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Here I Stand SCENARIO BOOK, 500th Anniversary Edition 1

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GMT Games, LLC • P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308www.GMTGames.com 0512

SCENARIO BOOKT A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

ABOUT THIS BOOK .......................................................... 2GETTING STARTED .......................................................... 2SCENARIOS ....................................................................... 2 Setup Guidelines .............................................................. 2 1517 Scenario ................................................................... 3 1532 Scenario ................................................................... 4 Tournament Scenario ....................................................... 6SETTING YOUR OWN TIME LIMIT ............................... 6GAMES WITH 3 TO 5 PLAYERS ...................................... 6 Configurations .................................................................. 6 Controlling2Powers........................................................ 6

Victory Point Calculations ............................................... 7PLAY-BY-EMAIL TIPS ...................................................... 7 Interruptions to Play ......................................................... 7 Response Card Play.......................................................... 7DESIGNER’S NOTES ........................................................ 7EXTENDED EXAMPLE OF PLAY ................................... 9THE GAME AS HISTORY ................................................. 15CHARACTERS OF THE REFORMATION ....................... 19EVENTS OF THE REFORMATION .................................. 35TWO -PLAYER VARIANT ................................................. 37Two-PlayerDesigner’sNotes .............................................. 40

500th Anniversary Edition

Here I Stand SCENARIO BOOK, 500th Anniversary Edition2

© 2006, 2010 & 2017 GMT Games, LLC

ABOUT THIS BOOKThe front sections of this scenario book provide all the setup in-formation necessary to play Here I Stand in any of the possible configurations.Theremainingsectionssupplydesigner’snotesandhistoricalbackgroundmaterialstofurthertheplayer’sappreciationof the Reformation period.

GETTING STARTEDPlayersnotfamiliarwithEuropeduringtheReformationareencour-agedtoreadthesection“TheGameAsHistory”beforebeginningplaytogainanoverviewoftheeventscoveredinthegame. The other historicalsections(“CharactersoftheReformation”and“EventsoftheReformation”)canbeperusedlaterasspecificcharactersandeventsareencounteredduringplay.

All players should then read the rulebook. Rulebook Section 9 can be skippedentirelythefirsttimethrough;itissimplesttonotincludeaDiplomacyPhaseatallduringTurn1whenfirstlearningthegame.Then use the setup instructions for the 1517 scenario (found in the “Scenarios”sectionbelow)andplayafewturnstolearnthegamemechanics.ThereligiousconflictbetweenProtestantsandCatholicsisjustgettingunderwayinthisscenario,makingitaneasywaytolearn the procedures for Reformation attempts, Counter Reformation attempts,andtheologicaldebates(foundinRulebookSection18).

Once the basic mechanics are understood, players should embark on any of the three scenarios, based on the time they have available for play. Thefollowingapproximatetimeestimatesareprovidedfor6-playergames(ifallplayersarealreadyfamiliarwiththerules):

1517Scenario: 8hours1532Scenario: 6hoursTournamentScenario: 4hours

TheVictoryPoint (VP) systememployedbyHere I Stand also allows players to play for a set number of turns or hours instead of followingthroughwithascenariotocompletion. See the section “SettingYourOwnTimeLimit”justafterthescenariosfordetails.Finally,thegameplaysquitewellwithlessthan6players.Theminoradjustments necessary to play with 3 to 5 players are presented in the section“Gameswith3to5players.”Ifyouhavejust2players,youcanfightthereligiousstrugglebetweenthePapacyandProtestantbyplaying the“Two-PlayerVariant,”whichuses theDiplomacyDeck to substitute for the actions of the other major powers. This two-playergamerunsabout3hours;rulechangesforthevariantareincludedasthefinalsectionofthisscenariobook.

SCENARIOSThefirstsectionbelowprovidesgeneralguidelinesthatareusefulwhen setting up anyof the scenarios.Then, the three scenariosincluded with Here I Stand are presented in order from longestplayingtimetoshortest.

SETUP GUIDELINESAll three scenarios are set up in the same fashion. The only differ-ences between the scenarios are the positions of units and the initial number of cards dealt to each power.

Map and Power Card LayoutPlace the map on a table between all of the players. The power cards should be placed around the map in Impulse Order so players can easily remember the order in which players take their moves. The followingconfigurationofpowercardsandtheReligiousStrugglecardisespeciallyrecommended:

At Start Unit/Power Card SetupSetupthegameonepoweratatime,usingthesetuptablesforeachpower provided in the 1517 Scenario or 1532 Scenario section below. The setup table for each power lists the units that appear on the map andspecifiestheplacementofallmarkersthatstartthegameonthat nation’s power card. The setup information for the Papacy and ProtestantalsoliststhedebatersthatshouldstartthegameontheReligiousStruggleCard.

Force Pool SetupLand and naval units for each power that do not appear on the map at start should be placed next to each power card to create a pool of availableforcesthatmaybeconstructedduringplay. Unused minor power and neutral units should be placed in a separate pile.

Marker SetupTurn Marker: Placetheblack“Turn”markerintheTurn 1 box of the Turn Track if this is the 1517 sce-nario. For the other scenarios, place it in the Turn 4 box.

VP Markers: Place each power’s color-coded “VP”markerintheproperboxoftheVictoryTrackaccordingtotheinitialVPcountspecifiedforthescenario.

Protestant Spaces/English Home Spaces: Place these markers on the Protestant Space Trackon theReligiousStruggleCard in thenumberedboxspecifiedforthescenario.

Diplomatic Status Display: In each scenario, several warsareunderway;placeamarkeronthe“AtWar”sidein the appropriate box of this display to mark each of theseconflicts.Inthe1532scenario,theHapsburgsand

Hungary-Bohemiaareallied. Placeamarkeronthe“Allied”sideinthisboxifplayingthe1532scenario.

The New World: Place all 9 VP markers (6 for explorations,3forconquests)ontheNewWorlddisplay if this is the 1517 scenario. In the 1532 scenario, 6 of the 9 markers are placed on the


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NewWorlddisplay.Theother3(Circumnavigation,PacificStrait,andAztecs)areplacedintheHapsburgBonusVPBox.

Force Pool SetupLand and naval units for each power that do not appear on the map at start should be placed next to each power card to create a pool of availableforcesthatmaybeconstructedduringplay.Unusedminorpower and neutral units should be placed in a separate pile.

Setup AbbreviationsThe following abbreviations are used in the setup tables for thescenarios:

Abbreviation Meaning Sample HCM hexagonalcontrolmarker (onCatholicside)

hcm hexagonalcontrolmarker (onProtestantside)

SCM squarecontrolmarker (onCatholicside)

merc mercenary

1517 SCENARIODescriptionThe1517Scenarioisthelengthiestversionofthegame,coveringthefirst39yearsoftheReformation.

Game Length9Turns:Turn1(1517)toTurn9(1555).

SetupOttomanIstanbul .................Suleiman,IbrahimPasha,7regulars,1cavalry,

1navalsquadron,SCMEdirne ...................1regular,SCMSalonika ................1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMAthens ..................1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMSCM on Power Card: 7VP for Piracy: 0

HapsburgsValladolid .............CharlesV,DukeofAlva,4regulars,SCMSeville ..................1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMBarcelona .............1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMNavarre .................1regular,SCMTunis .....................1regular,SCMNaples ..................2regulars,1navalsquadron,SCMBesançon ..............1regularBrussels ................1regularVienna ..................Ferdinand,4regulars,SCMAntwerp ................3regulars,SCMSCM on Power Card: 6

All Protestant home spaces: HCM (one in each of the 21 Protestant homespaces)Crossing Atlantic Box: TheHapsburgConquestUnderwaymarkerandExplorationUnderwaymarker(onthe“-1:Uncharted”side)bothstartthescenariointhisbox(voyagesofeachtypewerefundedbeforescenariostart).

EnglandLondon .................HenryVIII,CharlesBrandon,3regulars,1naval

squadron,SCMPortsmouth ...........1navalsquadronCalais ....................2regulars,SCMYork ......................1regular,SCMBristol ...................1regular,SCMSCM on Power Card: 5Henry’s Marital Status:CatherineofAragon. Place all 6 wife countersintheappropriatebox(CatherineofAragonisplacedinthesameboxasAnneBoleyn).

FranceParis......................FrancisI,Montmorency,4regulars,SCMRouen ...................1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMBordeaux ..............2regulars,SCMLyon .....................1regular,SCMMarseille ..............1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMTurin .....................HCMMilan ....................2regulars,SCMSCM on Power Card: 5VP for Chateaux: 0 VP

PapacyRome ....................1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMRavenna ................1regular,SCMSCM on Power Card: 5Papal Debaters:Eck,Campeggio,Aleander,Tetzel,CajetanExcommunicated: NoneSaint Peter’s Construction: 0 CP, 0 VP

ProtestantElectorate Display:2regulars(Wittenberg,Augsburg),1regular(Cologne,Trier,Mainz,Brandenburg)German Debaters: Luther, Melanchthon, Bucer, CarlstadtAll Translations: Not started

Venice Venice ...................2regulars,3navalsquadronsCorfu ....................1regularCandia ..................1regular

GenoaGenoa ...................AndreaDoria,2regulars,1navalsquadron

HungaryBelgrade ...............1regularBuda .....................5regularsPrague ..................1regular

ScotlandEdinburgh .............3regulars,1navalsquadronStirling..................fortress(ifusing500thAnniversaryUpgradeKit)


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IndependentsRhodes..................KnightsofSt.John(1regular)Metz .....................1regularFlorence ................1regular

Cards In PlayAllcardsinthedeckmaybecomeavailableduringthisscenario. 41 cards have a turn number (or “Variable”) in the upper-rightcorner;thesecardsarenotaddeduntilTurn3orlater. Those cards thatarenotusedatthestartarenumbered:#14to#23,#38to#64,and#113to#116.

Diplomatic Status Display• HapsburgsandFranceareatwar.• FranceandthePapacyareatwar.• OttomansandHungary-Bohemiaareatwar.

Initial VP CountOttoman:8 France:12Hapsburg:9 Papacy:19England:9 Protestant:0Protestant Spaces: 0 English Home Spaces: 0

Special RulesNone.

1532 SCENARIODescriptionThe1532Scenarioisanabbreviatedversionofthegamethatskipsthefirstthreeturnsandputsallsixpowersinapositiontothreatenvictory within just a few turns of play.

Game Length6Turns:Turn4(1532)toTurn9(1555)

SetupOttomanIstanbul .................Suleiman,IbrahimPasha,5regulars,1cavalry,

1navalsquadron,SCMEdirne ...................1regular,SCMSalonika ................1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMAthens ..................1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMAlgiers ..................Barbarossa,2regulars,2corsairs,SCMBuda .....................3regulars,1cavalry,SCMBelgrade ...............1regular,SCMMohacs .................HCMSzegedin ...............HCMAgram ..................HCMRhodes..................HCMSCM on Power Card: 4VP for Piracy: 0Bonus VP Box: 2 War Winners

HapsburgsValladolid .............CharlesV,DukeofAlva,4regulars,SCMSeville ..................1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMBarcelona .............1regular,1navalsquadron,SCM

Navarre .................1regular,SCMNaples ..................2regulars,1navalsquadron,SCMBesançon ..............1regularBrussels ................1regularVienna ..................Ferdinand,4regulars,2mercs,SCMAntwerp ................3regulars,SCMPrague ..................SCMBreslau .................hcmBrünn....................HCMPressburg ..............HCMRegensburg...........HCMSalzburg ...............HCMMünster ................HCMCologne ................HCMTrier ......................HCMSCM on Power Card: 6Bonus VP Box:1WarWinner,Circumnavigation,PacificStrait,Aztecs(depleted)The New World:PlaceMagellanontheCircumnavigationboxandCortes on the Aztecs box. Thisexplorerandconquistadorareoutof play for this scenario.Colonies: Puerto Rico, CubaOut of Game: Cordova,Leon,Narvaez(Hapsburg“ExplorationUnderway”markerisalwaysonthe“0:ChartsAvailable”sideinthisscenario).

EnglandLondon .................HenryVIII,CharlesBrandon,3regulars,2mercs,

1navalsquadron,SCMPlymouth ..............1navalsquadronPortsmouth ...........1navalsquadronCalais ....................2regulars,SCMYork ......................1regular,SCMBristol ...................1regular,SCMSCM on Power Card: 5Henry’s Marital Status: Ask for Divorce. Place all 6 wife counters intheappropriatebox(CatherineofAragonisplacedinthesameboxasAnneBoleyn).Englandreceives1extracardintheCardDrawPhaseforTurn4(thefirst turn). This extra card is in addition to the one awarded because Henry VIII is ruler.Out of Game: Rut (English “ExplorationUnderway”marker isalwaysonthe“0:ChartsAvailable”sideinthisscenario).

FranceParis......................Francis I,Montmorency, 4 regulars, 2mercs,

SCMRouen ...................1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMBordeaux ..............1regular,SCMLyon .....................1regular,SCMMarseille ..............1regular,1navalsquadron,SCMSCM on Power Card: 6Crossing Atlantic Box: The French Exploration Underway marker (alreadyflippedtothe“0:ChartsAvailable”side)startsthescenariointhisbox(avoyagewasfundedbeforescenariostart).VP for Chateaux: 2 VP


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France receives 1 extra card in the Card Draw Phase for Turn 4 (the firstturn). This extra card is in addition to the one awarded because Francis I is ruler.Out of Game: Verranzano

PapacyRome ....................1regular,1merc,1navalsquadron,SCMRavenna ................1regular,1merc,SCMFlorence ................1regular,SCMSienna ...................1 HCMSCM on Power Card: 4Papal Debaters: Eck,Campeggio,Aleander,Contarini,Tetzel,CajetanCurrent Ruler: Clement VII (placecard#10overthepictureofLeoX)Excommunicated: LutherSaint Peter’s Construction: 0 CP, 1 VP

ProtestantBrandenburg .........1regularWittenberg ............JohnFrederick,Luther,2regularsMainz ...................PhilipofHesse,1regular,2mercsAugsburg ..............2regularsElectorate Display:1regular(Cologne,Trier)German Debaters: Luther, Melanchthon, Bucer, Oekolampadius, Bullinger,CarlstadtEnglish Debaters: TyndaleGerman New Testament: CompleteFrench New Testament: 4 CPEnglish New Testament: 2 CPAll Bibles: Not startedOut of Game: Zwinglireformer,Zwinglidebater

VeniceVenice ...................2regulars,3navalsquadronsCorfu ....................1regularCandia ..................1regular

GenoaGenoa ...................AndreaDoria,2regulars,1navalsquadron

HungaryPrague ..................1regular

ScotlandEdinburgh .............3regulars,1navalsquadronStirling:fortress(ifusing500thAnniversaryUpgradeKit)

IndependentsMalta ....................KnightsofSt.John(1regular),HCMMetz .....................1regularMilan ....................1regularTunis .....................1regularBasel .....................hcmZürich ...................hcm

Cards In PlayThe followingcardsare removed fromplaybefore this scenariobegins(thesecardsareallmarkedwith‘(1517)’intheupper-rightcorner):• ‘Luther’s95Theses’(#8)• ‘BarbaryPirates’(#9)• ‘DefenderoftheFaith’(#11)• ‘SchmalkaldicLeague’(#13)• ‘Halley’sComet’(#38)• ‘AugsburgConfession’(#39)• ‘MarburgColloquy’(#41)• ‘ZwingliDonsArmor’(#43)• ‘FredericktheWise’(#78)• ‘JohnZapolya’(#83)• ‘KatherinaBora’(#85)• ‘Peasants’War’(#88)• ‘SackofRome’(#95)• ‘SaleofMoluccas’(#96)• ‘ThomasMore’(#112)• ‘ImperialCoronation’(#113)

Allothercardsinthedeckmaybecomeavailableduringthissce-nario. Cards not listed above that enter play on Turn 3 should be included in the deck immediately. Theseare:• ‘PaulIII’(#14)• ‘Machiavelli’sThe Prince’(#40)• ‘Roxelana’(#42)• ‘LaForêt’sEmbassyinIstanbul’(#114)Be sure to also add cards, debaters, and reformers that enter at the start ofTurn4inthefirstCardDrawPhaseofthisscenario(Section8.2).

Diplomatic Status Display• OttomanandHapsburgsareatwar.• HapsburgsandProtestantsareatwar.• PapacyandProtestantsareatwar.• HapsburgsandHungary-Bohemiaareallied.

Initial VP CountOttoman:16 France:12Hapsburg:18 Papacy:17England:9 Protestant:13

Protestant Spaces: 19 (a 20th space is converted when Calvin is placedonthemapinthefirstCardDrawPhase).

English Home Spaces: 0

Special RulesNone.


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TOURNAMENT SCENARIODescriptionThe Tournament Scenario adds additional constraints to the 1532 Scenariosetuptoensurethegamewillendwithin3turnsofplay.

Game Length3Turns:Turn4(1532)toTurn6(1543).

SetupSame as 1532 scenario. Howeverallsixpowersgetoneextracarddealt to them at the start of Turn 4 above and beyond those they would normally receive at the start of the 1532 scenario. Example: England and France receive 3 cards more than listed in the “Cards and VP Per Key” section of their power card: 1 from their ruler’s card bonus, 1 from the normal 1532 scenario setup, and 1 from this tournament scenario setup rule.

Cards In PlaySame as 1532 scenario.

Diplomatic Status DisplaySame as 1532 scenario.

Initial VP CountSame as 1532 scenario.

Special Rules1.ThegameendsnolaterthanTurn6. Becauseofthat,suingforpeace is not allowed on Turn 6.

2. A Domination Victory is still achieved if anyone ends a turn 5 VP ahead of all other players.

3. A Standard Victory is achieved if any power ends a turn with 23 VP or more.

4.The card “Dissolution of theMonasteries”(# 63) is normallyadded to the deck at the start of the turn that follows Henry VIII’s marriagetoAnneBoleyn.Forthisscenario,thetimingofthecardentryisunchanged,butinsteadofbeingaddedtothedeck,thecardisgivendirectlytotheEnglishplayerasthefirstcardtheyaredealtfor the turn.

SETTING YOUR OWN TIME LIMITThe VP system used in Here I Stand allows players to declare a winner at the end of a turn, even if none of the victory types listed inSection23oftherulebookhavebeentriggered. The one rule-of-thumb to keep in mind is that the VP totals are not in balance until the end of Turn 4 (since the Papacy starts the 1517 Scenario with a 19VPleadontheProtestantandEnglandneedstimetoattempttogainamaleheir).So,intheVictoryDeterminationPhaseofTurns4through8,playersarefreetoendthegameandawardvictorytotheplayerwiththehighestVPtotal.TiesforthehighesttotalareresolvedasdescribedinSection23.3(StandardVictory).Becauseof the possibility of ties, players should be sure to record the VP totals at the end of each turn of play (even at the end of turns prior toTurn4).

Thus, players can use Here I Stand’sVPsystemtotailortheirgam-ingsessionaccordingtothetimeavailablefortheirgaminggroup. Herearesomeexamplesofperfectlylegitimate,balancedwaystoplaythegame:

• Startwith the1517setupandplayfor6hours, thendeclareawinnerattheendofthefirstturnthatendsafterthe6-hourmark(probablytheendofTurn5withexperiencedplayers).

• Startwiththe1517setupandplayuntiltheendofTurn6(about7hoursofplay).

• Startwith the1532setupandplayfor5hours, thendeclareawinnerattheendofthefirstturnthatendsafterthe5-hourmark(probablytheendofTurn7).

Groupsareencouragedtohaveafirmagreementonthelimitsfortheirgamesessionbeforebeginningplay.

GAMES WITH 3 TO 5 PLAYERSThe Here I Standrulebookassumesagamewiththefullcomplementof6players,oneforeachpower.However,thechangestoplaywithfewerplayers(3,4,or5)areminimal,asdescribedbelow.

ConfigurationsTherecommendedassignmentsofpowerstoplayersingameswithlessthan6playersaregivenbelow.

3-playerPlayer1:OttomanandFrancePlayer2:HapsburgsandPapacyPlayer3:EnglandandProtestant

4-playerPlayer1:OttomanPlayer2:HapsburgsandPapacyPlayer3:EnglandandProtestantPlayer4:France

5-playerPlayer1:OttomanPlayer2:HapsburgsPlayer3:EnglandandProtestantPlayer4:FrancePlayer5:Papacy

Controlling 2 PowersAdditional restrictions are placed on any player that controls two powers:• TheOttomanpowermayneverconductpiracyonanotherpower

controlled by the same player.• Aplayermayneverhaveoneofhispowersdeclarewaronthe

other.• Aplayermayneverawardacarddrawormercenariesfromone

of his powers to the other (Exception: awarding a card through the play of Diplomatic Overture is permitted).

• Aplayermayneverhaveoneofhispowersgivecontrolofaspaceto his other power (Exception: returning control of a home space to a power is allowed).

Thetwopowerscontrolledbyasingleplayermayallyand loannavalsquadronshowever.


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Victory Point CalculationWhencontrollingtwopowers,theVictoryPointtotalofyourtwopowerscannotbecomeoverlyskewedwithoutanadjustmentcominginto play. The current Victory Point totals for your powers —for thepurposesofevaluatingvictoryonly—shouldalwaysbeassumedtobe:• Powerwith lowerVP total: this power’s score is computed

normally• PowerwithhigherVPtotal:thispower’sscoreiseitheritscurrent

score, or the score of the lower VP power plus 5 – whichever total is lower.

EXAMPLE: Martin is controlling the English (score of 18) and the Protestants (score of 24). For the purposes of checking for victories, assume the Protestant score is 23.

PLAY-BY-EMAIL TIPSNearly half of the playtesting forHere I Stand was completed throughplay-by-email games. Several dozen email gameswerecompletedusingCyberboard,aWindowsapplicationthatservesasaPBEMboardgameassistant(http://cyberboard.brainiac.com).HerearesometipsonhowtobestkeepPBEMgamesmovingefficiently,whetheryouareusingCyberboardoranotherPBEMutility.

Interruptions to PlayPBEMgamesflow smoothly if eachplayer takes theirmove inimpulseorderandcompletesthatimpulsewithasingleemailmes-sage. However, Combat cards and Response cards may be played byotherpowersduringanimpulse,interruptingplay. In addition, as land and naval units move, other players must make decisions about intercept,avoidbattle,andwithdrawing intofortifications.Thebestwaytohandlethesesituationsistofirstrememberthattheonlygameoperationsthatcanbe interruptedare:• MoveFormationaction• NavalMoveaction• Fieldbattle,navalcombat,andassault

There are other operations that involve direct conflict betweenpowers(piracy,reformation/counterreformationattempts,andtheo-logicaldebates),butnoneofthemcanbeinterrupted. (Exception: An interruption can occur if the Papacy calls a debate in Germany and the Protestant player must decide whether or not to substitute Luther for another German debater.)

For the Move Formation and Naval Move actions, the active player shouldcontinuemoveactionsuntilamoveismadethatrequiresan enemy decision on whether or not to intercept, avoid battle, or withdrawintofortifications. Thegameshouldthenbeinterruptedtowait for the enemy response. Infieldbattlesandassaults,theactiveplayer should initiate the combat and declare any combat cards that he intends to play. The play of defensive cards and the resolution of the combat is then handled by the defender.

Response Card PlayThe trickiest interruptions to account for come from play of Response cards(sinceanyoftheplayersinthegamemayplayaResponseduring another player’s impulse).However there areonly8dif-ferent response cards. RecommendedPBEMhandlingofeach isdescribed below. Note that several of these recommendations cause gameactionstobe“rewound”backtothepointintimewhenthe

Response occurred. ThisrewindingisrecommendedsoPBEMplayis not halted over-and-over because of possible Response card play.

• ‘FoulWeather’, ‘Gout’: Play just after the email that notifiesthem of the move, assault, piracy, or naval transport that they are stopping.

• ‘Halley’sComet’:Playatanybreakbetweenimpulses.• ‘Landsknechts’,‘SwissMercenaries’:HandleasCombatcards(allowingthemtobeplayedaftercombatisdeclaredbutbeforeitisresolved).

• ‘SiegeArtillery’,‘ProfessionalRowers’:Playjustaftertheemailthatnotifiesthemoftheassault,navalcombat,ornavalinterceptthattheywillbemodifying.

• ‘Wartburg’:Protestantmustcancelaneventcardjustafter theemailthatnotifiesthemofitsplay. The Protestant is not permitted to wait until they have seen the full event execution and then play this response.

DESIGNER’S NOTESOurFridaynightgaminggroupincollegemostlyplayedrole-playinggames. SPI’s Dragonquest, which I had helped playtest, was our mainstay. But occasionally one of us would propose a traditional wargame,especiallyifitwasmultiplayer. And so it was with re-luctancethatIapproachedmyroommateMike’ssuggestiontoplaySPI’s A Mighty Fortress. IknewnothingabouttheReformation,andMikehimselfadmittedthatthepacingofthegamewassopoorthathishighschoolgaminggroupreferredtoitas“AMightyTortoise”. Worsestill,theyhaddecidedIneededtoplaytheHapsburgempire,apowersplinteredintoaseriesofisolatedholdingsthatwereeachthreatened by several enemies.

Well we tried it anyway ... and I was immediately hooked. Thejug-glingactofplayingHapsburgwasthesupremechallenge. I loved beingpowerfulenoughtocrushanyoneopponent,butonlybeingabletofaceasolitaryenemyifIhadprearrangeditwithskillfuldi-plomacy. TheduallayersofmilitaryandreligiousconflictpresentedapuzzleunlikeanyothergameIhadseen. And best of all, it worked beautifullywithourgroupofroleplayers;therewasapartforeachof us. Mike, our Italian Catholic, was the perfect Pope. Tom, our connoisseur of Renaissance culture, played the part of Francis I. Tito, ourrelentlessaggressorfromadistantland,emergednaturallyasthe Ottoman. RichplayedthepartofHenryVIII;DavidwasLuther;and I had to fend them all off as Charles.

Andyetoneproblemremained,anditwasabigone-thegamejustdidn’t really work. Gamelengthwasahugeissue.Wenevercameclosetofinishingasession(andIstillhaven’tplayedasinglegameofAMFfromstarttofinish). Plus, a hex-based, zone-of-control system couldnotproperlyrepresenttheperiod’scampaigningbyisolatedarmies led by charismatic leaders. Furthermore,thereligiousandmilitarystruggleswerealmostentirelydisjointedanddidn’tincludeany of the colorful characters of the period. Here was perhaps my favoritegame,onethatIwouldsuggestrepeatedlytoourgaminggroup,clearlyfallingfarshortofitsultimatepotential. The others soured on it and we moved on.

Nonetheless,thethoughtofonedaycorrectingtheseflawsbecomemyideefixe.Butithadtobedoneright;Ididn’twanttostartontheproject until I knew these issues could all be overcome. So I bode my time and just started to collect books on the period, attend our


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localRenaissancefestivalreligiously,andwatchtheblossomingofcard-drivengameswithgreatinterest. Apoint-to-pointsystemusingcardstointroducetheflavoroftheperiodwasclearlygoingtobeastepintherightdirection. Finally,IplayedMarkMcLaughlin’sThe Napoleonic Wars,adesignthatshowedthatacard-drivende-signcouldaccommodateanasymmetricmultiplayerconfiguration.TwentyyearsafterIhadfirstplayedAMF,thetimeforpostingmytheses had arrived.

Design EmphasisAsIstartedtostudytheReformation,itdidn’ttakelongformetorealize what an incredibly rich period of history this was. While theReformationunfolded,Europealso saw: theconquestof theNewWorld,HenryVIII’ssuccessionofwives,Magellan’svoyageprovingthattheearthisround,andthepublicationofCopernicus’theorydemonstrating that theEarth is not the centerof theuni-verse.ThrowinMachiavelli,Michelangelo,andthezenithoftheOttomanEmpire,andyouhavequitealottoworkwith.HoweverIhavestillnotfoundasinglebookthatlinksalltheseelementsinanymeaningfulway.Idecidedthenandtherethatthefocusofthegamewouldbeshowcasing the interdependenciesbetweenthesegreathistoricalfiguresandevents.

Themilitary,political,andreligiouslandscapeofEuropechangeddramaticallyduringthe40-yearperiodcoveredinthegame.Oneofthefirststepsindesigningthegamewasanalyzingthistimelineindetail,andmappingthesechangestoaseriesofevents.ThisprocessledtotheMandatoryEventsthatareincludedinthegametodrivethestoryline.However,Ididn’twantthegametobesoscriptedthatitplayedoutthesameeverytime.You’llseethatinthefinalversionthese key events (Barbary Pirates, Schmalkaldic League, Society of Jesus)haveaspanofseveralturnsduringwhichtheymayoccur.

Religious MechanicsSeveraldifferentlandcombat,siege,andnavalsystemshavebeenusedincard-drivengames;Ididn’texpectthatfindingappropriatemechanicsforthatsideofthegamewouldprovetootroublesome.However, indevisingmechanics for thespreadof theProtestantreformation across a point-to-point map, I had no choice but to breaknewground. I tried at least four differentmethodsbeforesettlingonthepublishedversion.Thestrengthofthisapproachisthatplayersbringpressuretobearfromadjacentspaces,thereforemodelingthenaturalspreadoftheReformationfromtown-to-town.The mechanics also account for the presence of Catholic or Protestant armies and allow the Reformation to spread over water (especially theNorthSea),thoughwithgreaterdifficulty.

Iwas hoping that playtestingwould show that theReformationspread alonghistorical lines.To ensure thatwas the case, I hadto account for the fact that the Reformation would accelerate in onelanguageatatime,especiallywhennewbiblicaltranslationsappearedinthatlanguage.AndsoIaddedlanguagezonesandtheall-important Printing Presscard.IthinkthegamedoesagoodjobofshowingtheimportanceoftherevolutionincommunicationthatresultedfromGutenberg’sinvention.

Up until now, I’ve only discussed mechanics that spread the reformed beliefbygeographicpressure.However,key theologicaldebatesandeventsliketheDietofWormsclearlygavetheProtestantcausean extra boost. Therefore the debate system was established to serveasawayforreligiouspowerstospreadtheirideaseveniftheopposingsidehasageographicadvantageinaparticulararea.Thedebatemechanicsdidn’tundergomuchchange. Theideaofrollinga handful of dice to try and burn an opponent at the stake has always beenappealing!

Other DifficultiesWhat else proved tricky? Well the creation of a six-sided political strugglewithalliancesthatchangedeachturnwasdifficult.Ittookalongtimetotrackdownallofthecasesforintercepts,avoidbattles,siegesandreliefforces,especiallywhenalliedforcesorspacecontrolwasinvolved.Makingsurethesecaseswereallhandledwasoneofthedrivingreasonsbehindthecurrentformoftherules.Eachsec-tion contains a list of restrictions and then a step-by-step procedure. Structuringtherulesthiswayreallyhelpedaccommodatesomeoftherarecasesthatcomeupwhenalliesarefightingincloseproximity.

Gamebalancewasanotherchallenge.Eachofthesixpowersbringsaveryuniqueperspectiveanditsownpathtovictory.That’sgreatfor replayability, but canbe a challengewhen trying to create abalanced product. I tracked scores for each power at the end of each turnofourplaytestgames.Theresultingspreadsheetwasinvaluablein judging if andwhenbalance adjustmentswere required.Thegoodthing is that the interplayofcardsoftenallowstheplayersto“bringaleaderbacktothepack.”Itwillbeinterestingtoseeifanypowerisdeemedtohaveanedgeoncethegameisexposedtoa wider audience.

ThanksFinally,Iwanttothankthe62peoplethathelpedplaytestthegame.Extraspecialcreditgoestothreepeoplewhoeachtookaturnpro-vidingspecialassistancetotheproject.MysonMatthewwasthefirstofthese.HeandIplayedthegameextensivelyoverasix-monthperiod,movingitfromitsearliestformtoapointwhereitwasreadyforPBEMplaytesting.IhavetoadmittoIwasalittlesurprisedthata14year-oldlivinginthe21stCenturywouldbesofondofagameon the Reformation. I took the fact that he asked to play repeatedly asaverygoodsign.AnandaGuptawasthenexttostepintoakeyrole.Hiswarningstokeepthegamesimplewerealwayswell-timed.Healsogetscreditforsuggestingthedebaterbonussystem,alateadditionthataddsalotofstrategicdepthtothereligiousfighting.DaveCrosswas thefinal person deserving of specialmention.Without Dave I never would have tracked down as many loopholes inrulesandcards.Healsosignificantlyimprovedthemechanicsofmanyofthecards,particularlythosenastyInquisitions.

Finally,IwanttothankmywifeSarahanddaughterNatalie.Notevery family attends the movie Lutherorheadsstraighttothebookvendor on opening day of the localRenaissance festival. Their tolerance of my obsession has earned them many, many days off theirtimesinPurgatory.


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EXTENDED EXAMPLE OF PLAY ThissectionpresentsanexampleoftheactionatthebeginningofaTournamentScenariocontestedbysomeoftheleadingplaytestersof Here I Stand.AsaTournamentScenario,thisgamestartsonTurn4. The 1532 Scenario setup is used except each power receives one extracardintheirhandonthefirstturn.Newplayersareencouragedtosetupthisscenarioandplayalong.

TURN 4 Luther’s 95 Theses Phase: Skipped (since this is not the 1517Scenario).

Card Draw Phase: Add debaters, reformers, leaders: Calvin reformer is added in Geneva;thatspaceflipstoProtestantcontrol.Anindependenthex-agonalcontrolmarkerisplacedinthatspaceflippedonitsProtestant(grayborder,whitecenter)side.20spacesarenowunderProtestantcontrol. ProtestantVP rise to 14;PapalVPdrop to 16.All fourFrench debaters enter play.

To Geneva To Calvinist Debaters section of Religious Struggle Card

Add new cards to the deck: The 11 cards marked as Turn 4 are add-edtothedeckandshuffledintothedeckfortheupcomingcarddeal.

Roll for New World Riches:Hapsburgsrolltwodiceandsumthetotalsfortheirtwocolonies:• PuertoRico(dr8;nocard-galleonwasneeded)• Cuba(dr7;noeffect)

Setup for Tournament Scenario:

The Religious Struggle Card before the French debaters are added.


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Shuffle deck and deal cards:Ottoman (Steve Caler) - 7 cards (1 home, 5 from keys, 1 for tournament)• #1‘Janissaries’(Home,5CP)• #33‘Landsknechts’(Response,1CP)• #51‘MichaelServetus’(4CP)• #66‘AkinjiRaiders’(3CP)• #92‘RevoltinEgypt’(3CP)• #98‘SearchforCibola’(2CP)• #109‘VenetianInformant’(1CP)Hapsburgs (Dave Cross) - 7 cards (1 home, 5 from keys, 1 for tournament)• #2‘HolyRomanEmperor’(Home,5CP)

• #26‘MercenariesBribed’(Combat,3CP)• #28‘SiegeMining’(Combat,1CP)• #37‘Wartburg’(Response,2CP)• #67‘Anabaptists’(3CP)• #79‘Fuggers’(3CP)• #90‘PrintingPress’(5CP)England (Paul Nied) - 6 cards (1 home, 2 from keys, 1 for Henry’s cardbonus,1for1532scenariosetup,1fortournament)• #3‘SixWivesofHenryVIII’(Home,5CP)• #40‘Machiavelli’sThe Prince’(2CP)• #54‘PotosiSilverMines’(3CP)• #70‘CharlesBourbon’(4CP)• #101‘Smallpox’(4CP)• #107‘UnsanitaryCamp’(2CP)

Power Cards at start of game:


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France (Ken Richards) - 6 cards (1 home, 2 from keys, 1 for Francis’scardbonus,1for1532scenariosetup,1fortournament)• #4‘PatronoftheArts’(Home,5CP)• #25‘FieldArtillery’(Combat,1CP)• #36‘SwissMercenaries’(Response,1CP)• #45‘CalvinExpelled’(1CP)• #46‘Calvin’sInstitutes’(5CP)• #72‘ClothPricesFluctuate’(3CP)

Papacy (Jim Adams) - 6 cards (2 home, 3 from keys, 1 for tour-nament)• #5‘PapalBull’(Home,4CP)• #6‘LeipzigDebate’(Combat,3CP)• #31‘FoulWeather’(Response,2CP)• #52‘Michelangelo’(4CP)• #80‘GabelleRevolt’(1CP)• #86‘KnightsofSt.John’(2CP)

Protestant (Ed Beach) - 7 cards (1 home, 5 from electorates, 1 for tournament)• #7‘HereIStand’(Home,5CP)• #34‘ProfessionalRowers’(Response,2CP)• #42‘Roxelana’(4CP)• #97‘ScotsRaid’(2CP)• #102‘SpringPreparations’(3CP)• #106‘UnpaidMercenaries’(3CP)• #110‘WarwithPersia’(4CP)

Diplomacy PhaseNegotiation Segment - Hold Negotiations:The“Henry’sMaritalStatus”markerisonthe“AskforDivorce”space.ThisistheoneturnthatthePapacy(Jim)maygrantthedivorceinexchangeforconcessionsfromtheEnglishplayer.However,theHapsburg(Dave)approachesJimfirst,toutingtheneedforCatholicsolidarityandasolidanti-piracydefenseagainsttheOttomans.JimagreestoallywithDaveandlendhisfleetforanti-piracyduty.

TheProtestant(Ed)hasahandfullofhighCPcardsbutnonethat are particularly helpful for the Reformation. However France (Ken) offers to playCalvin’s Institutes as an event on the first card play of the turn (before Calvin can be excommunicated).A deal issoon made.

Other negotiationsoccur be-tweentheEnglishandProtes-tant(whoagreetoallyjusttoaffirmtheirsolidarity)andtheFrench andHapsburgs (whoallywithaFrenchfleetbeinglentforanti-piracywork).

Negotiation Segment - Announce Deals:The Ottomans have no announcements.

TheHapsburgsannounce theirallianceswith theFrenchandthePapacy.TheFrenchfleetinMarseilleislentandwillstartinPalma.ThePapalfleetinRomeislentandwillstartinCagliari.

FrenchandPapalfleetsareloanedtotheHapsburgstohelpdeterpiracy in the Mediterrainean.

TheEnglishannounceanalliancewiththeProtestant.

TheFrenchconfirmthealliancewiththeHapsburgsandthelentfleet.ThefleetismovedtoPalmaandaHapsburg“Loaned”markerplacedonit.An“Allied”markerisplacedontheDiplomaticStatusDisplayontheHapsburgboxintheFrancecolumn.

TheFrenchalsoannouncethattheyarereceiving2randomcarddrawsfromtheProtestantinexchangefor2mercenariesfromParis(andtheplayofCalvin’sInstitutesasanevent,thoughthissecret,non-bindingagreementisnotpubliclydeclaredatthistime).

ThePapacyconfirmthealliancewiththeHapsburgsandthelentfleet.ThefleetismovedtoCagliariandaHapsburg“Loaned”markerplacedonit.An“Allied”markerisplacedontheDiplomaticStatusDisplayontheHapsburgboxinthePapacycolumn.

TheProtestants confirm the alliancewithEngland. An“Allied”markerisplacedontheDiplomaticStatusDisplayontheEnglandbox of the Protestant column.

The Diplomatic Status Track is updated with the three new Allied markers.

TheProtestantsconfirm thedealannouncedbyFrance.The twomercenariesareplacedinMainz(1regularand4mercenariestherenow).TheFrenchdrawthesecardsfromtheProtestanthand:

• #102‘SpringPreparations’(3CP)• #106‘UnpaidMercenaries’(3CP)


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The French send their two mercenaries in Paris to Mainz.

Peace Segment:Skipped.Nopowersareeligibletosueforpeace.

Ransom Segment: Skipped. No leaders are captured.

Excommunication Segment: Skipped. No rulers are under ex-communication.

War Segment:Allsixpowersareofferedtheoptionofdeclaringwarandall sixdecline. It looks likeeveryone isgoing toattackindependentkeysandbuildupstrengthintheNewWorldthisturn.

Diet of Worms PhaseSkipped (since this is not the 1517Scenario).

Spring Deployment Phase

Ottoman:Suleiman,4 regulars,1cavalry toBuda. Ibrahimand1regularremaininIstanbul.TheOttomancouldhaveplayedVe-netian Informant to review the cards in another player’s hand (but declinedtodoso).

Hapsburgs:CharlesV,DukeofAlvaandall4regularsinValladolidtoCartagena.

England: Henry VIII and all 5 land units in London to Berwick. Charles Brandon remains in London.

France:Montmorencyand2regularstoLyon(3regularstheretotalnow).Francisand2regularsremaininParis.

Papacy:Declinetomakeaspringdeploymentthisturn.

Protestant:TheProtestantscanneverspringdeploy.


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Action Phase - Round 1Ottoman• #92‘RevoltinEgypt’(3CP).Played for CP.TheOttomanstakeadvantageofmovingfirst andgo straight forVienna.CP1: Suleiman, 6 regulars, 2cavalrytoPressburg.Hapsburgsdecline the intercept opportunity.CP2:ControlunfortifiedspaceofPressburg.TheHapsburgcontrolmarker there is replaced with an Ottoman one (still on its Catholic side).CP3: Suleiman and his 8-unitformation proceed to Vienna. The Hapsburgs accept the field battle(no avoid battle attempt). InStep1 of the Field Battle procedure the Ottomansplay:• #33‘Landsknechts’(Response,1CP)

...and eliminate the 2Hapsburgmercenaries. In the battle, the Otto-mansroll10dice(8unitsplus2forSuleiman’sBattleRating).TheHapsburgsroll6dice(4units,plus1forFerdinand’sBattleRatingand1asdefender). OttomanDice:3,2,3,4,3,3,6,6,5,5(4hits) HapsburgDice:3,3,4,6,1,6(2hits)

All 4Hapsburg units are eliminated. Ferdinand is captured andplaced on the Ottoman power card. The Ottomans choose to elimi-nate1regularand1cavalry.Thewinnerofafieldbattlenevergainscontrolofthespace,however.Viennaisundersiegeandmaybeassaulted as soon as the next Ottoman impulse.

The Ottoman’s march on Vienna. The two Hapsburg mercenaries are taken out by Response card #33 and the battle eliminates the other four. Vienna is now under siege.

Hapsburgs• #2 ‘Holy Roman Emperor’(Home,5CP)Played as event; theHapsburgannounces that Charles is trans-ferring toLinz (currentlyunoc-cupied).No other power playsthe ‘Gout’ response to stop thetransfer.

CP1-5:TheHapsburgsuseall5CP to build units in Linz. 3 merce-nariesand1regular.Charleshasan army with him now. However, Vienna may fall before he is strongenoughtoattacktorelievethesiege.

The Hapsburg player builds a small army at Linz.

England• #54 ‘Potosi SilverMines’ (3CP).Played as event. The Potosi marker is placed in the top colony boxforEngland(totheleftoftheNew World Riches Table on the gamemap).

France• #46‘Calvin’sInstitutes’(5CP)As promised, the French play Calvin’s Institutes as an event to aid theProtestantsandliveuptotheirdiplomaticagreement.Calviniscommitted.CommittingCalvintofulfilltherequirementforaneventdoesnotcountasusingadebaterbonusinanimpulse.FareliscommittedaswelltogiveoneextradieforReformationattemptswithin2spacesofGenevaduringthisimpulse.

ReformationAttempt#1(Besancon):Protestantsroll5diceat+1(3adjacentProtestantspaces,1adjacentreformer,Farelbonus).

ProtestantDice:6,1,6,1,4(automaticconversion)


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ReformationAttempt#2 (Metz):Protestants roll 3dice at+1 (2adjacentProtestantspaces,Farelbonus)

ProtestantDice:3,5,4(automaticconversion,5+1=6andwintiesintargetlanguagezone).

ReformationAttempt#3(Grenoble):Protestantsroll3diceat+1(1adjacentProtestantspace,1adjacentReformer,Farelbonus)

ProtestantDice:5,5,2(automaticconversion).

ReformationAttempt#4(Lyons):Protestantsroll4diceat+1(2ad-jacentProtestantspaces,1adjacentReformer,Farelbonus).Papacyfinallygetstotryanddefend.Theyroll6dice(3adjacentCatholicspaces,3adjacentCatholicstacks).

ProtestantDice:2,1,3,1 CatholicDice:5,1,4,5,3,3

TheCatholicbestdie(5)beatsthebestProtestantroll(3+1);Lyonsremains Catholic.

ReformationAttempt#5(Dijon):Protestantsroll3diceat+1(2adjacentProtestantspaces,Farelbonus)

ProtestantDice:1,5,4(automaticconversion)

The Protestant succeeded on 4 of the 5 attempts. The Protestant advances theProtestantSpaceMarkeron theReligiousStruggleCardto24.ProtestantVPriseto15;PapalVPdropto15.

ThefiveReformationattemptsbytheFrenchplayer.

Papacy• #80 ‘GabelleRevolt’ (1CP).Played as event.Unrest markers are placed on Grenoble and Dijon. This will limit French line-of-communi-cation into Italy and reduce the Protestant space count until the unrest is removed. Papacy drops the Protestant Space Marker on the Card to 22. Protestant VP drop to14;PapalVPriseto16.

Map showing the results of the Reformation attempts, the two Unrest markers placed by the Papacy, and the Protestant’s movement of Philip of Hesse and 5 units to unoccupied Cologne.


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THE GAME AS HISTORYThis section outlines the history of the Wars of the Reformation, organizedintothenineturnsrepresentedinthegame.Peopleandeventslistedinboldaredescribedingreaterdetailinthesectionsthat follow.

BackgroundInthe15thCentury,signalsappearedhintingthatEuropewouldsoonemergefromthelongslumberoftheMiddleAges.TheinventionoftheprintingpressbyJohannGutenbergpromisedtorevolutionizethespreadofcultureandlearning.In1453,theOttomanTurksfinallyovercameConstantinople,sweepingawaythefinalvestigeoftheByzantineEmpire.TheflightofGreekscholarstoItalybecameafurtherstimulustotheintellectualRenaissancethatwasspreadingacrossNorthernItaly.ThebalanceofpowerwasalsoshiftingontheIberianpeninsula;FerdinandandIsabella’sarmiesremovedthefinalArab presence in Granada in 1492, the same year that Christopher Columbus sailed for the New World.

Even in religiousmatters,where theCatholicChurchheldswaythroughouttheMiddleAges,changewasintheair. BuildingontheworkofJohnWycliffe,a14thCenturyOxfordscholarwhocreatedthefirstBibletranslationinEnglish,theHussitesinBohemiastartedtoquestiontheinstitutionsoftheCatholicChurch.TheseBohemianswereabletoestablishaHussitechurchthatmaintainedadegreeofindependencefromRome,couldworshipintheCzechlanguage,and offered wine as well as bread at communion.

Changesinleadershipwereoccurringaswell.HenryVII,founderoftheEnglishTudordynastydiedin1509,leavingthekingdomtohisyoungsonofthesamename.TheyoungerHenryhadbecometheheirapparentatageelevenin1502,whenhisolderbrotherAr-thurcaughtaninfectionanddied. To maintain the dynastic alliance with Spain, Henry was betrothed to Arthur’s widow, Catherine of Aragon.TheyweremarriedinJune1509,justafewmonthsafterHenryVIIIascendedtotheEnglishthrone.

A newpope also ascended during this period.The newpontiffwas Leo X, born as Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici in Florence in 1475. Destined for the church at birth, Giovanni was elevated to the rank ofcardinalattheremarkablyyoungageof14.WhenhebecamePopein1513,Leorejoiced,tellinghisbrother“SinceGodhasgivenusthepapacy,letusenjoyit.”Leolivedbythesewords,throwingelaboratefestivalsandparadesandspendinggenerouslytowardtheconstructionofthenewbuildingprojectinRome,St.Peter’s Basilica.

Meanwhile inFrance, the reigningkingLouisXIIdiedonNewYear’sDay1515;hiscousinFrancisbecameking.FrancisI,age21, possessed a keen interest in the art and architecture of Italy. HewouldsoonfindhimselfinthatpartofEurope,fightingintheItalianWarthathispredecessorhadbegun.AtthebloodybattleofMarignano,FrancisprevailedovertheSwissandregainedcontrolofMilan,theFrenchgatewaytoItaly.

ThefinaldynasticchangeoccurredwhenFerdinandIIofAragondiedin1516,leavingtheunitedkingdomsofCastileandAragontohisgrandson,Charles.BorninGhentin1500,CharlesgrewupintheNetherlandsunderthetutelageofAdrianofUtrecht.Charleshad inherited the Netherlands and Franche-Comté from his father in 1506.Spain’sholdingsnowincludedNaples,Sicily,Sardinia,severalcitiesontheNorthAfricancoast,andaever-expandingpresencein the New World. Atage16,CharlesVempirewasvastandwassoon to expand twice more.

Protestant• #42‘Roxelana’(4CP).Playedas event.

Ed’s comment: “Well the Haps-burgs are going to owe the Prot-estants a favor after this move.” There had been no diplomatic agreement that the Protestants would play this card as an event. However, the Ottoman threat to Central Europe looks pretty dire. Plus Ed is calculating that keeping the odds even between these two powers will keep them at war longer, draining them both of resources. The Suleiman leader (but none of the units in Vienna) is returned to Istanbul. Per the event card, the Protestants can then spend 2 CP.

CP1>BuildamercenaryinMainz(nowPhilipofHesse,1regular,5mercenariesthere).

CP2>Philipmoveswithaformationof1regularand4mercenariestoCologne(whichisunoccupied).1mercenaryremainsinMainz.Cologneisundersiege.

The Ottoman is now up in the second round of the Action Phase. Thesixpowerswillcontinueplayingcardsinthisfashionuntilallsix powers have passed in consecutive impulses. Then they proceed to Phases 7, 8, and 9 (Winter Phase, New World Phase, Victory DeterminationPhase)tocompleteaturnofplay.


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TheProtestantReformationisabouttobegin.

Turn 1 (1517-1523)PopeLeoX’sambitiousscheduletomoveforwardwiththeongoingconstructionworkonSt.Peter’sBasilicaisgoingtobeexpensive.LeothereforeworkswithAlbrechtofBrandenburgtoissueanewindulgencetofillthePapalcoffer.Albrecht’sbestsalesman,Johann Tetzel, is sent across Germany to convince the townsfolk of their dutytobuyindulgences.

EnterMartinLuther,a33-year-oldAugustinianmonkandsonofmiddle-class parents,whohas been lecturing on theWittenbergfaculty for the past six years. Luther intends to initiate an academic discussiononthesubjectofindulgences.Followingthetraditionsof the time, he delineates his theses on the subject and on October 31, 1517, posts that document on the door of the Castle Church. Luther’s 95 Theses are soon printed in both Latin and German, immediatelycreatingastiracrossGermanyandcuttingintoTet-zel’ssales.Leosendsoneofhistoptheologians,Tommaso de Vio Cajetan, into Germany to force Luther to recant. Luther meets Cajetan inAugsburg, but refuses togiveground.Fearing arrest,Lutherfleesthecityatnightandreturnshome.Ayearlater,Lutherand his fellow professor Andreas Carlstadt meet Johann Eck in atwo-weekdebateatLeipzig.LutherinsertshimselfinthedebatebeforeCarlstadtcanlosetoomuchgroundtoEck’sstirringattacks.

Whiletheseearlyreligiousstrugglesrageon,theHolyRomanEm-peror Maximilian dies. Francis I and Charles V are the candidates to become the next emperor. Ultimately it is Charles’ ability to borrow money from the Fuggers that allows him to prevail and become the new nominal ruler of Germany. HealsoinheritsHapsburglandsinAustriaafterMaximilian’sdeath.Truly,CharlesVisnowthegreatestruler in all Christendom.

WithtensionsrunninghighbetweenFranceandtheHapsburgsovertheimperialelection,thediplomaticpostureofEnglandbecomesaconcernforeveryone.Withinthreemonths(MaytoJuly,1520),HenryandhisLordChancellorThomasWolseyarrangeembassieswith Charles in London, Francis at the Field of Cloth of Gold out-sideCalais,andthenagainatGravelines(intheNetherlands)withCharles.AlthoughthemagnificenceofthefestivitiesattheFieldofCloth of Gold are unmatched, Henry actually sides with Charles, agreeingtobreakofftheengagementofthePrincessMarytotheDauphin and not ally with France for two years. Henry sends Charles Brandon to invade France just three years later.

WithhisEnglishallysecure,CharlesnextmoveistogettoItalysothe Pope can coronate him as Holy Roman Emperor. However, life as the emperor is not that easy. First, the Revolt of the Communeros breaks out back in Spain. Second, the outbreak of Lutheran heresy inGermanyneedstobeaddressed.Thinkingalongtheselines,Leoissues a bull of excommunication againstLuther.However, thetownspeople ofGermanyhave quickly rallied behind themonkfromWittenberg.EckandJerome Aleanderhavegreatdifficultyinpostingthebullanywhere,thoughtheyareabletoburnLuther’sbooksinCologneandMainz.Inretaliation,theaudaciousLutherpubliclyburnsthePapalBullinWittenberg.Therenownedscholar,Desiderius Erasmus,isaccusedofsupportingLuther.Erasmusthusbeginstodistancehimselffromthemovement,evenashefearsthatLuther’s break from Rome may already be irreconcilable.

In this atmosphere, Charles concludes that he must face Luther di-rectly. Luther receives a summons to appear at the Diet of Worms in front of the assembled leadership of Germany. Upon Luther’s arrival,

hisworksareattackedbyPapalofficials,whoaskhimtorecantcompletely.Ontheseconddayoftheproceedings,Lutherisfinallyreadytoanswerthesecharges.Hestatesclearlyandboldly,that:

“IcannotandIwillnotrecantanything,fortogoagainstconscienceisneitherrightnorsafe.Here I Stand. I can do no other. God help me.Amen.”

Lutherthenretiresfromthehall.HefleesWormsbeforetheEmperorcan decide his fate. On the way home, the elector Frederick the WisekidnapsLutherandwhiskshimawaytoWartburgcastleforhisownsafekeepingagainstimperialagents.ThetenmonthsLutherspendsatWartburgendupbeingsomeofthemostproductiveofhislife;hetranslateslargesectionsoftheNewTestamentintoGermanduringthatstay.Lutherfinallycomesoutofhidingin1522whenFrederickneedshis assistance toquell theunrest createdby thepreachingoftheradicalCarlstadt.

Francis also has plans to make Charles’ life miserable. Without for-mallydeclaringwar,hesendsarmiesintoLuxembourgandNavarre.However,theHapsburgsturnbackthesethreatsandthenworkwithPapal forces to drive France out of Milan. The sudden death of Leo X causes uncertainty in the Papal ranks, but even then the French are stilldefeatedsoundlyatthebattleofLaBicocca.LeoisreplacedfirstbyAdrianofUtrecht(Charles’oldtutor)andthen(afterAdriandieswithinayear)byClementVII. Clement is Leo X’s cousin, another Florentine from the Medici family. He would soon face one of the mostdifficultpontificatesinthehistoryofthePapacy.

OnefinalproblemconfrontsCharles.In1520,SelimI,ruleroftheOttoman Empire dies. His 26 year-old son, Suleiman, becomes sultan.Thisnewleaderisambitious,completingtheconquestofBelgrade andRhodes in hisfirst twoyears as ruler.AtRhodes,Suleiman’shugearmyisheldoffforsixmonthsbyjust7,000menoftheKnightsofSt.John.Basedonthisvaliantdefense,Suleimanallows theknights towithdrawwithhonorsofwar.TheywouldlaterrelocateatMaltawheretheywouldpreyonOttomanshipping,makingsurethatSuleimanlivedtoregrethisleniencyonRhodes.

In the New World: Soon after Charles’ arrival in Spain in 1518, he is approachedbyaneagerPortugueseexplorer,Ferdinand Magellan, whopromotesanexpeditiontosailwestthroughaSouthAmericanstrait to reach the Spice Islands. That same year, an ambitious chief magistratefromtheSpanishcolonyonCuba,Hernando Cortes, takes an expedition bound for the Yucatan and diverts those soldiers to central Mexico. Withinthreeyears,SpainexpeditionsconquertheAztecempireandsailaroundtheworld,completingtwoofthegreatest achievements of theAge ofDiscovery. Only Ponce de Leon’squestfortheFountainofYouthisafailureduringthistime.

Turn 2 (1524-1527)TheReformation continues to spread.UlrichZwingli, a 40-yearoldpriestwithabackgroundasachaplainandhumanistscholar,establishesZurichasthefirstreformedtowninSwitzerland.Martin Bucer,afollowerofLuther,returnshomeafterhismarriageandsubsequentexcommunication;hewilldevelopasimilarProtestantbaseinStrasburg.LutherismarriedtoKatherina Bora. Over the next 20 years, his home life with the former nun will set the tone for clericalmarriages.Luther’sideasevenreachWilliam Tyndale in England.TyndaleisforcedtofleefromHenryVIII’sstillstaunchlyCatholic regime and continue hiswork on anEnglish-languageversion of the New Testament in Germany. However, the spread of reformed belief is not easy to control. In 1524 the Peasants’ War startsandfortwoyearsthreatenstoengulfGermany.Theperiod


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doesendonahighnotein1527withtheestablishmentofthefirstProtestantuniversityatMarburgandthepublicationofLuther’sfirsthymnal,includingthenewbattlehymnoftheGermanReformation,A Mighty Fortress.

The action in Italy heats up even further. Charles Bourbon, marshal ofFrance,breakswithFrancisand leads imperial troopsagainstMarseille.ChasedbackintoItaly,BourbonandtheotherHapsburggeneralsfallbacktoPavia.Thearmiesclashthereinoneofthefirstbattles to prominently feature gunpowderweapons such asfieldartilleryandarquebusiers.Francisisdefeatedandimprisoned.Oneyearlater,hegivesuphistwosonsasransomtogainhisfreedom.Bourbonthenlosescontrolofhislargelymercenaryarmy,leadingto the Sack of Rome. It is at this unfortunate moment (with Clement asanimperialprisoner)thatHenryVIIIfirstpetitionsthePopeforadivorcefromCatherineofAragon.

TheOttomanEmpireisfacedwitharevoltinEgypt.Suleiman’sskilled lieutenant, Ibrahim Pasha,issuccessfulinovercomingtheMameluksandthenjoinsSuleimanforhis1526campaignuptheDanubeRivervalley.AtthesubsequentBattleofMohacs,Suleimanwinsagloriousvictory,inpartbecauseamajorHungarianarmyun-der John Zapolyafailstoshow.TheyoungHungariankingisslain.Ferdinand,brotherofCharlesV,takesoverasKingofHungaryandBohemia.YetagaintheHapsburglandshavegrown.However,Hungary,historicallythe“ShieldofChristendom,”nolongerstandsasabufferbetweentheOttomanandHapsburgempires.

In the New World: Spain’s efforts in the New World sputter after thehugetriumphsbyMagellanandCortes.Francisco Hernandez de CordovasubjugatesthepeopleofNicaragua,onlytobekilledtherebyhisrivalPedrariasDavila.JuanSebastianElcano,thesur-vivingBasquecaptainwhocompletedMagellan’svoyage,diesofscurvycrossingthePacificwhileattemptingtoreachtheMoluccasfor a second time. ButthemostignominiousfateofallissufferedbyPanfilo de NarvaezduringhisdisastrousvoyagetoFlorida. Better luckisenjoyedbytheEnglishpilotJohn Rut and Giovanni da Verrazano(anItalianwhosailedforFrance);bothexploredmajorsections of the North American coast.

Turn 3 (1528-1531)The year after the death of Niccolo Machiavelli, the French suffer from some Machiavellian diplomacy by the Genoese naval leader Andrea Doria,whodefectstotheHapsburgsidejustasFrancistriestosiegeNapleswithGenoesenavalsupport.DoriamovesontoapositionasadmiraloftheHapsburgfleet.ThattaskbecomesverychallengingafterBarbarossacapturesAlgiersandsetsitupas a base for piracy. Suleiman’s Ottoman army also threatens to capture theHapsburg capital ofVienna.After a siegeof severalweeks,theOttomanswithdraw,havinglosttimetopressthesiegebeforewinter.TheHapsburgsstartmodernizingthefortificationsof Vienna in case the Turks return.

In 1529, the German Diet convenes at Speyer. This time, a Roman Catholic presence is dominant, and the diet’s earlier decision that each German prince can decide if his realm will be of the Catholic or reformed faith is reversed. Theresultingprotestfromthereformersbringstheterm“Protestant”intobeing.Philip of Hesse decides it is time tounite theLutheranandZwinglianbranchesofProtes-tantism, and calls the Marburg Colloquy.ThedelegatesincludeLuther, Philip Melanchthon,Zwingli,Johannes Oekolampadius andBucer.Althoughunsuccessful,thediscussionsatMarburglaythe foundation for the Augsburg Confession, presented to Charles V the next year. The Lutheran reformers and princes realize that

eventuallyCharlesisgoingtomovetoeliminatetheProtestants.In1531,theyformtheSchmalkaldicLeaguefordefenseofthosecities and principalities that have adopted the new faith. Philip of Hesse and John Frederick of Saxony are nominated as the military commanders.

ClementVIIisreleasedfromHapsburgcustodyandfinallygetsachancetoofficiallycoronateCharlesasHolyRomanEmperor.Healso sends Lorenzo CampeggiotoEngland,officiallytohearthecase for Henry’s divorce, but in reality to further stall and delay that decision.Asthisperiodends,thecometHalleyfillsthenightskyof1531.Perhapsitisanillomen,fortheProtestantsloseZwingli,who has taken up the sword to help defend his Swiss canton from a Catholic army. Luckily his replacement, Heinrich Bullinger, steps up to lead the faithful of Zurich almost immediately.

In the New World: Activity in the New World hits a lull. St. John’s,Newfoundland(theoldestcityinNorthAmericafoundedbyEuropeans)becomesanactivebaseforEnglish,French,Basque,Portuguese,andSpanishcodfishermen.StilltryingtogetsomeonetoequalMagellan’sfeat,CharlesVsendsSebastian Cabot to the Moluccas. CabotgetsnofurtherthanthemouthoftheRiodelaPlata. EvenanexpeditionorganizedbyCortesfromthewesterncoastofMexico(sothatitwouldnotneedtoentertheStraitofMagellan)fails, for the only ship that reaches the Spice Islands is seized by the Portuguese. Desperately short of funds, Charles concedes control of theSpiceIslandstoPortugalandarrangesfortheSale of Moluccas.

Turn 4 (1532-1535)TheOttomansmakethefirstbigmoveduringthisperiod,onceagainmarchingtowardViennainApril1532.ThistimeSuleimanelectstomarchwest fromMohacs, insteadof headingup theDanubeRivervalleytoBuda.TheHapsburggarrisonatGuns[GrazspaceinHere I Stand]putsupavaliantfighthowever,delayingtheOttomanadvanceforthreeweeks.SuleimancontentshimselfwithrazingtheAustriancountrysidebutdoesnotbesiegeVienna.

TheOttomans also pose a dire threat along theMediterraneancoastline.Barbarossa’sfleetof84vesselsalmostcapturesthefairJulia GonzagaforSuleiman’sharem.Failingatthis,BarbarossamovesonTunisinstead,takingthecitybloodlesslywhenitsrulerfleesonBarbarossa’sapproach. It is thismomentwhenClementVII dies. After a brief conclave, Alessandro Farnese ascends to the PapalthroneasPopePaulIII,thefirstPopeborninRomeinalmost200 years. Paul III funds Charles V to counterattack Barbarossa. In 1535,CharlesandAndreaDoriaassembleafleetof400shipsand30,000menandretakeTunisafteraone-monthcampaign.

ThereligiousstrugglesexpandbeyondGermany.PaulIIIchoosesGasparo Contarini as one of his cardinals. Meanwhile, Henry VIII selects 37 year-old Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury. CranmerfinallyannulsHenry’smarriagetoCatherine,clearingtheway for Anne BoleyntobecomeQueenofEngland.HenryworkswithParliamenttogettheActofSupremacypassedsoRomecannolongerinterfereinEnglishreligiousaffairs.Nicholas Cop delivers a stirringaddressattheUniversityofParis,revealingthatProtestantthoughthascreptintoFranceaswell. CopandJohnCalvin(whoatage25mayhavehelpedwriteCop’saddress)areforcedtofleethecountry. Nonetheless, Protestant circles remain in Paris, as evidenced by the Affair of the Placardsthefollowingyear.TheFrenchalsopublishaBibleintheirnativetongue(translationbyPierre Robert Olivetan), asdotheEnglish(TyndaleandMiles Coverdale),andtheGermans(LutherandMelanchthon).


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In the New World: Suddenly the Spanish luck in the New World picks back up. In 1532, Francisco Pizarro, with an army of less than200men,walksintothemidstofaragingcivilwarwithintheInca Empire. TakingsomepagesfromCortes’book,hecapturestheirleader Atahualpa, extracts an enormous ransom, and then kills him. Theseactionscompletethedisintegrationoftheoncemightyempire. Further to the north, the French explorer Jacques Cartier follows the St. Lawrence River for 1,000 miles to Montreal in an attempt to findtheNorthwestPassage. Cartier’sfindingsfocustheupcomingFrencheffortsonthisnewregion,aplacehenamedCanadaaftertheHuron-Iroquoiswordforvillage.

Turn 5 (1536-1539)1536wasoneofthemoredangerousyearsoftheperiod.IbrahimPashaisassassinatedwhilecampaigninginPersia,probablyatthebehest of Suleiman’s new wife Roxelana. William Tyndale is tried forheresyandburntatthestakenearBrussels.InEngland,Cath-erineofAragondiesofcancerandAnneBoleynfallsfromgraceafteranothermiscarriage.Anneissoonbeheaded,allowingHenryto marry Jane Seymour (thusmaking1536“TheYearofThreeQueens”).Oneyear later, Janediesaftergivingbirth toHenry’slong-desiredmaleheir,EdwardVI.

HenryandThomasCromwellbegintheirDissolution of the Monas-teriestoseizechurchproperty.CatholicsinEnglandrevolt,startinga movement known as the Pilgrimage of Grace,demandingthearrest of Cromwell, Cranmer and Hugh Latimer.Throughdeceit,Henry is able to capture the rebels and crush the rebellion.

Calvin’s Institutes,amassive1500-pagebookthatprovidesasys-tematictheologyforareformedchurch,waspublishedatthistime.CalvinhimselfpassesthroughGenevaandisstoppedbyWilliam Farel and convinced to stay and make Geneva a Protestant city. DespitethefactthatCalvinandFarelquarrelwithcityofficialsandare expelled for 3 years, Geneva will soon become the center of the French-speakingReformation.

In the New World: Events in the New World take a few interest-ingtwists.Alzar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca, one of the members of Narvaez’s disastrous expedition to Florida, resurfaces 8 years later innorthwesternMexico,havingjourneyedthousandsofmiles. He writestheoldestsurvivingtravelogueforAmerica,describingbothhisencounterswithNativeAmericansandthelegendofthegoldencities of Cibola. Meanwhile, French Protestants sailors, predominant-lyHuguenotsfromsouthernFrance,begintoraidSpanishshippingreturningfromtheNewWorld. Atfirstjustanuisance,theactivityoftheseraidersincreasessteadily;by1538theyareabletoburnHa-vanatotheground. Finally,anewscientificapproachtoexplorationisintroducedthroughtheworksofGerardus Mercator, a Dutch mapmakercommissionedin1537tocreateaglobeforCharlesV. MercatorissoonpublishingworldmapsthatdepicttheNewWorldwithgreateraccuracythaneverbefore.

Turn 6 (1540-1543)Forabrieftime,theFrenchandHapsburgsenjoyclosediplomaticrelations. The plans are even for Francis’ third son to marry Charles’ daughterandreceivetheDuchyofMilanasthedowry.FearingaFranco-HapsburginvasionofEngland,HenryVIIIallieswiththeProtestantsandagreestomarryAnne of Cleves. That unconsum-matedmarriage is followed in rapid successionbymarriages toKathryn Howard and Katherine Parr.

However,Charlesrenegesonhismarriagepromise; Anne de Mont-morency takes the fall for the failure of this diplomatic effort. A newperiodoffightingcommenceswiththeFrenchopposingtheHapsburgsandEnglish.Tocounterthesefoes,FrancisalliescloselywiththeOttomans,evenallowingBarbarossa’shugefleettospendthewinterinsouthernFrance.OttomansuccessesduringtheperiodincludetherecaptureofBudaandthesuccessfuldefenseofAlgiersagainstCharles’ill-fatedmissionthere.

TheCounterReformationgainsmomentumwithPapalbullsbeingissuedin1540fortheformationofSocietyofJesus(underIgnatius Loyola)and in1542 for thePapal Inquisition (ledbyGiovanni Pietro Caraffa). InGermany,Peter Faber is also successful in returningkeyclergymembersback to theCatholic fold. It isnowonder that Nicolaus Copernicus is hesitant to publish his new theory that the earth revolves around the sun.

In the New World:CartierreturnstotheNewWorldforthefinaltime, accompanied by Jean Francois de Roberval, who found thecolonyofCharlesbourgRoyalenearpresentdayQuebecCity. Meanwhile,DeVaca’slegendofrichesofCibolatakesholdintheminds of the Spanish. Francisco Coronado and Hernando De Soto are sent on simultaneous missions across North America in search of this treasure. Ofcourseneithersucceed,buttheyreturnhavingdiscovered the Grand Canyon and Mississippi River. Further to the south, another river is explored - namely the Amazon. Francisco de Orellana turns an expedition to search for cinnamon trees into an amazing3,000-miletrekdownriverfromtheAmazonheadwatersto the Atlantic.

Turn 7 (1544-1547)ThewarbetweenFranceandEnglandcontinuestoheatup.Henrytravels across thecontinent toBoulogne toensure thathis armytakes that city, the last military success of his rule. Meanwhile the FrenchtryanavalinvasionofsouthernEngland;itisrepulsedbyJohn Dudley at the Battle of the Solent.

The Counter Reformation builds more speed. The Council of Trent opens with Reginald Poleasoneofthepresidingmembers.Michel-angelo is appointed chief architect for St. Peter’s Basilica. George WishartiscapturedandburntatthestakeinScotland;hisdisciple,John Knox,isalsoimprisonedasagalleyslave.

Meanwhile,severaloftheleadingprotagonistspassaway.Lutherdiesin1546;Barbarossadiesthesameyear.Dragutfillshisshoesquickly,soonbecomingascourgeoftheMediterranean.HenryVIIIand Francis I also die, but one year later. Their sons Edward VI and Henry II accede to those thrones.

Charles makes peace with the Turks. At last he is free to strike at the Protestanthomeland.UsingthedefectionofMaurice of Saxony and the military talents of the Duke of Alva, Charles wins a decisive victoryatMuhlberg,pocketingbothProtestantmilitaryleaders.

In the New World: TheSpanishneverdidfindtheirNewWorldcityofgold,butin1545,theyuncoverthenextbestthing-amountainof silver. NamedCerroRico(“richhill”inSpanish)thismountainatPotosi(inmoderndayBolivia)becomesthegreatestboomtownduringtheAgeofDiscovery. Despitebeinglocatedat13,000feetabove sea level and deep in the interior of South America, Potosi growstoapopulationof150,000bytheendofthecentury,makingitthelargestcityintheNewWorldandcomparableinsizetomanyofthe capitals in Europe. The annual shipments of silver back to Spain becomeadrivingforcebehindthegrowingEuropeaneconomyand


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amajorcontributortothehighinflationthatpersistsinEuropeforthe next century. The Spanish also enjoy one additional triumph in theNewWorld:namelytheconquestoftheMaya. Francisco de Montejo finally takes control of theMaya’sYucatanhomeland,succeedingwherehisfather’stwoearlierexpeditionscouldnot.

Turn 8 (1548-1551)ThereignofEdwardVIinEnglandallowsforthesteadyadvance-ment of the Protestant faith. Bucer is invited to reside there. Arch-bishopCranmer issues thefirst editionof theBookofCommonPrayer which will standardize the worship across all parishes in England.

In France, new taxes lead to the Gabelle Revolt. Henry II sends the newly rehabilitated Montmorency to deal harshly with the rebels. MeanwhileSuleimanlauncheshissecondcampaignagainstthePer-sians.DragutcapturesTripoliandsetsupanewbaseforpiracythere.

Finally, Peter Canisius, a disciple of Faber’s, continues the work oftheJesuits,thistimeinBavaria.WithPaulIII’sdeathin1550,CanisiusisnowworkingforthenewPope,JuliusIII.BorninRome,JuliushadopenedthefirstCouncilofTrent.Duringhisfive-yearstintasPope,hewillrenewthecharterfortheJesuitOrderandsponsora second session of the Council of Trent.

Turn 9 (1552-1555)TheclosingchapterofCharlesV’sreignisnotahappyone.TheHapsburgarmyissurprisedbyMauriceofSaxony,forcingCharlesto beat a hasty retreat to Innsbruck. Henry II, now a Protestant ally, seizesMetzwith his French army.Charles andAlva campaignagainstHenryandinvestthecity,butareunabletoforcetheFrenchto surrender.

Michael Servetus,aradicaltheologianandscientist,isburntatthestakeforheresybyJohnCalvin.

MaryIrisestothethroneofEngland,displacingtheupstartLady Jane Grey. The new Lord Chancellor, Stephen Gardiner,beginstocrackdownonheresyacrossEngland.MarymarriesCharles’sonPhilip in 1554. But Mary and Philip will produce no heir that could transformEnglandintoaHapsburgpossession.

CharlesgivesFerdinandauthoritytodealwithallGermanmatters.FerdinandagreestothePeaceofAugsburg;thisagreementallowseach German prince to decide whether or not his realm will follow the Lutheran or Catholic faith. At least in Germany, the Protestants have achieved independence from the Catholic Church. Charles abdicates,leavingSpainandtheNetherlandstohissonPhilip.

In the New World: ThefinalpushintheNewWorldduringtheperiodcoveredinthegameismadebytheEnglishunderEdwardandMary.Edward’sfirstmoveistorecruitSebastianCabotawayfrom Spain. Cabot suggests a search for a northwest passage toChina and draws up an ordinance for Hugh Willoughby to lead the firstvoyage. WilloughbyandhiscrewfreezetodeathintheArctic. However, Richard Chancellor, captain of one of the three ships in Willoughby’sexpedition,makesittotheWhiteSeaandcontinuesoverlandtoMoscow,arrivingatthecourtofIvanIVandestablishingnew trade ties with Russia.

CHARACTERS OF THE REFORMATIONBriefbiographiesofeachofthedebaters,armyleaders,navalleaders,explorers,conquistadors,wives,andthosefeaturedoncardsfollowinthesectionsbelow.Withineachgrouptheyarepresentedintheorderinwhichtheywerereferencedinthesection“TheGameAsHistory.”Specificbiographiesoftherulersandreformershavenotbeen included; the life andworkof theseprincipal characters isassumedtoalreadybecoveredinplentyofdetail in“TheGameAsHistory.”

Debaters Johann Tetzel (1465?-1519)

Attheageof17,JohannTetzeltraveledtoLeipzigtoentertheDominicanOrder.In1503,hemadehisfirstappearanceasavendorofindulgences,sellingfortheTeutonicOrderinMagdeburg,Bremen,andRiga.He

traveledacrossGermanyforthenextsevenyears,continuingtosellindulgencesadvertised toreduce the time that lovedoneswouldhavetospendinPurgatory.

In1516,hereemerged,thistimeastheleadingvendorofindulgencesin Germany to support Leo X’s efforts to build St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.Heusedthecatchphrase:“Whenthecoininthecofferrings,thesoulfrompurgatorysprings.”Tetzel’srelentlesscampaigningserved as a catalyst inducingLuther to post his 95Theses.Thecontroversysoonspilledoutintopublicdebate;Tetzelofferedhis106 anti-theses as a rebuttal. Ultimately, however popular sentiment turnedtowardLutherandagainstTetzel. Tetzel retired back to the Dominicanmonasteryindisgrace.HebecamethescapegoatforthePapacy’spoorhandlingofLuther’searlyattacksonthechurchanddied a broken man soon thereafter.

Tommaso de Vio Cajetan (1469-1534)BornasJacopoVio,heenteredtheDominicanOrderatage15andstudiedThomasAquinas(thustakingonthemonastic nameTommaso).The surnameCajetan isderived from Gaeta, outside Naples, where he was born.

Bytheageof30,Cajetanwasadoctorof theologyatPadua.In1517,LeoXmadehimacardinal,appointinghimasthearchbishopof Palermo.

In1518,hewassentasthePapallegatetotheDietofAugsburg,wherehewasaskedtoexaminetheteachingsoftheupstartmonk,MartinLuther.DuringhisaudiencewithCajetan,Lutherrefusedto recant. Instead, he drew Cajetan into debates of scripture, which Luther easily won. Frustrated by the entire experience, Cajetan said, “Idonotwanttohaveanyfurtherparleywiththatbeast;forhehassharpeyesandfantasticalspeculationsinhishead.”

CajetanwouldgoontowritethePapalBullofexcommunicationagainstLutherandthedecisiondenyingHenryVIIIanannulmentofhismarriagetoCatherineofAragon.HediedinRomein1534.

Andreas Carlstadt (1480-1541)AndreasCarlstadtjoinedthefacultyatWittenbergatage24,becomingtheco-workerofLutherandPhilipMel-anchthon.HesharedmuchincommoninLuther;infact,he published152 theses against indulgences inApril

1517, six months before Luther posted his own theses on the door oftheCastleChurch(Lutherjusthadbettertiming,postinghisright


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beforethetownwaspackedforAllSaintsDay).

CarlstadtwasastaunchdefenderofLuther’swork,especiallyagainsttheearlyattacksfromJohannEck.Tobringtheconflicttoahead,EckchallengedCarlstadttoapublicdebateinLeipzigin1519.OnJune 27, 1519,Carlstadt took the stand againstEck.Crowds ofstudentsandfacultymembershadgatheredfromtheuniversitiesofLeipzigandWittenberg.Onandofffor7daysthedebateragedon the topics of the depravity of man and Papal primacy. Eck was Carlstadt’sclearsuperior;onJuly4,LutherreplacedCarlstadtandcarried on for another 5 days. Overall the debate probably favored the Catholics, for Eck had exposed that Luther’s beliefs borrowed heavily from the Bohemian Hussites (who had been successfully triedashereticsacenturyearlier).

Themost radical of theWittenberg reformers,Carlstadt took anevenmoreprominentroleduringLuther’sexileat theWartburg.LeadingtheservicesinWittenbergatthistime,Carlstadtintroducedsweepingchanges:marryinganoblewoman,denouncingpicturesandimagesasidols,andwearingblackacademicrobesinsteadoftheusualvestments.Withinmonths,allofWittenbergwasinturmoil.At a loss on how to control the situation, Frederick the Wise called LutherbackoutofWartburgtorestoreorder.StronglycensoredbyLuther, Carlstadt moved to Basel, where he died in 1541.

Johann Eck (1486-1543)JohannEck,adoctoroftheologyatage24,wasLuther’schiefantagonistduringtheearlydaysoftheReforma-tion. In response to Luther’s 95 Theses, Eck published hisownObelisci,accusingLutherofpromotingheresy

and fosteringanarchy.At theLeipzigDebate that followed,EckusedhisdialecticskilltobestCarlstadt.EvenagainstLuther(whoEckconfessedwassuperiortohimselfinacumenandlearning),Eckwasabletoholdhisown.ThetheologiansofLeipzignamedhimvictorandshoweredhimwithgifts.

Thefollowingyear,LeoXsentoutEckandAleanderwithorderstopublishthebullexcommunicatingLutherinthetownsofGermany.Bothweremetbyfierceresistance;eveninLeipzigEckhadtohideinacloistertoavoidcapturebyanangrymob.Despitesuchdan-gers,EckwouldcontinuehisattacksagainsttheProtestantsfortheremainder of his life. HesparredwithLuther,Zwingli,Melanchthon,andBucerduringtheseyearsandservedastheprimaryCatholicrepresentative at theGermanDiets atAugsburg (1530),Worms(1540)andRegensburg(1541).

Jerome Aleander (1480-1542)Born as Girolamo Aleandro outside Venice, Aleander wasoneofthemostlearnedmenofthetime,occupyingthe position of Rector of the University of Paris around 1508. He traveled to Rome, and in 1519, was appointed

the librarian of the Vatican by Leo X.

Hisfirstexposureto theReformationwasat theDietofWorms,whichheattendedasthePapalrepresentative.AtWorms,hefierce-lydenouncedLuther,polarizingtheopinionsonbothsidesofthedebate.Heendedupwriting theEdictofWormswhichbrandedLutherasanoutlawandmadeitillegaltoreadanyofLuther’sworks.

Aleander next moved to the Netherlands, where he persecuted two monksfromAntwerp,whowereburntatthestakein1523,thefirstmartyrs of the Reformation. Aleander was a member of the court of FrancisIduringtheBattleofPavia;hewascapturedandreleased

only after payment of a heavy ransom. He was made a cardinal in 1536byPaulIII,remaininginRomeuntilhisdeaththeresixyearslater.

Martin Bucer (1491-1551)Born in Alsace, Martin Bucer was a Dominican doctor oftheologyandanavidfollowerofthehumanistschol-ar, Erasmus. He heard Luther speak at a public disputa-tioninHeidelbergin1518andsoonbecameanenthu-

siasticdisciple.In1522,hemarried,oneofthefirstProtestantstotakethatstep.HewassubsequentlyexcommunicatedandreturnedtothefriendlyconfinesofStrasburg,whichhedevelopedintooneof the key hubs of the Reformation.

BucerwasastrongadvocateofLutheranunity,andtriedseveraltimes to craft a statement of beliefs that would be acceptable to both Lutheran andZwinglian leaders.Although such a reconciliationneveroccurred,Bucerremainedinfluential,convincingCalvinoftheimportanceoflayparticipationinchurchaffairsduringCalvin’sexilefromGeneva.Duringhis lifetimehepublishedanamazingtotal of 96 treatises.

In1549,BuceracceptedCranmer’sinvitationtomovetoEngland,then a friendly home to Protestants under the rule of Edward VI. InEngland,Bucerhelpedcraft the1552revisionto theBookofCommon Prayer. He died however in 1551, and was buried with greatdignity in theOxfordUniversitychurch.However, theup-heavaloftheEnglishReformationstilldidnotaffordhimpeace;in1557Mary’sagentsexhumedhisbody,demolishedhistomb,andburnt his remains at the stake. His honors were, however, restored atCambridgeonceElizabethtooktheEnglishthrone.

William Tyndale (1495-1536)WilliamTyndalewasborninGloucestershire,Englandin 1495. Heimmediatelyshowedagreatfacilitywithlanguages,beingabletoreadLatinfluentlybyage10. Just2yearslater,hewasenrolledattheUniversityofOxford; he gained hisMAdegree there in 1515. A

colleaguecommentedthatTyndaleis“soskilledineightlanguages-Hebrew,Greek,Latin,Spanish,French,Italian,English,andGer-man,thatwhicheverhespeaks,youmightthinkithisnativetongue!”

TyndaleappliedtheselanguageskillstothestudyofscriptureandtheworksofReformerssuchasMartinLutherandUlrichZwingli. Hewasordained a priest in 1521, taking a position as a familytutorintheCotswoldregionsoonthereafter. He would espouse his reformbeliefstoguestsofthemanor,engagingandbestingthemintheologicaldebatesbyquotingexactcitationsfromscripture.

Tyndale’sgoalbecameputtingcopiesoftheBibleintothehandsofthecommonfolkofEngland. HewouldstartbytranslatingtheNewTestamentintoEnglishfromtheoriginalGreek. He is reputed tohavesaidtoalocalCatholicpriest:“IdefythePopeandallhislaws. If God spare my life ere many years, I will cause the boy that drivestheplowtoknowmoreofthescripturesthanyou!”

TyndalemovedtoLondonandsoughtoutCuthbertTunstall, theBishop of London, as a possible patron for his biblical translation project. However,Tyndale’stimingwaspoor. Henry VIII’s initial reaction to Luther’s Reformation was one of vehement opposition. In 1521 he worked with Sir Thomas More to write the anti-Lutheran tract Declaration of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther, a work which caused Pope Leo X to award Henry with the title


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“DefenderoftheFaith.”ClearlytherewasgoingtobenosupportfortranslationsoftheBibleintheEnglishvernacularduringthisperiodofHenry’sreign.

SoinMayof1524,TyndaleembarkedforHamburg,nevertoseehisnativeEnglandagain. HemadehiswayfromthecoasttoWittenbergwherehecouldconferwithLutherandhiscolleaguePhilippMel-anchthon directly. Within a year he had completed his translation of the New Testament and taken it to Worms for publication. By 1526, thefirstrunof3000copieshadbeenprinted. These copies were then hiddenincasesofdrygoodsandsentoutforshipmenttoEngland.

HenryVIIIhadbeenalertedtothecontrabandenteringthecountryand had put watches out at all of the ports. Tunstall issued a decree thatreadinpart:“...thatmanychildrenofiniquity,maintainers of Luther’ssect,blindedthroughextremewickedness,wanderingfromthe way of truth and the Catholic faith, craftly have translated the NewTestamentintoourEnglishtongue....[We]dochargeyou[to]bringinallsuchbooks...”

The books were collected and burned in front of St. Paul’s Cathedral inLondon.However, despite this hugebookburningoperation,Tyndale’sNewTestamentstillspreadthroughEngland. Tunstall was forcedtoworkwithHapsburgagentsintheNetherlandstotryandstoptheproductionoverseas.FindingaclothmerchantthatknewTyndale, Tunstall offered to buy every copy possible at a handsome sumtokeepthemoutofEngland. Workingthroughhisintermediary,Tyndale, now heavily in debt, closed the deal. The proceeds allowed him to pay off his loans and prepare a new and improved edition - all attheexpenseoftheCatholicChurchofEngland.

Hisluckdidnotholdoutforeverthough. By 1529, he had completed his translationof thePentateuch(thefirst5booksof theBible). SailingfromAntwerptoHamburg(wherehispublisherawaited),Tyndale’sshipwaswrecked;thetranslationandallreferencebookswere lost. WorkingwithMilesCoverdale,hewasabletocompletea retranslation over the course of the next year. The Pentateuch reachedEnglandbythesummerof1530. However, Tyndale was nowatargetforEnglishandHapsburgagentsalike. He spent the nextfewyearsontherun,hoppingfromcitytocityonthecontinent. Finally in1535,hewascaptured inAntwerpafterbeing trickedintoacceptinganinvitationtoadinnerparty. He spent over a year locked in a fortress north of Brussels. Finally he was tried for heresy, condemned, and burnt at the stake in October 1536.

CoverdalesoonfinishedtheBiblefromTyndale’snotes,howeverthe heart of thesefirst fullEnglish versions remainedTyndale’srhythmic prose and clever translations. Much of his text was incor-porateddirectlyintotheKingJamesVersion,aworkthathascarriedforward to this day. Today,twocopiesstillexistoftheoriginalrunof 3000 Tyndale New Testaments printed in Worms in 1526. The BritishLibraryownsoneofthosecopies,havingpurchaseditforover a million pounds in 1994.

Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560)Philipchangedhisfamilyname(Schwarzerd,literally“BlackEarth”)toitsGreekequivalentwhenhebeganstudyinghumanism.HejoinedthefacultyatWittenbergas a professor of Greek in 1518. He would work at

Luther’ssideforthenext28years,actingasamorediplomaticandscholarly complement to the Lutheran leader. As Luther himself commented:“Iamtheroughpioneerwhomustbreaktheroad;butMaster Philipp comes along softly andgently, sows andwatersheartily,sinceGodhasrichlyendowedhimwithgifts.”

LuthercouldnotattendtheDietofAugsburgin1530sincehewasstill a hunted man. With Luther’s absence, Melanchthon rose to prominencewithhisworktowriteandedittheAugsburgConfession.After Luther’s death, Melanchthon became the spiritual leader of theLutheranchurch,carryingoninthatcapacityuntilhisdeath.

Johannes Oekolampadius (1482-1531)JohannesOekolampadius,whoadoptedaGreeknamelike many of the 16th Century humanists (his means “houselamp”),wasborninthePalatinateandstudiedinBologna.Hebecamethepreacheratthecathedralin

Baselin1515.Hespendabout18monthspreachinginAugsburgaround1519,a timewhenhebegancorrespondencewithLutherandMelanchthon.Finallyin1522hereturnedtoBaselforgood.HebecameZwingli’sright-handmanhelpingwiththeSwissReforma-tionandattendedtheMarburgColloquyrepresentingtheZwinglianpoint-of-view.Hemarriedin1528;hiswife(WibrandisRosenblatt)wouldgoontomarryMartinBucer14yearslater.HewasquiteillwhenthenewsreachedhimthatZwinglihadfalleninbattle;hediedbrokenhearted shortly thereafter.

Lorenzo Campeggio (1474?-1539)ThesonofaBolognalawyer,LorenzoCampeggiowasalsothefatheroffivechildren.Heenteredthepriesthoodonly after the death of his wife in 1509. He was made a cardinaljusteightyearslater,justintimetoseesome

ofthekeyeventsoftheReformation.In1518,hevisitedEngland,and became friendly with Henry VIII, who made him Bishop of Salisbury.HewasalsoatClementVII’ssideduring theSackofRome,sawCharles’coronationasHolyRomanEmperor,negotiat-edwithMelanchthonattheDietofAugsburgin1530,andwaspartof the conclave that elected Paul III.

CampeggioisbestknownasthePapallegatetoEnglandwhoheardHenry’scaseforadivorcefromCatherineofAragon.UnderordersfromClement,Campeggiostalledandrefusedtogiveanopinion.Onthefinaldayofthesession,justwheneveryoneexpectedaverdict,CampeggioadjournedthecourtandfledEngland.HewouldonlyreturntoEnglandin1535,thistimecarryingabullexcommunicatingHenryforhismarriageofAnneBoleyn.

Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575)The Swiss reformerHeinrichBullingerwas born agenerationafterZwingli.BullingerheardZwinglispeakat Zurich in 1527 and followed him to Berne for the debatetherethefollowingyear.AfterZwingli’sdeath

attheBattleofKappel,BullingerandhisfamilymovedtoZurichpermanently.OntheSundayafterhearrived,he“thunderedasermonfromthepulpitthatmanythoughtZwingliwasnotdeadbutresur-rectedlikethephoenix.”Hewouldpresideoverthatchurchuntilhis death 44 years later.

Bullingerwas an amazing correspondent, givinghim the abilitytoinfluencetheReformationacrossEurope,especiallyinEnglandwhere he andMartinBucer helped shapeAnglicanworship.Anamazing12,000ofhis letters exist to thisday.HecorrespondedwiththeologiansoftheLutheran,Reformed,Calvinist,andAngli-can faiths and such other notables as Philip of Hesse, Henry VIII, EdwardVI,ElizabethI,andLadyJaneGrey.


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Gasparo Contarini (1483-1542)Born into a noble Venetian family, Gasparo Contarini attended theUniversity of Padua, studying science,philosophy,andtheology.Latein1520,hebecametheVenetianambassadortothecourtofCharlesV,serving

in that capacity until 1525. Similarly, he was the representative at thepapalcourtofClementVIIfrom1528to1530,attendingthecoronationofCharlesVduringthattime.Hewasactiveinagroupofreform-mindedCatholicsthatincludedReginaldPoleandGiovan-ni Piertro Caraffa.In 1535, Paul III made Contarini a cardinal. He worked to curb abuses within the Catholic church, and helped promote the creation of the SocietyofJesus.AtCharles’behest,ContariniwassentaspapallegatetoGermanyfortheconferenceatRegensburgin1541.Hewas not able to reconcile the Catholics and Protestants that attended anddiedthefollowingyear.

Nicholas CopAlmostnothingisknownofNicholasCopexcepthisbriefstintasrector of the University of Paris in 1533. On All Saints Day, Cop preachedtheopeningconvocationatthestartoftheacademicyear.Cop’smessagewasaProtestantone;namelythatsalvationisgrantedbyfaithalone,notthroughgoodworks.

CopwassummonedtoexplainhisspeechbuthefledParisinstead.Francis put up a reward for the capture of Cop, but he was able to escapetoBasel.JeanCalvinwasafriendofCop’sandhefledParisat this time too. Some sources point to the possibility that Calvin wasthewriterbehindCop’sspeech,butthatisnotconfirmed.AfterCop’sspeech,theProtestantsinFrancebecamebolder,launchingthe Affair of the Placards early the next year.

Pierre Robert Olivetan (1506?-1538)Born in Picardy, Pierre Robert adopted the nickname Olivetan(literally“MidnightOil”)basedonhisprocliv-itytoworklateintothenight.Heattendeduniversityatboth Paris andOrleans, adopting Protestant beliefs

during that time. JohnCalvinwas his cousin;many claim thatOlivetanwas thefirst person to get theProtestant fires burningwithin Calvin. In 1528, Olivetan was suspected of heretical beliefs andfledtoStrasburg.

Five years later, hemoved up to theAlps and lived among theWaldensians,teachingthechildrenofthiscommunityoflong-stand-ingreligiousoutcasts. The Waldensian elders became interested in a newtranslationoftheBibleinFrenchandmadeagiftof500crownstofundOlivetanforthatwork.UsingtheFrenchBibleofJacquesLefevreD’etaplesasaguide,OlivetancompletedanewversionbasedontranslatingfromtheHebrewOldTestamentandtheGreekNewTestament.Itwaspublishedin1535andremainedthedefin-itive French Bible for 350 years. Olivetan died in Italy at the early ageof32;hebequeathedhisextensivelibrarytohiscousinCalvin.

Miles Coverdale (1488?-1568?)Born in Yorkshire, Miles Coverdale studied philosophy andtheologyatCambridge,andwasordainedapriestin1514.AstheReformationbegantospreadtoEngland,Coverdale met with a circle of those sympathetic to the

reformedbeliefs, includingThomasCromwell,who encouragedCoverdaletobeginworkonaBibletranslation.By1528,however,hisactivitiesbecametoodangerous,andhejoinedTyndaleonthecontinent and helped him complete the Pentateuch.

After Tyndale’s arrest and death, Coverdale worked from Tyndale’s notes to complete the Bible. Coverdale knew Latin, but neither HebrewnorGreek.Toalargeextent,hisworkwasamasterfuljobofeditingtogethertranslationsfirstcreatedbyothers.HeofferedittohisfriendCromwellwhosawtoitthatitwaspublished,firstin1537,andthenasarevised“GreatBible”in1539.

CoverdalereturnedbrieflytoEngland,butfledoncemoretoGer-many when Cromwell was executed in 1540. He became a Lutheran pastorandschoolmasterinthePalatinateforeightyears.ReturningtoEnglandin1548,hewasmadechaplaintoQueenKatherineParrandlater, Bishop of Exeter. When Mary took the throne, he was forced to fleeathirdtime;thistimetoDenmark.DuringElizabeth’sreignhereturnedtoEnglandoncemore,butwasnotreinstatedasabishop.

Hugh Latimer (1485?-1555)HughLatimerwasbornintoafamilyofLeicestershirefarmers.HeattendedChrist’sCollege,Cambridgestart-ingatage14andwasauniversitypreacherby1522.Initially anti-Lutheran, hemovedquickly toward re-

formedviewsaftermeetingThomasBilney.

Latimer was a dynamic, zealous preacher and a tireless advocate for thepoor.Hewasoftencareless,gettingintroubleforpreachingthattheVirginMarywasasinner,denyingtheexistenceofpurgatory,and callingmost bishops and abbots “thieves.”DuringHenry’sreignhewastwiceimprisonedintheTowerofLondon,butneverforlong,perhapsowingtothefactthathehadbeenoneofthefirstsupportersofHenry’smarriagetoAnneBoleyn.DuringEdward’sreign,Latimercouldfinallyspeakfreely.HewouldroutinelypreachatleasttwiceeachSunday,whippingthefaithfulintoafrenzysothatparishledgersoftenrecordedexpensesto“menddiverspewsthatwerebrokenwhenDr.Latimerdidpreach.”

When Mary took the throne, Latimer knew his days were num-bered. In October 1555, he and Bishop Nicholas Ridley were burntatthestakeinOxford,becomingsomeofthemostfamousProtestantmartyrs.Justbeforethefireswerelit,Latimersaid:“Beofgoodcheer,MasterRidley,andplaytheman,forweshallthisdaylightsuchacandleinEnglandasItrustbyGod’sgraceshallneverbeputout.”

William Farel (1489-1565)At age 20,WilliamFarel left his home in southeastFrancetostudyatParis.ComingundertheinfluenceofJacquesLefevreD’etaples,FareldevelopedProtestantviews, and decided to leave France in 1523. He went

firsttoBasel,wherehemetOekolampadius.HewaschasedfromBaselandbegan topreachhisfierysermonsacrossSwitzerland.Finally in 1533, he settled in Geneva.

In1536,CalvinwaspassingthroughtownonhiswaytoStrasburg.Farel had read Calvin’s Institutes and knew he needed someone with Calvin’sorganizationalskills.HeconvincedCalvintostayandtheybegantoimplementtheir program.However,aquarrelwiththecityadministrators caused Calvin and Farel to be expelled in 1538. They wenttoStrasburgandsawtheworkthatBucerhadaccomplishedthereinsettingupachurch-ledcity-state.FarelofficiatedatCalvin’smarriageinStrasburgin1540.CalvinwasinvitedbacktoGenevain1541;FarelreturnedtoNeuchâtelinstead.FarelremainedfriendswithCalvin,althoughtheyhadabrieffallingoutwhenthe69year-oldFarelmarriedayoungwomanlateinlife.


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Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)ÍñigoLópezdeLoyolawasbornintheBasqueprovinceofSpain.HefoughtagainsttheFrenchduringthe1521invasionofNavarreandwasseverelywoundedduringthefighting.Duringhisrecuperation,hereadreligious

texts and developed an uncanny ability to analyze the human mind andemotions.Hetooknotesonhisspiritualexperiences,collectingthem in a book that would later be published as his Spiritual Exer-cises.

HisfirstnamewaschangedtoIgnatiusduetoascribalerrorwhenhe matriculated to the University of Paris in 1528. At Paris, he led a circle of friendswith similar religious beliefs, includingPeterFaberandFrancisXavier.ThisgroupfoundedtheSocietyofJesusin1534anddecidedtotraveltoRometoobtainPapalblessing.In1538theyreachedRome;twoyearslateraPapalBullwaspublishedofficiallycreatingtheJesuitOrder.IgnatiuswouldbethefirstSu-periorGeneraloftheJesuits.

LoyolathensentindividualJesuitsoutacrossbothEuropeandtheNewWorldwithachartertoteachandtofoundcolleges,univer-sitiesandseminaries.ArmedwiththeteachingsofJesuitssuchasLoyola, Faber, and Canisius, the Counter Reformation was now fully prepared to battle the Protestants.

Giovanni Pietro Caraffa (1476-1559)The son of a prominent family from Naples, Caraffa was ambassador toEngland andSpain underLeoX.HedevelopedahatredtowardtheSpanish,whowererulinghisnativeNaplesatthistime.In1524,heresignedhis

churchofficeandhelpedformtheTheatines,amaleasceticorderbasedinnorthernItaly.MembersofthisgroupfoundedCatholicoratories,missions,andhospitalswhilededicating themselves tostrictnormsofbehaviorincludingvowsofpoverty.

Paul III made Caraffa a cardinal in 1536 and bishop of Naples shortly thereafter. His hatred of the Spanish continued, and he feuded with bothLoyola’sJesuitsandCharlesV.In1542,afterthefailureoftheRegensburgColloquy,PaulIIIissuedabullformingthePapalInquisition.Caraffabecameinquisitor-general.Amanwithaviolenttemperandafirmbeliefthathereticsshouldbepunishedseverely,Caraffausedthisopportunitytounleashareignofterroronnon-be-lievers.ProtestantandJewishbooksweredestroyedinmassbookburnings.Caraffapledged:“Evenifmyownfatherwereaheretic,Iwouldgatherthewoodtoburnhim.”

In1555,CaraffawaselectedPopePaulIV,againstthewishesofCharles V. His four-year Papacy saw the Papacy at war with Charles’ sonPhilip.CaraffaissuedthefirstIndexofForbiddenBooksin1559,shortly before his death.

Peter Faber (1506-1546)The son of a Savoy shepherd, Peter Faber (or Pierre Favre)traveledtoParisin1525toenterstudiestowarda clerical vocation. His roommate at the university was Francis Xavier of Navarre. The two soon became ac-

quaintedwithIgnatiusLoyola,thusformingthenucleusoftheJe-suit Order.

AftertheJesuitOrderhadbeenfounded,FabertooktheleadroleintheCounterReformationofGermany.HeworkedinMainz,Cologne,RegensburgandWorms,usingLoyola’sSpiritual Exercises to reform andstrengthenCatholicbeliefs,especiallyamongthepriesthood.

HedidnotconfronttheProtestantsdirectly,insteadstating: “Ifwewill help the heretics of this time, we have to be attentive to look at them with love, to love them in truth, and to banish out of our heartsanythoughtthatcouldlessenourreverenceforthem.Pastoralcare,dialogue,benevolence,andconfidencewillhelp;controversy,whichwouldonlybringthepartnerintodiscredit,wouldnothelp.”

Worn out by years of traveling on foot acrossGermany, Italy,France,Spain,andPortugal,FaberdiedwithLoyolaathissideinRome in 1546.

Reginald Pole (1500-1558)ThegrandsonofGeorge,DukeofClarence,PolewasaYorkistclaimanttothethroneofEngland.HestudiedtheologyatOxfordandinItaly.Henryofferedhimtheposition of Archbishop of York, but he refused. Eventu-

allyhereturnedoverseas,studyingoncemoreatPaduaandParis.

In 1536, Paul III elected Pole as a cardinal. Pole presided over the Council of Trent twice. In 1549, upon the death of Paul III, Pole missed election asPopeby just a single vote.The conservativeregimeofPaulIVnowprevailedinRome.PoledidnotgetalongwithPaulIVandreturnedtoEnglandafterMarytookthethrone.ShemadehimArchbishopofCanterbury,anofficehewouldholduntil his death in 1558, just a few hours after Mary passed away.

George Wishart (1513?-1546)BornontheeastcoastofScotland,GeorgeWishartat-tendedKing’sCollege,AberdeenandtheUniversityofLouvain.HereturnedtoScotlandandbeganteachingthe New Testament in Greek. In 1538, he was investi-

gatedonchargesofheresyandfled,firsttothecontinentandthentoEngland.By1544,hehadslippedbackintoScotlandandbeganworkingwith JohnKnox, his disciple.For almost twoyears hepreachedacrossScotland,narrowlyeludingthepursuitoftheCath-olic authorities. Finally late in 1545 he was captured and sentenced tobeburnt.Onthatday,thegunpowderexplodedbutdidnotkillhim,makinghimsufferaprolongeddeath.Outragefromhisexe-cution helped fuel the Protestant cause in Scotland

John Knox (1505?-1572)BorninLothian,eastofEdinburgh,KnoxwassonofaScotwhofoughttheEnglishat theBattleofFloddenField in 1513. He was ordained a priest in 1536 and becameadiscipleofGeorgeWishart.WhenWishartwas

captured,Knoxfled,buthewascapturedinthecastleofSt.AndrewsandforcedtospendthreeyearsrowingonaFrenchgalley(1547-1549).OnhisreleasehewenttoEdwardVI’sProtestantEngland,where he preached at Berwick and London.

On Edward’s death, Knox left for the continent. He studied under CalvininGenevaandwouldusethatknowledgetoestablishthePresbyterian church in Scotland after his return home in 1559.

Peter Canisius (1521-1597)CanisiuswasborninNijmegenandattendedtheuniver-sityofCologne.Therehemethismentor,Faber.HewasinductedintotheJesuitOrderin1543,thefirstGermantobesohonored.HefoundedanumberofJesuitcolleges

inGermanyandwroteacatechismintheGermanlanguage.HestayedinGermany,activelypromotingtheCatholiccauseuntilage59.


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Stephen Gardiner (1493?-1555)The son of a cloth merchant from Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk,England,Gardinerstudiedtobeadoctorofbothcivilandcanonlaw,achievingbothby1521.Hebecamesecretary to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, who sent him to

ClementVIItoargueHenry’sdivorcecase.In1531,hesucceededWolsey as Bishop of Winchester. His treatise De vera obedientia, publishedin1535,isstillwidelyregardedasthebestargumentforEnglishmonarchstoheadtheChurchofEngland.

After 1539, he became a stern critic of Protestantism. He attacked CranmerforheresyandforcedLatimertoresign.However,uponHenry’s death, the tables turned. He was imprisoned in the Tower of Londonformostofthe5-yearreignofEdwardVI.HedidhoweverstillparticipateintheologicaldebatesfromtheTower,publishingunder a pseudonym abroad.

Finally,MaryIbecamequeenandGardiner’sascentwascomplete.ShemadehimLordChancellorofEngland.Herevivedtheoldher-esylaws,settingthestageforthebloodypersecutionsthatwouldfollow.HepresidedatheresyhearingsthroughoutthefirsttwoyearsofMary’sreign(untilhisdeathin1555),butdiedbeforethefamousburningsofLatimer,RidleyandCranmer.

Army Leaders Charles Brandon (1484-1544)

Charles Brandon was the son of Sir William Brandon, the standardbearer forHenryVII duringhis greattriumph at Bosworth. The elder Brandon died in that battle,killedbythehandoftheYorkistking,RichardIII.Charlesgrewupatcourtandbecamealifelong

friendofHenryVIII.BrandonwasEnglishMasterofHorseduringHenry’s1513campaignagainstFrance;hewouldpersonallyleadtwootherEnglishattacksonFranceinboth1523and1544.

Brandon became 1st Duke of Suffolk in 1514. Shortly thereafter, the elderlyFrenchkingLouisXIIdied,andhiswife,Henry’sbeautifulsister Mary Tudor, was left a widow. BrandonandMaryhadlongbeeninlove;theyweremarriedagainstHenry’swishesin1515.BrandonplayedamajorroleinHenry’scourtthroughouthisreign:heconveyedthenewstoQueenCatherineofHenry’smarriagetoAnneBoleyn,heactedasHighStewardatAnneBoleyn’scoronation,andhebenefitedgreatlyfromtheDissolutionoftheMonasteries.

Charles Bourbon (1490-1527)OfficiallyknownasCharlesIIIofBourbon-Montpen-sier,EighthDukeofBourbon,hewasanoblemanwithclaimtothelandsofAuvergneinFrance.In1505,hemarriedSuzanne,DuchessofBourbon,addinganoth-erhugetractoflandtohisdemesnethatnowstretched

across central France, mostly to the west of Lyon.

An accomplished soldier in the Italian Wars, Bourbon was appointed Constable of France in 1515 and was rewarded by Francis for his serviceatthebattleofMarignanobybeingmadegovernorofMilan.However,hisrelationshipwithFrancissoonsoured.Thefinalbreachoccurred upon the death of Suzanne when the claim to her lands became disputed between Bourbon and Francis’ mother, Louise of Savoy.Knowinghewasn’tgoingtowinsuchadisputeagainstthequeenmother,BourbonofferedhisservicestoCharlesV.TheplotwasdiscoveredandhefledtoItaly.

Once in Italy,Bourbonwas given imperial troops to lead.HemarchedbacktoFranceandbrieflybesiegedMarseille,anactionthatultimatelyledtothePaviacampaign.AfterthevictoryatPavia,BourbonwasleftinchargeoftheimperialarmyinnorthernItaly.Within two years, there was no money to pay these troops. Their looting campaign led to theSackofRome;Bourbonwaskilledduringtheassaultonthecitywalls.

Ibrahim Pasha (1493-1536), OttomanIbrahim Pasha was born in 1493, the son of a Greek sailor. TheMediterraneanseacoastwasadangerousplace in those days, and Ibrahim was captured by Turkish corsairswhilestillayoungboy. HewasluckyenoughtobesoldtoawidowintheregionofMagnesia(partofThessalonicaonthenorthwestshoreoftheAegean)who

saw to his education within the local Greek Christian community. He was soon able to speak Turkish, Persian, Greek and Italian.

Atthetime,SuleimanwasheirtothethroneandgovernorofMag-nesia. HetookanimmediatelikingtoIbrahim,whowasnearlythesameage,makinghimapageatcourt. Upon Suleiman’s accession to the imperial throne in 1520, Ibrahim was appointed as the Head Falconer for the court in Istanbul. Herosethroughaseriesofoffices,allthewhileremainingatSuleiman’ssidedayandnight. The two friends,onethesultan,theotheraformerslave,conferredtogetherregularlyabouttheaffairsoftheever-expandingOttomanempire. Ibrahim’s outgoing and upbeat personalitywas a perfect foil toSuleiman’s withdrawn, often melancholic nature.

In1524,arevoltbrokeoutinEgypt. Suleiman dispatched Ibrahim to deal with the crisis. Ibrahimwas successful in reestablishingOttoman authority inEgypt, usinghis diplomatic skills to bringthe rebel Mameluks in line and establish a new system of taxation thathelpedkeepthepeaceinEgyptforoveracentury. Upon his return to Istanbul, Ibrahim married Suleiman’s sister and was made general-in-chiefoftheOttomanmilitary. His rise to power had been meteoric. HeisreputedtohavebeggedSuleimannottoadvancehim so far that his fall from power would ruin him. But now he was second to only the Sultan himself.

SuleimanandIbrahimfirstlaunchedamajorcampaigntogetherintoHungaryin1526. Torrentialrainandhailstormsplaguedtheirmarchup the Danube river valley well into the summer. The river Drava was a major obstacle to the Ottoman advance, with some military expertsestimatingthatitwouldtake3monthstobridgetheriver. UnderIbrahim’sguidance,thebridgewasinsteadcompletedin3days. OncetheOttomanhostwasacross,Suleimanhadthebridgedestroyed,sothat“allroadstosafetybeingintercepted,hissoldierswouldstandfirmandunshakeableonthefieldofbattle”. Thirty miles furthertothenorth,theOttomansmettheyoungHungarianKingLouis at Mohacs and defeated him decisively.

IbrahimwouldcampaigninHungarywithSuleimanseveralmoretimes. Ibrahimtookpersonalcommandofthesiegepreparationsinfront of Vienna in 1529. But the Austrian capital withstood Ottoman approaches both then and three years later in 1532.

On the diplomatic front, however, Ibrahim’s work with Western Christendom was a complete success. Posingas“the realpowerbehindtheOttomanempire”tothewest,IbrahimusedavarietyoftacticstonegotiatefavorabledealswiththeleadersoftheCatholicpowers. TheVenetiandiplomatsevenreferredtohimas“IbrahimtheMagnificent”,aplayonSuleiman’susualsobriquet. In 1533, heconvincedCharlesVtoturnHungaryintoanOttomanvassal


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state. In1535,hecompletedamonumentalagreementwithFrancisIthatgaveFrancefavoredtradestatuswithintheOttomanempireinexchangeforjointactionagainsttheHapsburgs. Thisagreementwould set the stage for joint Franco-Ottomannavalmaneuvers,includingthebasingoftheentireOttomanfleetinsouthernFranceduringthewinterof1543.

Ibrahim’spowerhadcontinuedtogrow,anditwasnowrivalingthatof Suleiman himself. Suleimanmostfavoredwife,Roxelana,beganto push for Ibrahim to be removed. Althoughtheexactmotivationand plot is not known, Ibrahim was indeed murdered in 1536, while campaigningagainstthePersians.

Ferdinand I (1503-1564)BorninMadrid,FerdinandwastheyoungerbrotherofCharlesV.HemarriedAnnaofBohemia,daughterofKingLadislausinLinzin1521.Charlesassignedhim to rule over the hereditary lands in Austria and Slovenia.After theHungarians surrendered to the

Ottomans after the Battle of Mohacs in 1526, Ferdinand was pro-nouncedKingofHungary,indirectconflictwithJohnZapolyawhoclaimed the same throne.

Ferdinand’s key test was the defense of Vienna in 1529. The city held,butthroughnoeffortonFerdinand’spart;hehadalreadyfledtoBohemia.FouryearslaterhesignedatreatywiththeOttomans,splittingHungaryintothirds.

Later Ferdinand become a staunch supporter of the Counter Refor-mation,invitingJesuitsintoVienna(1551)andPrague(1555).AfterCharles’ abdication, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor.

Philip of Hesse (1504-1567)Philip,LandgraveofHesse,wasoneof thesecularand military leaders of the Reformation in Germany. HewasthefounderofthefirstProtestantuniversityinMarburg,thehostoftheMarburgColloquy,oneofthetwofoundingfathersoftheSchmalkaldicLeague,

anda signerofboth the “protest” at theDietofSpeyer and theoriginal1530AugsburgConfession.

The one blemish to his record was that he was not faithful to his wife.In1540heaskedBucerandMelanchthontoapprovehisbig-amy with a second wife. In secret, they did attend Philip’s second marriage,thoughMelanchthonhadsecondthoughtsabouthisroleimmediately. Whenwordofthesituationleakedout,theresultingscandalhurtthereputationoftheProtestantcausesignificantly.

Philip surrendered to Charles V’s imperial forces soon after the Battle ofMuhlberg,perhapsafterbeingduped.HewasanimperialprisonerforfiveyearsbeforebeingreleasedatthePeaceofPassau(1552).

John Frederick (1503-1554)JohnFrederickwasthenephewofFredericktheWise,the cousin of Maurice of Saxony, and the elector of Saxony from 1524 until his death. He was a personal acquaintance and correspondentwith Luther, andhelpedpromotethepublicationofLuther’swritings.

LikePhiliphehelpedfoundtheSchmalkaldicLeagueandwasasigneroftheAugsburgConfession.HisroleintheReformationisoften viewed as nearly identical to that of Philip of Hesse. Howev-eritisimportanttonotetheJohnFrederickwasastaunchLutheran;PhilipwasmoreofaZwinglian.

When the Schmalkaldic War started, he marched south to meet Charles, but instead was confronted with his treacherous cousin Maurice. JohnFrederickrepelledMaurice,butwasovercomeandcaptured by the army of Charles V. He was released at the Peace of Passaufiveyearslater,justlikePhilip.

Anne de Montmorency (1493-1567)A boyhood friend of Francis (one year older than the king),Montmorency accompanied him on almostevery military and diplomatic encounter of the period. HisfirstbattlefieldactionwasatMarignanoin1515,butitwashissuccessfuldefenseofProvenceagainstBourbon’sinsurrectionthatfirstearnedhimrenown

asanexcellentdefensivecampaigner.Thatreputationwasfurtherenhanced in 1537 when he halted Charles’ invasion into southeast FrancebyusingascorchedearthpolicyonthetownsofProvencethatpreventedCharlesfromdrawingsupplies.AfterthepeacewiththeHapsburgswasconcludedin1538,FranciselevatedMontmo-rencytotherankofConstableofFrance(anofficethathadbeenvacantsinceBourbon’sdefection).Montmorency then advocated a spirit of peace and accord with the Hapsburgs.However,whenaproposedmarriagebetweenFrancis’son andCharles’ daughter (thatwould awardMilan to France)went awry,Montmorency caught the blame andwas sent awayindisgrace.Hewouldnotreturntopubliclifeuntil1547withtheaccession of Henry II.For Henry, Montmorency suppressed the Gabelle Revolt and helped captureMetz (1552), thoughhewascaptured in the reliefofSt.Quentin(1557).HewasreleasedinthesubsequentpeaceandwentontofightintheHuguenotWarof1562.HediedattheBattleofSt. Denis in 1567.

John Dudley (1501-1553)ThesonofHenryVII’sfinanceminister,Dudleyservedwell in the 1523 campaign againstFrance.CharlesBrandonknightedhimforhisaccomplishmentsthere.By1542hebecameLordHighAdmiral.Heledthesuccessful assault onBoulogne, participated in the

sackingofEdinburgh,anddirectedthenavalrepulseoftheFrenchfleetattheBattleoftheSolent.

Hewasnamedoneofthe16regentstoruleduringEdward’sminori-ty,buttheDukeofSomersetseizedthereignsofpower.However,Somersetwasunpopular,andothermembersencouragedDudleyto displace him. He toppled Somerset in 1549 and was named Duke ofNorthumberlandshortlythereafter.HeeffectivelyruledEnglandfor four years until Edward’s death. He hatched the plot to put Lady JaneGreyonthethrone,anactwhichledtohisexecution.

Maurice of Saxony (1521-1553)Atage19,MauriceeldersonofHenry,DukeofSaxonymarriedAgnes,daughterofPhilipofHesse.Hisfatherdied that sameyear, allowingMaurice to inherit thedukedom. Initially a member of the Schmalkaldic League,Mauricesoonrealizedthatitcouldbepoliti-

callyexpedienttoallywithCharlesV.InJune1546hemadeasecretagreementwiththeEmperorthatwouldallowhimtoinheritmostofSaxony. HesoondeclaredwaronJohnFrederick.WhenCharlesar-rivedwiththeHapsburgarmythenextyear,theycombinedtodefeatJohnFrederickatMuhlberg.IntheCapitulationofWittenbergthatfollowed,JohnFrederickcededcontrolofelectoralSaxonytoMaurice.


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However,Mauricewould not remain an imperial ally for long.Irritated by the continued imprisonment of his father-in-law Philip, Maurice now made secret deals with the Protestants and Henry II ofFrance.HesurprisedCharles’armyinMarch1552.Augsburgfell to Maurice and Charles barely escaped to Innsbruck. Maurice obtainedPhilip’sfreedomandforcedtheemperortoagreetothePeaceofPassau.Hediedin1553fightingyetanotherGermanrival.

Duke of Alva (1508-1583)Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the third Duke of Alva, wasaCastiliangeneralwhosecareerbeganattheBat-tle of Pavia in 1525. He served Charles V faithfully for thenext30years,gainingspecialprominenceduringthe Schmalkaldic Wars. He deserves much of the cred-

itforCharles’victoryatMuhlberg(1547)andforthefallofWittenbergthat same year. He failed to capture Metz in 1552, however.

AfterCharlesV’sabdication,heledPhilipII’sarmiestothegatesofRomeinthefightingagainsttheforcesofPopePaulIV(Caraffa).Heisbestrememberedasthe“IronDuke”whobrutallyrepressedtheProtestantsintheNetherlandsduringPhilip’sreign.

Naval Leaders Andrea Doria (1466-1560)

Andrea Doria started as a soldier of fortune in the papalguard.Hesoonreturned tohisnativeGenoa,wherehetookcommandoftheGenoesefleet.HenowbeganalongcareersellingtheservicesoftheGenoesetoeithertheHapsburgsorFrench,usuallywhomever

would pay well or maintain Genoese independence. In 1524 he helped theFrench relieveCharlesBourbon’s siegeofMarseille.Four years later he called off a French naval blockade of Naples whenhewasangeredbyFrancis’sporadicpayments.

As imperial admiral for Charles, he was able to raid the Greek coast near Coron, aid in Charles’ capture of Tunis, and help save Charles fromgreaterdisasteratAlgiers.HewouldcontinuetofightforGen-oesefreedomandagainsthisarchenemies,theBarbaryCorsairs,untiltheageof84.

Barbarossa (1475?-1546)Khair ad Din was one of four brothers born on the islandofLesbos.HisfatherwasprobablyaJanissaryorSipahi(cavalry);hismotherwasthewidowofaChristian priest. All of the brothers started their career aspiratesintheAegeantryingtocounterthepiracy

oftheKnightsofSt.John.

His brother Aruj established bases in the western Mediterranean, firstatDjerba(nearTripoli)andlateratAlgiers.Arujwaskilledin1518,andKhairtookoverAlgiers,atthesametimeinheritinghis older brother’s nickname“Barbarossa” (redbeard). In 1531,BarbarossacapturedTunis;justtwoyearslaterSuleimanmadehimhis admiral-in-chief.

Overthefinal15yearsofhislife,BarbarossaterrorizedtheMed-iterranean world and was a constant thorn in Charles V’s side. Hisaccomplishmentsincluded:repulsingtwoHapsburgstrikesatAlgiers,defeatingalargerHapsburg-VenetianfleetledbyAndreaDoriaattheBattleofPrevesa(1538),continuallyraidingthecoastsof thewesternMediterranean,andterrorizingItalyonaquest tocapturethefairJuliaGonzagaforthesultan’sharem.

Dragut (1514-1565)BorninAnatolia,DragutReiswent tosea in1538,initially as a gunner.He attracted the attention ofBarbarossaandsoonwascommandingafleetofcor-sairsbasedatDjerba[TripolispaceinHere I Stand.] He was pursued by Andrea Doria and captured in 1540.

HeservedfouryearsasagalleyslaveinDoria’sfleetbeforebeingransomed by Barbarossa.

AfterBarbarossa’s death,Dragutwas his natural successor.Heruthlessly raided the coasts of Sicily and Italy over the next 20 years, earningthenickname“TheDrawnSwordofIslam.” A French ad-miralcommentedthathewas“alivingchartoftheMediterranean...there was not a channel that he had not sailed. He excelled above all inescapingbyunexpectedmethodsfromsituationsofgreatperil.”

Dragut’sfinalactionwasincommandofthe1565siegeofMalta,wherehewasmortallywoundedbyartilleryfirefromtheKnightsofSt.John.

Explorers Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)

FerdinandMagellanwasborninnorthernPortugalin1480 and spent his early careerwith thePortugueseexpeditions to India.His relationswith kingManuelsoured, so he requested (and received) permission to

seekacommissionforanothermonarch.TryingSpainfirstwasafortunatemove;theHapsburgsweredesperateforsomewaytoblockthePortuguesestrangleholdonthespicetrade. Eventsmovedquick-lyforMagellanafterarrivinginSeville. Within one year he married, fathered a child, and obtained a contract from Charles V. That contractgrantedMagellanfiveshipstobeoutfittedastheArmadade Molucca, named after the Indonesian name for the Spice Islands. OnAugust10,1519,thelittlearmadasetsailfromSeville.

Magellan’sinitialdifficultieswereinternal,forthemostlyCastiliancrewresentedbeingledbyanunknownsailorfromPortugal. Even before they had left the coast of Africa to cross the Atlantic, the captainofoneoftheotherfourships(andtheinspectorgeneraloftheentireexpedition)mutinied. Magellanimprisonedhimquickly,but the seeds of discontent remained. AfterfailingtofindthereputedstraittothePacificoceanbyMarch(themonthwhenthesouthernhemisphere’swinterweatherkicks in),Magellan foundawinterrefugeandcutthemenbacktohalfrationstolastoutthewinter. Hungryandnotbelieving that a strait to thePacificexisted, themenfromthreeofMagellan’sfiveshipsmutiniedanddemandedto return to Spain. Magellandealtwiththemutinyinboldfashion,usinglandingboatsfilledwithloyalmentostormthemutinousshipsone-by-one. Hesoonregainedcontrolofthefleetandexecutedormaroonedtheringleaders.

Trying to scout for the straitwith thewinter storms still raging,MagellanlostoneofhisshipstoastorminMay1520.MagellanfinallyresumedhisvoyageinOctoberandquicklydiscoveredthestraitthatnowbearshisname.Magellanneededfiveweekstonav-igate through the300-mile-longpassageway. ThearchipelagoofislandsonthewestsideofthestraitmadenavigationdifficultandallowedtheoneremainingdisgruntledCastiliancaptaintoescapeback toSpainwithMagellan’s largest ship. Still,Magellan hadfoundthewesternroutetothePacificandnegotiatedthehazardousstraitwithoutmishap,arguablyoneofthegreatestfeatsofmaritimeexploration ever.


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Withhisthreeremainingships,MagellanheadedintothePacific,expectingtheMoluccastobeashortsailtothewest. Instead his starvingmenfacedthelongestcontinuousvoyageatsearecordedto that time. For98daystheysailedwestbuoyedbytheprevailingwinds,progressinganincredible7000mileswithoutfindingahab-itable place to stop. Several dozen men died of scurvy, a disease believed to be causedby “bad air”. Little didMagellan andhisofficersknowthattheirprivatestashofquincewaskeepingthemfromsufferingfromthesameafflictionastheircrews.

MagellanresuppliedinGuam;hisfirstmajorstopwasinthePhil-ippines.AtthePhilippineislandofCebu,Magellanbecamedeeplyinvolvedinconvertingthelocal islanders toChristianity. Duringhis three-week stay there, he befriended two local tribal chiefs and baptized over two thousand of the islanders as Christians. However, ashis successesmounted, sodidhis confidence level. Magellanboldly told his new allies that he could defeat a rival tribe nearby and took just 60 men to try and defeat the local tribe of 1500. Wadingashore,Magellanandhismenwereambushedandhewasstruckbyapoisonedarrow.Magellancontinuedthefightuntilhismencouldwithdraw to the safetyof their longboats, but hewasultimatelyovercome and his body hacked to pieces.

AfterMagellan’sdeaththeremainingmenpreparedtoresumetheirsearch for the Moluccas. However, disaster struck once more before they could leave the Philippines. Theislanders,quicklysouringontheir conversion to Christianity, used the promise of a farewell feast toinviteseniorofficersashore. Once there, thirty crew members weremassacred;outofthe260menwhosetoutfromSeville,only115 remained. Thesurvivingcrewwassoshort-handedthattheychosetoabandononeofthethreeremainingvessels.

Finally,sixmonthsafterthedeathofMagellan,theremainingtwoships reached the Moluccas. Every available trinket was traded to thelocalsforcloves.Butjustastheyweretodepart,theflagshipTrinidad takes on water. With Trinidadneedingmonthsofrepair,the crew decided to split up. Half remained with Trinidadintendingto sail back home on an easterly course. Only one ship (under the Basquenavigator JuanSebastianElcano) continuedwest on thequesttocompleteacircumnavigation.

Trinidadsailednortheast,intothestormyseasoftheNorthPacific. Batteredbytheweather,starving,andstillfarfromtheAmericas,thedesperateshipturnedbacktotheMoluccasafterfivemonthsat sea. They reached the Moluccas just in time to be captured by a PortuguesefleetthathadbeensearchingforMagellan.

And so, only Elcano’s lone vessel, Victoria,concludedthevoyagesuccessfully, bringing its cargo of 381 sacks of cloves (a smallfortune)backtoCharlesV. SailingwestaroundtheCapeofGoodHope, Elcano returned to the Atlantic and rushed north to Spain. FearofcapturebythePortuguesediscouragedhimfromlongstopstoresupplyorrefit,causingadditionaldeathsfromscurvy.Outofthe 60 sailors who left the Moluccas with Elcano, only 18 returned toSpainascircumnavigators.

Juan Ponce de Leon (1460?-1521)JuanPoncedeLeonwasborninPalencia,Spain,justnorth of Valladolid. He participated in Ferdinand and Isabella’sfinal“reconquista”oftheMoorsandColum-bus’secondvoyagetotheCaribbean.Hefirstbuilthis

reputationfightingoffnativeattacksonHispaniola in1508.ThenextyearhewascommissionedtoconquerPuertoRico.Hewassuccessfulintakingoverthenearbyisland,becomingitsfirstgov-

ernor in 1509. It was probably from the natives of Puerto Rico that hefirstheardtalesofaFountainofYouthonanearbyislandcalledBiminithatwouldrestoreyouthandvigortoallwhodrankfromit.

In 1512, Ponce de Leon received a patent to settle and discover Bimini. Sailingnorththenextspring,hestoppedonseveralislandsintheBahamasbeforereachingFlorida,alandheclaimedforSpain. Encounteringdeterminednativeresistance,hereturnedtoSpaintogetapprovalforasecondvoyageofcolonization. Finally in 1521, hewasreadytosailagain.LandingthistimeonthewestcoastofFlorida,hewasmetbyfiercenativeattacks. Mortally wounded by an arrow, he returned to Cuba where he died. Ponce de Leon was buriedinSanJuan,PuertoRico,havingneverfoundanythingtorestore his youth.

Panfilo de Narvaez (1470-1528)PanfilodeNarvaezwasborninValladolidandemigrat-ed to Hispaniola in 1498. He served as the top lieutenant toDiegodeVelazquezduringVelazquez’sconquestofCuba(1511-1514).Sixyearslater,whenCortesover-

stepped his bounds and turned a reconnaissance of Mexico into an efforttoconquertheAztecEmpire,VelasquezsentNarvaeztostopCortes. In theconflict thatensued,Narvaez lost aneyeandwascaptured.Histroopsendedupservingasmuch-neededreplacementsfor Cortes’ army. Narvaez was released by Cortes a year later and returned to Spain.

In1526,CharlesVgrantedNarvaeztherightstoconquerandgovernall lands between the Rio Grande and Florida. Narvaez enlisted a Spanish nobleman, Alzar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca, as a partner and returned to the New World a year later. Battered by hurricanes, the party landed near Tampa Bay. The natives told the Spaniards that greatricheslayinland.HopingtofindtreasureslikethoseoftheAz-tecs,Narvaezsetoffinland,carelesslyabandoninghisfleet(despitethevocalprotestsofDeVaca).Findingnogold,Narvaezisforcedtoreturn to the Gulf Coast. He has also incited the natives of the area throughhisbrutalconduct. Decimatedbytheirstruggles,NarvaezabandonedhisquestinFloridaandbuiltwoodenraftstosailwest,expectingtoreachMexicoinafewdays.Thecrudebargesactuallystayed at sea for 30 days and made it to Texas, only to be hit by a storm in which Narvaez capsized and drowned.

John RutTherewereonlyahandfulofexpeditionstotheNewWorldduringHenryVIII’sreign;onewhichobtainedmodestsuccesswasledbyJohnRut. SailingfromPlymouthin1527insearchofaNorthwestPassage,Rut reached the shore ofLabrador. Losingone ship tothe ice,Rutmade contactwith thefishing colony at St. John’s,Newfoundland,findingoveradozenFrenchandPortuguesefishingvessels in the area. BeforeheadingsouthtoexploremoreoftheNorthAmericancoast,RutsentaletterbacktoEnglandwithoneoftheSt.John’sfishermen. Itwasthefirstrecordedexampleofaletterfromthe New World to the Old. Rut sailed as far as the Caribbean on the nextlegofhisvoyage,andwasspottedbytheSpanishintheWestIndies.ReportedlyhewasabletoreturntoEngland;hissubsequentfateafterthisvoyageisnotrecorded.

Giovanni da Verrazano (1485?-1528)Giovanni da Verrazano was born in Tuscany, just outside Florence.Estimatesofhisdateofbirthrangefrom1470to1485.Whenhecameofage,heenlistedintheserviceof France and sailed from Dieppe on the Atlantic coast.


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VerrazanowasperhapsthefirstNewWorldpirate,forearlyinhiscareer(1522),hecapturedoneofCortes’shipsheadingbacktoSpainladenwithAztectreasure.In1524,VerrazanoagaintraveledtotheNew World, this time with his brother, Girolamo, who recorded their voyageinmaps. Verrazano landed near Cape Fear, North Carolina and explored north to Maine. HewaslikelythefirstEuropeantoexploretheNewYorkBaythroughtheHudsonRiverNarrows.

The rest of his career is uncertain. He probably undertook two more voyages:aloggingexpeditiontoBrazilandanothertotheCaribbean.Some accounts mention that he was captured in 1527 and executed at Cadiz by the order of Charles V. Others mention that he was killed in an encounter with the natives of the Lesser Antilles.

Sebastian Cabot (1476?-1557)DetailsonSebastianCabot’searlyyearsaredifficulttocome by, mostly because he was known to alter facts to suithisownneeds.HetoldtheEnglishthathewasborninBristolandmovedtoVeniceatagefour;hetoldthe

Venetian Gasparo Contarini that he was a Venetian by birth who waseducatedinEngland.ThehistorianJ.A.Williamsondescribeshimas“avainegoist,fondofgivingventtomysteriousutterancescontainingamaximumofself-praiseandaminimumofhardfact.”

Cabot’scareerasanexplorerprobablybeganonthevoyagesledbyhisfather,JohnCabot,whowasthefirstEnglishmantoreachtheNew World when he sailed to Newfoundland in both 1497 and 1498. Unfortunately for John, thesevoyageswerepoorlydocumented,andSebastianclaimed thosesuccesses forhimself (in fact, JohnCabotwouldnotbe“rediscovered”byhistoriansuntilthelate19thCentury).By1508,SebastianwasintheemployofHenryVIIasacartographer. Heisreputedtohaveleda1508voyagearoundLab-rador in which he found a strait to the west (probably the Hudson Strait).Asthestorygoes,onlythickiceandamutinouscrewforcedhim to return home.

SebastianthenreceivedanoffertoswitchallegiancetoSpainfromCharles V’s father Ferdinand, and he moved to Seville in 1512. He remained in the employ of Spain for the next 35 years. The one voyagewearesureheledwasanattempttoreturntotheMoluccas,chartered by Charles in 1526. Cabot never made it further than Rio delaPlata,whereheabandonedhisquestforthepassagetoChinainordertofollowuponrumorsofgoldinthearea.Thechangeinplansledtoquarrelswithhisofficers;Cabotsimplyabandonedthetroublemakers and sailed on. He spent three ineffective years in that region:buildingforts,pushingupriverinsearchforgold,butmostlyjustsquanderinghismenandresources. Finally in 1529 Cabot and his starvingmenabandoned theiroutpostand returned toSpain. Cabot’ssubordinatesandfinancersfiledlawsuitsagainsthim;hewassentencedtobanishmenttoOranandseverelyfined.

Remarkably,Cabot’s reputationwasnotundulydamagedby thisexpedition. WhenEdwardVIsucceeded to theEnglish throne,heoutbidCharlesforCabot’sservicesandsethimupinchargeofthenewMerchantAdventurer’scompany.CabotthustookaroleinsettinguptheexpeditionsofWilloughbyandChancellor. Cabot died in 1557.

Jacques Cartier (1491-1557)JacquesCartierwasbornin1491inSt.Malo,France;hisfirstknownvoyagewaswithVerrazanoin1524.Tenyears later, Cartier led his own expedition of two ships. They crossed the Atlantic in three weeks and explored

west of Newfoundland, particularly the Gaspe Peninsula. Cartier

met with the local Huron chief, Donnaconna, and convinced him that his two sons should joinCartier’s voyage. Cartier found a possiblestrait to thewest that lookedpromising,but returned toFrancebeforeexploringitduetotheapproachofwinter.

A year later in 1535, Cartier returned with Donnaconna’s sons now servingastranslatorsandwithanadditionalship.Hesailedupthestrait, really just the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, and proceeded westtotheHuronkingdomofHochelaga,wherehewasgreetedby over a thousand friendly natives. The natives took him to the topofanearbyriseandpointedwesttothekingdomofSaguenay,purportedtohaverichesinsilverandgold.Cartierplantedacrossat the top of this mountain and called the place Mont Real. Cartier remainedthroughoutthewinterinhisfortnearmoderndayQuebecCity.Notexpectingsuchaharshwinter,themenweresnowedinand suffered from scurvy. With the assistance of the natives, they survived,returningtoFrancethenextspringwithanevenlargercontingentofnatives,includingDonnaconnahimself.

CartiernextpetitionedFrancisfortheresourcesrequiredtosetupacolonyinthislandhehadnamed“Kanata,”afterthewordforvillageintheHuronlanguage.Francissupportedsuchamove,butneededamemberoftheFrenchnobilitytoserveasgovernorofthecolony;Francis’friendJeanFrancoisdeRobervalwasselectedforthepost.

CartierdepartedfortheSt.LawrenceinMay1541,takingenoughsupplies to last two years. He established a new base upriver from his previous one and named it CharlesbourgRoyale.Initiallythecolonyfaredwell,growingvegetablesandfindingironandflecksofgoldanddiamonds.CartierwantedtoagainsearchforthekingdomofSaguenay,andlefthiscolonytoexploretothewest. The Ottawa Riverprovedunnavigablehowever;he returned toCharlesbourgRoyale tofindthat relationswith thenativeshadsouredandthecolony was under almost daily attack.

Onceagainthewinterprovedbrutal,butCartier’scolonyheldoutwaiting forRoberval to arrivewith new supplies the followingspring. TheywaiteduntilMay1542beforefinallyabandoningthecolonyandheadinghome. As fortune would have it, they ran into Roberval’sshipsoffthecoastofNewfoundlandonJune8. However, Cartier refused to turn around at this point. He never returned to the NewWorld.Thegoldanddiamondshediscoveredturnedouttobepyriteandquartz. HediedinFrancein1557,stillbelievingtheSt.LawrenceRiverwasapassagetoChina.

Alzar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (1490?-1559?)Alzar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca was born in the Andalusia regionofSpain.Hisunusualfamilyname(“headofacow”) came fromone of his ancestors’ exploits in acampaignagainsttheMoors;thatancestorusedacow

skull to show troops the way to an important mountain pass. De VacawasthetreasureronNarvaez’sfatefulexpeditiontoFlorida;hewasoneoftheluckyoneswhosurvivedthemonth-longrafttripacross the Gulf of Mexico to Texas.

After a cold winter with minimal food supplies, only 15 men re-mained. De Vaca and the other survivors spent several years on the Texascoastbeforeembarkingon an odyssey across the American Southwest.Theypracticedhealingwiththeindigenoustribestheyencountered,developingastrongreputationasmedicinemen. Fi-nally in 1536, nine years after they departed, they arrived back in Mexico City. DeVaca’stravelogue,publishedin1542,isstillakeyhistoricalsourcedocumentingthenativeculturesandtheirreactionto the arrival of Europeans.


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DeVacalastassignmentwasasgovernorofArgentina(1541-1543).However,hismenrevoltedagainsthisruleandhewasforcedtoreturntoSpainandstandtrialonchargesofusurpingthepoweroftheking. Hewasfoundguiltyandhadtoserveamildsentencefor8 years. He would not return to the New World.

Jean Francois de Roberval (1500?-1566)Roberval was born around 1500, probably in Carcas-sonne, a townwhich his father governed.Hewas anoblewhogrewupatcourtinFrancis’innercircleoffriends. Francis’ protection proved invaluable in 1535

whenhewasfoundtobeaProtestantconvertandbrieflyoutlawedfromcourtwithothers,includingthepoetClementMarot.Hisfi-nancial dealings during this periodwere also disastrous, andhedecidedtotryandrecouphisfortuneintheNewWorld.Raisingmoneyforsuchanexpeditionwasdifficult,however,andRobervalbrieflyturnedtopiracyagainsttheEnglishtosecureadditionalfunds.

Roberval sailed with a charter to colonize and convert the natives toCatholicism(despitehisownProtestantbeliefs). He sailed with threeshipsand200menthatincludedacontingentofconvictstoperform heavy labor. However he didn’t depart until 1542, one year afterCartier,whowastobehisguide.OnJune8,heencounteredCartier’sfleetreturningtoFranceoffthecoastofNewfoundlandandordered him back to Canada. Cartierhoweverslippedawayduringthenight;Robervalwouldhavetoperseverewithoutthebenefitofan experienced explorer of the St. Lawrence.

RobervalalsolandedatCharlesbourgRoyale,thistimenamingthecolony France-Roy. Roberval’s force built two forts in the area but stillsufferedgreatlyoverthewinter,losingalmosthalftheirmen.InJune1543,hetook70menwesttotryandfindSaguenay,butmadeit no further than the Ottawa River. Finally, in the autumn, Francis sent ships over to recall Roberval to France. After the realization that themineralwealthoftheareawasfool’sgold,Francishassouredon the entire operation.

HavingearnednofortuneintheNewWorld,Roberval’sfinancialstrugglescontinued.Hischateauwasmortgagedin1555afterhelostalawsuitfiledbyCartieragainsthim.Hisluckdidnotimprove.In1560heattendedaCalvinistmeetinginParis. Leavingthebuilding,hispartywasattackedandRobervalkilled,oneofthefirstvictimsoftheFrenchWarsofReligion.

Hernando de Soto (1499-1542)Hernando de Soto was born late in the 15th Century in atowninwesternSpainnearthePortugueseborder.Hecame to the New World with Pedrarias Davila, and supportedDaviladuringhisfeudwithCordovainNic-

aragua.

DeSotowasassignedtoPizarro’smissionagainsttheIncain1532,serving as Pizarro’s second-in-command.DeSotowas sent onscoutingmissionsaheadofthemainarmy;itwashewhodiscoveredthe main Inca road to the capital of Cuzco. HewasalsothefirstEuropeantotalktotheIncachiefAtahualpa;theyformedafriend-shipduringTheInca’seight-monthimprisonment.WhenPizarroexecuted Atahualpa, it caused a rift with De Soto, who promptly tookhispersonalshareoftheIncatreasure(anamazing100,000goldenpesos)andreturnedtoSpain.

DeSotosettledinSeville,andlivedalifeofextravagance,beingwealthyenoughtoloanmoneytoCharlesVhimselfintimesofneed.

However,hewasn’treadytosettledownforgood. UponreadingdeVaca’sreportontheSevenCitiesofCibola,hispassiontoequaltheexploits of Cortes and Pizarro was rekindled. Heorganizedamassiveexpedition of nearly a thousand men, two dozen priests, nine ships andovertwohundredhorsesandsailedfortheNewWorld,landingon the west coast of Florida in May 1539.

De Soto’s travels across the eastern half of the United States would last for the next three years. Hisexpeditionmovedwithsomehaste;Coronado’s expedition left Mexico the same year and the two were incompetitiontobethefirsttofindCibola.DeSoto’sarmywasfrequentlyunderattackbythenativesoftheregion,whoremem-bered their earlier brutal treatment at the hands of Narvaez a decade earlier. The exact path of de Soto’s expedition is a matter of much debate,thoughitmayhavetouchedonasmanyasfourteenUSstates. DeSotowasthefirstEuropeantodocumentthediscoveryoftheMississippiRiver,crossingitintoArkansasin1541.HereturnedtotheMississippi thefollowingJune,butcontractedafeveranddied. Hewaslaidtorestintheriveritself;theremainingmembersofhisexpeditionfloateddowntheriverandthensailedforMexico.

Francisco de Orellana (1500?-1546?)In1541,FranciscoPizarro,conqueroroftheIncaandgovernorofPeru,charteredanexpeditionintotherainforests east of the Andes in search of cinnamon trees and gold.Pizarroplacedhishalf-brotherGonzaloincharge

of the party. Francisco de Orellana, the lieutenantgovernorofthisexpedition, now entered the picture. With Gonzalo Pizarro’s expe-ditionstrandedandstarvingontheNapoRiver(atributaryoftheAmazon),Orellanawassentdownriverinsearchoffood.TheswiftcurrentspreventedhimfromrejoiningPizarro;Orellanadecidedtobuildanimprovedboat(outoflocalmaterials)andfollowtheriverdownstream. How far can it be to the ocean?

Formonths,Orellanatraveleddownriver,fightingoffconstantat-tacksfromtheshoreline.OnJune24theyfacedtheirmostfamousfoes,alargehordeofnativesledbyfiercewhite-skinnedwomenfighters,foreverafterknownas“Amazons”. FinallyinAugust,theirmakeshiftvesselsemergedatthemouthofthegreatriver. Usingtheir blankets as sails, they traveled around the coast of South America,finallyreachingaSpanishportinpresent-dayVenezuelain September.

OrellanaandhismenwerehailedasheroesandboththePortugueseandSpanishcourtsofferedhimgrantstoexploitthelandsoftheAmazon basin. He took Charles up on that offer and returned to the mouth of the Amazon in 1545. However,hissecondvoyagesufferedfrom native attack, starvation, and shipwreck. Orellana died, prob-ably of illness, and only 44 of the 300 members of his party made it back to Panama as survivors.

Hugh Willoughby (died 1554)HughWilloughby’sbirthdateisnotknown.Hisfather,HenryWilloughby,was a knightwho fought on theLancastrian side in the War of the Roses. HughwassimilarlyknightedinactionagainsttheScotsatLeithin

1544. From1548to1549hecommandedagarrisonontheScottishborder. Little is known about his decision to join the newly-formed Merchant Adventurers company and take to the sea.

WilloughbywasmadeCaptain-GeneraloftheMerchantAdventur-ers’firstvoyage,perhapsbecauseofhispreviousmilitaryleadershipexperience. He set sail from London in May 1553 with three ships.


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Theirgoalwastofinda“North-EastPassage”toChinabysailingeast past Scandinavia.

Three months out to sea, the ships were hit by a major storm, and the ship led by Richard Chancellor was separated from the other two. ChancellorproceededtotherendezvouspointattheeasternedgeofNorway;however,Willoughby’stworemainingshipsmissedthatlocationandsailedfurthereast,probablyreachingNovayaZemlya. AttemptingtoreturntoNorwaylateintheyear,Willoughby’sshipswere trapped in the ice. Their frozen corpses were found the next springbyRussianfishermen.

Richard Chancellor (died 1557)Very little is known about Richard Chancellor’s life prior to his commissioningasPilot-GeneralofWilloughby’svoyage.HedidhavemoreexperienceatseathanWilloughby,however,havingsailedonanearliervoyagetoCandiaonCrete. He also worked with the famousElizabethanmathematicianJohnDeetoimproveEnglishinstrumentsofnavigation.After the storm separatedhis ship fromWilloughby,Chancellorwaited a full week for the other ships to reappear. When they did not,heproceededonandenteredtheWhiteSea,anchoringatthevillageofNenoksa,famousatthetimeforitsproductionofsalt. When he learned he had reached Russia, Chancellor decided to travel overland to Moscow to meet with the current Tsar, Ivan IV. After a difficultjourney,ChancellorreceivedacordialwelcomefromIvan,whopromisedfreeandopentradingwiththeEnglish. Chancellor thensailedhomeintriumph,quicklypublishinganaccountofhisvisit to the Russian court.MarywasnowinpowerinEngland,butshesharedheryoungerbrother’senthusiasmforfindinga route toChina.TheMerchantAdventurers were renamed to the Muscovy Company, and Chan-cellor was sent back to Moscow in 1555. AgainChancellorwasgreetedwarmlybyIvan;thistimethetsarsentaspecialenvoybacktovisitEngland. Onthereturnvoyage,Chancellor’sshipwreckedoff the coast of Scotland. Chancellordrownedtryingtoreachshore. However, the tsar’s envoy did make it to London, and the Musco-vy Company proved a success even after the loss of Chancellor, remaininginoperationuntil1917.

Conquistadors Hernando Cortes (1485-1547)

Hernando Cortes was born in Medellin, Spain in 1485. HissecondcousinwasFranciscoPizarro;bothwouldgain similar fame in theNewWorld.Cortes brieflystudied law, but grew restless and sailed to theNew

Worldin1506.HeparticipatedinthesubjugationofCuba,servingasclerktothegovernor,DiegoVelasquez.

Hearingreportsof therichesof theYucatan,Velasquezcommis-sioned Cortes to sail to Mexico with 11 ships and 500 men. His orderswere toexploreand trade,butnot tocolonize.Velasquezsoon became suspicious thatCorteswas planning to overstepthesebounds.Velasquezmoved againstCortes, trying to relievehimfromcommand,butfoundtohisdismaythatCortes’fleethadalready sailed.

CortesstoppedbrieflyintheYucatan,wherehewasgiftedwithanativewoman(henamedherDonaMarina). She served Cortes as his translator and advisor, and told him of both the unrest in the outer provincesoftheAztecempireandtheAzteclegendofQuetzalcoatl.Accordingtothisstory,awhite-skinnedgodwasscheduledtoreturn

from the eastern sea to reclaim his authority over the Aztecs. Cortesrealizedtheopportunitythatwaspresentedtohim.Dressingallinblack(aswouldQuetzalcoatl),hetimedhislandinginMexicoto coincide with the Aztec New Year (the date foretold for Quetzal-coatl’sreturn). ImmediatelyhebegantowinalliesthatwouldsupporthimagainsttheAztecs.CortesnextfoundedthecityofVeracruzand put his supporters into the new town council, a shrewd tactic toplacehimselfoutsideVelasquez’sauthority. Finally,needingtheabsoluteloyaltyofhismen,hescuttledhisfleet.Hewasreadytomarch inland toward the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

The march to Tenochtitlan took three months. Cortes’ army beat offanattackby30,000Tlaxcalansandthenusedthenegotiatingskills of Dona Marina to convert these natives into an important new ally.Upon reachingTenochtitlan, theSpanish columnwasamazedbythewealthandgrandeurofthiscapitalcitytuckedintoahighplateausurroundedbyvolcanoes. With the central city built in a lake and connected over narrow causeways, Tenochtitlan was the“VeniceoftheWest”.

Initially all went well at Tenochtitlan. MontezumafearedmakingadirectattackonafigurewhomighttrulybeQuetzalcoatl.InsteadhemetCortes’demandsforlodginginthecentercityandtoreplacesome of the Aztec idols at the main temple complex with shrines to theVirginMary.Onceestablishedinthecentercity,CortesstruckboldlyandseizedMontezuma,paralyzingtheentireAztecempire.However,whileMontezuma’sransomwasbeingdelivered,CorteslearnedthatVelasquezhadsentanarmyunderPanfilodeNarvaeztoarrest him. Cortes split his 400 men in two and returned to confront Narvaez, outnumbered 4-to-1. Strikingboldly,hequicklycapturedNarvaezandenticedthislargerSpanishforcetojoinintheconquestof Mexico.

However,returningtoTenochtitlan,Cortesfacedadesperatesitua-tion. TheAztecswerefinallystartingtoawakeunderleadershipfromMontezuma’s brother, Cuitlahuac. Even an attempt by Montezuma tocalmtheAztecsendeddisastrously;Montezumawasstonedanddied soon thereafter. Cortes decided to withdraw from the city. However,hismentookseverelossesretreatingoutofthecentralcityoverthedismantledcauseways.Onceoutsideofdanger,however,Cortesregroupedquickly.Hebuiltasmallfleetforanewassaultacrossthelake.StrikingjustassmallpoxwasbeginningtoravagetheAztecs,helaunchedabrutalcampaigntotakethecityonestreetatatime.WhenhecapturedthelatestemperoronAugust13,1521,theAztecsfinallysurrendered.

CortesruledinMexicoforseveralyears,bringingsomestabilitytothearea.ButheneverregainedthefulltrustofCharlesVforhisinsubor-dinationtoVelasquezandwaseventuallyreplaced. He participated in CharlesunsuccessfulexpeditiontoAlgiersin1541.In1547,Cortesdied at his estate near Seville, a wealthy man, but one still embittered by the way his authority in Mexico had been curtailed.

Francisco Hernandez de Cordova (1475?-1526)Francisco Hernandez de Cordova was a deputy of Pe-drariasDavila,governorofPanama.In1522,hesetoutnorthtoconquerNicaragua.HispartyfoundedthecitiesofLeonandGranadain1524.Travelingevenfurther

north to modern day Honduras, he tried to establish his own province in this area.Davila caughtwindof it, camenorth, andcapturedCordova.Hewasspeedilytriedandexecutedbybeheading. The Nicaraguancurrencyisnamedthecordoba in his honor.


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He should not be confused with the earlier Spanish explorer with exactlythesamenamewhowasthefirstSpaniardtoencountertheMaya(anddieattheirhands)in1517.

Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541)TheillegitimatesonofacolonelintheSpanishinfantry,FranciscoPizarrogrewupwithoutapropereducation.HesailedtotheNewWorldby1502,takingpartinthesubjugationofHispaniola.HealsoparticipatedinBal-

boa’smission that discovered thePacificOcean in 1513.WhileworkingasacattlefarmerinPanama,Pizarrobegantohearrumorsofalandtothesouthrichingold.TeamingupwithDiegodeAlmagro,Pizarroledtwonavalexpedi-tionssouthfromPanamaalongthecoastofSouthAmericain1524and 1526. The second trip sailed as far south as modern Ecuador, but sufferedfromdiseaseandstarvation.PizarrosentAlmagrobacktoPanamaforreinforcements,butthenewgovernorwantedtorecallPizarro’sentireparty.Pizarrodefiantlyrefusedtoreturnandchal-lengedhismen:“ThereliesPeruwithitsriches;Here,Panamaanditspoverty.Choose,eachman,whatbestbecomesabraveCastilian.”Thirteen of them decided to continue on. Soon they were rewarded when they landed at Tumbes, an outpost of the very Inca empire he wasseeking.ThetempleinTumbes,withitsgold-sheetedwalls,confirmedthattheyhadfoundtherichlandthattheywereseeking.UponhisreturntoPanama,Pizarrowasfrustratedthatthegovernorwasnotwillingtofinanceanothervoyage.HereturnedtoSpainandpetitionedCharlesVdirectly.In1529,CharlessignedtheCapitu-lacióndeToledo,whichgrantedPizarrotherightstoconquerPeru.PizarroreturnedtotheEcuadoriancoast,thistimebringinghisthreebrothers and 250 men. By May 1532, he had established a Spanish outpost, been reinforced by Hernando de Soto, and discovered that the Inca empire was in the middle of a civil war. The time to cross theAndesandstriketowardtheIncacapitalhadarrived.Leavingagarrisononthecoast,Pizarroheadedinlandwith106footsoldiers,62 horsemen and 4 cannon.By November, Pizarro’s small force reached the new seat of the Inca governmentatCajamarcaandcameface-to-facewithaveteranIncaarmyof40,000.BorrowingatrickfromCortes,PizarroluredtheIncarulerAtahualpaawayfromhisarmy,ambushedhisbodyguard,and captured the ruler. Atahualpa offered his captors an incredible ransom,enoughgoldtofillanentireroom.Hewasallowedtocon-tinuetorulefromcaptivity,evenorderinghispeopletoassisttheSpanishintheiracquisitionofgold.By1533, the roomwasnearly full and themeltingdownof thetreasuresoftheIncahadbeguninfullforce.RumorsofapproachingIncaarmiescausedPizarrotosentenceAtahualpatodeath,executinghimbygarroteinAugustagainstthewishesofseveralofhissubor-dinates,includingDeSoto.TheIncaempirecollapsedquicklyafterAtahualpa’sdeath,butsodidtheunityamongtheSpanish.PizarroandAlmagro feudedopenlyover their sharesof the treasure. In1538,PizarrocapturedAlmagroandhadhimexecuted.Justthreeyearslater,supportersofAlmagroassassinatedPizarroinhispalacein the new Peruvian capital of Lima.

Francisco Coronado (1510-1554)Francisco Coronado was born to a noble family of Sal-amancain1510.Atage25,heaccompaniedAntoniodeMendoza, the new viceroy of New Spain, across the Atlantic.By1538,hehadmarriedandbecomegovernor

of a province in northwestern Mexico. Only two years before, De

Vaca had reappeared in just this area with his story of the Seven Cities of Cibola. Both Mendoza and Coronado became obsessed withfindingthistreasure.

CoronadostartedbysendingoutascoutingexpeditionthatincludedFriarMarcosdeNizaandEstevanico,asurvivor(likeDeVaca)ofthe Narvaez expedition. Marcos returned with news that he had seen agoldencityoffinthedistance,promptingMendozaandCoronadoto redouble their efforts.

Coronado’s expedition of 300 Spaniards and over a thousand na-tives left Mexico in February 1540. They reached the location (in present-dayNewMexico)whereMarcosclaimedtohaveseenthegoldencity,only tofindaZunipueblo.Coronadocontinuedhismarch north and wintered near Santa Fe. Over the course of the nextyear,hesentoutsearchpartiesinalldirections,reachingasfarasKansasandeasternCalifornia.OneofthesegroupsbecamethefirstEuropeanstodiscovertheGrandCanyon.Butnotreasurewas ever found. Upon his return to Mexico City in 1542 with but 100 men, Mendoza turned on Coronado and called him an abject failure.Coronadospenttwomoreyearsasgovernorbeforehewasbroughttotrialonchargesofcorruptionandmistreatmentofthenatives.Hedied10yearslaterwhileworkinginMexicoCityinalow-levelgovernmentpost.

Francisco de Montejo (1479?-1549)Francisco de Montejo was born around 1479 in Sala-manca.HewasthefirstSpaniardtotouchtheshoreofMexico duringCortes’ conquest of theAztecs. ForCortes,healsocommandedthefortificationsatVeracruz

andledthefirstshipsreturningtoSpainwithAztectreasures.

Back in Spain in 1526, he received a commission from Charles V toconquertheYucatanandsubduetheMaya. In 1528, he landed on theeastsideofthepeninsula,adoptingCortes’tacticoflandingontheshoreandthenburninghisshipstopreventdesertion.TheMayafought tenaciouslyandMontejohad towithdraw toMexico.Hethenledanotherinvasionfromthewest(1531-1535),buthistroopswerediscouragedbythelackoftreasuresanddiddesertthistime.AlthoughhehadsubjugatedmajorportionsoftheMayakingdom,theconquestwasnotyetcomplete.HeretirednearlydestitutetoanadministrativepositioninMexicoandlefttherestoftheconquesttohisson(ofthesamename).FranciscodeMontejotheyoungerfinallycompletedtheconquestin1546.

Henry’s Wives Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)

The youngest surviving daughter of Ferdinand II ofAragonandIsabellaIofCastile,CatherinewasbetrothedtotheoldestsonofHenryVIIofEngland,Arthur,attheageof3.Thedeal,ratifiedastheTreatyofMedinadel

Campo included an enormous dowry of 200,000 crowns. In 1501, atage15,shesailedforEngland,nevertoseehernativeSpain.ThemarriagetoArthurwasshort-livedhowever. He died of an infection lessthan5monthsintothemarriage.

BothFerdinandandHenryVIIsawthebenefitsofmaintainingtheSpanish-Englishalliance;soonthenewplanwastomarryCather-ine to the new heir to the throne, Henry. However he was 5 years youngerthanshe,sotheweddingwasnotscheduledtooccurforseveralyears.Inaddition,marryingyourbrother’swidowwasnotconsidered proper practice, so a papal dispensation was obtained to officiallyremovethis“impedimentofaffinity.”


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Aftertheirmarriagein1509,KatherinewasabletobearHenryason,but the boy died in his second month. By 1516, Catherine, who had beenpregnantatleastfivetimespreviously,finallygavebirthtoahealthychild,theprincessMary.Butnomaleheirwasforthcoming. By1521,HenryhadgivenuphopethatKatherinewouldbeabletoproduce the male heir that the Tudor dynasty, fresh from the suc-cession crises of the War of the Roses, so desperately needed. He begankeepingaseriesofmistressesandfinally,in1527,heaskedClementVIItoannultheirmarriage.

Clementwouldstallfor6yearswithoutgivingaresponse.FinallyHenry had Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, perform the annul-mentin1533sothatHenry’ssecretmarriagetoAnneBoleyncouldbemadeofficial.Catherinewasremovedfromcourtandseparatedfrom Mary. To prevent an appeal to Rome, Henry had Parliament pass theActofSupremacy,whichmadetheKingheadofthechurchinEngland,ratherthanthePope.Despiterepeatedentreaties,Catherinewouldneveracknowledgetheannulment,referringtoherselfasthequeenuntilshediedin1536.

Anne Boleyn (1501?-1536)Anne Boleyn was born some time between 1501 and 1507, one of three children of the diplomat Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Boleyn,daughteroftheDukeofNorfolk.Shespentthe

years 1513 and 1514 in the Netherlands in the household of Arch-duchessMargaret ofAustria,whowas the current regent of theNetherlands and one of Charles V’s aunts. Anne next moved to France,whereshewasalady-in-waitingforQueenClaude,Francis’wife.AnnelearnedfluentFrench,charmedallthemenatcourtin-cluding Francis, and became enamoredwith the latest Frenchfashions.Sheisalsothoughttohavepickedupherreformedreligiousbeliefs while in France.

RecalledtoEnglandin1522,Annebecamealady-in-waitingforQueenKatherineofAragon,andthuscameundertherovingeyeofHenry VIII. Henry had already had an affair with Anne’s promis-cuousyoungersister,Mary.WhenhebecameenamoredwithAnne,shesteadfastlyrefusedtobecomehismistress.HenrywasgoingtohavetomarryherandmakeherQueenofEnglandifhewantedmore than her company.

And so, driven by his need to move on from Catherine and by his growingpassionforAnne,HenrypetitionedPopeClementforanannulmentofhismarriagetoCatherineinthespringof1527.Asdiscussedabove,itwascloseto6yearsbeforeHenry’smarriagetoCatherinewasannulledbyArchbishopCranmer,whooriginallyhad been the Boleyn family chaplain. At last, Henry and Anne were married.Annebecamepregnantimmediately;inSeptember1533,theirfirstbabywasborn. However,thechildwasdisappointinglyagirl,thered-headedPrincessElizabeth.

Asqueen,Annechampionedreligiousreform,especiallytheideaoftranslatingtheBibleintoEnglish.Shebecamepregnanttwicemore,miscarryingin1534and1536.Thissecondmiscarriage isoftenattributedtothestressshewasunderknowingthatHenrywaspassionateaboutJaneSeymour(oneofherladies-in-waiting)andthefactthatthekingfellfromhishorsethatyearandnearlydied.By this time, her relationship with Henry had soured and she knew he would soon move on. She was imprisoned on May 2, 1536 on chargesofadultery,incest,treasonandwitchcraft.ShewasbeheadedwithinthegroundsoftheTowerofLondon17dayslater.

Jane Seymour (1508?-1537)DaughterofSirJohnSeymourofWiltshire,Janeservedaslady-in-waitingforbothCatherineofAragonandAnneBoleyn.HenrybecameinterestedinJaneinSeptember1535, soon after a brief stay at the Seymour family home.

Tiredoffightingwiththeboisterousqueen,Henrywasquicklyat-tractedtothereserved,formalbehaviorofJane.WhenAnneBoleynwasbeheadedinMay1536,JanebecameQueenjust11dayslater.UnlikeAnne(whohadtocourtHenryfor7yearsbeforemarriage),Janewaitedonly7monthstogainthethrone.

Janewasconservativeinbelief,backingtheCatholicandimperialposition on all matters. WhenthePilgrimageofGracestarted,shewas sympathetic to the rebels. She also advocated the restoration of Princess Mary to court, a reconciliation that was achieved soon afterJanetookthethrone.

OnOctober12,1537,JanegavebirthtoasonnamedEdward.AllofEnglandrejoiced.However,Janecontractedpuerperalfeverduringherdelivery,acommonafflictionduringthosedayswhentherewasnoknowledgeofbacterialinfections.Janedied12dayslater.

Anne of Cleves (1515-1557)BorninDüsseldorf,AnnewastheseconddaughterofJohnIII,rulerofCleves.HeroldersisterSybillemarriedJohnFrederick,Elector of Saxony and leader of theSchmalkaldicLeague.

AfterthedeathofJaneSeymour,ThomasCromwellsearchedEuropeforanewwifeforHenry.Atthistime,theFrenchandHapsburgshad formed close ties;Cromwell looked to an alliancewith theProtestantstoaffordEnglandsomeprotectionagainsttheseotherpowers. The artist Hans Holbein was sent to paint a portrait of Anne forHenry’sconsideration;herProtestantconnectionsmadeheragooddiplomaticmatch.Holbeinomittedhersmallpoxscars,creatinga portrait that Henry found desirable.

Withamarriagetreatyinplace,AnnetraveledtoEnglandviaCalais.TheyweremarriedinJanuary1540,butHenryneverwasattractedtoAnne.Themarriagewasneverconsummatedandanannulmentfollowedlaterthatyear.AnnewouldremaininEnglanduntilherdeath in 1557, the last of Henry’s wives to die. She formed a friend-ship with Princess Mary and converted to Catholicism as a result.

Kathryn Howard (1525?-1542)A niece of the Duke of Norfolk and a cousin of Anne Boleyn,KathrynHowardgrewupinthelargehouseholdoftheDuchessDowagerofNorfolk.Kathrynbecameinvolvedwiththeyoungcourtiersinthathousebyage

11. She had a romance with her music teacher and an affair with the handsome Francis Dereham. Finally her uncle found her a position aslady-in-waitingforAnneofClevesandshemovedtocourt.

TheleadingCatholicsinEnglandsawthebeautifulyoungKathrynasanidealnextqueenforHenry.Shequicklyattractedtheking,startinganaffairwithhimbeforehismarriagetoAnneofCleveswasannulled.OnJuly28,1540,justsixteendaysaftertheannul-mentcamethrough,HenrytookKathrynashisfifthwife.ThomasCromwell, who took the blame for the Anne of Cleves debacle, was executed.HenrycalledKathrynhis“rosewithoutathorn”andhisenergyandenthusiasmwasbolsteredbyhisvivaciousyoungwife.However,Kathrynultimatelyneededthecompanyofyoungermenherownage.ShehadanaffairwithFrancisDereham,herprivate


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secretary. Their liaison was soon discovered and reported to Thomas Cranmer. Despite Henry’s disbelief, he permitted Cranmer to pursue thematter.Shewas foundguiltybyParliament and executed inFebruary 1542.

Katherine Parr (1512?-1548)KatherineParr’sfatherdiedwhenshewasjust5;sheandhertwosiblingswereraisedbytheirsinglemother.Katherinemarriedtwiceearlyinlife;onceatage15andagain around age 20.Her second husband, the Lord

Latimer,foughtontheCatholicsideinthePilgrimageofGracebutwassubsequentlypardoned.Afterhisdeath,KatherinereceivedamarriageproposalfromHenryVIII,recentlywidowedafterKathrynHoward’s death. Katherine was in love with Thomas Seymour (Jane’sbrother),butknewthatthekingcouldnotberefused,evenifhewasagingandobese.

HenryandKatherineweremarriedinJuly1543.KatherinebecamealovingmothertoPrinceEdwardandhelpedreconcileMaryandElizabeth to Henry. Katherine personally supported a Protestant faith. At one point the Catholic faction even had a warrant for her arrest,butshemanagedtodefusethecrisisbypromisingtostayoutofreligiousmattersinthefuture.

Henrydiedin1547,finallyallowingKatherinetomoveonandmarryThomasSeymour.Shediedinchildbirthhavingatlastconceivedachildinhermid-thirties.SheistheonlyqueeninEnglishhistorytohave been married four times.

Featured On Cards FuggersTheFuggerswerearichfamilyofmerchantsandbankersbasedinAugsburg.ThemostprominentmemberofthisfamilywasJacobFugger,bornin1459.AsJacobgrewup,hisfamilywasalreadyprosperous, having traded extensively in cotton, silk, herbs, andpepper.Jacob’smaincontributiontothefamilyfortunewastostartminingoperationsinHungary.HelentmoneytotheHolyRomanEmperor Maximilian I to fund his wars in Italy. After the war, favor-ableimperialconcessionsandadroitdeal-makinglefttheFuggerswith a virtual monopoly on Europe’s copper supply. In 1519, when theelectionofanewHolyRomanEmperorwasbeingcontested,CharlesborrowedheavilyfromtheFuggerstobribetheelectorsandsecure his selection. Jacobdiedin1525,buttheFuggerswouldcon-tinuetheirsupportoftheHapsburgdynastythroughouttheperiod,playingalargeroleinfundingCharles’effortstoendProtestantism.

Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536)ADutchboyofillegitimatebirth,DesideriusErasmus(Latinfor“thedesiredbeloved”)learnedLatinatayoungagewhilestudyingataseriesofmonasticschoolsnearRotterdam.Althoughadmittedtothepriesthood,Erasmusneverworkedasapriest,insteadmovingontostudyattheUniversityofParisandOxford.InEngland,Erasmusmettheleadinghumanistscholarsoftheage,includingJohnColetand Thomas More. His most famous book, The Praise of Folly, was written in 1509 and dedicated to More. In it, Erasmus satirizes thesuperstitionsandpracticesoftheCatholicChurch.Thehugelypopular book was reprinted 40 times before Erasmus’ death and put Europe in the proper mindset to appreciate Luther’s attacks on the abusesplaguingCatholicism.Thefamouslinesaysthat“ErasmuslaidtheeggthatLutherhatched.”

After publication of The Praise of Folly,Erasmus’famegrew.HepublishedthefirstretranslationoftheNewTestamentsincetheVul-

gatewrittenbySt.Jeromeathousandyearsearlier,completewithacompanion volume of commentary. By 1520, an Oxford bookseller reported that Erasmus’ works comprised over a third of his sales.

Erasmusreactedfavorable toLuther’sTheses, sendingcopies toColet and More. However, Erasmus’ support dropped off as Lu-ther’s attacks on the Papacy became more virulent. He never made abreakwithRomeandbyhislateyearshewasopeningattackingLuther’s views on free will. Nonetheless, he was forever considered thegrandfatheroftheReformation.Afterhisdeathallofhisworkswere added to the Catholic Index of Prohibited Books.

Frederick the Wise (1463-1525)FrederickwasborninTorgauin1463,thefirstsonoftheElectorEr-nestoftheHouseofWettin.Atage23hisfatherdiedandhebecameelector.Hisreignwasoneofpeace;ErnestineSaxonyrefrainedfromwarfarethroughoutthenearly40yearsthathereigned.Frederickwasapromoterofartandculture;hestrivedtoestablishWittenbergasoneofthecentersforspiritualthoughtinGermany.Heamassedalargecollectionofholyrelicstodrawpilgrimstothearea.In1502,hefoundedtheuniversityatWittenberg,soonnamingMartin Luther and Philip Melanchthon as two of the professors. AsLuther’sdefianceagainstthePapacygrew,Frederickmovedtoprotecthisprizedscholar.In1520,FrederickrefusedtoacknowledgethePapalBullthatcalledonhimtoarrestLutherandbringhimtoRome.Ayearlater,hefoughthardtomakesureLutherhadsafeconducttotheDietofWorms.LeavingWormsafterhishearingwithCharles, Luther was kidnapped by some of Frederick’s men and whiskedofftosafetyinWartburgCastle.Lutherwouldspendsomeof his most productive months therein, safely out of the public eye.Frederick died unmarried in 1525, and is buried in the Castle Church inWittenbergalongwithLutherandMelanchthon.

Katherina Bora (1499-1552)KatherinavonBorawasbornsouthofLeipzigtoafamilyofimpov-erishedSaxonnobles.Hermotherdiedwhenshewasfiveyearsold.Whenherfatherremarried,hesenthertoanearbycloister.Byage16, she took her vows as a nun and could read and write in German andLatin.HearingoftheProtestantreformmovement,agroupofnuns(includingKatherina)contactedLutherandaskedforhelpinleavingtheconvent.Hearrangedfor themtosneakoutwith theusualherringdeliverywagon.Within two years, all of the escaped nuns had found husbands, with thenotableexceptionofKatherina.Sheheldoutformarriage toLutherhimself.OnJune27,1525theyweremarried.Shewasage26;hewas42.Martinand“Katie”Lutherhadsixchildren.Shealsoraisedfourorphanchildrenandhadwideresponsibilitiesrunningthemonas-tery and brewery where they lived. She lived 6 years after Luther’s death,includingaperiodwhereshefledWittenbergtoescapethedestruction of the Schmalkaldic Wars.

John Zapolya (1487-1540)JohnZapolyawasleaderofthefactioninHungarythatresistedrulebyforeigners,especiallytheHapsburgs.In1505,hehelpedtopassalawpreventingforeignersfromrulingHungaryafterthedeathofthecurrentking(Ladislaus).HethenattemptedtomarryAnna,daughteroftheking,tostrengthenhisownclaimtothethrone.Instead,shewaspromisedtoFerdinandofAustria,whilehewasshuffledofftorule the province of Transylvania.


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AngeroverthistreatmentprobablyexplainsthelatearrivalofhisTransylvanianarmytosupportyoungKingLouisIIattheBattleofMohacs(1526).AfterLouis’deathinthatfight,JohnwasnamedkingbytheHungariannobles.However,FerdinandalsohadastrongclaimtothethronebasedonhismarriagetoAnna,andwasabletodefeatJohnanddrivehimfromthecountry.Johnreturnedin1529justastheOttomanswereoverrunningHungary.TheOttomanssetJohnZapolyaupasavassalking,askinganannualtributeinmoneyandmanpoweraswellasfreepassagethroughHungaryatanytime.

In1538,JohnfinallyendedhisfeudwiththeHapsburgs,indicatingthatthecrowncouldpasstoFerdinandonhisdeath(sinceJohnwaschildless).However,afewmonthsbeforehisdeath,asonwasborn.Thechild,JohnSigismund,wouldgrowuptoalsoruleHungary(asJohnII).

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)A Florentine by birth, Niccolo Machiavelli entered civil service forhishomecityatage25.For18yearshetraveledtothecourtsof France, Germany, and the other Italian city-states on diplomatic missionsfortheRepublicofFlorence.WhenJuliusII’sHolyLeagueexpelled the French from Italy in 1512, the Medici family took overFlorence.Machiavelliandmanyoftheotherrepublicanofficeholders were imprisoned or displaced.

Obligedtoretirefrompubliclife,Machiavelliturnedtoliterature,becomingahistorian,musician,poet,comedian,andmostimpor-tantly,apoliticalphilosopher.Hismostfamousworkisthelegendarybook The Prince, a handbook on how to become and remain a ruler. Theprevailingsentimentthat“theendsjustifythemeans” from The Princehasgivenrisetotheadjective“Machiavellian,”nowappliedto anyone with cutthroat political tendencies.

Medici rule of Florence ended with the Sack of Rome. Machiavelli hoped to return to civil service at last, but took ill and died soon after his return to the city. The Princewascirculatinginformallyat the time of his death. It would not be formally published for 10 more years.

Julia Gonzaga (1513-1566)GiuliaGonzagawasborninGazzuolo,Italy,nearthePoRiver.Herbeautywaslegendary. Shewasalwaysknownas“themostbeautifulwomaninItaly”,andhundredsofItalianpoetsaresaidtohavesungherpraises.ShemarriedVespasianoColonnaatage13,becomingDuchessofTrajettoandCountessofFondi(herhusband,age46whentheymarried,woulddiein2years).

WordofthisgreatbeautytraveledtoKhairadDinBarbarossa,whoplanned to capture her for Suleiman’s harem. In 1534, he landed on the Italian coast at Fondi, on the coast near Naples, and scoured thetownforJulia.Accordingtothelegendofthetime(probablyapocryphal),sheescapedthetownwithhermaleservantbyhorsejustintime,wearingonlyhernightgown.Thelegendgoesontoclaim that he attempted to assault her, an act that caused him to be sentencedtodeath.Barbarossa,furiousthatJuliahadescaped,hadFondiburnedtotheground.

Juliawasmuchmore than a beauty though,writing poetry andspendingherfreetimeengagedintheologicaldiscussionswithasmallcircleofItalianProtestantsthatflourishedbrieflyinNaples,probablystartingaround1536. ThisgroupwaspersecutedduringCaraffa’sPapalInquisition;JuliawasingravedangerbutwassavedbyCaraffa’sdeathin1559.In1566,Juliaenteredaconventanddied soon thereafter.

Roxelana (1510?-1558)Born as Anastasia Lisovska in modern day Ukraine, she was known asRoxelanatoEuropeandRossainIstanbul.Shewasthedaughterofan Orthodox priest and was captured by the Ottomans in the 1520s, probably in the Caucasus. She was placed in the harem of Suleiman (oneof300suchwomen).However,shewasabletorisequicklythroughtherankstobecomeSuleiman’sfavoriteconcubine.ShesoonstartedaccompanyingSuleimantostatefunctions.

In1534sheconvincedSuleimantosendawayhisfirst-bornsonandthatboy’smother,clearingthelineofsuccessionforRoxelana’sownchildren(theboywassubsequentlymurdered).Suleiman’sfriendIbrahim Pasha, who disapproved of Roxelana, was also assassinated in 1536. Roxelana also was able to improve her son’s claim to the thronebyconvincingSuleimantoofficiallymarryher,thefirstsuchmarriageofanOttomansultan.

Roxelana died in 1558 and is buried with her husband in the Sulei-manMosqueinIstanbul.In1566,afterthedeathofSuleiman,herson Selim did take over as sultan.

Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594)Born as Gerard de Cremere in the Flemish city of Rupelmonde, he changedhislastnametotheLatinequivalentMercator,whichmeans“merchant.”HeattendedtheUniversityofLouvainandinthatcitycollaboratedwithGemmaFrisiusfortwoyearsproducingglobes.HisfirstindependentworksweremapsofPalestine(1537)andtheworld(1538).HewascommissionedbyCharlesVtoproducesetsofmeasurementinstrumentsandglobes.Mercatorwouldcontinuingmakingmaps,globes,andatlasesuntilthetimeofhisdeathatage82.HisreligiousbeliefswereProtestant,andhewasimprisonedforseven months in 1544. Luckily he escaped the fate of some of the other42peoplearrested:twowereburnt,onebeheaded,andtwowere buried alive.

Mercator’sgreatestcontributionwashisinventionofaprojectionwithstraightlinesoflatitudeandlongitudethatsimplifiedmaritimenavigation.Healsocoinedtheword“atlas”andwasinstrumentalingivingEuropeansamoreaccuraterepresentationoftheirplaceinthe world, free of the earlier distortions caused by Ptolemy’s works.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)Copernicus was born into the son of a wealthy businessman, and waseducatedbothinKrakowandinItaly,studyingmedicineandlaw. His interest in astronomy was sparked by Domenico Maria Novaraat theUniversityofBologna.HereturnedtoPolandandenjoyed a diverse career that included time as church canon, pro-vincialgovernor,astrologer,economist,andbriefly,asasuccessfulmilitarycommander.Duringthisentiretimehepursuedastronomyas a hobby.

His theory of the heliocentric solar system was in place by 1533, but he was afraid to publish it for fear of repression from church authorities. Finally in 1542, he sent the book toNuremberg forpublicationthroughthemathematicianGeorgJoachimRheticusofWittenberg,afriendofMelanchthon.Accordingtolegend,thefirstprinted copy of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium was placed in his hands on the day he died. Copernicus was buried in Frombork CathedralandhisremainsfinallyfoundandidentifiedinNovember2005.Histheorywasoneofthemostimportantscientificadvancesinhumanhistory,assummarizedherebyGoethe:“Ofalldiscoveriesandopinions,nonemayhaveexertedagreatereffectonthehumanspirit than the doctrine of Copernicus. The world had scarcely be-


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come known as round and complete in itself when it was asked to waivethetremendousprivilegeofbeingthecenteroftheuniverse.Never,perhaps,wasagreaterdemandmadeonmankind.”

Michelangelo (1475-1564)BornnearArezzo,inTuscany,MichelangelodiLodovicoBuonarrotiSimonigrewupnearFlorenceinthehomeofalocalsculptor.Hesplit his years betweenRome,Florence, andBologna.HismostfamousworksarehisfrescoesontheceilingoftheSistineChapeland his statue of David.

HismaininfluencerelatedtoHere I Stand is his work on St. Peter’s Basilica. He was named chief architect of that project in 1546, when hewasage71.Heinheritedadesignforadomewithasinglema-sonry shell thatwasfoundunworkable.Refusingpay,Michelangeloreworkedthedesignfromscratch,creatingadomethatis138feetindiameterandthatrises452feetabovethestreet,makingSt.Peter’sthe largestchurch inChristendom.Michelangelodiedbeforehisdomecouldbecompleted;infact,St.Peter’swouldnotbefinishedfor another 50 years after his death.

Lady Jane Grey (1537-1554) BorninLeicestershire,JaneGreywasthegranddaughterofCharlesBrandon and Mary Tudor, Henry VIII’s sister. She was thus a cousin of Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward, and in line to inherit the throne of Englandifallthreeofthemdiedwithoutissue.Shewasextremelywell educated,knowingLatin,Greek,Hebrewand severalotherlanguage.ShewasanattendantforQueenKatherineParruntilage11.Twoyearslater,shebeganacorrespondencewithBullingerandotherSwissZwinglianreformersthathelpedearnherareputationas one of the most learned women of her day.

WiththedeathofEdwardVIimminent,JohnDudleylaunchedaplot to advance his son, Guilford. JaneandGuilfordweremarried,despiteJane’sprotests.Edward’swillwasupdatedtocutMaryandElizabeth out of the picture. And so, upon Edward’s death, Lady JaneGreybecamequeenofEngland.However,sherefusedtoallowGuilfordtobecomeking.

QueenJanewouldonlyrulefor9days.ThepeoplesupportedMary,whoquickly raised a large army andmarchedonLondon. Janewas imprisoned in the tower. When her father participated in the Protestantrebellionthefollowingyear,MaryhadlittlechoicebuttoexecuteJaneandGuilford.

Michael Servetus (1511-1553)Spanishbybirth,ServetusstudiedattheuniversitiesofZaragoza,Toulouse, and Paris. In his travels he met both Bucer and Oekol-ampadius. Finally he settled down near Lyon and started a medical practice.

Servetuswrote several theological treatises and began a heatedcorrespondencewithCalvin.In1553,hepublisheda theologicaltreatise, Christianismi Restitutio, that contained a full, correct de-scription of pulmonary circulation. Unfortunately these books were burnt;only3havesurvived.Itwouldbeanother60yearsbeforeServetus’theorieswouldgaingeneralacceptance.

OntherunfromtheFrenchauthorities,ServetusfledtoGeneva.However,Calvinalertedthecityofficials,whohadhimimprisoned,tried, and executed. Servetus’ harsh treatment at the hands of Calvin endedupasapublicrelationsnightmarefortheProtestants.

EVENTS OF THE REFORMATIONThis section contains additional details concerning someof theimportanteventsmentionedinthesection“TheGameAsHistory.”

Revolt of the Communeros (1520-1522)CharlesVwasconsideredanoutsiderwhenhefirstarrivedinSpainin1516asthenewking(officiallyasaco-regentwithhismentallyunstablemotherJuana).CharlesappointedseveralofhisadvisorsfromtheNetherlandstokeypostsadministeringCastileandAragon. AfterbeingelectedHolyRomanEmperorin1519,CharlesleftforGermany,leavingAdrianofUtrechtasregent.Soonafterhisde-parture,revoltbrokeoutinCastile,withthechiefcomplaintbeingtheheavytaxesbeingleviedbythisnewrulingpartyofforeigners.

The revolt started in Toledo, where the royal administrators were drivenoutandreplacedwithacommitteeoflocaltownspeople(“theCommuneros”).SimilarlocalrevoltsoccurredacrossCastile.TherebelsliberatedJuanaandtriedtopropherupastheirsolesovereign. CharlesmoveddecisivelyagainsttherebelsandunderminedtheirsupportbyofferingpostswithinhisadministrationtokeyCastiliannobles.Juanaprovedtobeofnoassistancetotherebelseither;shefellintoastuporandrefusedtogovernontheirbehalf.Twoyearsaftertheuprisinghadbegun,thelastresistancewascrushed.Charleskepthismother safely lockedup inprison for the remaining35years of her life.

Peasants War (1524-1525)AgrarianunrestwascommoninGermany,evenpriortotheRefor-mation.UponhearingthemessagesofLutherandCarlstadtof“thepriesthoodofallbelievers”,thepeasantsgainedafurthersenseofempowerment. A revolt broke out near Switzerland in 1524. The peasantsoftheareaorganizedarmies;soontherevolthadspreadacrossGermanynorthandeasttoLeipzig.Atrocitieswerecommittedbybothsidesinthewar;thosebythenobilitywereprobablytheworse.Zwinglivoicedhissupportfor themovement,butLuthernever did.Lacking coherent leadership, the peasant forceswereeventually crushed by the nobility with total losses estimated at 100,000 lives.

Sack of Rome (1527)AfterthebattleofPavia,CharlesVleftCharlesBourboninchargeof his army in Northern Italy (which included as many as 20,000 ProtestantLandsknechts).Howeverhedidnothavethefundstopayfor Bourbon’s operations. Without food and any hope of pay, Bour-bon’smenturnedtolooting.TheywerebribedtobypassFlorence,but no amount of money could keep them from Rome. Once they hadbrokenintothecity,theHapsburgarmyspentatleast8daysransackingandpillagingthecity.PopeClementVIspentthenext8monthsholedupintheCastelSant’Angelo,fearingforhislife.Rome’s population plummeted from 55,000 down to just 10,000. The Sack of Rome was the low point of the 16th Century for the Papacy.Luthercommented:“ChristreignsinsuchawaythattheEmperor who persecutes Luther for the Pope is forced to destroy thePopeforLuther.”

Marburg Colloquy (1529)InOctober1529,PhilipofHessehostedameetingathis familycastleatMarburgtomediatethedifferencesbetweentheLutheranandZwinglianreformedbeliefs.Thegoalwas tocreateaunitedProtestant front.Luther andMelanchthon attendedonone side;ZwingliandOekolampadiusontheother.Thetwosidesdifferedonly about the true nature of the Eucharist. Luther believed in


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transubstantiation;Zwinglifeltthatthebreadandwinewereonlysymbolic. Neitherofthesetitanswaspreparedtogiveground;theReformation remained split into two camps. However, the 14 articles ofagreementthatweredraftedatMarburghelpedMelanchthoncrafttheAugsburgConfessiononeyearlater.

Sale of Moluccas (1529)The treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the world outside of Europe equallybetweenSpainandPortugal.Onelineofdemarcationrannorth-southabout100leagueswestoftheCapeVerdeIslands(offthewestcoastofAfrica),allowingforPortuguesecontrolofBrazil. HowevertheexactlocationoftheothermeridianintheSouthPacificwasimpossibletofix;nomethodforaccuratelymeasuringlongi-tude had been established. AfterMagellan’svoyageof1521-1522showed that the spice islands of the Moluccas could be reached by botheasternandwesternroutes,thedisputeintensified.However,CharlesVneverfoundanothernavigatorwithMagellan’smettle.After three follow-up expeditions failed and contributed further to Hapsburgfinancialwoes,Charlesabandonedthefight.HeproceededtosellSpanishinterests intheMoluccastoPortugalfor350,000ducatsinthe1529TreatyofZaragoza.

Augsburg Confession (1530)PresentedtoCharlesVduringtheDietofAugsburg,theAugsburgConfessionisadocumentoutliningthe21articlesoffaiththatmakeuptheLutheranreligion.EditedbyMelanchthon,thecontentsoftheAugsburgConfessiondrewheavilyfromthepointsofagreementbetweentheLutheranandZwinglianrepresentativesattheMarburgColloquy. This confession of faith helped unify Protestant beliefs prior to the attacks of the Counter Reformation and still serves as the basis for Lutheran beliefs to this day. Similar documents were later created for each of the other forms of Protestantism.

Affair of the Placards (1534)Nicholas Cop’s sermon at the University of Paris in 1533 woke Francis up to the fact that Protestant sects were present in France. Francisnoted,“weareangryanddispleasedtolearnthatthisdamnedhereticalLutheransectisflourishinginourgoodtownofParis.”Francisorderedtwobullstobeissuedagainstheresy.

Seemingly, theProtestant presence had been removed, but thenon October 18, 1534, Parisians on their way to mass saw placards posted prominently across town. The printed billboards attacked transubstantiation (thus giving theZwinglian position, not theLutheranone).Rumorsswirledaroundthecitythatamassacreofthe city’s Catholics could occur next. A placard was said to have even been posted on the door of Francis’ bedchamber at his favor-itechateau(Amboise).Francis’administrationreactedswiftlyandviolently,findingdozensofsuspectswhowerequicklyburntatthestake.Afull-fledgedstruggleforreligiouscontrolofFrancewasnow underway.

Dissolution of the Monasteries (1536-1540)After the 1536 Act of Supremacy made Henry VIII head of the ChurchofEngland,HenrychargedThomasCromwellwithoversee-ingaroundofvisitationstothemonasteriesandabbeysofEnglandto determine their worth. Reports of abuses and scandals were cat-alogedduringthisprocessandusedbyCromwelltojustifyactionagainstthereligioushouses. Parliamentfirstruledthatallhouseswith annual incomes under 200 pounds would be closed and their wealth absorbed by the crown. However, the capital raised was disappointing.Soin1539,Parliamentwentfurther,passinga new lawclosingdowntherestofthemonasteries.

Although theDissolutiondidprovideacash infusion toHenry’sindebtedregime,thebenefitswereshort-lived. Inthelongrun,themainfinancialbeneficiarieswerethegentrythatboughtchurchlandsatbargainprices.ThecostsincludedaterriblelosstothearchivesofmedievalEnglandandadramaticincreaseinunrestinEngland,leadingdirectlytothePilgrimageofGrace.

Pilgrimage of Grace (1536-1537)In the fallof1536, followingabriefuprising inLincolnshire, abandof9000menroseupinaprolongedinsurrection.Theirleaderwas Robert Aske, a London barrister from Yorkshire, who led this motleyarmyintoYork.Theirdemandsincluded:restorationofthemonasteries,removalofCromwellfromoffice,andhandingovertothemanumberofProtestantpreachersincludingbothCranmerand Latimer.

Once in York, the rebels restored Catholic worship in the town. Their ranksswelled,perhapsreaching40,000insize.Askeledtherebelsina march down the Great North Road toward London. At Doncaster, theymetthesmallerroyalforcesoftheDukeofNorfolk,whoagreedtoageneralpardonforthoseinvolvedandaparliamentthenextyearatYork.Beingoverlytrusting,Askethendisbandedhisarmy.

Henryhadnointentionoffollowingthroughwiththeagreement.Asaresult,theuprisingbegananewin1537,butHenrywasnowabletoquicklyseizeandexecutetheringleaders.Therebellionfellapart soon thereafter.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)ThelargestecumenicalcouncilduringtheperiodwasheldintheTyrolean town of Trent in north-eastern Italy. The council met three timesduringthe16thCentury:from1545to1549,from1551to1552,andfrom1562to1563.TheoriginalideaforacouncilwasadvocatedbyCharlesV,whoaskedClementtocallonehopingthatitmightallowareconciliationsofCatholicandProtestantfaiths.Thecouncilwasoft-delayed,however,notactuallyconveninguntil20yearshadpassed.Protestantswerenevergiventherighttovoteattheproceedings,thereforethosewhoplannedtoattend(suchasMelanchthon)brokeoff their journeybeforereachingTrent.ThecouncilendedupcondemningProtestantism.Thedoctrinaldecisionsmade at Trent affected much-needed reforms that helped the Roman CatholicchurchrespondtotheProtestantchallenge.

Gabelle Revolt (1548)FrancisIissuedanedictin1546increasingthetaxes(“thegabelle”)on the southwest provinces of France. By 1548, the new taxes had becomemostunpopular;theresultingunrestturnedtoviolenceandspreadacrosstheprovinceofGuyenne.Rag-tagarmieswithasmanyas 40,000 men appeared. Bordeaux was seized and the lieutenant ofthegovernoroftheprovincekilled.HenryII(nowthekingafterFrancis’death)dispatchedMontmorencytotheregion.Hecrackeddownhard,executinghundreds,andstrippingroyalchartersfrommanyofthetownsoftheregion.


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TWO -PLAYER VARIANT1. IntroductionThese variant rules for Here I Standallowthegametobeplayedwith just two players. One person takes the role of the Protestant, tryingtospreadtheReformationasfarandaswideaspossible.Heis opposed in these efforts by the Papal player. The actions of the otherfourmajorpowersarehandledindirectlythroughanewdeckof diplomatic cards. There is only one scenario for two players (and itstartsin1517,Turn1).Expectedplayingtimeforplayersfamiliarwiththestandardgame(i.e.gameswithmorethan2players)is3hours.Theserulesidentifyallchangesfromtheexistingrulesforthis variant. If a section is not included in these rules, assume that the rules are the same as in standard Here I Stand play.

2.2 Political ControlOnlyMetz,Liege,andallspacesintheGermanandItalianlanguageszonemaychangepoliticalcontrolinthisvariant.Allotherspaceson themap remainunder thepolitical controlof a singlepowerthroughoutthegame.

3. Powers and RulersOnly the Papacy and Protestant major powers participate fully in thegame.ThePowerCardsfortheothermajorpowersarenotusedduringplayandtheseothermajorpowersarenotdealtcardsanddonotparticipateinthefollowingphases:CardDraw,Diplomacy,SpringDeployment,andVictoryDetermination.Thesepowersmayonly participate in the Action Phase and Winter Phase if they are currently at war with the Papacy or the Protestant player (i.e., have beenactivatedthroughanInvasioncardfromtheDiplomaticdeckwithoutasubsequentpeace,orareatwarduetotheformationoftheSchmalkaldicLeague).

6.2 The DeckFor this variant, players must remove a number of cards from the standard Here I Stand deck (hereafter referred to as the “MainDeck”).See theSetupat theendof the rules fora listofwhichcards are removed. However, each player will now have a separate hand of Diplomatic cards formed from the Diplomatic Deck. Each player’s hand of one or two Diplomatic cards should always be kept separate from their hand of cards from the Main Deck. If an event specifiesthatacardisdrawnfromanotherplayer,alwayschoosefrom a player’s hand of Main Deck cards.

Adding CardsTherulesforaddingcardstothetwodecksarelistedhere.

Diplomatic DeckTwelve cards form the initial Diplomatic Deck at the start of the game.Nineadditionalcards(markedintheupperrightcornerwiththetext“FirstturnafterSchmalkaldicLeagueevent”)areaddedtotheDiplomaticDeckduringthegame.ThisadditionoccursatthestartofthefirstturnaftertheSchmalkaldicLeaguehasbeenformed.ReshufflethediscardpilefortheDiplomaticDeckandthesenewcards into the Diplomatic Deck at this time. (The Diplomatic Deck isnotshuffledatthestartofeachturn,justwhenthesenewcardsenter play or immediately after the Machiavelli Diplomatic event isplayed.)

Main DeckCardsareaddedtotheMainDeckatthestartofTurns3through7.TheMaryIorElizabethIcardsmightbeaddedtothedeckonTurns8or9iftherulerofEnglandchangedonthepreviousturn.Just likeinthestandardgame,addthediscardpileandanynewcardsenteringplaytotheMainDeckeachturn.Thenreshufflethisdeckbeforedealinganycardsfortheturn.

Dealing CardsTherulesfordealingcardsfromthetwodecksarelistedhere.

Diplomatic DeckEachplayerisdealtonecardfromtheDiplomaticDeckduringtheDiplomacy Phase of each turn.

Main DeckCards are dealt from the Main Deck to the Papacy and Protestant justasinthestandardgame.Theotherfourmajorpowersareneverdealt cards.

7. SEQUENCE OF PLAYThestandardsequenceofplayismodifiedasfollows:

• TheNewWorldPhaseisdeleted,asaretherollsforNewWorldRiches.

• TheDiplomacyPhaseisreplacedbytheuseofthisvariant’sownDiplomatic Deck. The chance for the Papacy to end a war occurs in this phase prior to the play of these new Diplomatic event cards. OtheractivitiesthatnormallyoccurduringtheDiplomacyPhase(suchasdeclaringwar)arenowhandledentirelythroughplayofthese diplomatic cards.

TheSequenceofPlayforthe2-playervariantisfoundonthebackoftheSequenceofPlaycardforthestandardgame.

9. DIPLOMACYThe standardgame rules for theDiplomacyPhase arenot used.InsteaddealandplayDiplomaticcardsasspecifiedinthe2-playersequenceofplay.TheTurn1DiplomacyPhaseisdifferentinthatthe players each draw a Diplomatic card that turn, but they do not playone(theymustwaituntilTurn2).

Playing Diplomatic CardsAsspecifiedintheSequenceofPlay,thePapacyandthentheProtes-tanteachplayoneofthetwoDiplomaticcardsintheirhandduringtheDiplomacyPhaseofTurns2through9.Youmustalwaysplayacardatthistime,evenifbothofyourDiplomaticeventsbenefityour opponent. In such a case the card is resolved by your opponent exactlyasspecifiedbythetextonthecard.Wartburg may not be used to cancel a Diplomatic event.

Gaining At War StatusAftertheplayofSchmalkaldicLeague,thePapacyandProtestantarealwaysatwar,asaretheHapsburgandProtestant.Addan“AtWar”marker to the appropriate boxes of the Diplomatic Status Display. Other powers only become At War if dictated by an Invasion Dip-lomatic event that has been played (either this turn, or in a previous turnifthepowershavenotyetgonetopeace).WhenoneoftheseInvasioneventsoccurs,addan“AtWar”markertotheappropriatebox of the Diplomatic Status display.


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• Controlunfortifiedspace• Playof combat and responsecards to assist amajorpowerat

war with their opponent (Exception: Landsknechts, and Swiss Mercenaries,see14below).

12. CONTROL & UNRESTProtestant may remove unrest from any space on the map that is currentlyunderProtestantreligiousinfluence.Similarly,thePapacymay always remove unrest from any space on the map under Catho-licreligiousinfluence.Thenormalrequirementtohaveaunitinoradjacent to these spaces is dropped in these special cases.

13. MOVEMENTPapal and Protestant units may never move, intercept, retreat or avoidbattletospacesoutsidetheGermanandItalianlanguagezones.French,HapsburgandOttomanunitsmaymove,intercept,retreatoravoidbattletospacesthroughoutthesetwolanguagezonesandtospaces elsewhere on the board that are either independent or under their own control. Minor power units follow the same restriction as their major power ally.

14. UNIT CONSTRUCTIONThe Papacy may only construct units of the Papacy and their minor powerallies,eveninturnswheretheyarecontrollingothermajorpower units due to an Invasion event. The Protestant may only con-structProtestantlandunits,eveninturnswheretheyarecontrollingother major power units due to an Invasion event. These restrictions includeconstructionofunitsthroughcardssuchasForeign Recruits, Landsknechts, and Swiss Mercenaries.

19. WINTERFrench,Hapsburg,andOttomanunitsaremovedtofortifiedspacesasnormal.Thismovementiscontrolledbytheplayercontrollingthispower’sforcesduringtheprecedingActionPhase.Ifwinterruleswould force units from these powers to return to the capital, they areremovedfromplayinstead.AllFrench,Hapsburg,andOttomanarmy leaders are removed from play (to reenter if an invasion event reoccurs),eveniftheyarecurrentlycaptured.

ThefollowingMandatoryEventsareadded to thenormal listofeventstriggeredintheWinterPhase.

Event Required by Winter Phase of: Edward VI Turn 7 Mary I Turn 8

Since the Barbary Pirateseventisnotinthedeck,itisnolongerautomaticallytriggeredattheendofTurn3.

21.3 EnglandHenry’s Wives & HeirsAssume that Henry and Anne Boleyn are married on Turn 4. Cran-mer,LatimerandCoverdaleenterthegameatthestartofTurn5.

The English SuccessionAssume that Edward and Elizabeth have both been born prior to Turn 6.ThusEdwardisplacedinthedeckduringtheCardDrawPhaseof

Gaining Allied StatusAftertheplayofSchmalkaldicLeague,thePapacyandHapsburgareallied for the restof thegame.Addan“Ally”marker to theappropriateboxoftheDiplomaticStatusDisplay(removingan“AtWar”markerifpresent).Thisonecaseistheonlytimetwomajorpowers may ever be allied in this variant. This alliance allows the PapacytospringdeploythroughHapsburg-controlledspaces.

Removing At War StatusOnce At War with a major power, there are two ways for the Papacy to remove this“AtWar”statusandreturn topeace. (Just like inthestandardgame,theHapsburgsandPapacycanneverreturntopeacewiththeProtestantsaftertheplayofSchmalkaldicLeague).Thesetwowaysare:

• If thewar is between the Papacy and either France or theHapsburgs, and the ruler of this power has not yet beenexcommunicated, the Papacy may play the card Papal Bull at the start of the Diplomacy Phase to excommunicate that ruler and end that war. Place an Excommunication marker over that ruler’s name onthePapalPowerCard.Removethe“AtWar”markerbetweenthese powers. The Papal Bull card is used for the turn (place it onthePapalPowerCard).ThePapacythencanchoosetoeitherregaincontrolofonePapalhomespace(evenakey)controlledby this enemy power or draw one extra card from the Main Deck.

• AtthestartoftheDiplomacyPhase,thePapacymayelecttosueforpeacetoendawar(thereisnorequirementforthePapacytohavehadahomespacecapturedlikeinthestandardgame).Removethe“AtWar”markerbetweenthesepowers.Adda“WarWinner1VP”marker to thebonusVPboxon theProtestant power card. The Papacy must remove 2 of his power’s units (land ornaval)ofhischoicefromthemap.ThePapacymaythenchoosetoawardadditionalVPtotheProtestanttoregaincontrolofPapalhome spaces controlled by this enemy power. Add 1 War Winner VP for each such space that the Papacy reclaims (The Papacy may notgiveupcarddrawsatthistime;VPmustbeawarded).

Inthesemethodsforendingawar,thePapacymayregaincontrolofhomespaces.Step3ofthePeaceSegmentprocedure(9.3)isalwaysusedtochangecontrolofaspace.

10. SPRING DEPLOYMENTOnly thePapacymay ever springdeploy.ThisPapal springde-ployment may never enter a space outside the German or Italian languagezones.

11. THE ACTION PHASENormally the Papal and Protestant players are limited to the actions allowedbytheirpowerinthestandardgame.However,whentheiropponent is in a state of war, these powers may play cards to take actions on behalf of a major power that is at war with their opponent. The actions that may be undertaken in this way are strictly limited tothislist(notethatunitconstructionactionsarenotincluded):

• Moveformationinclear• Moveformationoverpass• Navalmove(iftakenbythePapacy,theirnavalunitsmayalsomove)

• Assault


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Turn6.Mary(andthenElizabeth)isaddedtothedeckattheusualtime if anewEnglish rulerwent intoplayon theprevious turn.PlayofEdwardVIandMaryIisnowrequiredintheWinterPhaseof Turns 7 and 8 if they have not previously entered play. Be sure toaddtheirsuccessortothedeckatthestartofthefollowingturn.

Mary I as Ruler of EnglandThefollowingprocedureisusedaftereachProtestantimpulsewhenMaryrulesEngland.IgnorethisprocedureentirelyifallEnglishhome spaces are Catholic at the start of the impulse.

English Impulses under Mary I1. After each Protestant impulse, the Papal player rolls a die. On a roll of 1-4, proceed to the Papal impulse and skip the rest of this procedure. On a roll of 5-6, continue to the next step.

2.ThePapalpowerdrawsacardfromthedeckandgetstoexecuteoneormoreactionsbasedonthecard’sCPvalue: 1 or 2 CP card: Papal power initiates a Burn Books action tar-getingtheEnglishlanguagezone.

3 CP card:PapalpowerinitiatesaTheologicalDebatetargetingtheEnglishlanguagezone.

4 or higher CP card: Papal power initiates a Burn Books action targetingtheEnglishlanguagezonefolloweddirectlybyaTheo-logicalDebateinEngland.

18. THE REFORMATIONDiet of Worms ProcedureTheHapsburgcardfortheDietofWormsisdrawnfromthetopofthedeck(ignoretheeventifaMandatoryEventisdrawn;itbecomesjusta2CPeventcard).

19. VICTORYDomination VictoryIfduringtheVictoryDeterminationSegment,apower’sVPtotalis less than25but isat least8VPgreater than theotherpower,they win a Domination Victory. This victory can only occur in the Victory Determination phase of Turn 4 or later. Do not check for a DominationvictoryduringTurns1,2,and3.

Modified CardsTheresolutionofthesecardsismodifiedinthevariant:

Papal Bull:MayonlybeusedtoexcommunicatearulerduringtheDiplomacyPhase(seeSection9above).

Schmalkaldic League:Whenthiseventistriggered,theHaps-burgsandPapacyarenowallied(evenifpreviouslyAtWar).ThePapacymaynowtakeactionswithHapsburgunitsfortherestofthegame.IfRomeorRavennaareHapsburg-controlled,theyremainthatwayfortherestofthegame.

Dissolution of the Monasteries: Protestant draws a card at ran-dom from the Papal player’s hand and discards it. Protestant then makes3Reformation attempts targeting theEnglish languagezone. Remove from deck if played as event.

Charles Bourbon:TheRenegadeleaderandmercenariesmustbeplacedinaspaceintheGermanorItalianlanguagezones.

City State Rebels: If theSchmalkaldicLeague event hasoc-curred,thiseventmaynowbeplayedagainstanelectorateunderHapsburgpoliticalcontrol.

Sack of Rome:NochangesexceptifthemercenariesareFrenchorHapsburg;thosepowerscannotreceiveacardfromthePapalhand.Justdiscardthiscardtoo.

SetupThesetupisthesameasthe1517Scenario,butwiththefollowingexceptions:• AllstacksoflandunitsoutsidetheGermanandItalianlanguagezonesshouldcontainjust1regularandnootherlandunits.

• TheonlynavalunitsplacedonthemaparethoseinMarseilles,Genoa, Naples, Venice, and Rome.

• Prague,Brunn,andBreslauareunderHapsburgpoliticalcontrol(placeaHapsburgSCMinPrague;HapsburgHCMsinBrunnandBreslau).HungarystartsthegameasaHapsburgally.AllotherspacesinHungaryareunderOttomanpoliticalcontrol.TheinitialsetupsforBudaandBelgradeare1Ottomanregularineachspace.

• Theonly leaderplacedon themapat the startof thegame isAndreaDoria(inGenoa).

Thefollowingcardsareremovedfromthedeckforthistwo-playervariant: 1 Janissaries 2 Holy Roman Emperor 3 Six Wives of Henry VIII 4 Patron of the Arts 9 Barbary Pirates 18 Dragut 30 Tercios 34 Professional Rowers 40 Machiavelli’s“ThePrince” 42 Roxelana 48 Galleons 49 HuguenotRaiders 50 Mercator’s Map 53 Plantations 54 Potosi Silver Mines 58 SpanishInquisition 59 LadyJaneGrey 66 Akinji Raiders 68 Andrea Doria 69 Auld Alliance 72 Cloth Prices Fluctuate 73 DiplomaticMarriage 74 Diplomatic Overture 77 Fountain of Youth 80 Gabelle Revolt 82 JanissariesRebel 83 JohnZapolya 84 JuliaGonzaga 86 KnightsofSt.John 87 Mercenaries Demand Pay 89 Pirate Haven 92 RevoltinEgypt 93 Revolt in Ireland


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TWO -PLAYER VARIANT CREDITSGAME DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT: Ed Beach

PLAYTESTING: BenAcker, JoeAcker, ScottBauer, EdBeach, Matthew Beach, Steve Caler, Bryan Collars, David Cross,BenElzingacheng,MarkGreenwood,AllenHill,NathanHill,SteveLampon,JustinRice,KenRichards,JJTee.

94 Revolt of the Communeros 96 Sale of Moluccas 97 Scots Raid 98 Search for Cibola 99 Sebastian Cabot 100 Shipbuilding 101 Smallpox 103 Threat To Power 108 Venetian Alliance 110 War with Persia 111 ColonialGovernor/NativeUprising 112 Thomas More 113 Imperial Coronation 114 LaForêt’sEmbassyinIstanbul 115 Thomas Cromwell 116 RoughWooing All other cards are added to the deck normally.

TWO-PLAYER DESIGNER ’S NOTESCentraltothedesignofHere I Stand was the idea that 16th Century conflictsforcontrolofEuropeweregoingonattwolevels:amili-taryoneandareligiousone.Thisfactiscapturedinthegameinanumberofways:theuseofasinglesetofmarkerstoindicatebothreligiousandpoliticalcontrolofaspace,thedivisionofthegame’spersonalitiesintoarmy/navyleadersandreligiousones,andeveninthegame’ssubtitle,“WarsoftheReformation”,whichtomymindstandsforthesetwooverarchingconflicts.Iwantedtoshowhowthesetwostrugglesintersectedandintertwined,whilestillrealizingthatIneededtwoverydifferentsetsofgamemechanicstocapturethe essence of each.

OnequestionIrepeatedlyaskedmyselfwashowcomplextomakeeachofthesetwohalvesofthegame.Justthefactthatthereweregoingtobetwosidestothedesignmeanttherulesweregoingtohavetobelengthy.Sokeepingeachstrugglesimplewasimperative.However,Ialsofeltthatthetworeligiouspowers(PapacyandProt-estant)weregoingtobespendingthemajorityoftheirtimelockedin this religious struggle.That sideof thegameneeded to standonitsownasanengagingandthought-provokingcontestbetweenthesetwoprotagonists.

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Therefore,Isetmyselfadesigngoal.Thereligiousconflictshouldbedeepenoughthatitwouldmakeagoodtwo-playergameinitsownright.IdidspendalittlebitoftimevalidatingthatbeforepublicationwithacoupleofquicktestswithmysonMatthew.Allwedidwastoremovethecardsthatneverapplytoreligiouspowers(suchasalltheNewWorldcards,ForeignWars,mostoftheoutbreaksofUnrest)andplayedasiftheothermajorpowersdidn’texist.Sureafew weird situations cropped up, but overall it was fun and extremely quick-playing.Inthecrunchtogetthegameout,full-fledgedworkon a Two-Player variant had to wait. However, I knew that the idea hadmeritandwasworthpursuingatalaterdate.

Aftersevenmonthsoftestingandtuning,thevariantwascompleteand retained much of the simplicity of those early two-player tests. Theadditionalrulesarestilljustafewpageslong.Howeverwiththe addition of a Diplomatic Deck, each player faces external threats thatmirrortheirpower’sroleina6-playergame.Betterstill,youcanarguethatthecardplaydecisionsareeventougherforthesepowers this time,at leastwhencontrollingan invadingarmy. Inthosesituations,aplayerhastoweighthebenefitsofvariouscardplaystoimprovehisownpositionagainstthoseplaysthatdamagehis opponent with an invasion force.

I’malsohopingthattheTwo-PlayerVariantmakesHere I Stand accessible to new players who haven’t had the time or local players necessaryforthesix-playerversion.Asalways,checkoutthegame’swebsiteforthelatestnews(http://home.comcast.net/~ebeach/).Wewillbecontinuingtoprovideupdatederrata/FAQ,answeringrulequestions,andprovidematch-makingforPBEMgamers.Onlynowthatsupportwillexpandtoincludethoselookingtohavefunholdingtheologicaldebatesandburninghereticsinatwo-playersetting!

500th anniversary edition - amazon s3 · here i stand scenario book, 500th anniversary edition 1...

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