s mission is to supportthe geographic CINCs, ambassadors and theircountry teams, and other government agenciesby preparing SOF to successfully conduct specialoperations, including CA and PSYOP.

The commander in chief of USSOCOM(USCINCSOC) has two roles. In his capacityas a supporting CINC, he provides trained andready SOF. In his role as a supported CINC,the USCINCSOC must be prepared to exercisecommand of selected special operations missionswhen directed by the NCA.

Congress mandated the creation of USSOCOMin 1987 to correct serious deficiencies in theability of the United States to conduct specialoperations and engage in low-intensity conflictactivities. The command was assigned manyservice-like responsibilities, including training,ensuring combat readiness, monitoring person-nel promotions and assignments, and develop-ing and acquiring SOF-peculiar equipment.USSOCOM was also given responsibility formanaging a separate major force program (MFP),MFP-11, which ensures the SOF program hasvisibility at the Department of Defense andcongressional levels.

ORGANIZATIONOVERVIEW

These last two tasks give USSOCOM greatflexibility in training, equipping, and employ-ing its forces. USCINCSOC is the sole unifiedcommander with responsibility for planning,programming, and budgeting of military forces.In addition, he has the authority similar tothat of a service chief for the development andacquisition of special operations-peculiar equip-ment, materials, supplies, and services. In short,he is the only CINC with a checkbook.

Under the same legislation that createdUSSOCOM, Congress also established theOffice of the Assistant Secretary of Defense forSpecial Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict(ASD(SO/LIC)) as the policy and resource focalpoint for all special operations and low-intensityconflict activities of the Department of Defense.Aided by these reforms, enormous improvementsin the readiness and capabilities of our nation’sspecial operations forces were made.

Tail gunner on MH-53J Pave Low helicopter employssuppressive fire support tactics with 7.62mm minigun.

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USSOCOM’s mission can be effectively accom-plished only with the support of the Army, Navy,and Air Force who provide quality personnel,common equipment, base operations support,logistical sustainment, and core skills training.This support allows USCINCSOC to focus onSOF-specific training and equipment, as wellas the integration of SOF into the entire rangeof military operations.

USSOCOM’s service component commands arethe U.S. Army Special Operations Command,the Naval Special Warfare Command, and theAir Force Special Operations Command. TheJoint Special Operations Command is assignedas a sub-unified command of USSOCOM. Com-ponent command organization and force structureare presented in detail in Appendix B.

The U.S. Army Special Operations Command(USASOC). The U.S. Army Special OperationsCommand, headquartered at Fort Bragg, NorthCarolina, commands active and U.S. ArmyReserve special operations forces. USASOC isresponsible to USSOCOM for the readinessof Special Forces (SF), Rangers, and specialoperations aviation, CA, and PSYOP units fordeployment to unified combatant commandsaround the world.

The Naval Special Warfare Command(NAVSPECWARCOM). The Naval SpecialWarfare Command, located in Coronado, Califor-nia, is responsible to USSOCOM for the readiness

With only 1.3 percent of the Department ofDefense budget, SOF provide the United Stateswith a combat-ready, highly-capable, and flex-ible force — a force that is structured, manned,equipped, and trained to meet current andfuture security challenges in support of nationaldefense objectives.

Service ComponentCommandsThe geographic CINCs identify the forces neces-sary to accomplish the missions assigned withintheir areas of responsibility (AOR). These require-ments provide the guidance that drives the devel-opment capabilities and force structure. All activeand reserve Army, Navy, and Air Force SOF basedin the United States are assigned to USSOCOM.

A Ranger from the 75th Ranger Regiment takes aimduring training.

An AFSOC combat controller uses a motorcycle forhigh-speed mobility on a drop zone.

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of active and reserve naval special warfare (NSW)forces. NSW Group ONE and Special BoatSquadron ONE in Coronado, California andNSW Group TWO and Special Boat SquadronTWO in Little Creek, Virginia, are the majoroperational components of NAVSPECWARCOM.

The U.S. Air Force Special Operations Command(AFSOC). The Air Force Special OperationsCommand, located at Hurlburt Field, Florida, isresponsible to USSOCOM for the readiness of active,Air Force Reserve, and Air National Guard SOFfor worldwide deployment. Three special opera-tions wings, two special operations groups, andone special tactics group are assigned to AFSOC.

The Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC).The Joint Special Operations Command wasestablished in 1980 and is located at Fort Bragg,North Carolina. JSOC is a joint headquartersdesigned to study special operations requirementsand techniques; ensure interoperability and equip-ment standardization; plan and conduct jointspecial operations exercises and training; anddevelop joint special operations tactics.

Theater AssetsTheater Special Operations Commands.The theater special operations command (SOC),established as a sub-unified command of thecombatant unified commands, is the geographicCINC’s source of expertise in all areas of specialoperations, providing the CINC with a separateelement to plan and control the employmentof joint SOF in military operations. TheaterSOCs normally exercise operational controlof SOF (except civil affairs and psychologicaloperations) within each geographic CINC’sarea of responsibility. Additionally, the SOCscan provide the nucleus for the establishmentof a joint special operations task force (JSOTF)or joint task force when formed.

The theater SOC commander is responsibleto the geographic CINC for planning and

conducting joint special operations in thetheater, ensuring that SOF capabilities arematched to mission requirements, exercisingoperational control of SOF for joint specialoperations, and advising the CINC andcomponent commanders in theater on theproper employment of SOF. While theUSCINCSOC provides funding andpersonnel for the SOCs, each SOCreports directly to the geographic CINC.

Operational experience, both in peace andwar, indicates that SOF are most effectivewhen closely integrated into campaign plans.The SOCs’ efforts have paid great dividendsin this regard. The result is the full integrationof SOF into theater and country peacetimeplans, as well as the geographic CINCs’ warplans. The key role of the theater SOCs andthe recent accomplishments of SOF in thetheaters are highlighted in the next sectionof this document.

CA and PSYOP Support to GeographicCINCs. CA and PSYOP are SOF principalmissions, but their functional command andcontrol relationships are structured to support

A SEAL team member talks with locals after training atthe Takama Waterfront, Guyana, in support of exerciseTradewinds 99.

14

Soldier from 96th Civil Affairs Battalion passes out candy to refugee childrenat a Greek refugee camp in Albania.

both special operations and conven-tional forces. USSOCOM providesforward-deployed CA and PSYOPsupport to the geographic CINCsto accomplish planning and coor-dination for forward presence,peacetime support, contingency,and wartime operations.

CA support provided to combatantcommanders comes from both theactive and reserve components.Although the reserve componentcomprises approximately 90 percentof the total CA force, the supportoffered by all CA forces is integratedinto theater engagement and contin-gency and operational planning.

PSYOP support to geographic CINCsis vital to attaining theater objectives.Normally located on the geographicCINC’s staff, PSYOP forward liaisondetachments (FLDs) are an importantresource in planning politicallysensitive, yet invaluable, PSYOP.Currently the only PSYOP group inthe active component force structure,the 4th PSYOP Group (Airborne),provides FLDs to USEUCOM,USPACOM, USSOUTHCOM, andUnited Nations Command (Korea).

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CURRENTOPERATIONS

SOF Around the WorldU.S. SOF are conducting more missions, in moreplaces, and under a broader range of conditionsthan ever before. In FY 1999, SOF units deployedto 152 countries and territories — a figure thatdoes not include classified missions or specialaccess programs. In any given week, 5,000 SOFoperators are deployed in approximately60 countries worldwide.

Operations conducted during FY 1999, andnumerous joint/combined exercises in the

United States and overseas, continue to rein-force two key principles. First, SOF providecomplementary capabilities that, when used inconjunction with conventional forces, expandthe military options of a JFC. Second, SOF aremost effective when they are fully integratedinto a JFC’s campaign plan. The theater SOCs,highlighted in this section, ensure that SOFcapabilities are considered throughout theentire planning process and that SOF are fullyintegrated into both peace and wartime plans.

USCENTCOM

USEUCOM

USPACOMUSJFCOM

USSOUTHCOM5o S

68o E

58o W28o N

8o N30o W

17o E

USJFCOM

I n d i a n O c e a nS o u t hA t l a n t i c

O c e a n

N o r t hA t l a n t i cO c e a n

A r c t i cO c e a n

A r c t i cO c e a n

S o u t hP a c i f i cO c e a n

N o r t hP a c i f i cO c e a n

N o r t hP a c i f i cO c e a n

A r c t i cO c e a n

USPACOM

95o W 100o E

92o W

Antarctica

Geographic CINCs’ Area of Responsibility (AOR) Map

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United States Joint Forces Commandand Special Operations Command

Joint Forces Command(SOCJFCOM)

On October 1, 1999, the Unified CommandPlan (UCP 99) redesignated the U.S. AtlanticCommand (USACOM) the U.S. Joint ForceCommand (USJFCOM), fully asserting its missionas the joint force provider, trainer, and integrator.UCP 99 depicts the evolution from USACOM,a geographic CINC with some functional roles,toward a functional unified command perform-ing joint force training, integrating, and force-providing functions while retaining somegeographic unified command responsibilities.

In concert with UCP 99, CINCUSJFCOM’sstrategic vision is to lead the transformation ofU.S. armed forces to the capabilities envisionedin Joint Vision 2010. CINCUSJFCOM maximizesAmerica’s present and future military capabilitiesthrough joint training, total force integration,and the provision of ready CONUS-based con-ventional forces to support other CINCs, theAtlantic theater, and domestic requirements.Toward this end, USJFCOM has been establishedas the center of excellence for training, trainingsupport, and integration of U.S. forces and ourallies in preparing to conduct the full spectrum ofjoint, multinational, and interagency operationsin order to protect and defend national interests.

The change to USJFCOM has significantlychanged the focus of SOCJFCOM. SOCJFCOM,a sub-unified command of USJFCOM, located inNorfolk, Virginia, further enhances USJFCOM’scenter of excellence by providing the capabilityto fully integrate SOF operations in its joint,multinational, and interagency training andintegration program. SOCJFCOM also assistsin CINCSOC’s joint SOF training responsibi-lities through its JSOTF, Joint PsychologicalOperations Task Force (JPOTF), and JointCivil-Military Operations Task Force(JCMOTF) training charter.

In September 1999, CINCUSJFCOM approveda new SOCJFCOM mission statement to under-score this changing role.

SOCJFCOM conducts worldwide joint SOFtraining and facilitates joint integration toenhance the effectiveness and interoperabilityof special operations forces in joint, multi-national, and interagency environments.

Special tactics pararescueman, inserted by AFSOCMH-53M, conducts rescue of a downed pilot duringcombat search and rescue training.

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Additionally, as a theater SOC, SOCJFCOMwill conduct special operations as directed byCINCUSJFCOM.

From this mission statement, SOCJFCOMhas derived four essential tasks:

n conduct worldwide joint SOF trainingto enhance SOF effectiveness within thejoint, multinational, and interagencyenvironment in support of USJFCOM’straining program; focus training on CINCstaffs and JTF commanders and staffs(the mission employers of SOF), and theidentified training needs of the JSOTF,JPOTF, JCMOTF commanders and staffs(the doers)

n improve JTF to JSOTF and JSOTF toJTF component interoperability throughparticipation in the USJFCOM JointExercise Program

n facilitate joint integration, to includeconcept development and experimentation,to enhance SOF effectiveness within thejoint, multinational, and interagencyenvironment

Soldier from 528th Special Operations Support Battalionbounds off the wall during rappel training descent.

Rangers practice breaching a target building during trainingfor military operations in urban terrain (MOUT).

n conduct special operations in support ofUSJFCOM, which encompasses:

– being prepared to form a JSOTF toconduct special operations in supportof USJFCOM;

– conducting regional surveys; and

– being prepared to deploy a HumanitarianAssistance Survey Team within 24 hoursof notification.

As USJFCOM continues to spearhead theimprovement of the joint combat capability ofU.S. military forces worldwide, SOCJFCOMwill facilitate this evolution by its focus onjoint SOF training and integration thatenhances the effectiveness and interopera-bility of SOF in joint, multinational, andinteragency operations.

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United States Southern Command andSpecial Operations Command, South

(SOCSOUTH)

The AOR of the U.S. Southern Command(USSOUTHCOM) encompasses the land massand surrounding waters of Latin America southof Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulfof Mexico. This area contains 32 independentcountries and 15 dependencies including French,British, Dutch, and U.S. territories — 12.5 millionsquare miles or approximately one-sixth of theworld’s land area. Every country, except Cuba,conducts national elections and employs a repre-sentative form of government. Economically,the region is vital to our Nation’s continuedprosperity. Nearly 40 percent of the crude oilconsumed in the United States comes from theCaribbean Basin. Brazil is the world’s eighthlargest economy, equal to China and larger thanCanada. Argentina’s gross domestic product(GDP) is approximately the same as the GDPof Australia, Russia or India. Over 400 millionpeople of the area speak seven official languages:English, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, French,Quechua, and Aymara. Extreme differences ingeography, topography, prosperity, stability,and ethnicity characterize the theater.

SOCSOUTH, is the Southern Command’ssubordinate unified command for special opera-tions. It is responsible for all SOF in the theater,except CA and PSYOP forces. Forward based atNaval Station Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico,SOCSOUTH is comprised of a joint headquarterswith three forward-based operational units:C Company, 3rd Battalion, 7th Special ForcesGroup (Airborne); Naval Special Warfare UnitFOUR; and D Company, 160th Special Opera-tions Aviation Regiment (Airborne). CONUS-based SOF from USSOCOM, in support of theUSSOUTHCOM Theater Engagement Plan,continuously augment the command. This assis-tance can be expanded to the full range of SOFcapabilities required for contingency response.SOCSOUTH supports the USSOUTHCOM

Strategy of Cooperative Regional PeacetimeEngagement by providing SOF capabilities thatassist in shaping the theater’s security environ-ment, while ensuring appropriate forces are pos-tured to respond when U.S. interests are threat-ened. Toward this end, SOCSOUTH managesover 200 SOF deployments annually, averaging42 missions in 16 countries at any given time.

SOCSOUTH contributes to the accomplishmentof USCINCSOUTH theater objectives by:

n assisting U. S. agencies in training host-nationforces to target drug production and trafficking,and supporting interagency efforts to interdictthe flow of drugs in the transit zone

n enhancing regional stability by assisting friendlynations in dealing with internal and externalthreats to their security, while fostering pro-fessionalism and respect for human rights

n building military-to-military contacts thatgenerate mutual trust, improve collective militarycapabilities, and promote democratic ideals

n staying ready to conduct special operations inconflict and peace in support of U.S. interests

Challenges. Many of the region’s democraciesremain fragile, their basis undermined by wide-spread economic, sociological and politicalproblems. They face security problems that aremultidimensional and localized. Latin Americahas the most uneven distribution of income andwealth of any region, where the poorest 40 per-cent of the population receives only 10 percentof the income. Poverty is widespread. Rapidpopulation growth, proliferating transnationalthreats, international drug trafficking, organizedcrime, terrorism, environmental degradation,illegal migration, the proliferation of land mines,

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and extra-legal paramilitary forces challenge thewell-being and moral fiber of every country in theWestern Hemisphere, including the United States.Domestic crime threatens U.S. economic interestsand the security of our citizens abroad — one-halfof the world’s abductions occur in Colombia alone.The region’s porous borders, the expanding influ-ence of insurgent organizations, and the symbioticrelationship between the illicit drug industry andinsurgent forces vastly increase the complexityof the challenge.

Hurricane Georges struck the Dominican Republic,SOF helicopters and soldiers were the first U.S.forces in the country. As Hurricane Mitch wasdevastating Honduras, SOCSOUTH deployedforces that rescued over 900 people on the dayof their arrival.

After the lifesaving efforts were complete, SOFlanguage and communications skills were employedto coordinate the initial multinational relief effortsin Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicara-gua. In one case, SEALs and SOF helicoptersrecovered a fisherman with a life-threateningdisorder from a ship off the coast of Costa Ricawhen other U.S. assets were forced to turn backdue to bad weather. In another instance, SOFhelicopters, SF soldiers, and special tactics teamairmen employed their unique skills to recoverhuman remains and sensitive equipment fromexceptionally rugged terrain when a U.S. ArmyReconnaissance Low-level aircraft crashed inthe Andes Mountains of Colombia.

In December 1999, severe flooding in Venezuelaresulted in the deaths of an estimated 30,000people. Within hours of notification, a task forcefrom SOCSOUTH deployed to the disaster areato assist in rescue efforts. The nature of operationsrapidly shifted and SOCSOUTH was tasked toprovide the command and control element fora Humanitarian Assistance operation thatremained in place for an extended period.

Army, Navy, and Air Force SOF assisted in the rescue of over900 Honduran civilians in the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch.

The emphasis of the region’s military forces ismoving away from traditional roles. The conceptsof balance of power, deterrence, and collectivedefense against extra-hemispheric threats arefading. Regional security considerations nowinclude threats to the domestic order thatchallenge a state’s ability to hold the countrytogether and to govern. Today, many regionalmilitaries focus on issues that garner the supportof the people for the government, includingresponse to natural disasters and their aftermath;domestic threats; and dealing with non-stateactors including terrorists, organized crime,and paramilitary groups.

To assist in the U.S. effort to meet these chal-lenges, SOCSOUTH provides a flexible meansof accomplishing a wide range of missions. As thetheater’s only rapid response force, SOCSOUTHis commonly called upon to handle emergenciesrequiring immediate military assistance. When

SOF MH-60L, soldiers, and STT airmen in position for hoistinsertion to crash site in the Andes Mountains.

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Counterdrug support is a major area of focusin the Southern Command. Deployed on a con-tinuous basis throughout the source and transitzones, SOF supports interagency and host-nationland-, riverine-, sea-, and air-interdiction effortsto disrupt the production, cultivation, and move-ment of illegal drugs. The presence of NSWPatrol Coastal ships plays a vital role in detec-tion and monitoring efforts. SEALs and SpecialBoat Unit personnel are constantly engaged intraining missions to assist participating nationsin controlling their coastlines and waterways.Air Force SOF provide critical training thathelp host nations develop counterdrug aviationoperational and logistical support infrastructures.Army SF teams are continuously training host-nation counter-narcotics forces in a wide rangeof relevant skills.

The Colombian Government is making sub-stantial efforts to neutralize those organizationsresponsible for illicit drug activities in its countryand requested U.S. assistance in training andequipping an Army Counterdrug Brigade. Theoutcome of this joint endeavor will be a forcethat is capable of day or night operations in allweather and terrain; a highly professional forcethat operates within the rule of law and respectsuniversal human rights. Currently, SOCSOUTHis the USSOUTHCOM executive agent forthe training. The initial Colombian ArmyCounterdrug Battalion attained operationalcapability in December 1999.

C Company, 3rd Battalion, 7th Special ForcesGroup (Airborne) hosts the annual SOF Counter-terrorism Tactics and Techniques Symposium(CTTTS). This USSOUTHCOM traditionalCINC activity brings security forces from through-out the region together in friendship to exchangeideas and foster dialogue on the common issue ofcombating terrorism. Additionally, SOCSOUTHdeployed forces on numerous occasions to improveforce protection for U.S. units and enhance thesafety of U.S. citizens and interests during periodsof internal strife in several nations of the region.

SOCSOUTH is dedicated to providing SOFexpertise to the USSOUTHCOM exerciseprogram. It serves as executive agent fortwo JCS exercises, and co-executive agentfor a third. Cabanas is a joint and combinedfield training exercise with South Americancountries that focuses on peacekeeping opera-tions skills. Tradewinds, for which SOCSOUTHis executive agent for the ground phase, is anannual opportunity for the defense and policeforces of the Caribbean Regional SecuritySystem and the Caribbean Community toconduct interoperability and skills trainingfrom the individual to battalion staff level.These exercises serve to promote regionalstability. Ellipse Echo is an annual contingencyresponse event that provides superb trainingin warfighting and planning skills to U.S.SOF. Additionally, SOCSOUTH participatesin a variety of other exercises designed toenhance U.S. joint interoperability, suchas Blue Advance, Unified Endeavor, andFuertes Defensas.

In the Southern Command, SOF truly exertsa ubiquitous presence, postured to shape,and if required, prepared to respond, at amoments notice.

U.S. and regional security forces participate in theCounterterrorist Olympics, part of the annualCounterterrorism Tactics and Techniques Symposium.

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United States European Command andSpecial Operations Command, Europe

(SOCEUR)

The U.S. European Command (USEUCOM) isthe second largest geographic AOR in the unifiedcombatant command structure. Spanning threecontinents and encompassing 89 countries, itsgeographical area encompasses 13 million squaremiles and is home for more than one billionpeople. EUCOM is a dynamic theater in conflict.Within this vast AOR, USEUCOM stands readyto promote peace and stability and to defeatadversaries. To accomplish these theater objec-tives, the commander in chief, USEUCOM,relies heavily on SOCEUR to provide himwith timely unconventional military options.

As a sub-unified command for special operations,COMSOCEUR provides operational directionand control of special operations, CA, and PSYOPforces in the USEUCOM AOR. Comprised ofArmy, Air Force, and Navy SOF stationed inEurope, the SOC routinely receives augmentationfrom continental U.S.-based forces to accomplishits assigned tasks. From these varied assets,COMSOCEUR forms task forces capable ofexecuting special operations as well as conductingassessments and response to crises throughout the

USEUCOM AOR. COMSOCEUR also functionsas Director, Special Operations Directorate of theEUCOM staff to provide theater strategic inputand advice to the theater commander concerningspecial operations.

Promote Peace and Stability, and DefeatAdversaries. SOCEUR’s operations and activi-ties reflect the USEUCOM strategic objectives toPromote Peace and Stability, and Defeat Adversaries.SOCEUR plays an important role in promotingpeace and shaping the international environmentin the EUCOM area of responsibility by reducingthe conditions that lead to conflict. Key SOCEURengagement activities include JCET events, theJoint Contact Team Program (JCTP), the AfricanCrisis Response Initiative (ACRI), and human-itarian demining operations.

JCETs are training activities that fulfill SOFunit training and CINCEUR engagement needsin countries throughout the theater. This com-bination of training and engagement allowsSOF units to perform mission-essential tasks andregionally focused training while simultaneouslyestablishing U.S. presence and influence inpriority engagement countries.

The JCTP is a USCINCEUR initiative to pro-vide greater U.S. military interaction with formerWarsaw Pact countries and Soviet client states;SOF units provide excellent models for thesenations to emulate in their evolving militaries.

ACRI is a Department of State initiative to developthe capabilities of selected African countries torespond to regional crises with capable, profes-sional, indigenous military forces. Humanitariandemining is a joint venture between the Depart-ments of State and Defense. This program contin-ues to save hundreds of lives each year throughout

Host-nation locals watch from a hill outside the perimeterfence as an MC-130P takes off from Brazzaville Airport,Republic of Congo.

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the EUCOM AOR by training host-nation person-nel in demining and in educating the public on thedangers of landmines and unexploded ordnance.

Readiness to respond to crises is SOCEUR’shighest priority as reflected by its motto — SemperPreparate (Always Prepared). SOCEUR sustainsits unique warfighting capabilities to successfullyrespond to the full spectrum of crisis — from trans-national threats, through the myriad forms ofsmaller-scale contingencies, to major theater war.

The Security Environment. SOCEUR’s AORexhibits the full range of human conditions andthe strategic environment is correspondinglydiverse. In many cases, U.S presence is welcomedon a bilateral, or more often multilateral, basis.U.S. presence is minimal in many cases — parti-cularly in Sub-Saharan Africa — due to the sizeof the theater. U.S. relationships in the AORover the past 50 years have formed a foundationfor U.S. leadership, participation, and collectiveaction against threats to regional security.SOCEUR manages its engagement programson a country-by-country basis and follows theEUCOM lead by dividing its AOR into severalregions for easier manageability.

n Western Europe/NATO. Western Europewill continue to be the stable anchor withinthe AOR. The template for stability and coop-eration in the region is NATO. U.S. SOF trainwith NATO air, land, and sea special operationsforces in all climates and terrain, from the frozenfjords of Norway to the sweltering deserts ofAfrica. Interoperability, combined commandand control, and the exchange of methods andtactics ensure the United States and its alliesare ready to conduct combined or coordinatedspecial operations anywhere in the theater.SOCEUR has been in the forefront of inte-grating new member nations into the NATOalliance — assessing, training, and exercisingwith host-nation SOF assets. SOF can be arelatively inexpensive option to countrieslooking to make a viable but affordablecontribution to NATO’s force structure.

n Central Europe. Central Europe is experienc-ing a new wave of nationalism and, to a lesserdegree, ultra-nationalism. The end of commu-nism has revealed long-suppressed internal andexternal security issues involving intractableethnic/religious hatreds and old boundarydisputes rooted in modern history. Politicalopportunists are seizing on these issues toacquire national leadership positions. The riskof political instability within the developingcentral European democracies — particularlythe Balkan states — will remain high throughthe next several years.

To counter these threats, SOCEUR has joinedformer Warsaw Pact forces to develop SOFthat meet NATO standards for interoperability.JCETs conducted in Central Europe provideunique training opportunities for each ofSOCEUR’s component forces. They also serveto demonstrate the strengths and capabilitiesof the U.S. military, as well as the benefits ofa responsible and well-trained, professionalNCO corps — a capability normally lackingin Soviet-modeled forces. In the recentBalkans conflict, joint SOF, under the direc-tion of COMSOCEUR, were employed toexpand the range of military options availableto USCINCEUR. Most notable were two

Soldier from the 301st PSYOP Company poses with schoolchildren after handing out copies of a monthly magazinedesigned to promote good relations between Bosnians andmembers of the Stabilization Force.

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successful combat recoveries of Americanpilots downed by enemy fire over Serbia.Additionally, CA and PSYOP forces providedimmeasurable assistance in the ever-evolvingprocess of modern day warfare. The Balkanshave historically demanded world attentionand SOF will continue to play a central rolein this volatile region.

n New Independent States. With theiremergence as sovereign nations, the NewIndependent States (NIS) simultaneouslybegan the process of changing their institu-tions from authoritarian to democratic andfrom provincial to national. While some havesuccessfully taken their place on the worldstage as democracies, others have tended torevert to authoritarianism, and a few are splitby severe ethnic divisions. This is an emergingregion for USEUCOM and SOCEUR. Initialefforts in this area have focused on regionalassessments and teaching these nations therole of the military in a democracy.

SOF play a key role in the NIS by providingthe CINC with U.S. eyes and ears in a regionstill plagued by uncertainty and instability.In 1998, SOCEUR sponsored the first NISSOF conference held offsite in Stuttgart,Germany. This benchmark event broughtmilitary personnel from Moldova, Georgia,and the Ukraine together to view U.S. SOFdemonstrations and discuss opportunities forfuture JCET and JCTP events. Internationalinterest and tensions in the region are expectedto dramatically increase as resident deposits ofoil and minerals are developed. Accordingly,development of SOF familiarity and experi-ence in the region is becoming a high priority.

n Africa. Africa is a complex and diverse regionwith many countries evolving into clusters ofstability and instability. While some are pros-perous and semi- or fully democratic, othersare stagnating under non-democratic militaryor civilian leaders, and a few are consistentlychaotic due to coups, civil wars, or lack of a

strong, central government. SOF representthe greatest percentage of American “bootson the ground” in this vast continent. Con-duct of ACRI and humanitarian deminingtraining under the auspices of SOCEUR hashad a demonstrable stabilizing influence inthis unstable part of the world. Likewise,port visits and coastal maritime engagementprograms maintain a critical presence in areaswhere other U.S. forces either cannot or willnot go. A very active JCET program permitseach of the three SOF components to routinelytrain in an environment that has recentlyprecipitated four responses to crises bySOCEUR forces.

Conclusion. The projected future strategic envi-ronment for EUCOM is one in which there willbe fewer “wars,” but more conflict. Failed states,transnational threats, humanitarian crises, androgue states that seek to leverage instability arecertain to result in the increased employment ofU.S. SOF in the future. SOCEUR will continueto provide the “point of the spear” for operationsthroughout the theater — whether to engage toprevent conflict, thwart terrorism, stem the pro-liferation of weapons of mass destruction, or torespond to crises with precision and strengthto restore peace and stability.

SF soldier discusses an airfield security mission with aGhanaian paratrooper training with foreign counterpartsin Cote d’Ivoire.

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United States Central Command andSpecial Operations Command, Central

(SOCCENT)

The Central Region is one of the most dynamicand diverse areas of the world. It is an area that hasbeen, and will continue to be, vitally important tothe United States. The Central Region is the birthplace of three of the world’s major religions; has apopulation of over 428 million people; and consistsof 17 different ethnic groups, six major languages,hundreds of dialects, varied forms of government,and a wide range of per capita incomes.

CENTCOM’s strategy of “Shaping the CentralRegion for the 21st Century” seeks to integratethe efforts of U.S. Central Command withthose of other U.S. government agencies, non-governmental/private volunteer organizations,and our friends in the region to obtain the sharedgoal of a peaceful, stable, and prosperous CentralRegion. Implementing this strategy involves thefull spectrum of engagement, including warfight-ing and contingency planning, combined andbilateral exercises, United Nations (UN) sanc-tions enforcement and monitoring, and securityassistance and demining operations. SOCCENTplays an integral part in all these activities.

Forward Presence. SOCCENT implements thecommand’s theater strategy through numerousinitiatives and programs. SOCCENT’s culturallysensitive forces provide a direct link to host-nationcounterparts and work to formalize coalitionoperations procedures, agreements, and doctrinefor coalition warfare. SOCCENT has severalforward-positioned command and control (C2)elements. SOCCENT Forward exercises C2 forall SOF forces within the AOR. SOCCENT For-ward is located in Bahrain. Naval Special WarfareUnit THREE (NSWU-3), also located in Bahrain,provides C2 and support for all Naval SpecialWarfare forces in theater. The SOC CoordinationElement (SOCCE) Kuwait is primarily dedicatedto providing SOF C2 for Operation Desert Spring.SOCCE Qatar provides logistic and administra-tive assistance in preparation for the SOCCENTheadquarter’s relocation into the AOR.

Headquarters Structure. SOCCENT head-quarters is currently located at MacDill Air ForceBase, Florida. The command is organized similarto other joint commands with responsibilitiesdivided among six directorates: personnel, opera-tions, plans, intelligence, logistics, and communi-cations. Command manning is heavily reliantupon individual mobilization augmenties (IMAs).

Recent Operations. SOCCENT is committedto support the CENTCOM’s regional strategythrough a variety of initiatives that reflect theNational Security Strategy elements of shapingthe international environment, responding tothe full spectrum of crises, and preparing nowfor an uncertain future. Some recent operationsand initiatives conducted by SOCCENT forcesare described below.

SEALs fast rope to the deck of USS Enterprise duringexercises as ship transits through the Gulf of Aden towardthe Persian Gulf.

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n Desert Fox. In December 1998, OperationDesert Fox was executed in response toreported Iraqi non-compliance with theUnited Nations Special Commission(UNSCOM). SOCCENT deployed specialoperations liaison elements and a SOCCEaugmentation force in anticipation ofextended hostilities.

n Maritime Interception Operations (MIO).SOCCENT supported UN sanctions enforce-ment through MIO conducted in support ofUN Security Council Resolution 687 thatimposed international trade and economicsanctions against Iraq. NSWU-3 in Bahrainprovided both assets and personnel for this effort.

n Desert Spring. In August 1999, all Iris Goldexercises were incorporated under OperationDesert Spring. The original purpose of theexercise remains the same: to provide combatsupport units to the Kuwaiti Brigades for ter-minal guidance of close air support liaison toCombined Task Force (CTF) Kuwait. Opera-tion Desert Spring has expanded to includeup to nine SF teams and a special operationsC2 element.

n Demining. SOCCENT forces plan, establish,and conduct humanitarian demining opera-tions to provide a self-sustaining, indigenous

humanitarian capability. Training is performedto locate, identify, and create databases formine locations; eliminate the threat of landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO);reduce the risk to life, livestock, and property;return land to productive use; and train andmaintain the indigenous force in deminingtechniques. Demining operations have beenconducted in Yemen and Jordan and areplanned for Ethiopia and Eritrea. The part-nership established through the deminingprogram has become the prototype for allother demining programs throughoutthe world.

n Counterdrug. SOCCENT conducts Counter-drug operations in support of PresidentialDecision Directive 44. During 1999, SOFforces provided light infantry and mountain-eering training for Turkmenistan’s state borderservice. In addition, SOF forces conducted aWarrant Officer Leadership and DevelopmentCourse with 30 Turkmen participants. Addi-tional counterdrug training operations areplanned in Egypt and Kenya.

n Integrated Survey Program (ISP). SOCCENTforces conduct surveys of U.S. facilities, includ-ing embassies and consulates, within the AORon a recurring basis. These surveys support StateDepartment emergency action plans (EAP) foreach post. In addition, surveys provide planninginformation for Non-Combatant EvacuationOperations (NEO).

In August 1998, while conducting a surveyin Nairobi, Kenya, ISP personnel were insidethe U.S. embassy when the terrorist bombexploded. The team quickly formed a defen-sive perimeter around the embassy to preventpedestrian interference and potential follow-on attack. In addition, several members ofthe team established a first aid triage centertreating injured embassy personnel. Theirquick decisive actions were critical in savingadditional lives. Nine SF personnel and one

An airman directs the crew of an EC-130 out of its parkingspot towards the runway for takeoff and another missionover Southwest Asia during Operation Southern Watch.

26

member of the Air Force special tacticssquadron were awarded the Soldier’s Medalfor their actions.

n Central Asian States. USCENTCOMrecently assumed responsibility for allmilitary activities for the five countriesin the Central Asian Region: Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, andTajikistan. SOCCENT’s inherently smallfootprint and culturally sensitive forces playa critical role in nurturing CENTCOM’srelationships in this region.

n JCS and JCET Exercises. SOCCENT’sjoint and combined exercise and trainingprograms are vital peacetime engagementtools that support the CINC’s theater strategy.Two primary goals of these programs are toenhance SOF’s warfighting capability throughmaintaining combat readiness and to maintainaccess and presence in the AOR. The exercisesalso provide the principal means by which toimprove coalition warfighting capabilitieswhile simultaneously building strong military-to-military relationships. During 1999,SOCCENT forces conducted over 15 JCETand eight JCS exercises with 15 countries.

Rangers conduct weapons training in the Egyptian desert.

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United States Pacific Command andSpecial Operations Command, Pacific

(SOCPAC)

“Even with the downsizing of U.S. ArmedForces, the demand for SOF forces,to support almost every contingency,

will continue to increase. . . not decrease.For that reason, our Army, Navy and

Air Force special operations forces continueto be our most precious commodity.

We must, as leaders, evaluate our missionsand objectives to ensure that we do notovertask or mis-task our subordinate

commands and staffs and thus abuse ourSOF personnel. We must evaluate our

tasks to ensure all actions supportUSCINCPAC objectives as well as his

holistic ‘Strategy to Task’ campaign. Thereis no doubt that SOCPAC’s mature,

professional, and culturally aware SOFpersonnel continue to stand ready,

underwriting our commitment throughoutthe Pacific region and irrefutably supporting

USCINCPAC strategy.”

Brigadier General Jack R. HolbeinCommander, SOCPAC

SOCPAC, located at Camp H. M. Smith, Oahu,Hawaii, is a sub-unified command and serves asthe SOF component command for the U.S.Pacific Command (USPACOM). The AOR ofthe commander in chief, U.S. Pacific Command(USCINCPAC), represents the largest geographicarea of the unified commands. It covers over halfof the earth’s surface with over 105 million squaremiles and nearly 60 percent of the world’s popula-tion. Distance, diversity, and change characterizethe PACOM AOR.

Although the Asian-Pacific Rim has recentlyexperienced an economic slowdown, over the lastdecade Asia’s economic growth rate was twice thatof the world as a whole. This growth has increasedcompetition for both natural resources and mar-kets. Thirty-six percent of U.S. merchandisetrade is within the region and over three millionAmerican jobs are linked to Asian export markets.Sovereignty claims to areas such as the SpratlyIslands have become important due to theresource potential of the surrounding seas.

Economic growth has fueled an expansion ofmilitary technologies and capabilities. The sixlargest armed forces in the world operate in thePacific AOR. Military capabilities in the regionare increasingly modern due to technical devel-opment and economic growth. This enhancedmilitary capability has resulted in several nationspossessing the capability to build and deliverweapons of mass destruction (WMD). Otherregional nations also have the economic andtechnical sophistication to develop WMDcapabilities on short notice, should theybelieve a threat exists.

SF medic works with Royal Thai marine during a medicalcapabilities exercise.

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The political challenges are also changing.Asian-Pacific nations are proud of their culturesand sensitive about issues of independence andsovereignty. These nations are strikingly diversein size, population, culture, and history. The43 nations, 20 territories, and 10 U.S. territoriesrepresent 75 official languages and over 20 dis-tinct religions. Security concerns and threats,such as the Korean peninsula, Indo-Pakistaniborder, and Indonesia, remain USCINCPACconcerns. Local insurrection, territorial disputes,religious and ethnic conflicts, and illegal drugtrafficking have economic, political, and mili-tary implications for USCINCPAC and alltheater service components.

USCINCPAC’s strategy harmonizes employmentof military resources with the other elements ofnational power. This strategy recognizes contri-butions made, both directly and indirectly, bymilitary forces in shaping the international

Shaping the Environment. SOCPAC supportsUSCINCPAC’s shaping strategy through opera-tions such as demining activities, counterdrugoperations, bilateral/multilateral exercises,JCET program activities, Pacific SituationAwareness Teams (PSATs), and the annualPacific Area Special Operations Conference(PASOC). Engagement seeks to: demon-strate continued American intent andcapability; reassure allies and friends; pro-mote regional stability, cooperation andtrust; deter potential regional aggressors;build force inter-operability; and maintainaccess to host-nation support and facilities.

Landmines continue to inflict hundreds ofcivilian casualties per month. Additionally,the mine threat removes arable land from pro-duction and reduces the flow of commerce.Various factions laid these mines over the last40 years. SOF, in cooperation with the hostnation and U.S. government agencies, havedesigned and managed a training programto improve mine awareness, detection andrecovery, and the treatment of casualties.SOCPAC conducted four demining operationsin Laos in 1998 and again in 1999. Additionally,two initial demining assessments were conductedin Thailand in 1999, with four demining opera-tions scheduled during 2000. Other countriesplagued by landmines are looking at ways toparticipate in the program.

Southeast Asia remains one of the world’slargest drug-producing areas. SOF assist hostnations in improving their capability to dealwith this significant problem. Specifically,SOF conduct training to improve planning,expertise, and small-unit tactics of host-nationmilitary and law enforcement agencies toincrease their ability to battle narco-criminals.Thailand and Malaysia were participatingcountries in 1999. Laos, Cambodia, Thailand,and Malaysia are scheduled participants during2000. This training benefits both host nation

environment through activities that promotepeace and stability. The strategy focuses oncontinued military presence in the region —demonstrating U.S. commitment, developingtrust, and deterring aggressors.

SF instructors train Laotian deminers in mine injury relatedfirst aid and medical treatment.

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and U.S. forces as they share techniques, sharpenskills, and improve operational effectiveness.

One of the cornerstones of the shaping elementis the SOCPAC-managed JCET program. Thisprogram fulfills SOF training requirements andallows the sharing of skills between SOF elementsand their host-nation counterparts. These activi-ties include airborne and air mobile patrolling,lifesaving, reconnaissance, and small-unit tactics.JCET activities improve SOF and host nationcapabilities, and also demonstrate USCINCPAC’scommitment to constructive engagement.

In addition, humanitarian and civic actionprojects, done in conjunction with JCETevents, provide tangible benefits for thehost-nation civilian population. During 1999,SOCPAC conducted 37 JCET events in 12countries. Participants include in-theater andCONUS units from both active and reservecomponents. USCINCPAC uses this corner-stone program for initial military-to-militarycontact, annually demonstrated throughpresence in some of the smaller countries,and as part of an ongoing military programin many of the larger nations.

USCINCPAC deployed its Pacific SituationAssessment Team (PSAT), consisting of SOCPACpersonnel, during 1998 and 1999. PSAT enhancescoordination between USCINCPAC and theU.S. Chief of Mission’s country team by provid-ing on-site advice regarding the suitability andfeasibility of the application of military forcesand resources in support of U.S. governmentresponses to crisis situations.

The annual PASOC is another forum thatsupports USCINCPAC’s theater engagementprogram. This week-long conference, comprisingover 200 delegates — including 26 flag officers —from 22 countries, provides USCINCPAC andCOMSOCPAC with an “azimuth check” forU.S. peacetime engagement. In addition, PASOCprovides a unique opportunity to develop, in a

multilateral setting, senior foreign military con-tacts that will facilitate the conduct of futureexercises, crisis response, and other operationswithin the AOR.

Responding to Crises. SOCPAC providesUSCINCPAC with a highly capable crisisresponse force. Crisis response is USCINCPAC’stop SOF priority and is provided by USCINCPAC’srapidly deployable Joint Task Force-510 (JTF-510).With SOCPAC as the nucleus, JTF-510 is specifi-cally structured for, and capable of, timely responseto special contingencies, humanitarian assistance,disaster relief, noncombatant evacuation opera-tions (NEO), and other crises. With a secure,mission-tailored, highly mobile, reliable com-munications package, JTF-510 is usually thefirst to deploy in real-world crises and in eachmajor exercise.

Conclusion. SOCPAC serves as the SOF focalpoint for the most expansive and diverse geo-graphic area of the world. In an AOR that ischaracterized by distance, diversity and change,SOCPAC fulfills a key role in harmonizing theuse of military resources in the region with otherelements of national strategy. The presence ofthis command and its deployed service membersserves to demonstrate U.S. commitment, developtrust among Pacific nations, and deter aggressionthroughout the region.

COMSOCPAC exchanges mementos with the Thaidelegation during PASOC 99 closing ceremonies.

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United Nations CommandROK/U.S. Combined Forces Command

United States Forces Korea andSpecial Operations Command, Korea

(SOCKOR)

SOCKOR, located at Camp Kim inYongsan, Korea, is the theater SOCresponsible for special operationson the Korean peninsula and, whenestablished, the Korean Theater ofOperations (KTO). The KTO andSOCKOR exist because there hasnever been a peace treaty officiallyending the Korean War. Militaryforces on the Korean Peninsulamaintain a heightened state ofreadiness to respond to the resump-tion of hostilities with little or nowarning. The KTO achieves unityof effort through a complex web ofcommand relationships comprisedof three military elements with different butcomplementary missions, all commanded by asingle CINC. The KTO is unique because theCINC in Korea is not a U.S. unified commander.As the commander in chief, United NationsCommand (CINCUNC), he is the internationalcommander responsible for maintaining thearmistice that has existed in Korea since 1953.

As the commander in chief,Republic of Korea (ROK)/U.S.Combined Forces Command(CINCCFC), he is a bi-nationalcommander who supportsCINCUNC by deterring NorthKorean aggression and, if necessary,defeating a North Korean attack.As the commander of U.S. Forces,Korea (COMUSKOREA), he is thesubordinate unified commander ofUSPACOM responsible for provid-ing U.S. forces to CINCUNC/CFC.

Deterrence and Readiness. Becauseof the unique command relation-

ships in Korea, SOCKOR is the only theater SOCthat is not a subordinate unified command. Estab-lished in 1988 as a functional component com-mand of U.S. Forces, Korea (USFK), SOCKOR isthe principal organization responsible for theintegration of U.S. SOF in Korea. Its primarymission focus is simple: be ready to employ U.S.SOF and win, should war resume in Korea.During armistice, SOCKOR is responsibleto CINCUNC/CFC and COMUSKOREAfor SOF war planning, targeting, training,and participation in exercises and contingencyoperations on the Korean peninsula. SOCPACsupports SOCKOR in these responsibilities androutinely demonstrates its capability to reinforceSOCKOR rapidly during a crisis. During armis-tice, contingencies, and hostilities, SOCKORexercises operational control of the U.S. ArmySpecial Forces Detachment, Korea (SFD-K),which is the longest continuously serving SFunit in Asia. This organization is key to ensuringAn MC-130H aircraft prepares to make a practice airdrop,

Republic of Korea.

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inter-operability between ROK and U.S. SOF.The SF liaison NCOs of SFD-K live, train, andwork with the ROK Special Forces Brigades ona daily basis, and thus play a critical role in theshaping of ROK and U.S. SOF operations tosupport CINCUNC/CFC.

Warfighting. Should war resume in Korea,SOCKOR will combine with the Republicof Korea Army Special Warfare Commandto establish the Combined UnconventionalWarfare Task Force (CUWTF). As the specialoperations component of CFC, the CUWTFwill plan and conduct joint and combinedspecial operations throughout the KTO insupport of CINCUNC/CFC, exercising opera-tional control of all assigned and attached U.S.and ROK SOF. Additionally, SOCKOR willfunction as the Special Operations Command,UNC, integrating all third-country SOF com-mitted to CINCUNC. When fully reinforcedwith U.S. forces, SOCKOR comprises thelargest JSOTF in the world.

Engagement. SOF helps to shape thestrategic environment by contributingdirectly to CINCUNC/CFC’s deterrenceefforts through long-term deployments ofSOF, such as AC-130 gunships, during criticalperiods. Through the integration of ROK andU.S. SOF in combined exercises, SOCKORassists in expanding allied SOF capabilitiesto respond to the spectrum of threats as well

as to ensure that there is post-reunificationrelevance for ROK SOF. Although not underthe operational control of SOCKOR, U.S. CAand PSYOP forces have also assumed significantlygreater roles in support of CINCUNC/CFCthrough the newly established Combined CivilAffairs Task Force (CCATF) and CombinedPsychological Operations Task Force (CPOTF).The U.S. SOF elements apportioned to theCCATF and CPOTF are helping to shape thecombined capabilities of CFC to execute CAand PSYOP missions across the full range ofmilitary operations.

U.S. SF and ROK soldiers conduct long-range movementat the conclusion of a JCET.

Contingencies. To add to the challenge posedby a return to hostilities, there are a number of“wild card scenarios” that may occur, includingNorth Korean terrorist actions, direct militaryconfrontations, threats of the use of WMD,missile launches, and other forms of provoca-tion to gain political and economic conces-sions. Other potential crises include massiverefugee flow, natural or manmade disasters,transfer of or loss of control of WMD, theoutbreak of civil war within North Korea,and collapse of the North Korean state. There-fore, as U.S. SOF train for war, they must alsoprepare for the uncertainty and complexity ofpost-hostilities and a wide range of potentialcrises requiring swift and skilled militaryintervention. This is a uniquely human

ROK and U.S. SOF personnel exchange information oncommunications capabilities.

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endeavor and while advanced technology willhave important applications in these scenarios,it is the human element which is key to success.The cultural awareness and language abilitiesof SOF units will play a critical role in influenc-ing the North Korean population and assistingallied forces in the transition to a reunifiedKorean Peninsula.

Conclusion. ROK and U.S. SOF have animportant role to play in supporting CINCUNC/CFC. It is highly likely that the entire range ofspecial operations missions will be conductedin some form should hostilities resume or othercrisis occur. Therefore, SOCKOR and U.S.SOF must remain focused on their ability toexecute the full spectrum of special operationsin Korea.

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The EmergingEnvironmentAs the Cold War came to a close in the early1990s, few people predicted the degree to whichthe ancient problems of ethnic hatred, religiousintolerance, and nationalist extremism wouldundermine the world’s prospects for internationalstability. Though some observers argued that thechanging political environment, combined withfar-reaching advances in communications tech-nology, would herald an era of unprecedentedadvancement and economic growth, it nowappears that this prediction was overly optimistic.

SHAPINGTOMORROW’S SOF

to exploit these disparities to their advantage —creating numerous challenges for the UnitedStates. The most difficult problems facing policy-makers will be deciding whether and when politi-cal and military engagement will best supportour nation’s interests.

Evolving CapabilitiesIn this rapidly changing international environ-ment, it may be difficult to clearly picture therole of SOF in support of U.S. national securityrequirements. Indeed, many of the problemsthat the United States will face in the futurewill not be amenable to military solutions.However, it is inevitable that some inter-national problems will require a militaryresponse. In these situations, SOF, becauseof their unique skills, regional expertise,cultural sensitivity, and operational experi-ence, may be the force of choice for meetingthe strategic requirements of the NCA orregional decisionmakers. In the future, SOFwill perform three important roles in supportof the National Security Strategy.

Sweeping political, economic, demographic andtechnological changes are shaping the interna-tional environment in ways that we cannot predict,and since these changes are taking place at differ-ent rates around the world, they are exacerbatingthe already profound differences in the relativedispersion of economic and political power. With-out doubt, those seeking power will attempt

SF soldier works with a Lithuanian soldier on individualmovement techniques.

SEALs conduct a fast-rope exercise onto the hull of afast-attack submarine.

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Surgical Strike andRecoveryFirst, they will be called upon to perform those“special missions” that can neither fail nor leavethe perception of failure. These surgical strikeand recovery missions, ranging from rescuinghostages to preventing terrorist use of WMD,will be operations in which national decision-makers rely upon SOF unique capabilities to dohigh-risk, high-payoff tasks no other force canaccomplish. Maintaining the ability to performthese missions will be SOF’s highest priority;not because these missions will be frequent,but rather, because no other forces at theNCA’s disposal will be equipped and trainedto perform these missions within an acceptablelevel of risk.

Special ReconnaissanceSecond, SOF will be called upon to performspecial reconnaissance to support the strategicand operational requirements of decisionmakersand operational commanders. Because of thedevelopment of revolutionary reconnaissanceand surveillance capabilities that appear toobviate the need for the “man on the ground,”SOF has had to re-evaluate its role as the eyesand ears of the theater commander. Militarycommanders will be extremely reluctant toemploy SOF or other ground forces to per-form these kinds of missions when they canbe adequately performed by unmanned recon-naissance platforms. USSOCOM welcomesthese new technologies. Emerging reconnais-sance equipment will reduce operational riskto SOF and allow USSOCOM to concentrateon developing new concepts and capabilitiesthat integrate advanced methods, personaljudgment, and on-site analysis. This human/technological synergy will enhance SOF recon-naissance of enemy capabilities and, perhapsmore importantly, the determination ofenemy intentions.

Political-Military OperationsThird, SOF will be called upon to performmissions that fall in the nexus between politicaland military operations. These missions, whichinclude foreign internal defense, psychologicaloperations, civil affairs, and humanitarian assis-tance, will provide a low-cost means of promot-ing the long-term strategic goals of the UnitedStates. At the same time, SOF will be calledupon to support regional contingencies, includ-ing responding to natural disasters, assisting inthe evacuation of U.S. and allied nationals inthe event of regional hostilities, and operatingas a vanguard for conventional military forces.Although these tasks are not very differentfrom what SOF do today, the utility of SOFto the geographic CINCs will be greatlyenhanced by emerging transportation andcommunications capabilities.

SEALs conduct training exercise using underwaterdigital camera that sends real-time digital imagesto decisionmakers.

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Future RequirementsIn the future, SOF must remain operationallyunique and strategically relevant to retain theirutility to national decisionmakers. To accomplishthis, SOF must maintain their technological edgeand continue to invest in the quality and skillsof their operators. These two absolutes haveserved SOF well in the past and must remainfundamental commitments in order to meetthe nation’s security needs in the future.

PeopleThe importance of having the right people inSOF will grow in the future as they are employedagainst difficult problems in increasingly hostileand challenging environments. Operating inde-pendently, SOF personnel will need to have excep-tional character and integrity. Operating in arduousenvironments, SOF personnel will need to main-tain the highest levels of fitness. Since they will becalled upon to make critical on-scene decisions,they will need to be knowledgeable and self-disciplined. In addition to all of this, SOF person-nel will need to be highly intelligent to operateincreasingly sophisticated equipment and toperform operations in a technologically advancedthreat environment, while remaining masters ofthe low- and no-technology environments.

TechnologyAlthough people are undoubtedly SOF’s mostimportant asset, maintaining and improvingmaterial capabilities remains SOF’s most difficultchallenge. SOF must keep its equipment up todate, while keeping the costs for sustaining itswar-fighting systems under control. Failing this,SOF will not have the resources required to beable to develop the truly revolutionary hardwaresolutions needed to maintain SOF as an effectiveand readily useful instrument for supporting orimplementing our nation’s policy objectives.

Soldier from the 360th Civil Affairs Brigade passes outcrayons to the school children of Visegrad, Bosnia duringOperation Joint Endeavor.

SOF will depend on leading-edge technologyto provide the critical advantage and to sup-port participation in a growing number oftechnologically complex and challengingmissions and operations. One of the corner-stones supporting all 21st century operationswill be the effective use of information.SOF will also look to emerging, leading-edge technologies in such areas as mobility,sensing and identification, miniaturization,secure communications, advanced muni-tions, stealth, human enhancements, androbotics to increase the efficiency andeffectiveness of its operators and platforms.

Computer-generated imagery system allows planners andcrews to prepare flight routes and missions in three-dimensional target areas prior to mission execution.

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The Future ConceptsWorking GroupThe challenges of preparing for the futurerequire that USSOCOM develop a processthat allows for purposeful change to be readyfor an uncertain future. Therefore, USSOCOMis institutionalizing a process to implement thevision described in SOF Vision 2020 and its sup-porting detailed guidance, The Way Ahead. Tomeet this challenge, USSOCOM has establisheda Future Concepts Working Group (FCWG) todevelop a comprehensive process for new conceptdevelopment, validation, and long-range planning.The FCWG uses a structured long-range planningprocess designed to facilitate development of newconcepts into SOF future capabilities.

The Long-RangePlanning ProcessThe Long-Range Planning Process is adisciplined and systematic approach to identify,refine, and present concepts and initiativesrelated to future capabilities and requirements.It provides USSOCOM with a vehicle to iden-tify future desired operational capabilities and

requirements for programmatic and resourceconsideration. This enables SOF to providean array of enhanced options to the NCAand geographic CINCs while maintainingthe strategic economy of force that furtherdefines the relevance of SOF. As the processdevelops solution sets, which define the road-map for 2020 and beyond, only SOF’s corevalues (integrity, creativity, competence, andcourage) are permanent and non-negotiable.Force structure, organizations, and legacyprograms will be assessed. This five-phaseapproach provides USSOCOM with a vehicleto analyze the future environment and identifyfuture capabilities that will support SOF flagshipcapabilities. This capability-based approach isillustrated below.

When delivered, the CV-22 will provide deep-penetrationinfiltration and exfiltration mobility with vertical-liftcapability.

EnvironmentAnalysis

Long Range Planning Process

FlagshipCapabilities

DesiredOperational Capabilities

Assessment

Modernization PlanDevelopment

Roadmap 2020

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Evolving to MeetFuture ChallengesUSSOCOM has initially identified eight flagshipcapabilities for SOF that support operationalconcepts outlined in the CJCS’s Joint Vision2010. These flagship capabilities also provide thefoundation for more detailed operational capabili-ties necessary for the development of solution setsdesigned to create the SOF of the future. Thesecapabilities include strategic agility, global access,ubiquitous presence, regional expertise, informa-tion dominance, continuous secure connectivity,self-sufficiency in austere environments, andfull-spectrum integrated operations.

Desired OperationalCapabilitiesThe next step in achieving the flagshipcapabilities is the development of DesiredOperational Capabilities (DOCs).DOCs provide the means to carryoutthe objectives of the flagship capabilities.They are operational level capabilitiesthat will lead to the identification ofspecific initiatives and programs. Thecurrent DOCs are briefly describedin the following chart.

Desired Operational Capabilities

n Personnel survivability – improve the survivability of personnel operating in hostile areas

n Counter WMD – improve the capability to perform SOF counterproliferation missions

n Mobility in denied areas – improve the capability to conduct undetectable ground, air, sea,and (possibly) space mobility operations in areas conventional forces are denied

n Recruitment and leader development – improve the capability to recruit, select, assess,train, and retain SOF leaders with strong legal, ethical and moral foundations

n Information avenues – improve effective use of information technologies across a widerange of SOF capabilities

n Sensory enhancements – improve capability to augment human sensory systems to provideincreased performance

n Organizational design – improve the ability of the SOF organizational structure to integrate,operate, and sustain activities with DoD forces, and national and international agencies

n Space and UAV utilization – improve capability to fully interface and operate within thespace surveillance network

n Remote reconnaissance – improve the capability to utilize advances in technology forremote reconnaissance and mission situational awareness

n Versatile weapons – improve multi-role/multi-purpose weapons with target discriminationand broader range of effects

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Relevant forthe FutureIn the future, SOF must be readyto deal equally with the demands ofboth its peacetime and warfightingroles. To prepare for this future,today’s SOF are focusing on bothtraditional activities and emergingmissions, while developing a strategyand structured process to buildthe integrated, combat-ready forcenecessary to face the challengesthat lie ahead.

To achieve this, USSOCOM mustcontinue its structured transforma-tion, while maintaining readinessrequired to shape and respondto today’s security challenges. Thegoal is to identify the changes thatwill best enable SOF to achieve itsDesired Operational Capabilitiesin support of SOF Vision 2020,the Chairman’s Joint Vision 2010,and the geographic CINC andNCA requirements.

Artist’s conception of Advanced SEAL Delivery System during underwateroperations.

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RESOURCE OVERVIEW

BackgroundThe Nunn-Cohen Amendment to thelegislation that created USSOCOM gave itscommander in chief (USCINCSOC) directcontrol over the majority of the fiscal resourcesnecessary to pay, train, equip, and deploy SOFthrough the establishment of a separate majorforce program (MFP), MFP-11. USCINCSOC’scontrol of SOF fiscal resources provides severalsignificant benefits. First, SOF funding maynow be debated solely on its own merits andnot in relationship to the military departments’much larger programs. Second, a separate MFPfor SOF also ensures visibility of the SOF pro-gram by the Department of Defense (DoD)and the Congress. Third, informed decisionsare based on analyses of comprehensive, jointSOF data that balance the competing needs ofall SOF instead of submitting separate justifica-tions individually to each military department.

A Powerful InvestmentAlthough SOF resources constitute a smallportion of the overall defense budget, directmanagement of SOF through MFP-11 is anextremely important means of ensuring that ournation’s SOF are prepared to meet a myriad ofoperational requirements. At present, SOF standready to perform a host of missions spanningthe entire spectrum of conflict. By dedicatingapproximately 46,000 personnel and 1.3 percentof the defense budget to MFP-11, decisionmakershave provided the United States with a ready,highly capable and flexible joint SOF.

The FY 2001 president’s budget request enablesUSSOCOM to support national interests world-wide. All DoD components contribute to meetingthese requirements, but SOF are the single, near-term, joint force that can immediately provide anacceptable means of access, by regionally-attunedforces, across the complete spectrum of militaryoperations. SOF provide an array of options to theNCA which, despite a relatively static fundingprofile, are increasingly being exercised.

A Disciplined FiscalProcessThe USSOCOM Strategic Planning Process drivesdecisionmaking related to resourcing, acquisition,sustainment, and modernization. It is a continuousprocess with a biennial cycle that facilitates theshaping of the strategic direction of SOF.

Mark V craft practices high-speed operations.

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The USSOCOM Strategic Planning Processhas four phases: guidance development, capabilityassessment, program assessment, and integration/resourcing. These phases contain activity relatedto the creation of guidance, the assessment ofcapabilities, and the prioritization of an integratedcapabilities list to guide Program Objective Memo-randum (POM) development. USSOCOM servicecomponent staff, theater SOC, and OASD(SO/LIC) participation is significant during all phasesof the process. They serve as members of an inte-grated concept team and provide subject matterexpert inputs prior to the completion of eachphase of the process. Additionally, componentcommander participation, as members of theUSSOCOM Board of Directors, which isco-chaired by the USCINCSOC and theASD(SO/LIC), occurs throughout the process.

The starting point for the biennial cycle maybe driven by actual or forecasted changes inthe planning environment or by DoD orUSCINCSOC directive. The cycle ends withthe approval of the next POM that includesthe approved resource-constrained listing ofcapability-based programs. The POM servesas the basis for the development of the annualpresident’s budget submission.

The USSOCOM Strategic Planning Processhas been designed to provide a list of capability-based programs, over a range of constraints,that allows POM decisionmakers to satisfySOF mission needs and proactively guidedevelopment, acquisition, and employmentof SOF resources in the future.

Military DepartmentSupport to SOFThe military departments also have a significantrole in the resourcing of SOF. Title 10, Chapter 6,United States Code (U.S.C.), defines and appor-tions responsibilities between the military depart-ments and the combatant commands, including

USSOCOM. Title 10, U.S.C. Section 165,charges the military departments with theresponsibility for providing administrationand support for forces assigned by the respec-tive military departments to the combatantcommands, subject to the authority of therespective CINCs.

DoD Directive 5100.1, “Functions of the Depart-ment of Defense and Its Major Components,”requires the military departments to develop,garrison, supply, equip, and maintain bases andother installations, including lines of communi-cations, and to provide administrative andlogistics support for all forces and bases, unlessotherwise directed by the Secretary of Defense.DoD Directive 5100.3, “Support of the Head-quarters of Unified, Specified, and SubordinateJoint Commands,” makes clear this broad sup-port responsibility also extends to USSOCOMand its subordinate headquarters.

Additional DoD guidance further defines mili-tary department support responsibilities. MFP-11-related programs funded in the appropriationsaccounts of the military departments (SOFSupport Programs), but not identified as MFP-11,will consist of programs that support other usersin addition to SOF. Programs in this category,such as base operating support, are programmed,budgeted, and executed by the military depart-ments with input from USCINCSOC.

AFSOC’s newest aircraft, the AC-130U gunship, combinesprecision fire support with unmatched, all-weather sensorsystems.

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SOF Funding ProfileThe SOF budget request for FY 2001 is approxi-mately $3.7 billion, including military pay andallowances. The MFP-11 budget supports theSOF primary mission — maintaining the readi-ness and sustainability of current forces tosupport the geographic commanders in chief,U.S. ambassadors and their country teams,and other government agencies.

The following appropriation display of theFY 2001 president’s budget for MFP-11 illus-trates the SOF funding profile. Detailedbudget data are contained in Appendix D.

consumable supplies; spares; and repair parts forweapons and equipment. Additional informationis contained in Appendix D (Table D-3).

Procurement provides vital modernization andrecapitalization in areas such as mobility, weaponsand munitions, communications, and intelligenceequipment. Detailed information is provided inAppendix D (Table D-4).

Research, Development, Training, and Evaluation(RDT&E) is a significant request in each budgetcycle, since technological advances will continueto provide critical advantages for special opera-tions. Many of the benefits of RDT&E effortswill also accrue to conventional forces. RDT&Efunding is discussed in greater detail inAppendix D (Table D-10).

Military Construction (MILCON) allowsUSSOCOM to provide unique facilities necessaryfor the training, housing, or deployment of SOF.MILCON projects are displayed in Appendix D(Table D-12).

Manpower

FY 2001 SOF Funding ProfileTotal: $3.7 Billion(dollars in millions)

Procurement – 14%($525.3)

RDT&E – 7%($244.6)

MILCON – 2%($74.5)

MILPERS – 41%($1,540.4)

O&M – 36%($1,356.6)

FY 2001 SOF End StrengthTotal: 45,690

Active Force – 64%(29,164)

Reserve – 22%(10,043)

National Guard – 8%(3,695)

Civilian – 6%(2,788)

Military Personnel (MILPERS) includes thebasic salaries for all active and reserve component(RC) military personnel assigned to USSOCOM,as well as the RC military pay necessary for addi-tional schools and training days necessary forRC SOF. SOF manpower data are displayed inAppendix D (Table D-2).

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) is the heartof maintaining SOF operational readiness. O&Mincludes: civilian pay; services for maintenanceof equipment, real property, and facilities; fuel;

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As the chart portrays, the SOF totalend strength for FY 2001 is about46,000 with approximately one-thirdof their military personnel in reservecomponent units. Although theactive force is largely responsiblefor meeting the demands of regionalcrises and conflicts and providingoverseas presence, USSOCOMrelies on reserve component unitsto augment and reinforce the activeforce. U.S. Army Reserve SOFpersonnel, for example, provide avariety of essential skills, particularlyin the areas of CA and PSYOP.Additionally, about 2,800 civiliansjoin SOF active and reserve militarypersonnel as partners in defense.Detailed information regardingSOF end strength is depicted inAppendix D (Table D-2).

ConclusionA dynamic and uncertainsecurity environment hasdrastically increased the theaterrequirements for SOF. Specialoperations forces provide criti-cal capabilities needed to meetfuture national security demands.Adequate funding is essential ifSOF are to maintain their currentcapability and prepare to meetthe future’s challenges.

A SEAL conducts training using a tracking device to send both mission statusand precise longitude and latitude.

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APPENDIX AMISSIONS AND ACTIVITIES

SOF Principal Missions – SOF are organized, trained, and equipped specifically to accomplishtheir assigned roles, as described below, in nine mission areas:

■ Counterproliferation (CP) – combat proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weaponsacross the full range of U.S. efforts, including the application of military power to protect U.S.forces and interests; intelligence collection and analysis; and support of diplomacy, arms control,and export controls. Accomplishment of these activities may require coordination with otherU.S. government agencies.

■ Combating terrorism (CBT) – preclude, preempt, and resolve terrorist actions throughout theentire threat spectrum, including antiterrorism (defensive measures taken to reduce vulnerabilityto terrorist acts) and counterterrorism (offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond toterrorism), and resolve terrorist incidents when directed by the NCA or the appropriate unifiedcommander or requested by the Services or other government agencies

■ Foreign internal defense (FID) – organize, train, advise, and assist host-nation military and para-military forces to enable these forces to free and protect their society from subversion, lawlessness,and insurgency

■ Special reconnaissance (SR) – conduct reconnaissance and surveillance actions to obtain or verifyinformation concerning the capabilities, intentions, and activities of an actual or potential enemyor to secure data concerning characteristics of a particular area

■ Direct action (DA) – conduct short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions to seize,destroy, capture, recover, or inflict damage on designated personnel or materiel

■ Psychological operations (PSYOP) – induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behaviors favorableto the originator’s objectives by conducting planned operations to convey selected informationto foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and, ultimately,the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals

■ Civil affairs (CA) – facilitate military operations and consolidate operational activities by assist-ing commanders in establishing, maintaining, influencing, or exploiting relations between militaryforces and civil authorities, both governmental and non-governmental, and the civilian populationin a friendly, neutral, or hostile area of operation

■ Unconventional warfare (UW) – organize, train, equip, advise, and assist indigenous and surro-gate forces in military and paramilitary operations normally of long duration

■ Information operations (IO) – actions taken to achieve information superiority by affectingadversary information and information systems while defending one’s own information andinformation systems

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SOF Collateral Activities – Based on their unique capabilities, SOF are frequently taskedto participate in the following activities:

■ Coalition support – integrate coalition units into multinational military operations by trainingcoalition partners on tactics and techniques and providing communications

■ Combat search and rescue (CSAR) – penetrate air defense systems and conduct joint air, ground,or sea operations deep within hostile or denied territory, at night or in adverse weather, to recoverdistressed personnel during wartime or contingency operations. SOF are equipped and manned toperform CSAR in support of SOF missions only. SOF perform CSAR in support of conventionalforces on a case-by-case basis not to interfere with the readiness or operations of core SOF missions.

■ Counterdrug (CD) activities – train host-nation CD forces and domestic law enforcement agencieson critical skills required to conduct individual and small-unit operations in order to detect, moni-tor, and interdict the cultivation, production, and trafficking of illicit drugs targeted for use in theUnited States

■ Humanitarian demining (HD) activities – reduce or eliminate the threat to noncombatantsand friendly military forces posed by mines and other explosive devices by training host-nationpersonnel in their recognition, identification, marking, and safe destruction; provide instructionin program management, medical, and mine-awareness activities

■ Humanitarian assistance (HA) – provide assistance of limited scope and duration to supplementor complement the efforts of host-nation civil authorities or agencies to relieve or reduce theresults of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease,hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damageto, or loss of, property

■ Security assistance (SA) – provide training assistance in support of legislated programs whichprovide U.S. defense articles, military training, and other defense-related services by grant,loan, credit, or cash sales in furtherance of national policies or objectives

■ Special activities – subject to limitations imposed by Executive Order and in conjunction witha presidential finding and congressional oversight, plan and conduct actions abroad in supportof national foreign policy objectives so that the role of the U.S. government is not apparent oracknowledged publicly

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USSOCOM, formally established as a unified combatant command at MacDill Air Force Base,Florida, on April 16, 1987, is commanded by a four-star flag or general officer with the title ofcommander in chief, U.S. Special Operations Command (USCINCSOC). All SOF of the Army,Navy, and Air Force, based in the United States, were eventually placed under USCINCSOC’scombatant command. USSOCOM’s three service component commands are the Army SpecialOperations Command, the Naval Special Warfare Command, and the Air Force Special OperationsCommand. The Joint Special Operations Command is a sub-unified command of USCINCSOC.

APPENDIX BORGANIZATION

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In November 1998, USCINCSOC reorganizedthe USSOCOM headquarters staff from a standardJ-staff configuration to five functional centers.This action strengthens USSOCOM’s ability

Headquarters, U.S. Special OperationsCommand (HQ USSOCOM)

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to support its customers by ensuring a flexiblecommand structure adaptable to future chal-lenges. An overview of the new organizationis shown below.

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Special OperationsAcquisition and Logistics (SOAL) Center

The SOAL combines the acquisition functionof the command and the logistics functions ofthe J-4 staff to provide research, development,acquisition, and logistics support to USCINCSOC.The SOAL plans, directs, reviews, and evaluatesmateriel development, procurement, and sustain-ment for USSOCOM; conducts liaison withUSSOCOM components to ensure operationalrequirements are met by developmental programs;develops and promulgates USSOCOM acquisitionand logistics policies and procedures; and managesa select group of special operations-peculiar programs.

Benefits derived from this organization include:

■ cradle-to-grave management of SOF-relatedsystems

■ improved life-cycle cost management

■ portfolio and materiel management

■ elimination of organizational stove pipes orbarriers to collaboration

■ worldwide logistic support of SOF

AcquisitionExecutive

Director ofManagement

Director ofLogistics

PEOSpecial Programs

PEOIntel & Info

Systems

Director ofProcurement

Office of Advanced

Technology

PEOFixed Wing

PEOMaritime & Rotary

SOAL Organizational Chart

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Special OperationsRequirements and Resources (SORR) Center

SOF through the development of resourcing,operational mission and force structureanalysis, strategic assessments, andrequirements reviews.

The SORR combines the planning (J-5 and J-7)and resourcing (J-8) functions, to include theUSSOCOM Strategic Planning Process.The mission of the SORR is to support

Director, Force Structure,Requirements and

Strategic Assessments

Assessments

Requirements

Comptroller

Programs

Force Development

Wargaming Simulationsand Analysis

Director of Resources

Director, Force StructureResources, Requirements, and Strategic Assessments Center

SORR Organizational Chart

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Special OperationsOperations, Plans, and Policy (SOOP) Center

and exercise programs, in order to optimizeforce readiness and SOF relevance.

The SOOP also develops joint plans, policy,strategic assessments, and force structure, anddirects deployment, employment, and readinessof approximately 46,000 Army, Navy, and AirForce SOF worldwide, including sensitivespecial mission units; validates operationalrequirements; and manages training resources,humanitarian programs, joint training exercises,and operational testing.

The SOOP combines the J-3 and the J-5 staffsto provide focused operational support in theareas of doctrine, plans, policy, operations,training, and special actions. Its mission isto ensure all special operations deploymentsand plans supporting the NCA, regionalCINCs, and Ambassadors are tailored tomission requirements, reflect current forcecapabilities, and are consistent withUSCINCSOC Title 10 responsibilities andcore missions. In support of these objectives,the SOOP oversees SOF doctrine, education,tempo, and remediation, as well as the training

DirectorOperations, Plans, and

Policy Center

Deputy forOperations

Deputy forPlans/Policy

Deputy forReadiness

SpecialOperations Plans Operational Test

and Evaluation

SpecialActions

Strategyand Policy

Validation andInteroperability

Training Doctrineand Education

Readiness Reportingand Analysis

SOOP Organizational Chart

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Special OperationsIntelligence and Information Operations (SOIO) Center

surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR), andinformation operations (IO) to gain informationsuperiority throughout the spectrum of engage-ment and conflict. The SOIO validates require-ments and develops special operations C4ISRand IO training, doctrine, and procedures.

The SOIO combines the J-2 and J-6 staff functionsto provide for integrated information managementin intelligence, communications, informationprotection, network management, and audio/visual support. SOIO integrates command andcontrol, communications, computer, intelligence,

DirectorIntelligence and Information

Operations Center

Director, Command, Control, Communications, and Information Systems

DirectorInformation Operations

Director of Intelligence

Concepts andIntegration

InformationOperations Education

SpecialSupport

InformationAssurance

SystemsEngineering

CommandCommunications

AutomatedInformation Systems

InformationWarfare

IntelligenceOperations

OperationsSecurity

Joint IntelligenceCenter

SOIO Organizational Chart

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Special OperationsCommand Support (SOCS) Center

medical, chaplain, historian, equal opportunity,security, quality integration, engineering, protocol,headquarters command, and joint secretariatsupport services. The USSOCOM chief ofstaff directs the center.

Created from the remaining command functions,the SOCS is a process-oriented support centerthat provides personnel and special staff supportto the headquarters and its components. TheSOCS includes public affairs, executive services,

Chief of StaffDirector, Command

Support Center

InspectorGeneral

CommandChaplin

Directorate ofPersonnel

Staff JudgeAdvocate

EqualOpportunity

PublicAffairs

LegislativeAffairs

ExecutiveServices

HeadquartersCommandant

PoliticalAdvisor

CommandHistorian

SurgeonGeneral

Command OperationsReview Board

Innovation andImprovement

SecurityManagement

ReserveComponent

CommandEngineer

WashingtonOffice

SOCS Organizational Chart

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U.S. Army Special Operations Command(USASOC)

Army special operations forces (ARSOF) includeactive, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserveforces consisting of Special Forces, Rangers, specialoperations aviation, civil affairs (CA), psycho-logical operations (PSYOP), and combat- andservice-support units. These units are assigned toUSASOC located at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

n Five active and two Army National Guard(ARNG) Special Forces groups totaling15 active and six ARNG battalions

n One active Ranger regiment with three battalions

n An active special operations aviation regimentwith one detachment in Puerto Rico

n Four reserve CA commands, seven reserveCA brigades, and one active and 24 reserveCA battalions

n One active and two reserve PSYOP groups total-ing five active and eight reserve PSYOP battalions

n One active special operations support commandcomposed of one special operations signal battal-ion, one special operations support battalion, andsix special operations theater support elements

n Two active and two reserve chemical recon-naissance detachments (CRD)

n The John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Centerand School

Rangers — Rangers Lead the Way. Providing aresponsive strike force and fighting primarily atnight, Army Rangers rely on elements of surprise,

teamwork, and basic soldiering skills to plan andconduct special missions in support of U.S. policyand objectives. Having taken part in every majorcombat operation in which the U.S. has beeninvolved since the end of the Vietnam War, theyare capable of deploying rapidly by land, sea, orair to conduct direct-action operations.

Aviation — Night Stalkers. The 160th SpecialOperations Aviation Regiment employs state-of-the-art equipment to provide extremely accurateheliborne lift and attack capabilities in a widerange of mission profiles, including force inser-tion and extraction, aerial security, armed attack,electronic warfare, and command and controlsupport. These soldiers’ ability and performanceexemplify their motto “Night Stalkers Don’t Quit.”

Special Forces (SF) — De Oppresso Liber.Special Forces soldiers receive training in a varietyof individual and special skills. These skills includeoperations, intelligence, communications, medicalaid, engineering, and weapons. SF soldiers train,advise, and assist host-nation military or paramili-tary forces in a variety of conventional and uncon-ventional warfare techniques. SF soldiers are highlyskilled operators, trainers, and teachers. Regionallyoriented, these soldiers are specially trained intheir respective area’s native language and culture.

Civil Affairs (CA) — By Sword, Deed, and Word.Civil affairs units support the commander’s relation-ship with civil authorities, and the civilian populace,by promoting mission legitimacy and thereby enhanc-ing military effectiveness. U.S. Army Reservists,comprising 97 percent of the force, bring civilianjob skills to support civil military operations andcivil administration. Some of these specialized skills

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include: public safety, agriculture, finance, economy,and support of dislocated civilian operations.

Psychological Operations (PSYOP) — Persuade,Change, Influence. PSYOP units support opera-tions across the operational continuum to induceor reinforce attitudes and behaviors favorableto U.S. national goals in selected foreign-targetaudiences. Intense cross-cultural and languagetraining provide PSYOP personnel with aninvaluable regional orientation.

Special Operations Chemical ReconnaissanceDetachment (CRD). CRDs conduct chemicalreconnaissance in permissive, semi-permissive, anddenied areas for special operations force commandersand theater CINCs. These special detachments are theonly CRDs with this mission within the U.S. Army.

Special Operations Support Command (SOSCOM)— Assured Support. SOSCOM provides combatservice support, combat health support, and signalsupport to Army special operations forces. Tosupport this complex and demanding mission, thecommand’s subordinate units (the 528th SupportBattalion and the 112th Special Operations SignalBattalion) provide the necessary connectivity tosustain and support ARSOF around the world.

The John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center andSchool — Truth and Liberty. The John F. KennedySpecial Warfare Center and School — the Army’sspecial operations university — is responsible forspecial operations training, leader development,doctrine, and personnel advocacy. The center andschool’s Training Group conducts the completespectrum of special operations training.

AR - Army ReserveNG - National Guard*General Officer Command Train/Oversight Until Units are Federalized

75th Ranger RGTFort Benning, GA

Civil Affairs/PsychologicalOperations Command

Fort Bragg, NC

Special Forces CommandFort Bragg, NC

Special OperationsSupport Command

Fort Bragg, NC

160th SO Aviation RGTFort Campbell, KY

(MH-47 D/E)(MH-60 K/L)(A/M/TH-6)

John F. KennedySpecial Warfare Center & SchoolFort Bragg, NC

1st SFGFort Lewis, WA

ArmySpecial Operations Command

Fort Bragg, NC

445th CRD (AR)Fort Meade, MD

56th CRDFort Campbell, KY

900th CRD (AR)Ft. Carson, CO

801st CRDFort Bragg, NC

5th SFGFort Campbell, KY

20th SFG (NG)Birmingham, AL

19th SFG (NG)Draper, UT

3rd SFGFort Bragg, NC

10th SFGFort Carson, CO

7th SFGFort Bragg, NC

528th SOS BNFort Bragg, NC

112th Sig BNFort Bragg, NC

2nd PSYOP GP (AR)Parma, OH

350th CA CMD (AR)Pensacola, FL

96th CA BNFort Bragg, NC

304th CA Bde (AR)Philadelphia, PA

7th PSYOP GP (AR)San Francisco, CA

4th PSYOP GPFort Bragg, NC

351st CA CMD (AR)Mountain View, CA

352nd CA CMD (AR)Riverdale, MD

353rd CA CMD (AR)Bronx, NY

308th CA Bde (AR)Homewood, IL

321st CA Bde (AR)San Antonio, TX

354th CA Bde (AR)Riverdale, MD

358th CA Bde (AR)*Norristown, PA

360th CA Bde (AR)Ft. Jackson, SC

364th CA Bde (AR)Portland, OR

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Naval Special Warfare Command(NAVSPECWARCOM)

Naval special warfare (NSW) forces are organizedto support naval and joint special operationswithin the theater unified command. These forcesare organized, equipped, and trained to be highlymobile and quickly deployable. Forces are assignedto NAVSPECWARCOM which is located inCoronado, California.

m Two active NSW groups

m Five active NSW units stationed overseas

m Two active special boat squadrons

m Thirteen active patrol coastal ships

m Three active special boat units

m Two active sea, air, land (SEAL) deliveryvehicle (SDV) teams

m Six active SEAL teams

m The Naval Special Warfare DevelopmentGroup

m The Naval Special Warfare Center

Sea, Air, Land (SEAL) Teams. SEAL teams aremaritime, multipurpose combat forces organized,trained, and equipped to conduct a variety ofspecial operations missions in all operationalenvironments. Operating mainly in 16-manplatoons from sea-based platforms, SEALsprimarily conduct clandestine ground and

waterborne reconnaissance and direct actionmissions in a maritime, littoral, or riverineenvironment in support of joint and fleetoperations. Today’s SEALs trace their historyfrom the elite frogmen of World War II. Theirtraining is extremely demanding, both mentallyand physically, and produces the best-trainedcombat swimmers in the world.

SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) Teams. SDVteams are specially-trained SEALs and supportpersonnel who operate and maintain SDVsand dry deck shelters (DDS). SDVs are wetsubmersibles designed to conduct clandestinereconnaissance, direct action, and passengerdelivery missions in maritime environments.DDSs deliver SDVs and specially trained forcesfrom modified submarines. When teamed withtheir host submarines, SDV and DDS platoonsprovide the most clandestine maritime deliverycapability in the world.

Special Boat (SB) Squadrons and Units. SBsquadrons and units are composed of speciallytrained naval personnel. They are responsible foroperating and maintaining a variety of specialoperations ships and craft, such as rigid inflatableboats and patrol coastal ships, to conduct coastaland riverine interdiction and support naval andjoint special operations. These specialized unitshave great strategic mobility and can respond tocrises worldwide. They provide the Navy’s onlyriverine operations capability and small-craftsupport for SOF.

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SEAL Team ONECoronado, CA

NSWU 3ASU, Bahrain

NSW Dets (NR)

NSWU 1NAVSTA, Guam

SDV Team ONEPearl Harbor, Hawaii

SEAL Team FIVECoronado, CA

SEAL Team THREECoronado, CA

Naval SpecialWarfare Group ONE

Coronado, CA

Special BoatSquadron TWOLittle Creek, VA

Special Boat Squadron ONECoronado, CA

Naval Special Warfare Group TWO

Little Creek, VA

Naval Special Warfare CenterCoronado, CA

Naval SpecialWarfare Development Group

Dam Neck, VA

NavalSpecial Warfare Command

Coronado, CA

USS ZEPHYRPC8

San Diego, CA

USS SQUALLPC7

San Diego, CA

USS MONSOONPC4

San Diego, CA

USS HURRICANEPC3

San Diego, CA

Special BoatUnit 12

Coronado, CA

USS TEMPESTPC2

Little Creek, VA

USS SHAMALPC13

Little Creek, VA

USS THUNDERBOLTPC12

Little Creek, VA

USS WHIRLWINDPC11

Little Creek, VA

USS FIREBOLTPC10

Little Creek, VA

USS CHINOOKPC9

Little Creek, VA

USS SIROCCOPC6

Little Creek, VA

USS TYPHOONPC5

Little Creek, VA

SEAL Team TWOLittle Creek, VA

NSW Dets (NR)

NSWU 10NAVSTA Rota, SP

NSWU 4NAVSTA Roosevelt Rds.

Puerto Rico

NSWU 2Stuttgart, GE

SDV Team TWOLittle Creek, VA

SEAL Team EIGHTLittle Creek, VA

SEAL Team FOURLittle Creek, VA

Special BoatUnit 20

Little Creek, VA

USS CYCLONEPC1

Little Creek, VA

Special BoatUnit 22

Stennis, MS

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Air Force Special Operations Command(AFSOC)

Air Force special operations forces (AFSOF) arecomprised of highly trained, rapidly deployableairmen who are equipped with highly specialized,fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. AFSOC’s quietprofessionals deliver the nation’s specialized airpower to provide: SOF mobility, forward presenceand engagement, precision employment/strike,and information operations. The command islocated at Hurlburt Field, Florida and has thefollowing active, Air National Guard (ANG),and Air Force Reserve units assigned:

n One active special operations wing with eightspecial operations squadrons; squadrons includefive fixed-wing, one rotary-wing, an aviationforeign internal defense (FID) unit, and a fixed-wing training squadron

n Two active overseas-based special operationsgroups; each theater-oriented group is com-prised of two fixed-wing and one rotary-wingspecial operations squadron, and a specialtactics squadron

n One AF Reserve special operations wing withtwo fixed-wing special operations squadrons

n One ANG special operations wing with onfixed-wing special operations squadron

n One active special tactics group with fourspecial tactics squadrons and a combatweather squadron

n One active flight test squadron

n The Air Force Special Operations School

“Anytime, Anywhere” epitomizes AFSOF’scommitment to stay a step ahead in a changingworld. AFSOF’s unique active, ANG, and AFReserve units provide a global ability to con-duct special operations missions ranging fromprecision application of firepower, to clande-stine infiltration, exfiltration, resupply, andrefueling of SOF operational elements. Uniquecapabilities include airborne radio and televi-sion broadcast for psychological operations,as well as aviation FID to provide other gov-ernments military expertise for their internaldevelopment. Special tactics squadrons com-bine combat control, weather, and pararescuepersonnel to ensure air power is integratedand operable with special operations andconventional ground forces.

USAF Special Operations School —“Success is the human element...”The USAF Special Operations School’s(USAFSOS) mission is to educate U.S.military and other personnel in the missionsand functions of special operations. Sincespecial operations forces routinely interactwith foreign militaries and our allies, cross-cultural issues and communications aretaught in regional orientation courses.Operational courses include aviation FID,crisis response management, joint PSYOP,joint planning and staff officer courses,and revolutionary warfare.

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Joint Special Operations Command(JSOC)

The Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)was established in 1980 and is located at FortBragg, North Carolina. It is a joint headquartersdesigned to study special operations requirements

and techniques; ensure interoperability andequipment standardization; plan and conductspecial operations exercises and training; anddevelop joint special operations tactics.

16th Special Operations WingHurlburt Field, FL

919th Special OperationsWing (AFR)

Duke Field, FL

352nd Special Operations GroupRAF Mildenhall, UK

353rd Special Operations GroupKadena AB, Japan

193rd Special Operations Wing (ANG)(EC-130E)

Harrisburg IAP, PA

720th Special TacticsGroup

Hurlburt Field, FL

18th Flight TestSquadron

Hurlburt Field, FL

AFSOC Air Support Operations Squadron

Ft. Bragg, NC

USAF Special Operations SchoolHurlburt Field, FL

4th Special Operations SQ (AC-130U)

Hurlburt Field, FL

AFR - Air Force ReserveANG - Air National Guard

Air ForceSpecial Operations Command

Hurlburt Field, FL

5th Special Operations SQ (AFR)(MC-130P)

Duke Field, FL

711th Special Operations SQ (AFR)(MC-130E)

Duke Field, FL

23rd Special Tactics SQ

Hurlburt Field, FL

24th Special Tactics SQ

Ft. Bragg, NC

20th Special Operations SQ (MH-53J)

Hurlburt Field, FL

19th Special Operations SQ (TRNG)

Hurlburt Field, FL

16th Special Operations SQ (AC-130H)

Hurlburt Field, FL

15th Special Operations SQ (MC-130H)

Hurlburt Field, FL

321st Special Tactics SQ

RAF Mildenhall, UK

67th Special Operations SQ (MC-130P)

RAF Mildenhall, UK

21st Special Operations SQ (MH-53J)

RAF Mildenhall, UK

7th Special Operations SQ (MC-130H)

RAF Mildenhall, UK

9th Special Operations SQ (MC-130P)Eglin AFB, FL

8th Special Operations SQ (MC-130E)

Hurlburt Field, FL

6th Special Operations SQ (Aviation FID, UH1)

Hurlburt Field, FL

320th Special Tactics SQ

Kadena AB, Japan

31st Special Operations SQ (MH-53J)

Osan AB, Korea

17th Special Operations SQ (MC-130P)

Kadena AB, Japan

1st Special Operations SQ (MC-130H)

Kadena AB, Japan

10th Combat Weather SQ

Hurlburt Field, FL

21st SpecialTactics SQ

Pope AFB, NC

22nd SpecialTactics SQ

McChord AFB, WA

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APPENDIX CKEY PROGRAMS & SYSTEMS

USSOCOM’s unique responsibilities includeproviding SOF with specialized equipment toperform their worldwide missions. As a result,USCINCSOC is the only unified commandercharged by law with acquisition responsibilitiessimilar to those of the services to develop,acquire, and field equipment. To accomplishthis, USSOCOM has its own special operations

acquisition executive, with responsibilities andauthorities equal to service acquisition executives,and a Special Operations Acquisition Center thatsupports USSOCOM program management andoversight of MFP-11 acquisition funding. Thefollowing pages highlight some of the key SOFprograms and systems.

AIR MOBILITY

CV-22 Osprey

MissionConduct long-range, night and adverse-weatherinfiltration, exfiltration, and resupply missions;medical evacuation, and selected rescue andrecovery missions

Descriptionn Variant of USMC MV-22 tiltrotor aircraftn Capabilities include:

– Aerial refueling– Terrain following/terrain avoidance radar– Precision navigation– Defensive suite upgrades– Vertical/short takeoff or landing (V/STOL)

n OCONUS self-deployment from U.S.

Statusn Fifty aircraft planned for procurementn Now in engineering and manufacturing phase

of development

n First flight: FY 2000n Production decision: FY 2001n Required assets available: FY 2003n Initial operational capability (IOC): FY 2004n Last delivery: FY 2009

Contractorsn Bell Helicopter Textron; Fort Worth, Texasn Boeing Helicopter; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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AC-130H/U Spectre Gunship

MissionProvide precision fire and other support forspecial operations and general purpose forces,including close air support, armed reconnaissance,interdiction, convoy/helicopter escort, surveil-lance, and search and rescue

Descriptionn AC-130Us modified to include:

– Side-firing 105mm howitzer, 40mm cannon,and 25mm gatling gun

– Fire control computers– Dual fire control channels that allow

simultaneous attack on two targets withtwo independent sensor/gun combinations

– Electronic countermeasures– All-weather targeting– Extensive navigation and sensor suites

n Eight Vietnam-era AC-130Hs upgradedwith improved sensors, fire control, andnavigation suite

n Completed modification program forreplacing AC-130H center-wing boxesto extend aircraft service life

n Upgraded defensive avionics systems onAC-130Hs

n Continued development of moreeffective ammunition that enables theAC-130 to fire from beyond the rangeof anti-aircraft weapons

n Installed AAQ-26 FLIR upgrade to provideincreased range, resolution, and additionalfield of view

Statusn Thirteen AC-130Us deliveredn IOC: April 1996

Full operational capability (FOC): FY 2001n Extensive AC-130H/U flight deck mod-

ernization planned via USAF C-130Avionics Modernization Program toinclude Enhanced Situational Awarenessmodification on AC-130U

Contractorsn AC-130H – Lockheed Martin; Palmdale,

Californian AC-130U – Boeing Corporation; Palmdale,

California

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MC-130E/H Combat Talon

MissionAccomplish low-level, long-range, night, adverse-weather infiltration and exfiltration of SOF personneland equipment; resupply military operations in hostileor denied areas; and refuel SOF rotary-wing aircraft

Descriptionn Extensively modified C-130sn MC-130H carries 52 SOF personneln 2800 NM rangen Airdrops up to 26 troopsn Terrain following/terrain avoidance (TF/TA) radarn Aerial refueling systemn Precision navigation equipmentn Defensive avionics systemsn MC-130Es developed during Vietnam War

Statusn Twenty-four MC-130Hs deliveredn IOC: June 1993; FOC: FY 2000n MC-130H communications/navigation

upgrades funded through FY 1999;

scheduled completion: FY 2001n Fourteen MC-130Es operationaln Center-wing box replaced on MC-130E aircraft

to extend service lifen MC-130E/H flight deck modernization planned

via USAF C-130 Avionics Modernization Programto include improved terrain-following capabilityand enhanced situational awareness on MC-130H

n Foreign comparative test of aerial refueling podand variable speed drogue

Contractorsn MC-130E – Lockheed Martin; Palmdale, Californian MC-130H – Lockheed Martin Federal Systems;

Owego, New York

EC-130E Commando Solo

MissionProvide broadcasting capabilities primarily forPSYOP missions; support disaster relief operations;and perform communications jamming electronicattack/information operations in military spectrumand intelligence gathering.

Descriptionn Modified C-130Esn Capabilities include:

– Reception, analysis, and transmission of vari-ous electronic signals to exploit electromagneticspectrum for maximum battlefield advantage

– Secondary capabilities include jamming,deception, electronic attack, and manipula-tion techniques

– Broadcasts in frequency spectrums includingAM/FM radio, short-wave, television, and militarycommand, control, and communications channels

– Unrefueled range of 1500 NMn Rivet Rider modifications include:

– Worldwide color TV– Infrared countermeasures– Vertical trailing-wire antenna– Fire-suppressant foam in fuel tank– Radar warning receiver– Self-contained navigation system

StatusSix aircraft modified

ContractorLockheed Martin; Palmdale, California

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MH-60K Blackhawk

MissionConduct medium-range, night, and adverse-weather infiltration/exfiltration; resupplyoperations in hostile areas; selected rescue andrecovery missions; and medical evacuation

Descriptionn Aerial refueling and extended-range

fuel tanksn Precision navigation equipment and

TF/TA radarn Integrated cockpit and mission manage-

ment systemn Enhanced weapons and defensive

countermeasures systemsn Forward-looking infrared equipmentn Upgraded communicationsn Alternate C2 platform

Statusn Twenty-three MH-60K fielded; incorporation of

U.S. Army basic airframe/aircraft modificationsto allow use of common repair parts

n Aircraft survivability equipment modificationsand avionics upgrades planned: FY 2000and beyond

Contractorsn Sikorsky Aircraft; Stratford, Connecticutn Lockheed Martin Federal Systems; Owego,

New York

MH-47E Chinook

MissionConduct medium-range, night, and adverse-weather infiltration/exfiltration; resupplyoperations in hostile areas; selected rescueand recovery missions; and refuel aircraft

Descriptionn Modified CH-47D Chinook helicoptern Precision navigation equipmentn Integrated cockpit and mission management

system with multimode radarn Forward-looking infraredn Defensive countermeasure systemsn Upgraded communicationsn Enhanced weaponsn Aerial refueling and extended-range fuel tanksn Moving map displayn Alternate command and control platform

n Ballistic Protection System (BPS) for aircraftcomponents, crews, and passengers

Statusn Twenty-five MH-47E fieldedn Aircraft systems modifications, avionics system

upgrades, and aircraft survivability equipmentmodifications planned: FY2000 and beyond

ContractorBoeing Helicopter; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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MH-53J/M Pave Low III/IV

MissionPerform medium-range, low-level, night andadverse-weather infiltration/extraction; resupplySOF in the field; and pathfinder operations.Unique capabilities permit selected personnelrecovery operations

Descriptionn TF/TA radarn Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) equipmentn Precision navigation instruments; improved

mission computersn Armor protective systems for aircraft

components, crew, and passengersn Fuel range extension systems; aerial

refueling capabilityn Alternate command and control platformn Moving map displaysn Upgraded engines; automatic blade fold

and tail folding for shipboard operationsn Significantly improved aircraft safety,

reliability, and maintainabilityn Six of the older MH-53Js will be

de-modified to TH-53Bs and usedexclusively for training

n Improved weapons and defensiveavionics systems

n Completed shipboard compatibility andenhanced gross-weight upgrades and ServiceLife Extension Program (SLEP) (completesrenovation of the structural, electrical, andhydraulic systems)

StatusTwenty-five aircraft to be upgraded withInteractive Defensive Avionics System/Multi-Mission Advanced Tactical Terminal(IDAS/MATT) and redesignated as M models

ContractorIDAS/MATT: Lockheed Martin Federal Systems;Owego, New York

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A/MH-6 Mission EnhancementLittle Bird (MELB)

MissionConduct and support short-range, infiltration/exfiltration, resupply operations in hostile areas,and selected personnel recovery missions; providesurgical-point and small-area target destruction/neutralization with provisions for close-air firesupport; includes shipboard, platform, over-water,and urban operations

Descriptionn Highly modified 530 series commercial

helicoptern Increased Max Gross Weight to 4,700 LBSn Upgraded 6-bladed Main and 4-bladed Tail

Rotor Systemn FLIR equipmentn Improved light-weight plank systemn External Conformal Auxiliary fuel tanksn Weapons: Mini Gun, Hellfire, Stinger,

2.75 inch rockets

Statusn Production begins: FY 2000; total of 40 MELBs

will be procuredn Aircraft survivability equipment modifications

and avionics upgrades planned: FY 2000and beyond

ContractorBoeing Helicopter; Mesa, Arizona

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MARITIME MOBILITY

Cyclone Class Patrol Coastal (PC)

MissionProvide a long-range, high-speed craft capabilityfor coastal patrol/interdiction and to supportSEAL teams and other SOF

Descriptionn Current configuration: 170-feet long

8-foot draft, 25-foot beamPC-14 configuration: 180-feet long8.5-foot draft, 25-foot beam

n Range: 2860 nautical milesMaximum speed: 35 knots

n Crew of four officers and 24 enlisted personneln Support for 25-man embarked SEAL detachmentn PC-14 stern ramp permits launch/recovery of

NSW RIB while underwayn PC-14 incorporates reduced RCS, EO/VIS,

and IR signaturesn Backfit of stern ramp and reduction in signatures

planned for existing PCsn Two 25mm chain guns, two .50 caliber mounts,

and two Stinger stations (PC-14 will have afour-pack, rail-mounted Stinger based on thestandard, vehicle-mounted launcher.)

StatusThirteen ships delivered; one vessel (PC-14)due to deliver: March 2000

ContractorBollinger Shipyards; Lockport, Louisiana

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Mark V Special Operations Craft (SOC)

n Space, weight, and power reservations for futurecapabilities improvements

Statusn Ten Mark V SOC detachments (20 craft) fundedn Twenty craft (ten detachments) built and

delivered as of March 1999

Contractorsn Craft: Halter Marine; New Orleans, Louisianan Transporter subcontractor: Martinez and Turek;

Riverside, Californian Engines and waterjets subcontractor: Detroit

Diesel/MTU; Detroit, Michigann Prime movers: Freightliner; Portland, Oregon

Advanced SEAL DeliverySystem (ASDS)

MissionProvide clandestine undersea mobilityfor SOF personnel and their missionsupport equipment

Descriptionn Manned, dry-combatant mini-submarinen Operates in a wide range of environmental

extremes and threat environmentsn Provides increased range and payload capacity,

robust communication, loiter capability, anddiver protection from the elements

n Ample, dry habitable environment forSOF personnel and equipment

n Rapid lock-out/lock-in capabilityn Transportable by sea, air, and land

Statusn ASDS contract awarded in FY 1994 for design,

construction, and testing of the lead ASDSvehicle, a Land Transport Vehicle, hostsubmarine conversion, and options to con-struct up to five follow-on production units

n First ASDS constructed and undergoing testing;Delivery scheduled: FY 2000

ContractorNorthrop Grumman Corporation; Annapolis,Maryland

MissionPerform medium-range, adverse-weather infiltra-tion and exfiltration of SOF and limited coastalpatrol and interdiction

Descriptionn High performance combatant craft sized to

permit air deployment aboard C-5 aircraftwhen mated to organic transporter and incompany with other support equipment

n Range in excess of 600 nautical milesn Sustained top speed in excess of 40 knotsn Each craft manned by a crew of five and can

carry 16 SOF personneln Each detachment consists of two craft, two

transporters, two prime movers, two five-ton trucks, and four 5/4 ton trucks, plusthe containerized deployment package(maintenance/repair parts, weapons, etc.)

n Armed with multiple, rapid-fire, minor-caliberweapons (40mm, .50 cal., 25mm, 7.62mm)

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Submarine Conversion

MissionProvide long-range, clandestine underseamobility for SOF personnel and their missionsupport equipment

Descriptionn Modifies selected submarines to function as a

host platform for the Dry Deck Shelter (DDS)n DDS is a diving system attached to modified

submarines to conduct SEAL Delivery Vehicle(SDV) and lock-out/lock-in operations

n Converting a submarine to function as a DDShost requires significant internal and externalmodifications to the submarine. Diving safetyand submarine safety issues levy extensivequality assurance and certification require-ments on the submarine/DDS system

Statusn Five 688 class submarines are being modified

to be DDS host platforms; all 688 conversionswill be complete: FY 2001; SSN 23 will bethe sixth DDS host platform

n 688 class submarines selected as DDS hoststo replace retiring 637 class submarines

n Submarine conversions are done in con-junction with the U.S. Navy ship alterationprogram managed by NAVSEA and thesupervisor of shipbuilding

ContractorNewport News Shipbuilding and DrydockCompany; Newport News, Virginia

Patrol Boat Light - Counter Drug(PBL-CD)

MissionThe Patrol Boat Light (PBL) is a maritimeplatform used for training host nation forces inCounterdrug exercises in riverine environments.

DescriptionEach PBL detachment consists of two PBLs withtrailers and prime mover, all of which are transport-able on standard C-130 or larger military aircraft.

n Hull: 25 feet, Guardian, foam-filled fiberglassn Engines: two 150 hp outboardsn Fuel capacity: 173-gallon

Range: 280 kmn Maximum speed: up to 40 knotsn Three 50 caliber mounts, one 7.62mm mountn No ballistic protectionn Crew of four to five operators and six passengers

Statusn Sixteen PBLs located at SBU-22n Sustainment program is in place

Contractorsn Hull: Boston Whaler Inc.; Edgewater, Floridan Engines: Outboard Motor Corporation;

Waukegan, Illinois

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Naval Special Warfare RigidInflatable Boat (NSW RIB)

MissionNSW RIB detachments are deployed onUSN amphibious ships to conduct ship-to-shore insertion and extraction of SOF forces,coastal surveillance missions, and coastalresupply missions

DescriptionEach NSW RIB detachment consists of twoNSW RIB’s with trailers, Detachment Deploy-ment Packages (DDPs), and prime movers(if land based), all of which are transportableon standard C-130 or larger military aircraft.

n Crew: three combatant craft crewmenn Passengers: eight combat-equipped

SOF personnel with cargon Hull: 36 feet, cored, Kevlar deep-vee hull

with inflatable sponsonsn Engines: two 470 hp Caterpillar dieselsn Waterjets: two Kamewa FF280 waterjetsn Fuel capacity: 187 gallonsn Full-load range: over 200 NMn Full-load cruise speed: 33 knotsn Full-load maximum speed: 45 knotsn One 50 caliber mount forward, one

40mm mount aftn Radar, GPS, depth soundern IFF, SATCOM, UHF, VHF, HFn Prime movers: Ford F800, 4x4 trucksn DDP spare parts contained in two

ISU-90 containers

Statusn Thirty-six NSW RIBs delivered to SBUs in

San Diego and Norfolk: October 1999n NSW RIB program to build 40 more systems

for delivery: through 2002n Airdrop capability undergoing operational

testing

Contractorsn United States Marine Inc.; New Orleans,

Louisianan Caterpillar Inc.; Peoria, Illinois

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GROUND MOBILITY

Light Strike Vehicle (LSV)

MissionProvide a highly mobile, rugged platformto support five primary missions (specialreconnaissance, direct action, unconventionalwarfare, foreign internal defense, and combat-ing terrorism) and other secondary missions(personnel recovery)

Descriptionn Greater mobility than HMMWVn Carry and fire crew-served weapons

(a primary and a secondary weaponn Provide for 3000 lb. payload/10-day missionn CV-22, MH-47D internal transportable

(plus all fixed wing)n Provide space for four to six crew membersn Range of operation: 450 milesn Common platform capable of being reconfigured

to meet a variety of warfighting needs

Statusn Joint program with USMCn Forty-four vehicles planned for pro-

curement; USSOCOM may increasequantity to 50 vehicles to matchCV-22 Acquisition Objective

n 2000+ vehicles planned for procurement(USMC)

n PDRR Phase: FY 2000n E&MD Phase: FY 2003-2004n IOC: FY 2004

ContractorTBD: Open competition

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COMBAT EQUIPMENT,MUNITIONS & ARMAMENT

SOF Personal EquipmentAdvanced Requirements (SPEAR)

MissionProvide SOF operators with state-of-the-artequipment that improves operator survivability,mobility, lethality, and endurance

DescriptionSPEAR acquires individual operator equipmentin nine functional areas including:

n Lightweight environmental protective(LEP) clothing

n Body armor/load carriage system (BALCS)n Modular integrated communications

helmet (MICH)

n Modular target identification andacquisition (MTIA)

n Team/platoon command, control, communica-tions, computer and intelligence (C4I)

n Laser/ballistic eye protectionn Lightweight NBC protection equipmentn Signature reductionn Physiological management

StatusLEP has been fielded to the majority of the force.Follow-on LEP fielding to remaining units beganin the fourth quarter FY 1999. BALCS beganproduction in June 1999; fielding began infourth quarter FY 1999. MICH commencedoperational testing during the first quarterFY 2000, with IOC scheduled for March 2000.

Heavy Sniper Rifle (HSR)

MissionProvide the SOF sniper with a capability to engagemateriel targets such as wheeled vehicles, light-armored vehicles, parked aircraft, ammo and fuelstorage facilities, radar, and C4I equipment

DescriptionHSR is a .50 caliber anti-materiel weapon thatweighs less than 27.5 lbs., is effective out to 1,500meters, fires a variety of specialized ammunition(including explosive incendiary rounds), and cancycle a minimum of six rounds in one minute.

Statusn Joint USSOCOM-U.S. Army acquisition effort

following a COTS/NDI acquisition strategyn Contract awarded during the third quarter

FY 1999 following competitive down select

n Operational testing to begin in secondquarter FY 2000 with follow-on fieldingto NAVSPECWARCOM and USASOC

ContractorBarrett Firearms Manufacturing; Murfreesboro,Tennessee

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Lightweight Machine Gun (LMG)

MissionProvide the SOF operator with a reliable,belt-fed, man-portable system capable ofaddressing area targets at distances up to600 meters using existing 5.56mm ammunition.System must be fully compatible with compo-nents of the SOPMOD M4 Accessory Kit

DescriptionRugged, highly reliable, corrosion resistant,lightweight (less than 13 lbs.) with a thresholdbarrel life of 10,000 rounds, and a thresholdservice life of 50,000 rounds; supplied witha spare barrel, detachable/adjustable sling,bipod, blank-firing adapter, and cleaning kit

Statusn Final solicitation published: first quarter FY

2000, with follow-on down selectn Full safety and reliability testing begins:

early FY 2001n First Unit Equipped scheduled: third quarter

FY 2001

ContractorTo be determined

M4A1 Carbine w/Accessory Kit

MissionAllow SOF operators to configure the M4A1carbine based on mission-specific requirements;kit items increase weapons effectiveness throughimproved target acquisition and fire control inclose-quarters battle and out to ranges of 500meters, both day and night

DescriptionKit items include:

n Rail interface systemn Four-power telescopic day scopen Close-quarters battle/reflex sightn Infrared and visible laser-aiming devicen Signature suppressorn Modified M203 grenade launchern Improved night scopen Visible light illuminatorn Back-up iron sightn Forward hand gripn Storage case

StatusAll kit items currently fielded or in productionwith the exception of the Mini Night VisionSight (MNVS). Operational testing completedon MNVS in the third quarter FY 1999, withfielding to follow. Beginning work now on sup-plemental requirements to SOPMOD GenerationII, which begins R&D efforts in FY 2000 and FY2001. Generation II SOPMOD will concentrateon consolidation of current devices and newcapabilities designed to enhance the lethalityof the SOF operator.

Contractorsn Trijicon Incorporated; Wixom, Michigann Knight’s Armament Co.; Vero Beach, Floridan Colt Manufacturing, Incorporated; Hartford,

Connecticutn Litton Industries; Dallas, Texasn Insight Technologies; Londonderry,

New Hampshire

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SOF Demolition Kit

MissionProvide the capability to custom build,attach, and waterproof, as required, demoli-tion charges based on specific targets andoperational scenarios

Descriptionn Utilizes various state-of-the-art inert

war heads, fixtures, attaching materialsand equipment, and waterproofing itemsand compounds

n Replaces unreliable, field-improviseditems and methods

StatusFirst unit equipped: fourth quarter FY 1999

Development AgencyArmament Research, Development andEngineering Center; Picatinny Arsenal,New Jersey

73

INTELLIGENCE &INFORMATION SYSTEMS

PRIVATEEREarly Warning System

MissionProvide threat warning and situationalawareness aboard SOF maritime craft,including the PC and MK-V SOC

Descriptionn Permanently installed communication, radar

intercept and direction-finding sub-systemsn Access to national intelligence resources

via Briefcase-Multi-Mission AdvancedTactical Terminal (B-MATT) for IntegratedBroadcast System (IBS) component broad-casts (Tactical Information BroadcastService (TIBS), Tactical Related Applica-tions Data Dissemination System (TDDS),and Tactical Data Information ExchangeSystem Broadcast (TADIX-B)

n Operated by Naval Security Group personneln System components make use of existing

government and commercial products whileensuring commonality and interoperabilitywithin the SOF, DoD, and national community

n Adheres to Joint Maritime Command Infor-mation System/Joint Deployable IntelligenceSupport System (JMCIS/JDISS), MaritimeCommand Architecture/Joint AirborneSignals Intelligence Architecture (MCA/JASA), Joint Technical Architecture (JTA)and Defense Information Infrastructure(DII) Common Operating Environment(COE) standards

Statusn Evolutionary acquisition programn Production initiated: FY 1996 for PCs

(13 systems)n Modified version: FY 1998 for MK-V

(20 systems)n OT&E completed: FY 1995 for PC

configurationn OT&E completed: FY 1998 for MK-Vn Upgrading to BOBCAT ELINT threat

warning systems (installation schedule:13 PCs in first quarter FY 2000; 20 MK-Vsin second and third quarters FY 2000)

n Part of SOF-wide system migration strategyunder the Joint Threat Warning System

n Designated by the Office of AssistantSecretary of the Navy (RD&A) for migra-tion into the mainstream Navy systemcryptologic architectures

Contractorsn Technical developer: Space and Naval

Warfare (SPAWAR) Systems Center;Charleston, South Carolina

n Supported by: Systems Resources Corp.(SRC), EWA, Science ApplicationsInternational Corp. (SAIC), and MILCON

n Vendors: SWRI, Hewlett-Packard, SENSYS,Watkins-Johnson, Cubic, and Allied Signal

74

SILENT SHIELDEarly Warning System

MissionProvide threat warning and situationalawareness aboard fixed- and rotary-wingSOF aircraft

Descriptionn Carry-on/carry-off communications intercept

and direction-finding systemn Access to national intelligence resources

via BMATT for IBS-component broadcasts,TIBS, TDDS, and TADIX-B

n Operated by Air Intelligence Agency(AIA) personnel

n System components make use of existinggovernment and commercial products

n Adheres to JMCIS/JDISS, MCA/JASA,JTA, and DII COE standards

Statusn Evolutionary acquisition programn DT&E completed: December 1998

Final OT&E completed: December 1999n Full production planned: FY 2000n Part of SOF-wide system migration strategy

under the Joint Threat Warning System

Contractorsn Technical developer: SPAWAR Systems

Center; Charleston, South Carolinan Supported by: SRC, Innovative Logistics

Techniques Inc. (INNOLOG), and EWAn Vendors: Watkins-Johnson, TechComm,

Hewlett-Packard, Morrow Technologies,Carlo Gavazzi, AMREL, Raytheon E-Systems,and SBS Avionics Technologies

SOF Signal Intelligence ManpackSystem (SSMS, AN/PRD-13(V)2)

MissionProvide near-real-time force protection, andtarget identification and location

Descriptionn Lightweight (28 lbs.), man-portable

communications intercept and directionfinding (DF) system

n One low-profile DF antenna used for fixedoperations; handheld antenna gives quadrantDF for mobile operations

n Only unit of its kind providing a broadbandsearch, monitor, and DF capability (one DFreceiver and two monitor receivers)

Statusn One hundred and sixty-six Version 1

systems fieldedn Version 2 upgrade FOC: second quarter

FY 2000n Improved SSMS successfully completed

OT&E: November 1997n Part of SOF-wide system migration strategy

under Joint Threat Warning System

ContractorDelfin Systems; Santa Clara, California

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Multi-Mission Advanced TacticalTerminal (MATT)

MissionProvide near-real-time operational intelligenceinformation from national and tactical sources,enabling SOF to effectively avoid, defeat, ordestroy enemy threat systems, and to supportroutine and crisis mission planning

DescriptionA four-channel UHF receiver capable of simulta-neous reception, decryption, and processing of upto four intelligence broadcasts. MATT providesnear-real-time intelligence, threat avoidance,and target acquisition data for display on a tacticaldata processor, thereby streamlining disseminationof broadcast data directly to combat forces. TheMATT design will migrate to be the airbornevariant of the Joint Tactical Terminal (JTT(A)).

A man-transportable, two-channel briefcasevariant, identified as B-MATT, is also available.

Statusn First deliveries and fielding: FY 1995n Initial, fully-integrated MH-53J flight test

conducted: FY 1996n MATT operationally deployed with JSOTF

in stand-alone configurationn Current MATT integration efforts include

MH-53M, SOF-IV, CV-22, and PC

ContractorRaytheon Systems Center; Baltimore, Maryland

Integrated Survey Program (ISP)

MissionSupport JCS contingency planning inconducting surveys on facilities whereU.S. interests may be at risk

Descriptionn Merges several existing survey projects into

a single acquisition program —␣ standardizesprocedures and equipment

n Data collection systems include still/videocameras, desktop, laptop computers, laserrange finders, portable and laser jet printers,and global-positioning system receivers fieldedto theater CINCs’ regional survey teams andspecialized survey teams

n ISP Central Production Branch, comprisingmulti-media production system, establishedwithin the USSOCOM Joint IntelligenceCenter

n Survey dissemination via on-line anddigital media

n Evolutionary acquisition program

Statusn ISP has been designed as a migration system by

the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Command,Control, Communications, and Intelligence)

n Prototype/integration contract awarded:August 1995

n Operational test and evaluation conducted:June 1996-September 1997

n Fielded all production and data collectionsystems

n Post Milestone 3 and in sustainment

ContractorIntergraph Corp.; Huntsville, Alabama

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Special Operations Tactical VideoSystem (SOTVS)

MissionExecute special reconnaissance missions bySOF in support of national and theater CINCwar-fighting requirements

Descriptionn Digital system to capture and transfer

tactical ground imagery between forwardareas and operating bases, with capabilityto operate in diverse and rugged operationalenvironments

n Validated requirement for 477 MissionKits that includes one of three ImagingApparatus (a splashproof still camera, awaterproof still camera, or a splashproofvideo camera) and a Field ComputingDevice (FCD), including image compres-sion/manipulation software

n FCD will annotate the digital images(both still and video) and interface withexisting secure radios to support transmissionto higher command echelons; no communica-tion gear or radios of any kind will be procuredas part of this program

Statusn SOTVS has been declared by the

USSOCOM Acquisition Executive asan Acquisition Reform Pilot Program

n Initial contract award for test articlesscheduled: third quarter FY 2000

n Combined Development Test/OperationalTest (DT/OT) scheduled: first quarterFY 2001

n IOC: third quarter FY 2001

Special Mission Radio System(SMRS)

MissionProvide reliable, secure C2 communications viavoice and data over varying distances

Descriptionn A low-power, high-frequency radio setn Features automatic link establishment,

embedded COMSEC, and internal modemn Frequency range of 1.6-60.000MHzn Transmitter power selectable up to 10 wattsn Improved weight/size and power con-

sumption over AN-PRC-70, AN/PRC-74,and AN/PRC-104 systems (rucksack load

reduction over PRC-70 from 46.8 lbs.to 10 lbs.)

n Provides reliable communications for C2by reducing dependency on availabilityof limited UHF satellite channels

Statusn Initial production: 1995-98; upgrade planned

for 1001 systems: FY 2000n Evolutionary program; IOC: June 2000

77

Family of Loudspeakers (FOL)

MissionProvide high-quality loudspeaker broadcastsystem to target areas in support of SOF andconventional forces when deployed by mobilePSYOP forces

Descriptionn System of loudspeakers mounted on

wheeled vehicles, maritime combatantcraft, rotary-wing aircraft, and dismountedversion for manpacked ground operations;provides enhanced, high-quality recordedlive audio, dissemination, and acoustic-deception capabilities

n Replaces obsolete loudspeaker systems

Statusn U.S. Army Communications and Electronics

Command (USACECOM) awarded basic con-tract for delivery of Production QualificationTest (PQT) articles with negotiated productionoptions: March 1996

n DT/OT was performed at Aberdeen Test Centerand National Institute of Standards and Technology

n The Manpack variant received a Milestone IIIdecision: December 1998Began fielding: October 1999

n The Vehicle/Watercraft variant received aMilestone III decision: April 1999First Article Testing scheduled: April 2000

ContractorRaytheon Systems Center; St. Petersburg, Florida

CONDOR

MissionProvide the capability to rapidly transmitand receive secure voice and data/messagesfrom deployed elements to higher authorityvia tactical hand-held and/or mobile andsemi-fixed unit facilities

Descriptionn Hand-held cellular telephone system

operates in the terrestrial cellular modeor with commercial personal communica-tions system (PCS) satellite services

n Based on commercial standards withremovable NSA approved Type I com-munications security card

n Portable cellular site will provide localsubscriber service for the forward supportbase, forward operating base, SF operationalbase, or intermediate support base

n Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) gatewaywill provide an interface between CONDORand the public switched telephone network,defense red switched network, or otherGovernment and commercial networksat the JSOTF

Statusn Operational Requirements Document

approved: May 1997n Completed feasibility studies to deter-

mine applicability of emerging GOTSand COTS technologies

n Established Memorandum of Agreementwith Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS)program office

78

Miniature Multiband Beacon (MMB)

MissionProvides a dual-band portable radar transponderbeacon that can be hand emplaced and oriented;in-flight navigation or pathfinder functionsguide aircraft to remote targets during periodsof poor visibility and can also serve as a direc-tion aid for naval gunfire; augments drop zone(DZ) marking (multiple DZs with discrete codes)so that supply/personnel/heavy equipment dropscan be made at precise ground points duringresupply missions; provides both identificationand location of austere assault zones for fixed-and rotary-wing aircraft and positive point ofreference and identification for close air supportmissions; provides the controller with a meansfor accurate radar offset weapons delivery

Descriptionn MMB is a hand-held, dual-transponding

(I and K bands) beacon that will replaceseveral existing single-band beacons

n MMB will weigh less than two lbs. with batteryand measure no more than 35 cubic inches.

Statusn Small Business Innovative Research

(SBIR) programn Phase I SBIR effort completed.n Brassboard delivered and tested.n Request for Information (RFI) for existing

MMB systems resulted in no responses forCOTS system.

n Request for Proposal (RFP) for SIBR Phase IIFSD requested.

n Upon successful test of Full-Scale Develop-ment (FDS) systems, Small Business InnovativeResearch Phase III is expected for production.

ContractorSierra Monolithics; Redondo Beach, California

Leaflet Delivery System (LDS)

MissionProvide accurate and reliable dissemination,from both short- and long-standoff ranges,of large quantities of PSYOP material intodenied areas across the spectrum of warand peacetime operations.

Descriptionn Family of LDS variants to allow platform

flexibility based on the operational scenarion Two short-range variants are Wind Supported

Air Delivery System (WSADS) and PrecisionGuided Canister Bomb (PGCB)

n Long-range standoff is greater than 750 miles;short-range standoff is 10-750 miles

n Long-range accuracy 500-750 meters circularerror probability (CEP); short-range accuracy250-500 meters CEP

n Long-range payload: 500-1000 pounds;Short-range payload: 75-150 pounds

Statusn Now in Concept Exploration Phase 0n No viable long-range system availablen Two short-range Non-Developmental

Items (NDI) systems will be acquiredn Foreign Comparative Test (FCT) funds

approved for program testingn WSAD MS I/II scheduled: December 1999n PGCB MS I/II projected: second quarter

FY 2001

79

Special Operations Forces TacticalAssured Connectivity System(SOFTACS)

MissionIntegrated suite of communication systemsdesigned to provide high-capacity, digital,secure, interoperable transmission and switch-ing requirements of emerging SOF C4I systems;provides assured connectivity and significantlyincreased information-transfer capability todeployed SOF C2 elements

Descriptionn Super-high-frequency (SHF), tri-band

(X, C, Ku) tactical satellite terminal withintegrated digital Satellite Communications(SATCOM) switching and equipment capa-bilities as reflected in the Army WarfighterInformation Network (WIN) and DoDjoint technical architecture

n Operates over military and commercialsatellite space segments and provides high-capacity communications links to supportvoice, data, imagery, and video telecon-ferencing throughout the deployedSOF community

n Variant of the Army SHF Tri-bandAdvanced Range Extension Terminal(STAR-T) being procured for the Army,Marine Corps, and Joint CommunicationsSupport Element (JCSE)

n Interoperable with the Defense Informa-tion Systems Network (DISN), TRI-TAC,Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE),Ground Mobile Forces (GMF) SATCOMterminals, SCAMPI, and other service/agency tri-band SHF ground terminals

n Evolutionary technology program with thefollowing technological insertions: SecureTelephone Equipment (STE); Tropospheric-Satellite Support Radio (TSSR); MessageGateway System (MGS); Tactical Local AreaNetwork (TACLAN); External Tri-band Antenna(ETA) and Remote Trunking System (RTS)

n Heavy High-Mobility Multi-Wheeled Vehicle(HHV) mounted and transit case configurations

Statusn Four specifications-compliant, vehicle-mounted

SOFTACS have been acquired and are beingtested as low-rate initial production units

n Production decision for follow-on SOFTACSprocurement expected: second quarterFY 2001

ContractorRaytheon Systems Center; Marlborough,Massachusetts

80

Downsized Deployable SatelliteTerminal (DDST)

MissionProvides a lightweight, easily transportablesatellite communications system to supportC2, intelligence, logistics, and the mission-support functions of the theater SOC’sdeployed elements during the initial phaseof an operation

Descriptionn SHF tri-band (X, C, Ku) 2.4 meter

tactical satellite terminaln Operates over military and commercial

satellite space segments to provide areach-back capability for deployed unitsand to provide common-user voice, data,and message service

n Comprised of a lightweight antennawith a satellite tri-band radio frequencyunit, traveling wave tube assembly,tactical satellite signal processor, satellite

communications modem, and threefeedhorn assemblies

n Transported in 13 transit casesn Total weight: approximately 1,150 poundsn Connectivity to the Defense Satellite

Communications System (DSCS) andSCAMPI satellite assets, and the SOFIntelligence Vehicle

Statusn Ten DDSTs were fielded to the theater

SOCs and the 112th Signal Battalion: 1997n Market survey underway to investigate

possibilities for the next generation,enhanced DDST

ContractorSSE Technologies; Vienna, Virginia

81

Special Operations Media System(SOMS) B

MissionProvide enhanced tactical television and radiocapabilities to produce, broadcast, record, andtransmit programming material in support ofPSYOP and CA missions

Descriptionn Tactical, mobile, deployable radio and

television broadcast systems for productionand dissemination of PSYOP products toaudiences worldwide

n Rack-mounted broadcast and editingequipment configured in two independentsubsystems: Mobile Radio Broadcast System(MRBS) and Mobile Television BroadcastSystem (MTBS)

n MRBS produces, broadcasts, records, andmonitors commercial AM/FM/SW productsover commercial frequencies from fixedlocations using broadband directional andomni-directional antenna systems

n MTBS, with electronic news gathering(ENG), produces and broadcasts commercialVHF-TV broadcast-quality products, andhas capability to record and monitor off-airVHF area broadcasts

n MTBS, with the Digital Video DistributionSystem (DVDS), adds the capability totransmit and receive broadcast-qualityvideo up to 9.3 Mbps via the DDST

n Each MRBS/MTBS is C-130 deployablewith drive-on/drive-off capability

n SOMS B replaces the transportable, ampli-tude-modulated transmitter 10 KWatt(TAMT-10), PSYOP air mobile dissemina-tion system (PAMDIS), and AN/TSG-171(ENG portion only)

Statusn Operational testing conducted: Joint

Interoperability Test Center, Ft. Huachuca,Arizona, March-April 1997

n Full Rate Production Decision for MTBSapproved: September 1997Full Rate Production Decision for MRBS:October 1997

n First unit equipped: 17th PSYOP Bn, Joliet,Illinois, August 1997

n As of December 1999, all six core con-figuration SOMS Bs have been deliveredto 4th PSYOP Group, Ft. Bragg, NorthCarolina and 7th PSYOP Group, Joliet,Illinois and Los Alamitos, California

n Evolutionary acquisition program withplanned technology insertions: FY 1999-2003

ContractorNaval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division,Special Communications Requirements Branch;St. Inigoes, Maryland

82

Deployable Print ProductionCenter (DPPC)

MissionTo provide a rapidly deployable, self-contained,shelter-mounted system for creating, editing,and producing PSYOP print products inforward-deployed locations

Descriptionn Rapidly deployable, 1497B-Shelterized

system mounted on a heavy HMMWVwith C-130 roll-on/roll-off capability

n Consists of a computerized PSYOPproduct development workstation withmultiple input sources (graphics, motionand still video, color scanner, etc.),desktop publishing, high-speed digitalcolor duplicator, and paper cutter

Statusn Developmental testing (transportability,

environmental, and safety) conducted:Aberdeen Test Center, September-December 1997

n Operational Testing conducted:Ft. Bragg, North Carolina, January-February 1998

n First unit equipped: 4th PSYOP Group,Ft. Bragg, North Carolina, June 1998

n Completed fielding: Five DPPCs fielded to4th PSYOP Group, Ft. Bragg, North Carolinaand 7th PSYOP Group, Joliet, Illinois and LosAlamitos, California, September 1999

ContractorNaval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division,Special Communications RequirementsBranch; St. Inigoes, Maryland

83

Psychological Operations BroadcastSystem (POBS)

MissionProvide strategic, wide-area, multi-mediaradio and television production, distribution,and dissemination capability in support oftheater CINCs

Descriptionn Comprised of six interfacing systems that

can stand alone or interoperate with otherPSYOP systems as determined by missionrequirements

n POBS includes the tactical SOMS B; thePSYOP Product Distribution System (PDS)that provides PSYOP inter- and intra-theaterdistribution capability for product edit andapproval; the fixed-site Media ProductionCenter (MPC) at Ft. Bragg, NC; a deploy-able Theater Media production Center(TMPC); and deployable flyaway packagesconsisting of any combination of AM, FM,SW, and TV transmitters

Statusn Fielding of SOMS B core configuration

systems completed: December 1999n Fielding of initial PSYOP PDS scheduled:

January 2000 following user evaluation(November 1999)

n TMPC configuration design is in process,with developmental testing at AberdeenTest Center planned: FY 2001

n As of December 1999, four of six POBSOperational Requirements Documents(ORDS) approved by USSOCOM

n POBS is an evolutionary acquisitionprogram with planned technology insertionsfor all variants

Tactical Radio System (TRS)

MissionProvides NSW combatant craft with critical intra-craft communications and an exterior command-and-control link to SOF base station, tacticalaircraft, SOF and conventional U.S. and alliedmaritime platforms, and other SOF and conven-tional forces; enables crew members to communi-cate internally, boat-to-boat, or via tactical radios

Descriptionn Consists of four subsystems: radio control/

interior (RC/I), drop-in communicationspackage (DICP), communications helmet,and a single, multi-band antenna

n The multi-band antenna will consolidateexisting HF, VHF, UHF, LOS, and UHFSATCOM antennas into a single antenna

Statusn Developmental and operational testing

completed; 70 complete systems producedn Multi-band antenna technology is pend-

ing developmentn Forty-eight systems installed on the

NSW RIB and 30-Ft. RIBn Remaining systems to be installed on

NSW RIB concurrent with NSW RIBproduction

ContractorNaval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division;St. Inigoes, Maryland

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Joint Base Station (JBS)

MissionProvide a deployed SOF commander theability to establish and maintain mobile-and fixed-combat, contingency, training,and administrative communications fromany level within a theater of operations

Descriptionn Family of deployable base stations encom-

passes three component commands andtheater SOC requirements

n Core capability (NSW Task Unit Van),Variant 1 (USASOC SF Base Station),Variant 2 (AFSOC Special OperationsCommunications Package, theater SOCand NSW Modular Communications),and Variant 3 (NSW Fixed-Base Station)

n Transportable, roll on/off, self-containedcommunications systems provide highdata rate and continuous, reliable, long-and short-range communications

n Provides ability to rapidly transmitdata between infiltrated elements andhigher headquarters

Statusn Seven core production units completed

and delivered to NAVSPECWARCOM:January 1997

n Two V1 low-rate initial production (LRIP)vehicular systems and one V1 LRIP transitcase system fielded to USASOC

n Fifteen additional V1 vehicular systems andfour V1 transit case systems in production

n Six Variant 2 (V2) systems fielded: AFSOC(4); three V2 systems in production forSOCSOUTH, SOCKOR, and SOCPAC

n Six legacy NSW MODCOM systems beingupgraded to the V2 configuration

n Three new V2 systems in production forNAVSPECWARCOM

n Nine Variant 3 (V3) upgrades in production

ContractorNaval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division;St. Inigoes, Maryland

Active Noise Reduction (ANR)

MissionANR is built into the headsets and helmetsused by aircraft crew members and uses elec-tronic noise canceling to reduce the noiselevel; the system detects the ambient noisesignal, reverses the phase, matches the ampli-tude, and reinserts the signal into the ear cupto cancel high-amplitude noise levels in aircraftcockpits and cargo bays; reduces temporary andpermanent hearing loss

DescriptionA “variable family” nomenclature for the ANRsystem has been established and designated as“headset electrical,” active noise reduction,PRU-57(V)/P. The versions currentlynomenclatured are:

n HGU-55/P fixed-wing helmet versionpreliminarily designated as PRU-57(V)1/P

n Headset version preliminarily designatedas PRU-57(V)2/P

n SPH-4AF helicopter helmet version, whichis yet to be assigned an official nomenclature

Statusn 1563 Bose ANR headsets have been delivered

to AFSOCn Currently an additional requirement for 370

SPH-4AF helicopter helmets

Contractorsn Headset: Bose Corporation; Framingham,

Massachusettsn HGU-55/P Helmet: TBD

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Multi-Band Multi-Mission Radio(MBMMR)

MissionProvide reliable, secure voice and datacommunications across the VHF and UHFbands with a single manpack radio

Descriptionn Frequency range: 30-512 MHzn Features demand access multiple assignment

(DAMA), embedded Type 1 COMSEC,SINCGARS, and HAVEQUICK II

n Transmitter power selectable up to 20 wattsn Reduces combat load by replacing numerous

single-banded manpack radios currently used(i.e., AN/PRC-85, AN/PRC-113,

AN/PRC-117, AN/PRC-119, AN/PSC-3,AN/PSC-5, LST-5B/C, and HST-4A) withone full-range/band radio system

Statusn Competitive acquisition strategy for NDI

procurementn Request for proposals released: February 1999n Anticipate contract award: early FY 2000n Test article delivery scheduled: mid FY 2000n Full production decision: late FY 2000

Multi-Band Inter/Intra TeamRadio (MBITR)

MissionProvide reliable, secure voice and data com-munications on a user-selected frequency from30-512 MHz utilizing a single, hand-held radio

Descriptionn VHF and UHF/LOS Simplex/Half Duplex

hand-held radion Frequency range: 30-512 MHz, AM and FMn Features embedded Type 1 COMSEC,

SINCGARS SIP, and HAVE QUICK IIn Transmitter power selectable up to five wattsn Improved weight/size and power consumption

by replacing numerous multi-frequency/banded, hand-held radios currently used(i.e., AN/PRC-68, AN/PRC-126,

MX-300, MX-300S, and MZ-300R) with onefull range/band radio

n Immersible to 20 metersn Operable to 30,000 feet

Statusn Contract awarded for test articles: March 1997n Test articles available for testing: first quarter

FY 1999n Production planned for about 4,050 systemsn Milestone 2 completed; preliminary test report

under review prior to initiation of Milestone 3

ContractorRacal Communications Inc.; Rockville, Maryland

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SCAMPITelecommunications System

MissionProvide Command, Control, Communica-tions, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance,and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) communica-tions services to SOF elements and garrisondeployed through the SCAMPI Wide AreaNetwork (WAN); DoD common-user ser-vices are provided to the SOF ComponentCommands, theater SOC, major subordi-nate SOF units, and other governmentagencies directly associated with theSOF community

Descriptionn Uses a meshed, dedicated hub and

spoke network between four hubsand 35 nodes

n Gateways to DoD common-user(e.g., SIPRNET, JWICS, DRSN, DefenseRed Switch Network) and SOF networksare located at the hubs and shared withsubordinate SOF operational forces thatdo not have connectivity into thecommon-user networks

n Extension of SCAMPI Special OperationsServices are extended to deployed SOF via

tactical SCAMPI Gateways and satelliteentry points; this gateway can handleeight simultaneous deployed nodes

n Bandwidth management is accomplishedusing Integrated Digital Network Exchange(IDNX) Time Division Multiplexers (TDM)

n Information is provided to SOF-deployedand fixed commands at two separate levelsof security categories, Sensitive Compart-mented Information (SCI) and CollateralInformation (TOP SECRET and SECRET)

n Levels of security are separated andpartitioned to take advantage of band-width share provided by the IDNX

Statusn SCAMPI projected to grow to 39 nodes

and three deployable nodes: FY 2000n Conversion from IDNX to ATM will

begin Phase one of four: FY 2000n Deployed SCAMPI will transition from

IDNX to ATM: FY 2001

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Special Operations ForceIntelligence Vehicle (SOF IV)

MissionExtends JDISS-SOCRATES to the tacticallevel as a single laptop or as a multiple-clientserver environment and ensures interopera-bility with Theater Intelligence Data HandlingSystems; provides the warfighter with “leading-edge-technology” capabilities including near-real-time operational intelligence, imageryand video handling, intelligence productionand dissemination, operator-to-operator inter-action, mapping, message processing, connec-tion to co-located assets, mission planning,and reach-back access to theater and nationaldatabases

Descriptionn System evolved from a HHMMWV/shelter/

tent to scaleable equipment packagesn Message and data connectivity to national,

theater, and command databasesn SCI system connectivity to the Joint

Worldwide Intelligence CommunicationsSystem (JWICS)

n Collateral access connectivity to SIPRNETn Receipt and processing of national

broadcasts through integration of MATTn Receipt and processing of Automated M22

Broadcast through the S-band tacticalautomated receive (STAR) terminal

n Receipt and processing of broadcast fromthe Global Broadcast System (GBS)

Statusn Twelve systems fielded for two years;

vehicle-mounted systems fielded: FY 1996n FOT&E conducted on Evolutionary Block

2/3 Upgradesn Approaching Milestone Decision in June

with anticipated fielding of the MigrationSystem: early FY 2000

Contractorsn Technical developer: BTG Inc.; Fairfax, Virginian Technical support: SAIC; McLean, Virginia

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Joint Deployable IntelligenceSupport System-Special OperationsCommand Research, Analysis,and Threat Evaluation System(JDISS-SOCRATES)

MissionProvides unprecedented access to bothnational and specially focused intelligenceproducts using a wide-area, network-based,multi-functional intelligence system forUSSOCOM headquarters, its componentcommands, and operating forces worldwide

Descriptionn Provides the warfighter with near-real-time

operational intelligence, imagery and videohandling, intelligence production anddissemination, operator-to-operator inter-action, mapping, message processing, andaccess to theater and national databases

n Provides intelligence support to SOFworldwide, across the spectrum of conflict,and potentially to any SOF mission

n Provides intelligence, message, and dataconnectivity between the SOF community,national agencies, Department of State,and theater SOCs

n Provides SOF access to extensive intel-ligence databases already developed tosupport operations against likely targets,as well as the ability to quickly develop andtailor new databases to unexpected threats

n Compatible with Department of DefenseIntelligence Information System (DODIIS)and JDISS national standards

n Compatible with national, service, andtheater intelligence, data-handling systems

StatusJDISS-SOCRATES currently deployed at32 sites, supporting more than 1,700 users

Contractorsn Integration management support:

Technautics Inc.; Falls Church, Virginian Technical developer: Sverdrup Technology

Inc.; Tullahoma, Tennessee

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Command, Control,Communications, Computers,and Intelligence AutomationSystem (C4IAS)

MissionProvides a wide range of services fromC4ISR capabilities to office automation tools;provides the conduit for various systems suchas the Global Command and Control System(GCCS) to connect the SOF warfighter tothe global infosphere

Descriptionn Consolidated nine previously separate

automation programs and incorporatednumerous local area networks into onecentralized SOF-wide corporateinformation network

n Supports worldwide data transfer viathe Non-secure Internet ProtocolRouting Network (NIPRNET), theworldwide web, the Secret InternetProtocol Routing Network (SIPRNET),and SCAMPI

n Facilitates C2 throughout SOFn Uses commercial-off-the-shelf/government-

off-the-shelf (COTS/GOTS) hardware

and software for minimal user trainingand standardization

n Uses standardized software applicationssuch as Microsoft Office and WindowsNT to facilitate interoperabilityacross SOF

n Provides the SOF backbone foraccommodating and interfacing auto-mation systems, future architectures,and other requirements

n Provides support for the evolutionaryacquisition of emerging technologies

StatusCurrently fielded to USSOCOM headquartersand its component commands

ContractorProgram management support: Booz-Allenand Hamilton Inc.; McLean, Virginia

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JSOFC2-MPARE MISSION

MissionJSOFC2-MPARE is a USCINCSOC flagshipprogram that integrates all special operationsmission planning, analysis, rehearsal, execu-tion, and C2 capabilities to achieve SOFand joint interoperability

Descriptionn Develops and guides the integration and

use of commercial information and deci-sion support tools, C2 systems, constructivesimulations, and computer-based operationaltools to enhance SOF daily managementand combat capability during training, exer-cises, education, and military operations

n Will provide a common focus for allUSSOCOM and component programsand systems to ensure fully integrated,continuously improving joint SOF C2capabilities in the 21st century(JSOFC2 – XXI)

Statusn The Joint Special Operations Mission

Planner (JSOMP), an MPARE conceptwithin the theater, has been provided for

evaluation to SOCCENT headquartersand units as proof of principle

n During FY 2000, SOC requirements willbe identified as a basis for developmentof an operational capabilities to all SOCsby FY 2002. Priorities will be as follows:SOCEUR, SOCKOR, SOCSOUTH,SOCPAC, and SOCJFC. The goal is tohave full operational capabilities for SOFat all levels of operations by 2010. TheJSOFC2 – XXI requirement process willcontinue to be reviewed and updatedevery two years.

n JSOFC2-MPARE acquisition programinitiation planned for FY 2001 withan evolutionary strategy to provide acoordinated set of DII/COE-complianttools and applications for SOCOM head-quarters, its component commands, andoperating forces worldwide

ContractorsTechnical developer: Naval Air WarfareCenter, Training Simulation Division,Orlando, Florida; and Booz-Allen andHamilton, Inc., McLean, Virginia

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Special Operations ForcesSupport Activity (SOFSA)

MissionProvide joint SOF with options for dedicatedlogistics support capability worldwide

n The “cornerstone” for executingUSSOCOM’s special operations-peculiar logistics responsibilities tojoint SOF worldwide

n The Center of Excellence for designatedlogistics commodities in the areas ofSOF aviation and specified unit support

Descriptionn Cost Plus Award Fee contractn Award fee provides incentives for

contractor performance and cost controln Customers have direct input on Award

Fee determinationn Competitively awarded five-year

USSOCOM logistics support contract;provides responsive and customized,tailored logistics support

n Customers pay only for work performed

MISSION SUPPORT

SOFSA Core Capabilities (Extract)n Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft modificationsn Specialized aviation engineering supportn SOF communications-electronics repairn SOF aviation parts storage and shipping

work centern SOF night-vision optics repairn SOF weapons modification and

repair programn Specialized vehicle and maintenance

work centern Customized welding and specialized

machine work centersn Fabric and textile production

work centersn Secure compartmented maintenance

facility, SCIF, and storage

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SOF Sustainment, Asset Visibility,and Information Exchange

MissionThe SOF Sustainment, Asset Visibility, andInformation Exchange (SSAVIE) providesresponsive and cost-effective logistics materielsupport to maximize readiness and sustainabilityfor SOF worldwide

Descriptionn Single customer-focused access for SOF logisticsn Integrated web-based logistics infrastructuren Centralized materiel managementn Rules of engagement (business rules)n SOF total asset visibility

Core Capabilitiesn SOF logistics information management

systemn On-line data access provides:

– Web pages for programs and status– Fielding schedules– Supply and repair sites– Technical publications library– Life-cycle sustainment database– Special Operations-peculiar catalog

n Trouble center help desk

Storefront Service Center

MissionThe Storefront Service Center serves as aone-stop entry point for SOF logistics supportand provides logistics pipeline managementfor special operations-peculiar equipment

Descriptionn Provides SOF customers with assistance

in supply information, repair and returninformation, and technical information

n Serves as on-site special operations-peculiar equipment customer servicecenter at selected locations

n Provides support for logistics issuesthat affect special operations readiness

n Provides special operations-peculiarequipment support to deployedSOF warfighters

n Operates as a government-owned,contractor-operated operation; on-siteStorefronts staffed with two personnel

Statusn USSOCOM tested this initiative by

establishing a Storefront Service Centerat Hurlburt Field, Florida: April 1999

n Based on the success of the proof-of-concept test, Storefront operations arebeing expanded to other locations

n Storefront Central operation withinUSSOCOM headquarters opened: April 1999

n Fort Bragg Storefront Service Center opened:September 1999

n NAVSPECWARCOM Storefront ServiceCenter scheduled to open: early 2000

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APPENDIX DBUDGET AND MANPOWER

The SOF BudgetThe FY 2001 budget request for SOF is approxi-mately $3.7 billion. The SOF budget request byappropriation is shown in Table D-1.

Table D-1SOF Budget ($ Millions)

Appropriation FY 2000 FY 2001

MILPERS* $1,502.0 $1,540.4O&M 1,295.9 1,356.6Procurement 729.1 525.3RDT&E 237.7 244.6MILCON 54.8 74.5

Totals $3,819.5 $3,741.4

* Funded in the MILPERS accounts of the militarydepartments

PersonnelFunding for military personnel is included inthe military personnel accounts of the militarydepartments. Table D-2 depicts the manpowerend strength data for FY 2001.

Table D-2Manpower End Strength

Category FY 2000 FY 2001

Active MilitaryOfficer 5,353 5,389Enlisted 23,867 23,775

Total Active 29,220 29,164

National GuardOfficer 705 705Enlisted 2,990 2,990

Total National Guard 3,695 3,695

ReserveOfficer 2,737 2,735Enlisted 7,308 7,308

Total Reserve 10,045 10,043

CivilianU.S. Direct Hire 2,781 2,788

Totals 45,741 45,690

Operation andMaintenanceThe Operation and Maintenance (O&M) appro-priation covers the costs of operating and main-taining SOF and related support activities. Thisincludes civilian pay; services for maintenanceof equipment, real property and facilities; fuel;

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consumable supplies; spares; and repair parts forweapons and equipment. Table D-3 details the FY2001 funding for O&M budget activity (BA) areas.

Table D-3Operation and Maintenance

Budget ($ in Millions)

Budget Activity FY 2000 FY 2001

Operating Forces $1,204.6 $1,263.6Training 49.4 49.1Administrative 41.9 43.9

Totals $1,295.9 $1,356.6

n Operating Forces — BA 1 includes necessaryresources for SOF tactical units and organiza-tions, including costs directly associated withunit training, deployments, and participationin contingency operations. Resources supportcivilian and military manpower, SOF-peculiarand support equipment, fielding of SOF equip-ment, routine operating expenses, and neces-sary facilities. BA 1 is divided into two activitygroups: special operations operational forcesand special operations operational support.

n Training — BA 3 includes resources forO&M costs directly attributable to support-ing the component special operations schools.USSOCOM operates the John F. KennedySpecial Warfare Center and School at FortBragg, North Carolina; the Naval SpecialWarfare Center at Coronado, California;and the Air Force Special Operations Schoolat Hurlburt Field, Florida. Also included aretraining development and support activities.The schools and centers provide mobiletraining teams to support the operationalforces as required. SOF aircrew training andtraining at the joint readiness training center(JRTC) are directly related to SOF Opera-tional Forces. The SOF medical trainingcenter at Fort Bragg, North Carolinaprovides modularized qualification, advanced

enhancement, and limited sustainment medicaltraining for joint SOF.

n Administrative — BA 4 provides resourcesfor O&M costs supporting SOF-peculiar acqui-sition programs being developed or procured.Funding is executed by the SOAL. Fundsacquisition program management, engineer-ing, and logistical support for SOF tacticalacquisition programs. Support includesfunding for travel, operational testing andevaluation support, and related supplies andequipment. Funds civilian program manage-ment and general contractor support forSOAL to include support equipment, neces-sary facilities, SOAL civilians, and costsassociated with the management of SOAL.

ProcurementThe FY 2001 Procurement budget allocatesfunds for mobility, ammunition, communica-tions, intelligence, and miscellaneous programsas shown in Table D-4.

Table D-4Procurement Budget ($ in Millions)

Program FY 2000 FY 2001

Mobility $272.8 $196.2Ammunition 53.5 62.6Comm Equip & Electronics 84.0 74.4Intelligence 20.0 32.3Miscellaneous 298.8 159.8

Totals $729.1 $525.3

n Mobility programs, the largest mission area inprocurement, includes funds for completion ofmajor aircraft and maritime procurement programs.

n The Ammunition budget will be usedprimarily to procure munitions for training,operations, and war reserve stocks.

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n Communications Equipment and Electronicsprograms will continue to procure lighter, morereliable communications equipment that willbe an improvement over current systems.

n Intelligence programs are consolidated intoone SOF budget line item. This consolidationemphasizes the importance of effective manage-ment in an area that is critical and essentialto special operations.

Mobility ProgramsTable D-5 depicts the FY 2001 budget for Mobilityprograms.

Table D-5Mobility Programs ($ in Millions)

Program FY 2000 FY 2001

Rotary-Wing Upgrades $81.6 $68.5SOF Training Systems 2.1 2.4MC-130H Combat Talon II 16.8 10.4CV-22 SOF Modifications 3.6 8.5AC-130U Gunship Acquisition 26.6 13.9C-130 Modifications 103.1 26.2Aircraft Support 1.7 2.2Advanced SEAL Delivery System 15.4 48.0Submarine Conversion 3.3 1.6SOF Combatant Craft Systems 18.6 14.5

Totals $272.8 $196.2

n Rotary-Wing Upgrades and Sustainmentfunding provides for a variety of criticalimprovements to the A/MH-6, MH-60L/K,MH-53J, and MH-47D/E aircraft. Theseaircraft must be capable of operating atextended ranges under adverse weatherconditions to infiltrate, provided logistics

for, reinforce, and exfiltrate SOF. This programprovides ongoing survivability, reliability,maintainability, and operational upgradesas well as procurement appropriation sustain-ment costs for fielded rotary-wing aircraftand subsystems to include forward basingof MH-47E helicopters.

n Funds for the SOF Training Systems willintegrate and support MH-47E/MH-60Kaircraft simulator with upgrades, includingavionics 15.0, aircraft survivability equip-ment, and integrated aircraft systems.

n The MC-130H Combat Talon II is a pro-duction and sustainment program in whicha specialized avionics suite has been inte-grated into a C-130H airframe. Its missionis to conduct night, adverse-weather, low-level, long-range operations in hostile,politically denied/sensitive, defended areasto infiltrate, resupply, or exfiltrate SOF andequipment. All MC-130H aircraft wereprocured in prior years; ongoing efforts focuson meeting operational requirements in theSystem Operational Requirements Docu-ment by establishing organic intermediate-and depot-level maintenance capability onthe APQ-170 Radar, Nose Radome, andAP-102A Mission Computer.

n The CV-22 SOF Modification programprovides for SOF modifications to the V-22vertical-lift, multi-mission aircraft. The Navyis the lead service for the joint V-22 programand is responsible for managing and fundingthe development of all V-22 variants, includ-ing the CV-22. The Air Force will procureand field 50 CV-22 aircraft and supportequipment for USSOCOM, conduct InitialOperational Test and Evaluation, and pro-vide Type I training. USSOCOM funds theprocurement of SOF-peculiar systems, e.g.,terrain-following radar, electronic warfaresuite, etc. The Air Force will fund 85 percentof the procurement cost for CV-22 trainingsystems; USSOCOM funds 15 percent.

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In addition, FY 2001 funds incorporatePre-planned Product Improvements intothe first CV-22 production lot.

n The FY 2001 AC-130U Gunship programprovides a reduced level of interim contractorsupport and piece part spares procurement,completes procurement of depot-level-pecu-liar support equipment, and begins a reliabilityand maintainability assessment of system line-replaceable and shop-replaceable units. Theprogram also continues software integrationlaboratory support, post-production support,and test program set modifications.

n The C-130 Modification program providesfor numerous modifications to various modelsof the C-130 aircraft. The FY 2001 programincludes: completion of interim contractorsupport (ICS) on the 85-185L(A); auxiliarypower unit upgrade on the MC-130H andAC-130U aircraft; procurement of final dataand ICS for AC-130H Low Light Level TV(LLLTV) program; completion of communi-cations system upgrade for AC-130U; comple-tion of the AC-130U radar upgrade for higherresolution and improved projectile impactprediction; procurement of production installsfor the Gas Turbine Compressor; installationof the first four ALE-47s; upgrade of AC-130UAll Light Level TV laser illuminator; completeretrofit of AC-130U fleet with the ALR-69radar warning receiver; and funding of field-requested minor modifications required tomaintain operational capabilities of SOFC-130 aircraft.

n The Aircraft Support program continuesprocurement of avionics to enhance C-17capabilities for USSOCOM special operationslow-level missions and the continuation ofEC-137 communications upgrades and otherairworthiness requirements as directed by theFederal Aviation Administration.

n Funding for the Advanced SEAL DeliverySystem (ASDS) provides engineering and

planning yard support, government-furnishedequipment, host submarine conversion andsupport equipment, peculiar support equip-ment, ASDS alterations, and long lead-timematerial for major subcomponents of VehicleNo. 2. The ASDS is a manned combatant mini-submarine used for the clandestine deliveryof SEAL personnel and weapons and willprovide the requisite range, endurance, pay-load, and other capabilities for operationsin a full range of threat environments.

n The Submarine Conversion programmodifies Submarine Ship Nuclear (SSN)688 class submarines to host dry deck shelters(DDS) and ASDS. FY 2001 funding completesthe fit-up of one SSN-688 Class Submarineand updates logistics support.

n The SOF Combatant Craft Systemsprogram provides a short-range surfacemobility platform for SOF insertion andexfiltration. The program supports theprocurement of craft, trailers, prime movers,deployment packages, contractor logistics,and engineering support.

Ammunition ProgramsTable D-6 presents the FY 2001 Ammunitionbudget request.

Table D-6Ammunition Programs

($ in Millions)

Program FY 2000 FY 2001

Ordnance Replenishment $37.6 $36.6Ordnance Acquisition 15.9 26.0

Totals $53.5 $62.6

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n Funding for Ordnance Replenishmentprovides replenishment munitions to sup-port Navy SOF peacetime expenditures,combat reserve quantities, and trainingammunition required to maintainAC-130 Gunship crew mission-relatedreadiness skills.

n The Ordnance Acquisition programincludes funds to meet the inventoryobjectives for war reserve and trainingon a variety of items developed andmodified for SOF. This includes select-able lightweight attack munition (SLAM),SOF demolition kit, 40mm refuze, remoteactivated munitions system (RAMS),IMP 105, multi-purpose anti-armor/anti-personnel weapons system (MAAWS),and improved limpet mine (ILM).

CommunicationsProgramSOF units require communications equip-ment that will improve their warfightingcapability without degrading their mobility.The SOF Communications Program repre-sents a continuing effort to procure light-weight and efficient SOF C4 capabilities.Table D-7 shows the distribution of fundsfor this program. USSOCOM has devel-oped an overall strategy to ensure thatC4 systems continue to provide SOFwith the required capabilities into the21st century. This integrated networkof systems provides positive C2 and thetimely exchange of intelligence and threatwarning to all organizational echelons.The C4 systems that support this newarchitecture will employ the latest stand-ards and technology by transitioning fromseparate systems to full integration witha multitude of existing and projectednational C4 assets.

Table D-7Communications Programs

($ in Millions)

Program FY 2000 FY 2001

SMRS $4.2 $3.9NSW Tactical Radio 0.9 0.0MBMMR 5.7 16.5MBITR 11.7 3.4CONDOR 0.3 0.0Miniature Multiband Beacon 0.0 1.0SOFTACS 14.6 22.3Joint Base Station 19.9 4.0SO Comm Assemblage IMP 3.5 2.9SOF C4IAS 17.0 10.7SCAMPI 4.7 8.8VTC 1.2 0.3HQ C4I Systems 0.3 0.3MPARE 0.0 0.3

Totals $84.0 $74.4

Intelligence ProgramsUSSOCOM consolidates Intelligence programsin one budget line item to emphasize the impor-tance of effective management in an area thatis critical and essential to special operations.Table D-8 shows the distribution of funds forthese programs. Funds for Silent Shield, theairborne subset of an evolutionary Joint ThreatWarning System (JTWS), will provide 27 commu-nications surveillance systems, 21 tactical datareceivers, engineering change orders, and initialspares. Funds for PRIVATEER, the maritime subsetof JTWS, will procure the standards complianceevolutionary technology insertion (ETI) for 20MK-Vs and seven PCs, the modern-modes exploi-tation ETI for 20 MK-Vs and seven PCs, andthe SATCOM antenna ETI for seven PCs. TheSOTVS program, which will provide a capabilityto forward digital/video imagery near-real timevia current or future communication systems,will procure four low-rate, initial production,splashproof, single-frame video grab (SVIB)

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cameras; 101 splashproof, still digital (SVIA)cameras; 35 splashproof, single-frame video grabcameras; 46 SV2s; software and data controllers;initial cadre training; and initial spares. The JointDeployable Intelligence Support System/SOCResearch, Analysis, and Threat Evaluation Sys-tem (JDISS/SOCRATES) program will provideenhancements to intelligence preparation of thebattlefield, joint intelligence fusion, collectionasset management, automated language trans-lation, and meteorological and oceanographicsystem capabilities.

Table D-8Intelligence Programs ($ in Millions)

Program FY 2000 FY 2001

MATT $ 2.1 $ 0.0Silent Shield 1.8 11.0PRIVATEER 0.5 2.5SOTVS 0.6 7.0JDISS/SOCRATES 11.4 11.8JTWS 1.0 0.0SOF IV 2.6 0.0

Totals $20.0 $32.3

Miscellaneous ProgramsThe FY 2001 budget for Miscellaneous programsis displayed in Table D-9.

n Small Arms and Weapons provides smallarms and combat equipment in support ofSOF and procures a variety of weapons andequipment to include: MK93 tri-purposeM60/40MM/.50 CAL boat gun mounts;SOF-peculiar modification to the M4 carbine(SOPMODM-4) accessory kit items; light-weight, environmental protective handwearand headgear to meet the inventory objec-tives and additional body armor/load carriagesystems; improved night/day observation/firecontrol devices; heavy sniper rifles to meetwar reserve and training inventory objectives;

and 5.56 lightweight machine guns to meetinventory objectives.

n Maritime Equipment Modifications providefor PC and MK-V maritime modifications.The FY 2001 program includes the PC upgradeof existing integrated bridge system (IBS) toincorporate evolving technologies includinga complete electronic chart display informa-tion system, visual line of bearing integration,radar overlay capability, operator interfaceimprovements and hardware upgrades forfaster processing, display, and disseminationof IBS data, as well as installation of mainpropulsion diesel engine noise reduction.

n The Spares/Repair Parts program financesboth initial weapon system and aircraftmodification spares for SOF fixed- androtary-wing aircraft. Initial weapon systemspares include new production spares, pecu-liar support equipment spares, and updatesto existing spares required to support initialoperations of new aircraft and increases inthe inventory of additional end items.Aircraft modification spares include newspare parts required during the initial opera-tions of modified airborne systems. Thesefunds reimburse the Air Force Stock fundfor SOF initial spares provisioned withAir Force Stock fund obligation authority.

Table D-9Miscellaneous Programs ($ in Millions)

Program FY 2000 FY 2001

Small Arms/Weapons $25.1 $11.8Maritime Equipment MODS 2.2 0.9Spares/Repair Parts 27.8 11.8SOF Maritime Equipment 4.9 5.8Miscellaneous Equipment 10.0 14.4SOFPARS 2.4 2.0Op Force Enhancements 214.9 105.5PSYOP Equipment 11.6 7.6

Totals $298.9 $159.8

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n SOF Maritime Equipment provides necessaryequipment to enable NAVSPECWARCOMto meet specific requirements for the execu-tion of special operations and fleet supportmissions as the Naval Component ofUSSOCOM. Numerous items of equipment,such as small craft, open- and closed-circuitscuba equipment, and mine countermeasureequipment are required for the NSW com-ponent to execute their unique, specialoperations missions.

n Miscellaneous Equipment provides forvarious types of low-cost procurement equip-ment that do not reasonably fit in otherUSSOCOM procurement line categories.Examples include: joint operational stocks,a USSOCOM managed stock of materieldesigned to provide joint SOF access toimmediately available equipment, such asnight vision devices and optics, weapons,communications, personnel protection,and bare base support; civil engineeringsupport equipment; and NSW sustain-ment equipment.

n The SOF Planning and Rehearsal System(SOFPARS) is an integrated family ofmission planning systems supported byintelligence databases and imagery thatwill be used by planners within the SOFcommand structure worldwide to plan andpreview SOF missions. FY 2001 funds pro-cure 193 laptop mission planning systems,four deployable planning cells, and con-tinues life-cycle replacement.

n The PSYOP Equipment budget procuresequipment designed to induce or reinforceforeign or hostile attitudes and behavior favor-able to U.S. national objectives. The FY 2001program will procure 7 wind-supported airdelivery systems, continued evolutionarytechnology insertions for the mobile radiobroadcast system and the mobile televisionbroadcast system, and various componentsof the PSYOP broadcasting system.

Research, Development,Testing & Evaluation(RDT&E)Modern technology provides the essentialadvantage for many special operations.Consequently, resources are requested forSOF RDT&E each year. Most of the fundsrequested for FY 2001 will be used to improvecurrent systems, components, and subsystems.Table D-10 shows how RDT&E funds will bebudgeted for FY 2001.

Table D-10RDT&E Budget ($ in Millions)

Program FY 2000 FY 2001

Sml Bus Innovative R&D $ 4.9 $ 0.0Tech Base Development 6.9 7.3Adv Tech Development 7.7 7.8Intelligence Systems 5.1 3.0Medical Technology 3.9 2.1SOF Oper Enhancements 61.8 87.1Tactical Sys Development 147.4 133.5Spec Recon Capability 0.0 3.8

Totals $237.7 $244.6

n The Technology Base Developmentprogram targets initiatives designed toadvance technologies that meet criticalSOF needs. These include reduced elec-tronic signature of SOF aircraft, lightweightpower sources, and innovative weapons.Technology programs of other DoD andnon-DoD organizations are reviewed toidentify opportunities to cooperativelyexploit emerging technologies and avoidduplication of effort. This approach ofleveraging SOF funds maximizes thereturn on investment of SOF technologybase dollars.

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n The Advanced Technology Developmentprogram adapts available technology to rapidlydevelop prototype equipment to fulfill key SOFand low-intensity conflict (LIC) requirements.In FY 2001, the program consists of the specialoperations special technology (SOST) project.The SOST project focuses on meeting require-ments that are special mission, time sensitive,and SOF peculiar.

n The Intelligence Systems Development pro-gram funds are used to develop and test selectedspecial operations equipment that providestimely intelligence support to deployed forces.

n The Medical Technology program providesbasic and exploratory research and developmentfunds for SOF-unique medical requirements.Funds will be used in the seven following areasof investigation: combat casualty management,decompression procedures for SOF diving opera-tions, exercise-related injuries, inhaled gas toxicol-ogy, medical sustainment training techniques,mission-related physiology, and thermal protection.

n The Tactical Systems Development programdevelops, tests, and integrates selected special-ized equipment to meet SOF-unique require-ments. Projects under this program normallyapply available technologies. Table D-11details use of funds for the program.

n The Aircraft Defensive Systems projectidentifies hardware and software enhance-ments for each SOF aircraft that will reducedetection, vulnerability, and threat engage-ment from threat radars, thereby increasingthe overall survivability of SOF assets. TheFY 2001 program will include DT/IOT&Eof the C-130 engine infrared suppressionsystem and continued support of the UK/USdevelopmental production program for direc-tional infrared countermeasures (DIRCM)for C-130 aircraft.

n AC-130U activities include completion ofthe system integration laboratory rehost effort;

Table D-11Tactical Systems Programs ($ Millions)

Program FY 2000 FY 2001

Aircraft Defensive System $ 11.6 $ 19.0AC-130U 1.3 1.3PSYOP Adv Dev 0.8 0.3SOF Aviation 7.2 13.4Underwater Sys Adv Dev 43.3 10.4SOF Surface Craft Adv Sys 4.6 1.8SOFPARS 3.1 3.3Wpns Sys Adv Dev 0.9 0.9SOF Training Systems 9.2 8.7Comm Adv Dev 2.7 3.6Munitions Adv Dev 4.7 11.8SOF Misc Equip Adv Dev 0.3 0.5Aviation Sys Adv Dev 17.4 18.0CV-22 32.2 40.5SOF Oper Enhancements 8.1 0.0

Totals $147.4 $133.5

continued development of the cooperativeeffort with Air Force laboratory to analyzeand demonstrate gunship-related emergingtechnologies; continued verification/valida-tion of technical orders; and continued annualsoftware flight test operations and support.

n The PSYOP project integrates and testsevolutionary technology insertions for theSOMS-B program.

n SOF Aviation continues MH-47/MH-60and A/MH-6 projects, including continua-tion of the combined integrated infraredcountermeasures, prototype testing of theMELB, rehost of integrated avionics systemsoftware onto new mission processor, andmodification of the Army aircraft C2antenna pack to conform to existingSOF-unique configuration.

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n Underwater Systems Advanced Developmentprojects include continuing development ofthe ASDS, NSW very-shallow-water minecountermeasures, swimmer transport device,and SEAL delivery system electronics.

n SOF Surface Craft Advanced Systems pro-vides for conversion of a commercial prototypeinto a combatant craft and operational testing.

n Special Operations Forces Planning andRehearsal System (SOFPARS) is an auto-mated mission planning capability to supportSOF and consists of the SOF version of theAir Force mission support system (AFMSS)and the SOF portable computer flight plan-ning system (PFPS). The FY 2001 programprovides continued development of soft-ware architecture interfaces to service/component mission planning, rehearsal,and execution systems.

n Weapons Systems Advanced Developmentprovides development and testing of specialized,lightweight individual weapons, and combatequipment to meet the unique requirementsof SOF. FY 2001 funding provides M4 modifi-cations kits to increase lethality and enhancetarget acquisition and fire control, both dayand night, in close quarters combat, and outto 500m range. In addition, the LightweightEnvironmental Protection provides SOFoperators with wet-weather handwear,headgear, and footwear.

n SOF Training Systems funds analysis, develop-ment, testing, and integration of SOF trainingand mission rehearsal systems and upgrades.Funding is provided for the AC-130U gunshipaircrew training device/testbed, the LightAssault Attack Reconfigurable Simulator(LASAR for the MELB), and High-LevelArchitecture (HLA) development.

n The Communications Advanced Developmentproject includes several important communica-tions items, such as improved radios, message

entry devices, and antennas. FY 2001 fundswill be used for initial testing and evaluationof a special mission radio system vehicle kit;continued test and evaluation of new tech-nologies in support of evolutionary technologyinsertions (ETIs) for all variants of the jointbase station; test-bed operations for block3ETIs and market research for block 4ETIsfor SOF tactical-assured connectivity; andcontinued development and integration ofthe mission planning, analysis, rehearsal,and execution system.

n Munitions Advanced Development projectsprovide specialized munitions for unique SOFrequirements. For FY 2001, these include theimproved limpet mine, the SOF demolitionkit, and time-delay firing device.

n Miscellaneous Equipment Advanced Devel-opment provides development and testing ofmiscellaneous equipment items.

n The Aviation Systems Advanced Developmentinvestigates the applicability of already devel-oped and maturing technologies that have greatpotential for direct application to the develop-ment and procurement of specialized equipmentto meet unique SOF aviation requirements. TheFY 2001 program begins development of AC-130U P3I, and continues aviation engineeringanalysis, MC-130H air refueling ground andflight testing, and the common avionics archi-tecture for penetration.

n The CV-22 acquisition program delays theincorporation of some operational capabilitiesuntil the completion of block 10 improvements.Block 10 consists of integrating directionalinfrared countermeasures, troop commandersituational awareness connections, ALE-47control relocation, 2nd forward-firing chaffand flare dispenser, AVR-2A laser detection,AAR-54 warning sensor upgrade, hover couplealtitude to 5 feet, and dual digital map. TheFY 2001 program continues development ofRAA block 10 changes; begins development

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Table D-12MILCON Budget ($ Millions)

Location - Project FY 2000 FY 2001

NAB CORONADO, CALIFORNIA

SOF NSW Command and Control Addition $ 6.0 SOF Applied Instruction Facility $ 4.3

NAS NORTH ISLAND, CALIFORNIA

SOF Small Craft Berthing Facility 1.3

EGLIN AUXILIARY FIELD 9, FLORIDA

SOF Airfield Readiness Improvements 3.0 SOF Hot Cargo Pad 7.3 SOF Corrosion Control Facility 8.1 SOF AGE Maintenance/Dispatch Complex 4.8

FORT BENNING, GEORGIA

SOF Regimental Command and Control Facility 8.9

FORT CAMPBELL, KENTUCKY

SOF Flight Simulator Facility 5.4 SOF Tactical Equipment Complex 6.4 SOF Equipment Maintenance Complex 4.5

MS ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT, MISSISSIPPI

SOF Small Craft Training Complex 9.0

FT. BRAGG, NORTH CAROLINA

SOF Battalion Operations Complex 16.7 SOF Deployable Equipment Facility 1.5 SOF Media Operations Complex 8.6

FLEET COMBAT TRAINING CENTER-ATLANTIC, DAM NECK, VIRGINIA

SOF Mission Support Facility 4.7 SOF Operations Support Facility 5.5

NAVAL AIR STATION, OCEANA, VIRGINIA

SOS Operations Support Facility 3.4

NAVAL AMPHIBIOUS BASE, LITTLE CREEK, VIRGINIA

SOF Air Operations Facility 5.4

NAVAL STATION, ROOSEVELT ROADS, PUERTO RICO

SOF Boat Maintenance Facility 1.2

TAEGU AIR BASE, KOREA

SOF Tactical Equipment Maintenance Complex 1.5

PLANNING AND DESIGN 5.7 3.8

MINOR CONSTRUCTION 2.3

Totals $54.8 $74.5

of post-initialoperational capabilityblock 10 changes;begins risk reductionfor Suite of IntegratedRadio FrequencyCountermeasuresand CV-22 JASSsoftware integration;and continues programoffice support for theblock 10 program.

MilitaryConstructionTable D-12 details fundingfor the SOF MilitaryConstruction program.

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Air Force special operations forces (AFSOF) –those active and reserve component Air Forceforces designated by the secretary of defense thatare specifically organized, trained, and equippedto conduct and support special operations(Joint Pub 1-02)

antiterrorism (AT) – defensive measures usedto reduce the vulnerability of individuals andproperty to terrorist acts, to include limitedresponse and containment by local militaryforces (Joint Pub 1-02)

area oriented – personnel or units whoseorganization, mission, training, and equippingare based on projected operational deploymentto a specific geographic or demographic area(Joint Pub 1-02)

armed reconnaissance – a mission withthe primary purpose of locating and attackingtargets of opportunity (i.e., enemy materiel,personnel, and facilities, in assigned generalareas or along assigned ground communicationsroutes) and not for the purpose of attackingspecific briefed targets (Joint Pub 1-02)

Army special operations forces (ARSOF) –those active and reserve component Armyforces designated by the secretary of defensethat are specifically organized, trained, andequipped to conduct and support specialoperations (Joint Pub 1-02)

campaign plan – a plan for a series of relatedmilitary operations aimed at accomplishing astrategic or operational objective within agiven time and space (Joint Pub 1-02)

APPENDIX EGLOSSARY

civil administration – an administration estab-lished by a foreign government in (1) friendlyterritory, under an agreement with the govern-ment of the area concerned, to exercise certainauthority normally the function of the localgovernment, or (2) hostile territory, occupiedby U.S. forces, where a foreign governmentexercises executive, legislative, and judicialauthority until an indigenous civil governmentcan be established (Joint Pub 1-02)

civil affairs (CA) forces – military units, detach-ments, or other military organizations that aredesignated as “civil affairs” organizations and aremission oriented and trained to plan, direct, andconduct civil affairs activities; also includes person-nel who are trained and qualified in civil affairsand meet the qualifications of civil affairs asdetermined by their service (Joint Pub 3-57)

civil-military operations (CMO) – the activitiesof a commander that establish, maintain, influ-ence, or exploit relations between military forces,governmental and non-governmental civilianorganizations and authorities, and the civilianpopulace in a friendly, neutral, or hostile area ofoperations in order to facilitate military operationsand consolidate and achieve U.S. objectives. Civilmilitary operations may include performance bymilitary forces of activities and functions normallythe responsibility of local, regional, or nationalgovernments. These activities may occur priorto, during, or subsequent to other military actions.They may also occur, if directed, in the absenceof other military operations. Civil-military opera-tions may be performed by designated CA forces,by other military forces, or a combination of CAforces and other forces. (Joint Pub 3-57)

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civil-military operations center (CMOC) –an ad hoc organization, normally established bythe geographic combatant commander, to assistin the coordination of activities of engagedmilitary forces, and other U.S. Governmentagencies, nongovernmental organizations, pri-vate voluntary organizations, and regional andinternational organizations; there is no estab-lished structure, and its size and compositionare situation dependent (Joint Pub 1-02)

clandestine operations – an operationsponsored or conducted by governmentaldepartments or agencies in such a way as toassure secrecy or concealment; differs from acovert operation in that emphasis is placed onconcealment of the operation rather than onconcealment of the identity of the sponsor.In special operations, an activity may be bothcovert and clandestine and may focus equallyon operational considerations and intelligence-related activities. (Joint Pub 1-02)

combat search and rescue (CSAR) –a specific task performed by rescue forcesto effect the recovery of distressed personnelduring war or military operations other thanwar (Joint Pub 1-02)

combat weathermen – Air Force personnelwho provide specialized meteorological, envi-ronmental, and oceanographic services forworldwide employment of joint special opera-tions forces. As an ancillary mission, combatweathermen also have the capability to deployforward to provide meteorological and oceano-graphic data in data-denied areas.

combating terrorism (CBT) – all actions,including antiterrorism (defensive measurestaken to reduce vulnerability to terrorist acts),counterterrorism (offensive measures taken toprevent, deter, and respond to terrorism), terrorismconsequence management (preparation for and

response to the consequences of a terrorist inci-dent/event), and intelligence support (collectionand dissemination of terrorism-related informa-tion) taken to oppose terrorism throughoutthe entire threat spectrum, to include terroristuse of WMD and/or high explosives.

command and control warfare (C2W) –the integrated use of operations security,military deception, psychological operations,electronic warfare, and physical destruction,mutually supported by intelligence, to denyinformation to, influence, degrade, or destroyadversary command and control capabilities,while protecting friendly command and controlcapabilities against such actions. Command andcontrol warfare is an application of informationwarfare in military operations and is a subset ofinformation warfare. Command and controlwarfare applies across the range of military opera-tions and all levels of conflict. (Joint Pub 1-02)

contingency – an emergency involving mili-tary forces caused by natural disasters, terrorists,subversives, or required military operations.Due to the uncertainty of the situation, con-tingencies require plans, rapid response, andspecial procedures to ensure the safety andreadiness of personnel, installations, andequipment. (Joint Pub 1-02)

counterdrug (CD) activities – those activemeasures taken to detect, monitor, and counterthe production, trafficking, and use of illegaldrugs (Joint Pub 1-02)

countermine operation – in land mine war-fare, an operation to reduce or eliminate theeffects of mines or minefields (Joint Pub 1-02)

counterproliferation (CP) – the activities of theDepartment of Defense across the full range ofU.S. government efforts to combat proliferationof nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons,including the application of military power to

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protect U.S. forces and interests; intelligencecollection and analysis; and support of diplomacy,arms control, and export controls. Accomplish-ment of these activities may require coordinationwith other U.S. government agencies.

counterterrorism (CT) – offensive measurestaken to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism(Joint Pub 1-02)

covert operation – an operation that is soplanned and executed as to conceal the identityof or permit plausible denial by the sponsor;differs from a clandestine operation in thatemphasis is placed on the concealment of theidentity of the sponsor rather than on conceal-ment of the operation (Joint Pub 1-02)

deployment – the relocation of forces andmateriel to desired areas of operation; encomp-asses all activities from origin or home stationthrough destination, specifically includingintra-continental United States, inter-theaterand intra-theater movement legs, staging, andholding areas (Joint Pub 1-02)

direct action (DA) – short-duration strikesand other small-scale offensive actions by specialoperations forces to seize, destroy, capture, recover,or inflict damage on designated personnel ormateriel. In the conduct of these operations,SOF may employ raid, ambush, or direct-assaulttactics; emplace mines and other munitions;conduct stand-off attacks by fire from air, ground,or maritime platforms; provide terminal guidancefor precision-guided munitions; and conductsabotage. (Joint Pub 1-02)

dry deck shelter (DDS) – a shelter modulethat attaches to the hull of a specially configuredsubmarine to provide the submarine with thecapability to launch and recover special opera-tions personnel, vehicles, and equipment whilesubmerged; provides a working environmentat one atmosphere for the special operations

element during transit and has structuralintegrity to the collapse depth of the hostsubmarine (Joint Pub 1-02)

employment – the strategic, operational, ortactical use of forces (Joint Pub 1-02)

force multiplier – a capability that, when addedto and employed by a combat force, significantlyincreases the combat potential of that force andthus enhances the probability of successful missionaccomplishment (Joint Pub 1-02)

foreign internal defense (FID) – participationby civilian and military agencies of a governmentin any of the action programs taken by anothergovernment to free and protect its society fromsubversion, lawlessness, and insurgency (JointPub 1-02)

guerrilla warfare – military and paramilitaryoperations conducted in enemy-held or hostileterritory by irregular, predominantly indigenousforces (Joint Pub 1-02)

host nation – a nation which receives theforces and/or supplies of allied nations and/orNATO organizations to be located on, tooperate in, or to transit through its territory(Joint Pub 1-02)

humanitarian assistance (HA) – programsconducted to relieve or reduce the results ofnatural or manmade disasters or other endemicconditions, such as human pain, disease, hunger,or privation, that might present a serious lossof life or that can result in great damage or lossof property. Humanitarian assistance providedby U.S. forces is limited in scope and duration.The assistance is designed to supplement orcomplement the efforts of the host-nationcivil authorities or agencies that may havethe primary responsibility for providinghumanitarian assistance. (Joint Pub 1-02)

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humanitarian demining (HD) – a humanitarianand civic assistance mission aimed at assistinghost nations to reduce or eliminate landmines.HD includes activities related to furnishing ofeducation, training, and technical assistancewith respect to the detection and clearanceof landmines. (10 USC §401(e)(5))

infiltration – 1. the movement through or intoan area or territory occupied by either friendlyor enemy troops or organizations; movement ismade, either by small groups or by individuals,at extended or irregular intervals; when used inconnection with the enemy, it infers that contactis avoided. 2. In intelligence usage, placing anagent or other person in a target area in hostileterritory; usually involves crossing a frontier orother guarded line. (Joint Pub 1-02)

information operations (IO) – actions takento affect adversary information and informationsystems while defending one’s own informationand information systems

information superiority – the capability tocollect, process, and disseminate an uninterruptedflow of information while exploiting or denyingan adversary’s ability to do the same

information warfare (IW) – informationoperations conducted during time of crisis orconflict to achieve or promote specific objec-tives over a specific adversary or adversaries

insurgency – an organized movement aimedat the overthrow of a constituted governmentthrough the use of subversion and armed con-flict (Joint Pub 1-02)

joint force commander (JFC) – a generalterm applied to a combatant commander,a subunified commander, or joint task forcecommander authorized to exercise combatantcommand (command authority) or operationalcontrol over a joint force (Joint Pub 1-02)

joint special operations air component com-mander (JSOACC) – the commander withinthe joint force special operations commandresponsible for planning and executing jointspecial air operations and for coordinating anddeconflicting such operations with conventionalnonspecial operations air activities; normally willbe the commander with the preponderance ofassets and/or greatest ability to plan, coordinate,allocate, task, control, and support the assignedjoint special operations aviation assets. TheJSOACC may be directly subordinate to thejoint force special operations component com-mander or to any nonspecial operations com-ponent or joint force commander as directed.(Joint Pub 1-02)

joint special operations task force (JSOTF) –a joint task force composed of special operationsunits from more than one service, formed tocarry out a specific special operation or prose-cute special operations in support of a jointforce commander’s campaign or other opera-tions; may have conventional nonspecialoperations units assigned or attached tosupport the conduct of specific missions(Joint Pub 1-02)

joint task force (JTF) – a joint force that isconstituted and so designated by the secretaryof defense, a combatant commander, a sub-unified commander, or an existing joint taskforce commander (Joint Pub 1-02)

low-intensity conflict (LIC) – political-military confrontation between contendingstates or groups below conventional war andabove the routine, peaceful competition amongstates; frequently involves protracted strugglesof competing principles and ideologies. Low-intensity conflict ranges from subversion tothe use of armed force. It is waged by a combi-nation of means employing political, economic,informational, and military instruments. Low-intensity conflicts are often localized but con-tain regional and global security implications.(Joint Pub 1-02)

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military operations other than war (MOOTW) –operations that encompass the use of militarycapabilities across the range of military operationsshort of war; these military actions can be appliedto complement any combination of the otherinstruments of national power and occur before,during, and after war (Joint Pub 1-02)

mine warfare – the strategic and operational useof mines and their countermeasures. Mine warfareis divided into two basic subdivisions: the layingof mines to degrade the enemy’s capabilities towage land, air, and maritime warfare; and thecountering of enemy-laid mines to permit friendlymaneuver or use of selected land or sea areas.(Joint Pub 1-02)

National Command Authorities (NCA) –the president and the secretary of defense ortheir duly deputized alternates or successors(Joint Pub 1-02)

Naval Special Warfare (NSW) – a specificterm describing a designated naval warfarespecialty and covering operations generallyaccepted as being unconventional in natureand, in many cases, covert or clandestine incharacter; these operations include usingspecially trained forces assigned to conductunconventional warfare, psychological opera-tions, beach and coastal reconnaissance,operational and deception operations,counterinsurgency operations, coastal andriver interdiction, and certain special tacticalintelligence collection operations that arein addition to those intelligence functionsnormally required for planning and conduct-ing special operations in a hostile environment(Joint Pub 1-02)

Naval Special Warfare forces (NSW orNAVSOF) – those active and reservecomponent Navy forces designated by thesecretary of defense that are specificallyorganized, trained, and equipped to conductand support special operations (Joint Pub 1-02)

naval special warfare group (NSWG) –a permanent Navy echelon III major commandto which many naval special warfare forces areassigned for some operational and all administra-tive purposes. It consists of a group headquarterswith command and control, communications,and support staff; sea-air-land teams; and sea-air-land delivery vehicle teams. The group isthe source of all deployed naval special warfareforces and administratively supports the navalspecial warfare units assigned to the theater com-batant commanders. The group staff providesgeneral operational direction and coordinatesthe activities of its subordinate units. A navalspecial warfare group is capable of task-organizingto meet a wide variety of requirements.

naval special warfare unit (NSWU) –a permanent Navy organization forward basedto control and support attached naval specialwarfare forces (Joint Pub 1-02)

overt operations – an operation conducted openlywithout concealment (Joint Pub 1-02)

paramilitary forces – forces or groups whichare distinct from the regular armed forces of anycountry, but resembling them in organization,equipment, training, or mission (Joint Pub 1-02)

poststrike reconnaissance – missions under-taken for the purpose of gathering informationused to measure results of a strike (Joint Pub 1-02)

psychological operations (PSYOP) – plannedoperations to convey selected information andindicators to foreign audiences to influencetheir emotions, motives, objective reasoning,and ultimately the behavior of foreign govern-ments, organizations, groups, and individuals.The purpose of PSYOP is to induce or reinforceforeign attitudes and behaviors favorable to theoriginator’s objectives. (Joint Pub 1-02)

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raid – an operation, usually small scale,involving a swift penetration of hostile terri-tory to secure information, confuse the enemy,or to destroy installations; operation ends witha planned withdrawal upon completion of theassigned mission (Joint Pub 1-02)

Rangers – rapidly deployable, airborne lightinfantry personnel organized and trained toconduct highly-complex, joint, direct-actionoperations in coordination with, or in supportof, other special operations units of all services;Rangers can also execute direct action operationsin support of conventional, non-special operationsmissions conducted by a combatant commanderand can operate as conventional light infantrywhen properly augmented with other elementsof combined arms (Joint Pub 1-02)

recovery operations – operations conductedto search for, locate, identify, rescue, and returnpersonnel, sensitive equipment, or items criticalto national security (Joint Pub 1-02)

sabotage – an act or acts with intent to injure,interfere with, or obstruct the national defenseof a country by willfully injuring or destroying,or attempting to injure or destroy, any nationaldefense or war material, premises, or utilities,to include human or natural resources(Joint Pub 1-02)

sea-air-land (SEAL) team – a naval forcespecially organized, trained, and equipped toconduct special operations in maritime, littoral,and riverine environments (Joint Pub 1-02)

security assistance – group of programsauthorized by the Foreign Assistance Act of1961, as amended, and the Arms Export Con-trol Act of 1976, as amended, or related statutesby which the United States provides defensearticles, military training, and other defense-related services by grant, loan, credit, or cashsales in furtherance of national policies andobjectives (Joint Pub 1-02)

special activities – activities conducted insupport of national foreign policy objectiveswhich are planned and executed so that therole of the U.S. government is not apparent oracknowledged publicly; they are also functionsin support of such activities, but are not intendedto influence U.S. political processes, publicopinion, policies, or media and do not includediplomatic activities or the collection andproduction of intelligence or related supportfunctions (Joint Pub 1-02)

special boat squadron – a permanent Navyechelon III command to which many navalspecial warfare forces are assigned for someoperational and all administrative purposes;consists of a squadron headquarters withcommand and control, communications, andsupport staff, special boat units, and patrolcoastal (PC class) ships. The squadron isthe source of many deployed naval specialwarfare forces and supports the forwarddeployed naval special warfare units by pro-viding personnel and craft for unilateral andSEAL support operations. The squadron staffprovides general operational direction andcoordinates the activities of its subordinateunits. A special boat squadron is capable oftask-organizing to meet a wide variety ofrequirements. Also called Specboatron.

special boat units (SBU) – those U.S. Navyforces organized, trained, and equipped to con-duct or support naval special warfare, riverinewarfare, coastal patrol and interdiction, andjoint special operations with patrol boats orother combatant craft designed primarily forspecial operations support (Joint Pub 1-02)

Special Forces (SF) – U.S. Army forcesorganized, trained, and equipped specificallyto conduct special operations. Special forceshave five primary missions: unconventionalwarfare, foreign internal defense, direct action,special reconnaissance, and counterterrorism.Counter-terrorism is a special mission for

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specially organized, trained, and equippedspecial forces units designated in theatercontingency plans. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Special Forces Group (SFG) – a combatarms organization (Army) capable of planning,conducting, and supporting special operationsactivities in all operational environments inpeace, conflict, and war; consists of a groupheadquarters and headquarters company, a sup-port company, and special forces battalions. TheSFG can operate as a single unit, but normallythe battalions plan and conduct operations fromwidely separated locations. The group providesgeneral operational direction and synchronizesthe activities of subordinate battalions. Althoughprincipally structured for unconventional warfare,SFG units are capable of task-organizing to meetspecific requirements. (Joint Pub 1-02)

special operations (SO) – operationsconducted by specially organized, trained,and equipped military and paramilitary forcesto achieve military, political, economic, orpsychological objectives by unconventionalmilitary means in hostile, denied, or politicallysensitive areas. These operations are conductedduring war and operations other than war,independently or in coordination with opera-tions of conventional or other non-specialoperations forces. Political-military considera-tions frequently shape special operations,requiring clandestine, covert, or low-visibilitytechniques and oversight at the national level.Special operations differ from conventionaloperations in degree of physical and politicalrisk, operational techniques, mode of employ-ment, independence from friendly support,and dependence on detailed operational intel-ligence and indigenous assets. (Joint Pub 1-02)

special operations command (SOC) – a subordi-nate unified or other joint command establishedby a joint force commander to plan, coordinate,conduct, and support joint special operations

within the joint force commander’s assignedarea of operations (Joint Pub 1-02)

special operations forces (SOF) – thoseactive and reserve component forces of themilitary services designated by the secretaryof defense and specifically organized, trained,and equipped to conduct and support specialoperations (Joint Pub 1-02)

special operations-peculiar – equipment,material, supplies, and services requiredfor special operations mission support forwhich there is no broad conventional forcerequirement; often includes nondevelopmentalor special category items incorporating evolvingtechnology, but may include stocks of obsoleteweapons and equipment designed to supportindigenous personnel who do not possesssophisticated operational capabilities

special operations wing (SOW) – an AirForce special operations wing (Joint Pub 1-02)

special reconnaissance (SR) – reconnaissanceand surveillance actions conducted by SOF toobtain or verify, by visual observation or othercollection methods, information concerning thecapabilities, intentions, and activities of an actualor potential enemy or to secure data concerningthe meteorological, hydrographic, or geographiccharacteristics of a particular area; includestarget acquisition, area assessment, and post-strike reconnaissance (Joint Pub 1-02)

special tactics teams – an Air Force teamcomposed primarily of special operations com-bat control and pararescue personnel. The teamsupports joint special operations by selecting,surveying, and establishing assault zones; pro-viding assault zone terminal guidance and airtraffic control; conducting direct-action mis-sions; providing medical care and evacuation;and coordinating air, ground, and naval firesupport operation. (Joint Pub 1-02)

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subordinate unified command – a commandestablished by commanders of unified commands,when so authorized through the chairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, to conduct operations on acontinuing basis in accordance with the criteriaset forth for unified commands. A subordinateunified command may be established on an areaor functional basis. Commanders of subordinateunified commands have functions and responsi-bilities similar to those of the commanders ofunified commands and exercise operationalcontrol of assigned commands and forces withinthe assigned joint operations area. Also calledsub-unified command. (Joint Pub 1-02)

subversion – action designed to underminethe military, economic, psychological, or politicalstrength or morale of a regime (Joint Pub 1-02)

unconventional warfare (UW) – a broadspectrum of military and paramilitary operations,normally of long duration, predominately con-ducted by indigenous forces who are organized,trained, equipped, supported, and directed,in varying degrees, by an external source;

UW includes guerrilla warfare and other direct-offensive, low-visibility, covert, or clandestineoperations, as well as the indirect activitiesof subversion, sabotage, intelligence activities,and evasion and escape (Joint Pub 1-02)

unified command – a command with a broadcontinuing mission under a single commander,composed of significant assigned componentsof two or more military departments, and whichis established and so designated by the president,through the secretary of defense, with the adviceand assistance of the chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff (Joint Pub 1-02)

weapons of mass destruction (WMD) –in arms control usage, weapons that are capableof a high order of destruction and/or of beingused in such a manner as to destroy largenumbers of people; can be nuclear, chemical,biological, and radiological weapons, butexcludes the means of transporting or pro-pelling the weapon where such means is aseparable and divisible part of the weapon(Joint Pub 1-02)

7th SFG soldiers training Colombian Army Counternarcotics Battalion.

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World Wide Web Information AccessThe 2000 Special Operations Forces Posture Statement

may be accessed on the DefenseLINK at http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/sof/index.html

To provide comments or obtain additional information, contact:Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense

(Special Operations/Low-Intensity Conflict)Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations Policy and Support

2500 Defense PentagonWashington, DC 20301-2500

(703) 693-5222

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

With appreciation to Mr. Robert Genat, Zone Five, and other individualswhose photographs appear in this document.