5381 5385.output

* GB785789 (A)

Description: GB785789 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Solvents and softeners for polyesters of terephthalic acid with aliphaticdihydroxy-compounds

Description of GB785789 (A)

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COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Solvents and Softeners for Polyesters of Terephthalic Acid with Aliphatic Dihydroxy-Compounds We, FARBWERKE HOECHST ARTIENGESELL- SCHAFT vormals Meister Lucius & Braining, a body corporate recognised under German law, of Frankfurt(M)-Hochst, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- Shaped structures, such as threads, films and the like composed of polyesters of terephthalic acid with aliphatic dihydroxy-compounds for example high molecular weight, linear polyethylene terephthalate, are usually formed from a fused mass of the polyester. Shaped structures could also be made from solutions of the polyester, but owing to a lack of suitable solvents this method is of no practical importance. It is true that phenols and nitrobenzene at a raised temperature are

known to be good solvents for such polyesters, but they are not very suitable on account of their disadvantageous physiological properties. The present invention is based on the observation that compounds of the general formula R-X-OH or R-X-NH2, in which R represents an aromatic or partially hydrogenated aromatic residue, and X represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical containing 14 carbon atoms and of which the chain may be branched, or mixtures of such compounds, are well suited as solvents and softeners for polyesters of terephthalic acid with aliphatic dihydroxy-compounds. They may be used either by themselves or in conjunction with other softeners and/or diluents. In these. compounds, R is derived more especially from benzene, cyclohexadiene, naphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene or diphenyl, and X represents more especially the groups -CH2-, -CH2CH2- and -CH2CH2CH,-, which may contain -CH, groups as, for example, in the group -CHCH,CH2-. The compounds of the above formula may contain more than one, for example, 2-3 of the functional groups -X-OH and/or -X-NH2 which may be identical or different from one another. Moreover, R may contain further substituents in the aromatic nucleus, especially hydroxyl groups, lower alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl groups, or lower alkoxy groups such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy or butoxy groups, or nitro groups or halogen atoms, or keto or aldehyde groups. Some of the above mentioned compounds serving as solvents or softeners melt above 100, C., so that when solutions in these solvents are used there is a risk that the solvent or softener may crystallise out. However, the melting point can be lowered by using a mixture of two or more compounds of the kind mentioned above and in this manner even the solubility is sometimes improved. As softeners for the polyesters there are used principally compounds which boil above 250 C. tinder atmospheric pressure. The softeners are incorporated in the polyesters by kneading or rolling the mixture at a temperature at which the mixture is viscous. This temperature is at least 1500 C. and may be as high as the melting point of the polyester. The concentration of the polyesters in the solvent or in a mixture of the solvent and a diluent may vary depending on the molecular weight of the polyester. Furthermore, these compounds may be diluted with other substances which by themselves do not dissolve the polyester or dissolve it only with difficulty. As such diluents there may be used more especially aromatic or partially or completely hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. As diluents there may be mentioned compounds such as naphthalene, diphenyl, tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene,

xylene, methyl-naphthalene or mesitylene. The proportion of the diluent in the solvent-diluent mixture may be up to 50%. The solutions so obtained are especially suitable for the manufacture of films. The films are made in known manner, for example by the use of a film casting machine. The following example illustrates the invention: Solubility tests were carried out by dissolving 1 grarn of polyethylene terephthalate in 100 cc. of the solvent or mixture of solvents, and then determining the temperature at which the polyester separated out on cooling. This temperature is referred to as " solubility temperature " and can serve only as a numerical value for comparing the different solvent powers of the various solvents or mixtures of solvents. In order to prepare the solutions rapidly it is of advantage to use the solvent at a temperature which, depending on the concentration of the polyester, is about 20 to about 40 degrees Centigrade above the solubility temperature, and which should be at least 1200 C. The specific viscosity of the polyester used was 0.64 for a solution of 1% strength in phenol at 50 C. The results are given in the following table, in which the proportions of the solvents in solvent mixtures are by weight : - Solubility Solvent temperature (' C.) Benzyl alcohol = - - - - - 105 2-phenyl-ethanol-1 - - - - - 115 l-phenyl-ethanol-l - - - - - 105 3-phenyl-propanol-1 - - - - - 150 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol - - - - - 70 (1) 4-methylbenzyl alcohol - - - - - 130 (1) 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol - - - - - 30 (1) Benzylamine - - - - - - - 120 2-phenylethylamine-1 W - - - - 80 Benzyl alcohol+chlorobenzene 1:1 - - - 90 Benzyl alcohol+benzoic acid 1:1 - - - 115 Benzyl alcoholAbenzamide 1:1 - - - 130 Benzyl alcohol+benzaldehyde 1:1 - - - 85 o-xylene-giycol - - - - - - 63 (1) Below this temperature the solvent crystallises out from the solution. When the concentration of the polyester is increased the solubility temperature also increases. If, for example, benzyl alcohol is used as solvent the solubility temperature is 105 C. for a solution of 1% strength, 115 C. for a solution of 5% strength, 125 C. for a solution of 20% strength and 145 C. for a solution of 30% strength. If desired, solutions of the polyester in the above solvents can be prepared which contain a maximum of about 40% of the polyester. In Specification No. 772,600 (Application No.

5509/54) compositions have been described and claimed which comprise a polyester of terephthalic acid with a aliphatic dihydroxycompound and as a solvent or softener for the polyester an aromatic or partially hydrogenated aromatic aldehyde or ketone, or an aldehyde of an aromatic heterocylic compound containing nitrogen as hetero atom, with or without diluent. In Specification No. 776,157 (Application No. 5508/54) compositions have been described and claimed which comprise a polyester of terephthalic acid with an aliphatic dihydroxy-compound and as a solvent or softener for the polyester an aromatic monocarboxylic acid with or without diluent. What we claim is : - 1. Compositions which comprise a polyester of terephthalic acid with an aliphatic dihydroxy-compound and as a solvent or softener for the polyester a compound of the general formula R-X-OH or R--XX-NH,, in which R represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or partially hydrogenated aromatic residue, and X represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical containing 1-4 carbon atoms, and of which the chain may be branched. 2. A composition as claimed in Claim 1, wherein R contains at least one substituent in the aromatic nucleus, which is a hydroxyl group, a lower alkyl group a halogen atom, a nitro group, a keto group or an aldehyde group. 3. Compositions as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, in which the aliphatic dihydroxy-compound is ethylene glycol. 4. Compositions as claimed in Claims 1, 2 or 3, in which the solvent or softener is any one of the compounds or mixtures of compounds specified in the table herein. 5. Compositions as claimed in Claims 1, 2 or 3, which also contain a diluent for the solvent or softener. 6. A process for the manufacture of the compositions claimed in any one of the Claims 1-5, wherein the polyester is mixed at a raised temperature with the solvent or softener, if desired, in the presence of a diluent. 7. A process for the manufacture of shaped structures, such as threads or films, wherein a

* GB785790 (A)

Description: GB785790 (A) ? 1957-11-06

A new or improved method for producing articles such as panels, tiles or thelike from wood waste


PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,790 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Aug 12, 1954. No 23417/54. Application made in Germany on Aug 17,1953. Application made in Germany on Aug 17, 1953. Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 70, FX; 87 ( 1), 31 A( 2 C: 3 A: 3 B), Bl CII(A: G), B 1 C 2 (B: C: D: E: G), Bl C( 4 A: 5 El), Bl F 2 E, BC( 36 C: 4 A), 24 F 1 A; and 87 ( 2), AIR( 50: 55). International Classification: -28 b B 2 Sd C 091 c E 01 lc. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION A new or improved method for Producing Articles such as Panels, Tiles or the like from Wood Waste I, CHARLES HOLST, a German citizen, of Suurheid, Hamburg-Rissen, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- The present invention relates to a new or improved method for producing articles such as panels, tiles or the like from wood waste products such as sawdust and like waste material from wood working shops or factories. In the known processes for the production of panels or the like from wood fibres and the like, the starting materials, for example sawdust, shavings or the like are compressed together with the admixture of suitable binding material under high pressure to form panels, tiles or other bodies, as a rule in the presence of heat. The invention differs basically from these processes in that the starting materials which have been preliminarily neutralised with magnesium chloride solution, are mixed with magnesite as binding medium are vigorously stirred or agitated in the presence of a foamproducing agent, based for example on the use of a polystyrol, and the mass so obtained is cast in moulds without additional pressure, in which it hardens while retaining the foam formation By the foam formation the structure of the shaped body is of an open or cellular character as in the case of slag, so that the finished body has a particularly low specific weight Further advantages of the article

produced in this way are high sound absorption and good insulation Since no presses are necessary for the production of the mouldings the process is particularly economical to operate. The starting materials after treatment with magnesium chloride solution, are fed to a mixing machine, for example in the nature of the known cement mixer, and stirred or agitated therein with t He ma nesite binding medium in the presence of the foam producing agent in lPcrio such manner as to cause air to be occluded in the mass to form a thickly fluid mass which is cast in the moulds required, in which it sets and hardens Thereby the air bubbles worked into the mass are retained so that the finished moulding has a slag-like or cellular texture both internally as also on its outer surface, which ensures a good hold, for example for plaster, on the outer surface of a moulding cast as a building panel. The rough outer surface can if necessary be roughened more deeply by a washing or spraying process Also reinforcement elements can be inserted in the moulds for strengthening purposes, such as is known for example in the production of ferroconcrete. In every case shaped bodies may be obtained in this way of low specific weight with an open, cellular slag-like texture, which can be used for widely varied purposes Thus for example in the production of buildings the inner and outer walls can be cast as finished units, in which the mass is cast in suitably constructed frames of suitable material, while leaving recesses for doors, windows or the like, which frames provide the necessary strength together with the filling after it has hardened, and can be conveyed to the building site in order to be assembled on site and coated with plaster. One example of the mixture used for producing articles in the manner referred to comprises the following ingredients:Wood meal 200 litres Magnesite 400 kg. Magnesium chloride lye 70 litres Sulphate lye 10 kg. The sulphate lye referred to is produced by oxidising a sulphite lye of normal type and neutralising the product with sulphur or sulphuric acid. Various forms of constructional components are shown diagrammatically and by way of example on the accompanying drawing in plan and section. In Figs 1 and 2 such a shaped body is P 7 ' -i shown partly in plan and in section on line A-B of Fig 1 respectively The frame 1 consists of a suitable material and is assembled in usual manner for example to form a _panel. < These panel frames are laid in the horizontal position and protective edges 3 are laid at the outer sides of the frame 1 and of the door or window recesses 2, projecting upwardly therefrom by about 2 cm Then bearer strips 4 are fixed or nailed to the inner sides of

the frame parts which serve for supporting wood, metal sheets or the like and lie about 2 cm deeper than the upper edge of the panel framewzork. The foamed moulding mass M is then cast into the space formed by the framework and struck off at the level of the protector edges 3 whereupon these are removed Since the foamed moulding mass is firmly bonded to the outer surfaces of the framework after hardening and engages to about 2 cm depth in the side surfaces of the individual frame components, the frame panel so produced is capable of meeting large shear forces without requiring separate constructional reinforcements, even if large apertures 2 are present for doors, windows or the like. The framework 1 is then provided on the opposite side with panels M, which are cast from the foamed mass. Rigid constructional walls produced in this way can be brought to the building site without danger of damage, are then assembled together with other panels to form the projected building and provided with the usual plaster coating. Fig 3 shows another example of the application of the moulded mass This figure comprises a partial section through a panel, for example a carpenter's panel, of which the centre layer M consists of the swollen or foamed moulding mass The middle layer Ad is provided, after hardening of the moulding mass and withdrawal from the casting mould, with for example veneers 5, wood fibre panels or synthetic resin panels fixed on one or both sides by means of synthetic resin adhesive. The carpenter's panels produced in this way can be nailed, sawn, screwed and treated otherwise like the usual carpenter's panels of which the middle layer consists of wood meal or the like They may be used for various purposes, for example for the production of door panels, or for furniture or the like. Besides their small weight, the insulating, sound absorbing and heat conducting properties of the plates are of particular value. Instead of veneers 5, the moulding mass M can be provided on one or both sides after hardening with an iron, steel, metal or glass plate in order, for example, to provide doors for ice-boxes or table surfaces with a glass outer surface. Also, the moulding mass M according to Fig 4 can be used after hardening as a support on which a trowelled mortar surface 6 is applied which serves for laying tiles 7 The trowel mass 6 a can, however, also be used according to Fig 5 as an iaitation tile in that after application to the support M it is smoothed and coloured In this case the tile 70 gaps 6 b may be marked or scored in suitable manner. Figs 6 and 7 show an example of the use of the moulding mass for floor

panels or tiles, Fig 6 being a Partial cross section and Fig 7 75 a partial plan on an enlarged scale M represents the tile cast from the moulding mass which serves as a support for the parquet strips S and bonded thereto, for example by means of an adhesive process, at a desired 80 angle to the edge of the tile The individual parquet strips 8 either press directly one against the other or they are joined by means of a groove and fillet 8 al. The floor tiles so produced consisting of 85 the support MA and the parquet strips 8, are produced as finished panels P (see Fig 7) which are provided at the edge with grooves Pa in which fillets F are driven or inserted while laying Instead of the grooves or fillets 90 naturally also a dowel joint can be provided. It is also to be seen from Fig 7 that the tiles P are conveniently so arranged that the parquet strips run in opposite directions. Obviously the strips can also be so arranged 95 that when laid, the strips on the individual tiles run at desired angles one to the other. By the invention, therefore, for the first time floor tiles or panels can be produced which, in contra-distinction to the previous 1 n proposals in this field, embody a cellular, foambased support-layer to which the parquet strips can be permanently applied in a particularly favourable manner.

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* GB785791 (A)

Description: GB785791 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Dish usable for photographic processing


PATENT SPECIFICATION

Date of filing Complete Specification: March 20, 1956. ) Application Date: Dec 20, 1954 No 36701 /54. Combplete Speci cation Published: Nov 6, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 98 ( 2), D 20 (A 9: All: K 2). International Classification:-G 03 d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Dish Usable for Photographic Processing. I, EUGENE JOHN WENDER, a British Subject, of Electro Physical Laboratories, 96 Belsize Lane, London, N W 3, England, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- The present invention relates to a processing dish which may be used with advantage, although not exclusively, for photographic processes such as the developing and fixing of prints with liquids. According to the invention there is provided a processing dish comprising a tray with an upstanding wall, a lid with an upstanding peripheral flange such that the lid can be placed within the dish and a liquidholding, sponge-like pad in the floor of the tray on which the lid can rest. Preferably the shape and size of the tray and lid are such that an annular space is left between the tray wall and lid flange serving to accommodate liquid squeezed out of the pad. A preferred form of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a plan of the dish; Figure 2 is a section on the line 1 I-11 of Figure 1; and Figure 3 shows a detail of a modification. The dish illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 comprises a shallow rectangular plastic tray 3 a 10 formed with a shoulder 11 near its upstanding wall 12 which in turn is formed with an outwardly and downwardly directed lip 13. Shaped so as to be a close fit within the tray 10 is a lid 14 also of plastic, having a flange 15 A, 15 B of inverted L-section, the upstanding stem 15 B of the L being a little (Price 3 s 6 d d shorter than the wall 12 and the foot 15 A of the inverted L having its outer end adjacent the wall 12 An extension 16 of the foot of the L is outwardly and downwardly curved to fit over the lip 13 at the top of the wall 12. Fitting within the tray 10 is a rectangular sponge-pad 17 designed to hold a relatively large quantity of processing liquid The sponge-pad 17,is of a highly absorbent nature and of open pore cellular formation so that it will absorb the processing liquid and hold it up to its top surface The depth of the tray 10 may be about twice the thickness of the sponge-pad 17.

In the modification shown in Figure 3, the tray 20 has an upstanding peripheral wall 21 with an inwardly directed lip 22. The tray holds a sponge-pad 23 on which can seat a lid 24 having an upstanding flange 25 A, 25 B of inverted L-shape, the stem 25 B being an easy fit within the lip 22 of the tray. Either of the dishes described may be used for processing of sheets with liquids and is particularly useful for the processing of auto-positive, reflex and document papers with photographic liquids For this purpose two dishes may be used, the sponge-pad of one being soaked with developing solution and the other soaked with a fixing solution. In order to soak the pads uniformly after, say, the developing liquid has been poured into the dish, the lid is placed on the pad and rocked from side to side so as to squeeze the liquid through the pad. During this, and subsequent operations, the annular reservoir, marked R in the Figures, serves to accommodate the liquid squeezed out of the pad whilst the co-operating flange and lip, on the lid and tray respectively, serve to prevent liquid from being spilled out of the dish. 785,791 When the pad has been uniformly soaked an exp Qsed print (for example) is placed face down on the sponge, the lid is placed on it and squeezed downwardly two or a three times so that the liquid is forced upwardly through the pores of the sponge uniformly on to the exposed face of the print. In order to enhance the uniformity the lid may be lifted up, taking the print with it, turned through 1800 about the vertical axis and squeezed back onto the pad After the appopriate time the print is peeled off the lid and transferred to a fixing dish where a similar process is carried out If desired both sides of the print may be fixed. The lid prevents dust or other impurities from falling onto the pad, it retards surface oxidisation and gives an even squeegee action on the sheets being processed.


* GB785792 (A)

Description: GB785792 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Improvements in or relating to garment protectors


PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of filing Complete Specification: Aug 17, 1956. Application Date: Dec 21, 1954 No 36921154. Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957. Index at Acceptanee:-Class 141, W 6 A. International Classification:-A 41 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to Garment Protectors. I, BENJAMIN MEAKER, of Kingdum House, 36 40 York Way, King's Cross, London, N.1, a British Subject, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to garment protectors and in particular to garment protectors for use in hot climates to prevent perspiration from reaching the outer garment thereby rendering the latter unsightly and producing stains thereon. Though described herein as primarily intended for male garments it is to be understood to include female garments of a similar nature. A garment protector to which the present invention relates may be manufactured from any material or cloth which is normally used for undergarments e g nylon, silk, cotton, wool or the like, or may be made from a suitable paper The material from which the garment protector may be manufactured will be referred to hereinafter as cloth. Garment protectors are known for use with coats or jackets being secured in the sleeve so as to be positioned under the armpit of the wearer, such protectors being detachable for cleansing. The object of the present invention is to provide a garment protector for use with shorts, trousers, trunks or like garments whether an outer garment or an undergarment, hereinafter referred to as trousers. According to the present invention I provide a detachable garment protector adapted to be attached to trousers, comprising a strip of

cloth, as herein defined, means at or near the ends of said strip for detachably attaching said strip to said trousers, said strip being adapted to overlie the crotch of said I X trousers when attached thereto and to be supported in position by extensions adapted to extend a short distance into and along each of the legs of the trousers Said means of attachment may comprise cloth loops or tags, buttons and button holes, press studs, hooks and eyes, zip fasteners, safety pins or the like. A garment protector in accordance with the invention when fitted to trousers, may be attached to the lowermost fly button of the trousers, at the front, and to the buttons which form the rear fitting for braces, at the rear; or when fitted to other garments, may be attached to similarly positioned parts of those other garments. A garment protector according to the present invention may be manufactured of a washable cloth so as to be capable or repeated wear or washing, or may be made of paper or the like and adapted to be worn once only and then to be disposed of. A garment protector in accordance with the present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification wherein: - Fig 1 is a plan view of a garment protector according to the present invention. Fig 2 is a perspective view of a garment protector according to the present invention in position attached to a pair of men's shorts. With reference to Figure 1, the garment protector is made of nylon in the form of a gradually tapered strip of cloth 2 having an overall length of about 22 " At the end 2 a which will be at the back of the wearer the strip is about 7 " in width and is bifurcated for about 4 " and loops of cloth or tape 4 are provided at the end of each arm of the V Of course, this end 2 a need not be bifurcated, but may be straight edged 7859792 1 -,-g zi 795,792 but I have found that bifurcation is an aid to manufacture These loops or tapes 4 are co-operable with the buttons 6 provided at the back of and inside the shorts 8 near the waist band, to which braces may be attached if worn. At the other end the garment protector is formed with a point 2 b near the end of which is another cloth loop or tape 10 which provides the front fixing means of the protector and is adapted to be looped onto the button 16 which is the lowermost fly button of the shorts 8 Preferably or if no suitably positioned button is available, an addi1 tional button may be sewn on the inside of the shorts. On either side of the point 2 b are the extensions 2 c These extensions 2 c are shown as having straight end edges, but they could of course be rounded. A reinforcing hem is provided around the edge of the garment protector

and a central hem is provided, which adds fullness to the extent of a pouch to the point 2 b, to enable 2 it to more easily take the form of the crotch of the shorts 8 when the garment protector is fitted as shown in Fig 2 where it is seen fitted in the normal position for wear The garment protector passes between the legs :30 of a wearer and provides a covering for the crotch of the shorts and extends up the centre of the lower back, and a short way up the centre of the lower front of the body of a wearer The extensions 2 c also extend :35 a short way down the inside and rear of the legs of a wearer and provide additional means for keeping the garment protector in its correct position during wear Of course, the extensions 2 c are not so long as to be visible when the shorts are being worn. No part of the garment protector encircles a wearer's legs or body. A garment protector according to the present invention may be made in different sizes for wearers of different stature In practice the protector would probably be made in three sizes, namely small, medium and outsize, the protector above described being the medium sized. If a garment protector according to the invention is made of paper, the loops 4 and would be reinforced, for example by doubling over the paper and gumming together the two thicknesses which are then pierced The protector whether paper or cloth can be fixed at the extremities of the extensions 2 c with a safety pin.


* GB785793 (A)

Description: GB785793 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Improvements in cheese making and apparatus therefor


COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in Cheese Making and Apparatus Therefor. We, Cow & GATE LIMITE, a Company organised under the laws of Great Britain, GEORGE MARWICK ROBERTSON and GEORGE KENNETH CHARLES, both British Subjects, all of the Company's address, Cow & Gate House, North Street, Guildford, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement :- The invention relates to the manufacture of hard pressed cheese and to apparats used therein for the expulsion of surplus whey from the curd. At one stage in the process it is usual, after the curd has been stacked in a mould lined with cotton or other fabric, to allow drainage of whey, to compress it in order that residual whey may be expressed from the curd and escape through small holes in the mould. One object of the invention is to avoid the use of cotton or other fabric. Another object is to ensure that the compressed curd from which the residual whey has been expelled shall have a smooth comparatively hard but thin coat or outer surface. According to the invention, cheese curd from which residual whey is to be expelled is compressed in and discharged under pressure from a mould having a smooth inner surface with which the curd is in direct contact, said surface being composed of numerous closely fitting elements presenting smooth inner faces, but closely fitting at their adjacent edges, so that extrusion of curd between them is prevented, but exudation of whey between them is permitted. A mould for use as above may comprise numerous metal laths, having accurately fitting adjacent edges and smooth inner faces, and means for clamping the laths firmly together at their adjacent edges so that curd is prevented from being extruded between the edges, but whey is permitted to exude between them. In contradistinction to a mould hitherto propose for compressing and dividing cheese curd into numerous prisms or rods between pressure plates comprising elements arranged close together but so shaped as to leave slits between them for the whey to run or flow through and liable to allow of the extrusion of curd unless wrapped or protected by cotton or other fabric, the mould according to the invention only permits of the exudation of whey. The mould may be adapted to receive curd fed into it at one end by suitable means under pressure, the curd being delivered at the other

end, for instance, through a restricted nozzle, so facilitating the treatment of a batch or a continuous supply of curd from which residual whey is to be removed. In order to assist in the exudation of the whey, the mould may be fitted with a jacket around the laths, the jacket being connected with a vacuum pump. A further jacket surrounding a discharge duct at the delivery end of the mould may be adapted to receive steam or other heating medium. In the accompanying drawings :- Figure 1 is a side view of an example of a mould according to the invention mounted in a press. Figure 2 is an end view of the mould shown in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a side view of part of the end of the mould. Figure 4 is an end sectional view on 4-4, Figure 3. Figure 5 is a sectional side view of the end clamping frame. Figure 6 is a view of part of a bar of a clamping frame. Figure 7 is a cross-section on 7-7, Figure 6. Figure 8 is a view of part of another bar. Figure 9 is a cross-section on 9-9, Figure 8. Figures 10 and 11 are two views of an adjusting sleeve. Figure 12 is a side sectional view of part of the mould shown in Figure 1 fitted with a thrusting block. Figure 13 is a diagrammatic side view of a mould adapted for continuous operation. Figures 14 and 15 are, respectively, a side view and plan of another example of mould according to the invention. Figure 16 being a sectional view of part of this mould. An exarnple of mould according to the invention which is of square or rectangular shape in cross-section is illustrated by Figures 1 to 12. It comprises numerous laths 1 of stainless steel, aluminium or other suitable material, set edge to edge. Laths 2-"wide and 18" thick are suitable. The contact edges of the laths are accurately prepared so as to permit ; of a close St. They are embraced by clamping frames each comprising fiat metal bars 2 connected together by long bolts or rods 3. The ends of the rods 3 are screw threaded to receive nuts 6. The holes in alternate ends of the bars need only be large enough to take the bolts 3 but those 11 in the other ends are larger. Spacing sleeves 8 are provided on the rods 3 adjacent to the ends of the bars having the larger holes 11. Each sleeve has a hole 5 for the

rod 3, and also has an eccentric 10 which fits in a corresponding hole 11 on the adjacent bar 2. Each sleeve 8 has a smooth bore for the rod 3 on which it is mounted and is shaped hexagonally so that it can be rotated on the rod or adjusted by a spanner. The holes 11 are eccentric to the holes 5 and the rods 3. By appropriately adjusting the sleeves 8 the frame bars 2 can be tightened on to the laths 1 so as to compress them Srmly together at their contact edges. Although the laths 1 are actually in contact with each other at their adjacent edges, there are extremely fine interstices, or capillary passages, between these edges to permit of the exudation of whey when the curd in the mould is compressed, but they wi ! l not permit of extrusion of the curd. Although the frames 2 hold the laths 1 nrmly in position, in order to facilitate assemblage and to hold the laths temporarily should the frames 2 be unduly slackened, the ends of the laths may be inserted in a rigid frame at each end and somewhat loosely connected to it so as to allow the frames 2 to force the laths together. In use, the mould may be mounted in a known form of press, for instance, as indicated in Figure 1, the press comprises a rigid framework structure 12 having a simple hand operated screw 13, and/or a compressed air cylinder 14 for applying the necessary pressure. A wooden thrusting block 15 reinforced by cross-bars 151 is preferably inserted in each end of the mould. As shown in Figure 12, it may be faced with a rubber sheet 16 to prevent leakage around the block. The exuded whey is collected in a tray 17 and drained off through a pipe 18. When the excess whey has been sufficiently extruded from the curd, the mould is removed from the press and the curd may be discharged by another press having a plunger thrusting against the block 15 at one end of the mould and discharging the block 15 and curd through the other end. The discharged curd being of square or rectangular cross-section is in a very desirable shape as it facilitates cutting into slabs which can, in turn, be readily cut or pressed into small square or rectangular pieces facilitating package. The use of cotton or other linen material hitherto considered necessary in the pressing or moulding stage of cheese-making is rendered unnecessary by the use of the mould. The passage of the curd through the mould imparts a smooth surface or"coat"to the curd. In order to render the process or operation continuous the mould may be mounted adjacent to a charging device so that curd is fed in under pressure at one end and discharged from the other. For instance, as diagrammatically indicated in Figure 13, a charging device comprising a reciprocating plunger 19 may feed curd from a hopper 20 through a

tubular duct 21 into one end of the mould 22 which is similar to that hereinbefore described. The curd is discharged through a tubular duct 23 which has a constricted discharge nozzle 24 which, when the mould 22, duct 23 and nozzle 24 are fully charged, offers resistance so that the curd can be suitably compressed in the mould 22 as it is forced through it by the plunger. Until the parts22,23 and 24 are fully charged any curd discharged from the nozzle should be returred to the hopper. The nozzle 24 is preferably of rectangular crosssection. In this example, the mould 22 is shown enclosed in a jacket 25, the drain pipe 26 of which is connected to a trap 27 which, in turn, is connected to a pump to set up a partial vacuum in the'ackst 25 and thereby assist exudation of whey. Another jacket 28 is shown surrounding the tubular duct 23 for the purpose of heating the curd. Heating medium can be circulated through the jacket 28 by pipes 29 and 30. The invention is not limited to a mould of square or rectangular cross section, for instance, one of circular cross section may be constructed as indicated in Figures 14 to 16. In this example, a mould is composed of numerous metal rings 31, each of which may be composed of segments or be a complete ring, the end rings 32 being frangez so that they can be connected by bolts 33 to clamp all the rings firmly edge to edge. By compressing the curd in a mould as above described to exude the residual whey and discharging the curd from the mould over the smooth interior surface presented by the laths, a smooth hard but very thin coat or outer surface is imparted to the curd, especially when the mould has vacuum and heating jackets. This thin coat, however, is desirable and is not wasteful like the thick rind which usually results under the old methods of expelling whey from curd enclosed in cotton or other bags during compression. What we claim is :- 1. In the manufacture of hard pressed types of cheese, the steps or operations which consist in compressing cheese curd, from which residual whey is to be expelled, in and discharging the compressed curd under pressure from a mould having a smooth inner surface with which the curd is in direct contact, said surface being composed of numerous closely fitting elements presenting smooth inner faces but closely fitting at their adjacent edges so that extrusion of curd between them is prevented but exudation of whey between them is permitted.

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