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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 1
U N D E R S T A N D I N G R E F L E C T I O N O F L I G H T
What light is? Is a form energy. Light travel in a straight line and high speed about 300,000 km s-1
.
How the light
ray reflected
by the surface
of mirror?
1. The light ray that strikes the surface of
the mirror is called incident ray.
2. The light ray that bounces off from the
surface of the mirror is called reflected ray.
3. The normal is a line perpendicular to
the mirror surface where the reflection
occurs.
4. The angle between the incident ray and
the normal is called the angle of incidence
,i.
5. The angle between the reflected ray and
the normal is called the angle of
reflection, r.
AO = incident ray
OB = reflected ray
i = angle of incident
r = angle of reflected
What is the
Law of
Reflection ?
The Laws Of Reflection
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane The angle of
incident, i, is ….equal….. to the angle of reflection, r.
Draw the ray
diagram of the
plane mirror
1. Consider an object O placed in front of a
plane mirror.
2. Measure the distance between the object
o and the mirror.
3. Measure the same distance behind the
mirror and mark the position as the image.
4. Draw the diverging ray from a point on
the image to the corner of the eye. The rays
from the image to the mirror must be
dotted to show that are virtual.
5. Finally, draw two diverging rays from
the object to the mirror to meet the
diverging rays from the image.
5.1
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 2
State the
characteristics
of the image
formed by
plane mirror
1 laterally inverted
2. same size as the object
3. virtual
4. upright
5.distance between image and mirror same
as distance between object and mirror.
What is meant
by virtual
image?
Image that …cannot………. be seen on a screen.
What is meant
by real image?
Image that …...can…be seen on a screen.
CURVED MIRRORS:
Concave mirror Convex mirror
State the
differences
between
concave mirror
and convex
mirror
1.Light (diverged, converged)
2.(virtual,real) principal focus
3.PF = Focal length
= Distance between the virtual
principal focus and the pole of the
mirror.
1.Light (diverged, converged)
2. (virtual,real) principal focus
3. PF= ….Focal length…
= Distance between the real principal focus
and the pole of the mirror.
Common
terminology of
reflection of
light on a
curved mirror
Refer to the diagrams above and give the names for the following:
1.Centre of curvature ,C = The geometric centre of a hollow sphere of which the concave or
convex mirror is a part.
2.Pole of mirror, P = The centre point on the curved mirror
3.Radius of curvature ,r = CP = radius of the curvature
4.Focal length, f = The distance between the principle focus, F and the pole of the mirror, P
5.Object distance, u = Distance of object from the pole of the mirror, P
6.Object distance , v = Distance of image from the pole of the mirror,P
Construction
Rules for
Concave
Mirror
Ray 1 Ray 2
Ray 3
f
r
f
r
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 3
A ray parallel to the
principle axis is reflected to
pass through F.
A ray through F is reflected
parallel to the principle
axis.
A ray through C is reflected
back along its own path.
Image formed
by concave
mirror:
Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
cases shown below:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length ; r = radius of curvature
Note: Point of intersection in the position of the image
A u < f ( Object between F and P ) Characteristics of
image:
1.virtual
2.upright
3.magnified
Application:
1.magnifying mirror
2.sharing mirror
3. make-up mirror
B u = f ( Object, O is at F ) Characteristics of
image:
1.Image at infinity
Application:
A reflector to
produce parallel
beam of light
such as a reflector in
1. torchlight
2.spotlight
C f < u < 2f or f < u < r ( Object O is
between F and C
Characteristics of
image:
1.magnified
2.real
3.inverted
D u = 2f or u = r ( Object ,O is at C) Characteristics of
image:
1.same size
2.real
3.inverted
Application:
1.reflector in a
projector
I
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 4
Eu > 2f or u > r ( Object, O is beyond C ) Characteristics of
image:
1.diminished
2.real
3.inverted
F u = ( Object ,O very far from the lens) Characteristics of
image:
1.diminished
2.real
3.inverted
Application:
Used to view distant
objects as in a
reflecting telescope
Construction
Rules for
Concave
Mirror
Ray 1
Ray 2 Ray 3
A ray parallel to the
principal axis is reflected as
if it came from F.
A ray towards F is reflected
parallel to the principal
axis.
A ray towards C is reflected
back along its own path.
Image formed
by concave
mirror:
Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
cases shown below:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length ; r = radius of curvature
A u < f ( Object between F and P ) Characteristics of
image:
1.diminished
2.virtual
3.upright
Application:
1. Blind Conner
mirror
2.Wide side view
mirror
I
I
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 5
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1. Which of the following is true of the laws of
reflection f light?
A The angle of incident is equal to the
angle of refraction
B The incident ray and the reflected ray
are always perpendicular to each
other.
C The incident ray , the reflected ray
and the normal line through the point
of incidence, all lie on the same plane.
2. The diagram shows a single ray of light being
directed at a plane mirror.
What are the angles of incidence and reflection?
Angle of incidence Angle of
reflection
A 40o 40
o
B 40o 50
o
C 50o 40
o
D 50o 50
o
3. The diagram shows a ray of light from a small bulb
strikes a plane mirror.
Where is the image of the bulb formed and its
characteristic?
A At P and virtual
B At Q and real
C At R and virtual
4. A boy stands in front of a plane mirror a distance
5 m . When the boy moves toward the mirror by 2
m , what is the distance between the boy and his
new image?
A 2m B 4m
C 6m D 8 m
E 10 m
5. An object is placed in front of a plane mirror.
Compare to the object, the image formed in the
mirror is always
A virtual
B smaller
C bigger
D three times as far away
6. A light ray incident onto a plane mirror at an
angle of 50o
The characteristics of an image , formed by a
convex mirror for all positions of the object are
A diminished, real and inverted
B magnified , real, and upright
C diminished ,virtual and upright
D magnified , virtual and inverted
7. A concave mirror has a focal length 20 cm.
What happen to the size of image when an object
is placed at a distance of 40 cm in front of the
mirror?
A diminished
B magnified
C same size of object
40°
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 6
8. The figure shows a candle placed in front of a
concave mirror of focal length, f.
The image formed is
A real, upright and magnified
B real, inverted and diminished
C virtual, inverted and magnified
D virtual, upright and diminished
9. When an object is placed at a point 20 cm in
front of a concave mirror, a real image of the
same as the object is formed on a screen placed
next to the object. What is the focal length of the
mirror?
A 5 cm
B 10 cm
C 15 cm
D 20 cm
10. Which of the following states the right reason for
replacing a plane mirror are used as rear- view
mirrors in motor vehicles with a convex mirror ?
A To shine the object
B To widen the field of view
C To produce a brighter image
D To produce a sharper image
Answer:
1 C
2 D
3 A
4 C
5 A
6 C
7 A
8 A
9 B
10 C
Section A (Paper 2)
Structure Question:
1. Diagram 3.1 shows a mirror at the corner of a shop.
DIAGRAM 3.1 / RAJAH 3.1
(a) Name the type of mirror shown in Diagram 3.1
Convex mirror
……………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(b) Name one characteristic of the image formed
by the mirror.
Upright / diminished / smaller / virtual
……………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(c) Sketch a ray diagram to show how the image
is formed.
1. Draw a parallel ray from the object that is
incident along a path parallel to the principal axis
appears to go through the focal point
2. A radial ray that is incident through the centre
of curvature, C of the curved mirror is reflected
back along the incident path through point C
3. Determine the correct position of the image
[3 marks]
(d) What is the advantage of using this type of
mirror in the shop?
To increase the field of vision
……………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 7
2. Diagram 4.1 shows the image of a patient’s teeth
seen in a mirror used by a dentist.
DIAGRAM 4.1
(a) Name the type of the mirror used by the
dentist.
Concave mirror
………………………………………… …….
[ 1 mark ]
(b) State the light phenomenon that causes the
image of the teeth
Reflection of light
………………………………………………..........
[ 1 mark ]
(c) State two characteristics of the image
formed.
Virtual, upright and magnified
…………………………………………………….
[ 2 marks ]
(d) In the diagram below, the arrow represents
the teeth as the object of the mirror.
Complete the ray diagram by drawing the
required rays to locate the position of
the image.
[ 3 marks]
Section B(Paper 2)
Essay Question(20 marks)
Diagram 7.1 shows two cars, P and Q , travelling in
the opposite directions, passing through a sharp band.
A mirror is placed at X .
DIAGAM 7.1
(a) Diagram 7.2 shows an incomplete ray
diagram when a plane mirror is placed at X.
DIAGRAM 7.2
(i) Complete the ray diagram in Diagram 7.2
[2 marks]
1. Two reflected rays are shown (diagram)[1 mark]
2. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection (diagram)
[1 mark]
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 8
(ii) State the light phenomenon involved in (a)(i).
Reflection
…………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(iii) Based on your answer in (a)(i), state the problem
experienced by the driver in car P.
The driver in car P cannot see car Q // field of
………………………………………………………..
view very small
………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(b) Diagram 7.3 shows an incomplete ray diagram
when a curve mirror is placed at X to replace the
plane mirror in Diagram 7.2. The curve mirror is used
to overcome the problem that occur in (a)(iii).
DIAGRAM 7.3
(i) Give the name of the curve mirror.
Convex mirror
…………………………………[1 mark]
(ii) Complete the ray diagram in Diagram 7.3
[2 marks]
1. Two reflected rays are shown (diagram)[1 mark]
2. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection (diagram)
[1 mark]
(iii) Based on your answer in b(ii), how the curve
mirror solved the problem in (a) (iii)?
The convex mirror increase the field of view
…………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
( C) The characteristics of the image formed by the
curved mirror in Figure 7.3 is diminished,
virtual and upright.
(i) What happen to the characteristics of the
image when the focal length of the curved mirror
is increased?
The driver in car P cannot see car Q // field of
………………………………………………………..
view very small
………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(ii) Give the reason for your answer in (c)(i).
The characteristics of image of a convex
……………………………………………………..
mirror not depends on the focal length
…………………………………………………
[1 mark]
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5 - 9
U N D E R S T A N D I N G R E F R A C T I O N O F L I G H T
The diagram shows the spoon bent when put inside the water.
State the
phenomenon
occurs.
Refraction of light
How the
phenomenon
occurs?
Light travel from less dense medium which is air to denser medium (water), light will be
deviated near to the normal. Thus the spoon seems like bending after putting inside the water.
Why light is
refracted?
It due to change in the velocity of light as it passes from one medium into another.
Light travel more slowly in water (or glass) than in air.
When a light beam passes from air into glass, one side of the beam is slowed before the other.
This makes the beam ‘bend’.
Three different
cases of refraction
Case 1:
i = 0 ,r = 0
Case 2:
i > r
Case 3:
i < r
5.2
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5 - 10
When a ray of light crosses
the boundry between two
different mediums at a right
angle or the incident ray
parallel to normal,
the ray is not bent
but the speed of
light is different.
The angles of
incidence and
refraction are zero.
Ray is light passes from
air(less dense) to
glass(denser).
ray is bent towards
the normal
the speed of light
decreases after
entering the glass
Ray of light passes from
glass(dense) to air(less
dense)
ray bent away from
the normal
the speed of light
increases after
emerging from the
glass.
State the Laws of
Refraction
The Laws Of Refraction
When the light travel from one medium to another medium which has a different optical density:
1. Snell’s Law :The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant.
2. The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray all lie in the same plane
Refractive Index
1. When light travels between two mediums with different optical densities, it changes speed
and bends.
2. The speed of light will decrease when it enters an optically denser medium and increases when
it enters an optically less dense medium.
3. The angle of bending of light depends on the refractive index of the mediums and the angle of
incidence ,i.
How to define
refractive index
1. Refractive index, n is defined as,
where n = Refractive index
i = the angle in medium less
dense
r = the angle in denser medium
A material with a higher
refractive index has a higher
density.
The value of refractive index , n
1
The refractive index has no units.
Example:
The diagram shows a ray of light passing from
air to the block X.
Calculate the refractive index of the block X.
Solution:
n = sin 50°
sin 40°
= 1.2
n = sin i
sin r
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5 - 11
2.
Example:
The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1
and the speed of light in glass is 2 x 108 ms-1 .
Determine the refractive index of glass.
Solution:
n = 3 x 108 ms-1
2 x 108 ms-1
= 1.5
3.Real Depth and Apparent Depth
The following terms are defined:
Real depth,H = The distance of the real object,
O from the surface of the water.
Apparent depth, h= The distance of the image,
I from the surface of the water.
The refraction of light gives us a false
impression of depth.
Example:
A) The fish in the pond appears to be closer to
the surface than it actually is.
(B) The apparent depth – a swimming pool
looks shallower than it really is.
n = speed of light in vacuum (air)
speed of light in medium
0r
n = va
vm
n = Real depth , H
Apparent depth, h
Or
n = H
h
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5 - 12
( C) A straight object place in water
looks bent at the surface.
Explanation:
1.Rays of light from the object travel from
water to air.
2.Water is a denser medium compared to air.
3. Therefore, rays of light refract away from
the normal as they leave the water. The rays of
light then enter the eyes of the observer.
4. So the object appears to be nearer the
surface of the water.
Experiment to investigate the relationship between the
angle of incidence and the angle of refraction.
Hypothesis:
The angle of refraction increases as the angle of
incidence increases.
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the angle of
incidence and the angle of refraction.
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence
Responding variable: Angle of refraction
Fixed variable: Refractive index
List of apparatus and materials:
Glass block, ray box, white paper protactor, power
supply .
Experiment to investigate the relationship between
real depth and apparent depth.
Hypothesis:
The apparent depth increases as the real depth increases.
.
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between apparent depth
and the real depth
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: real depth
Responding variable: apparent depth
Fixed variable: Refractive index
List of apparatus and materials:
Pin, ruler, water, retort stand ,tall beaker
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5 - 13
Arrangement of the apparatus:
The procedure of the experiment which include the
method of controlling the manipulated variable and
the method of measuring the responding variable.
The glass block is placed on a white paper.
The outline of the sides of the glass block are traced on
the white paper and labelled as ABCD.
The glass block is removed.
The normal ON is drawn.
By using a protractor , the angle of incidence, i , is
measured = 20°.
The glass block is replaced again on its outline on the
paper.
A ray of light from the ray box is directed along
incidence line.
The ray emerging from the side CD is drawn as line PQ.
The glass block is removed again.
The point O and P is joined and is drawn as line OP.
The angle of refraction, r is measured.
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of
incidence, i= 30° , 40°,50°, 60° and 70°.
Tabulate the data:
Sin i
Sin r
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph Sin r against Sin i
Arrangement of the apparatus:
The procedure of the experiment which include the
method of controlling the manipulated variable and
the method of measuring the responding variable.
A pin is placed at the base of the beaker as object O.
The another pin is clamped horizontally onto the retort
stand as image position indicator, I
The beaker is filled with water.
By using a ruler ,the real depth of the pin is measured, H=
8.0 cm
The pin O is seen vertically above the surface of the
water.
The position of pin I is adjusted until parallax error
between the pin O and the pin I is non- existent.
By using the ruler again ,the position of pin I is measured
as the apparent depth = h
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other value of
the real depth of water, ,i.e. D=10 cm,12 cm,14 cm and
16 cm.
Tabulate the data:
H/cm
h/cm
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph h against H
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5 - 14
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1 When light travels from one medium to another,
refraction take place. Refraction is caused by the
change in the
A amplitude of light rays
B intensity of light rays
C strength of light rays
D velocity of light rays
2 An observer cannot see the coin in an empty glass
as shown in Figure(a). However , he can see the
coin when the glass is filled with water as shown
in Figure(b).
Figure (a)
Figure (b)
The observer can see the coin in Figure (b) due to
A the total internal reflection of light
B the refraction of llight
C the reflection of light
D the diffraction of light
3 Which of the following is not caused by the
refraction of light ?
A A fish in pond appears nearer to the surface
of the water
B The sunlight reaches to the earth in a curve
path
C A ruler appears to bend at the water surface.
D The sea water appear in blue colour
4 Figure shows a light ray travelling from
medium R to medium S.
Which of the following is true?
A The speed of light in medium R is larger than
the speed of light in medium S
B The optical density of medium R is larger
than the optical density of medium S
C The refractive index of medium R is larger
than the refractive index of medium S
5 The diagram shows a light ray directed into a
glass block.
Which is the angle of refraction?
6 A light ray travels from medium P to medium Q.
Which of the following diagrams correctly shows
the path of the light ?
[ Medium P denser medium and Medium Q less
dense ]
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5 - 15
7 The diagram shows a light ray travels from liquid
L to liquid M.
Which of the following diagrams correctly shows
the path of the light ?
[ Refractive index of liquid M > Refractive index
of liquid L ]
8 The diagram shows a light ray which travels from
the air to the glass.
What is the refrective index of the glass?
A Sin S B Sin P
Sin Q Sin R
C Sin Q D Sin R
Sin R Sin S
9 Which of the following formulae can be used to
determine the refractive index of a medium?
A Angle of incidence
Angle of refraction
B Apparent depth
Real depth
C Speed of light in vacuum
Speed of light in the medium
10 The diagram shows a light ray travels from the air
into medium X.
What is the refractive index of medium X?
A 0.85
B 1.24
C 1.31
D 1.41
E 1.58
11 The diagram shows a light ray travels from the oil
into the air.
What is the value of k?
[ Refractive index of oil = 1.4 ]
A 44.4o
B 45.6o
C 54.5o
D 55.4o
E 58.9o
12 The diagram shows a light of ray travels from the
air into a glass block.
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5 - 16
What is the refractive index of the glass block?
A 1.38
B 1.45
C 1.51
D 1.62
E 1.74
13 The speed of light in the air is 3 x 108 ms-1 .
What is The speed of light in a plastic block?
[ Refractive index of plastic = 1.2 ]
A 1.0 x 108 ms-1
B 1.5 x 108 ms-1
C 2.0 x 108 ms-1
D 2.5 x 108 ms-1
E 3.0 x 108 ms-1
14 The diagram shows a boy appearing shorter when
he is in a swimming pool. The depth of the water
in the pool is 1.2 m.
[ Refractive index of water = 1.33 ]
What is the apparent depth of the pool?
A 0.1 m B 0.3 m
C 0.9 m D 1.1 m
E 1.6 m
15 The diagram shows a coin is put at the base of
the beaker. The image of the coin appears to be 5
cm from the base of the beaker.
What is the refractive index of the liquid?
A 8 B 5
13 8
C 11 D 13
5 8
E 19
14
Answer:
1 D 11 A
2 B 12 C
3 D 13 D
4 A 14 C
5 D 15 D
6 C 16
7 B 17
8 C 18
9 D 19
10 A 20
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5 - 17
Section A
(Paper 2)
Structure Question:
1. The Diagram shows a side view of a water-filled
aquarium RSTU. An electric lamp, surrounded by a
shield with a narrow transparent slit, is immersed in
one corner of the aquarium at U. The light ray from
the slit shines on the water surface RS at an angle of
40o as shown in diagram below.
[2 ma
(a) What is meant by refractive index of a
substance?
Refractive index is an indication of the light
bending ability of the medium /
n = sin i
sin r [1 mark]
(b) If the refractive index of water is 1.33,
calculate the critical angle for a ray travelling
from water to air.
n = 1
sin c
sin c = 1
1.33
c = 48.80 [ 2 marks]
(C ) (i) Draw a Diagram of the light ray shown on
diagram 3.1, meeting the water surface RS, and show
its path after meeting the surface. [1 mark]
ii. Calculate the angle that this new path makes with
RS and label the angle. [1 mark]
Angle = 40o
(d) The lamp is then placed outside underneath
the aquarium with the light striking to the bottom of
the aquarium as shown in Diagram 3.2. Draw the light
ray on Diagram 3.2, after striking the aquarium.
[1 mark]
DIAGRAM 3.1
Aquarium 40o
R S
T U
Light
ray
Water
Lamp
Light ray
water
40o
T U
S R
Light ray
Water 40o
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5 - 18
2. An observer is looking at a piece of coin at the bottom of a glass filled with water as shown in Diagram 3. He found that the image of the coin is nearer to the surface of the water.
[
2
m
a
r
k
s
]
(a)(i) State a characteristic of image in Diagram 3.
Virtual/magnified [1 mark]
]
(ii) Name the science phenomenon involve in the observation above. [1 mark]
Refraction
(b) Explain why the image of the coin
appears nearer to the surface of the
water.
- Light ray travels from density to less
density medium
- Refracted ray away from normal
[2 marks]
(c) On Diagram 3, complete the ray
diagram from the coin to the observer's
eye. [2 marks]
-Draw refracted ray correctly - Draw ray from image to the
observer
[
1
]
3. Figure(a) shows an object in a small pond. The
depth of the water in the pond is H. The image
of the objet appears to be h from water surface.
Figure(a)
(a) State the relationship between H and h
When H increases, h increases/ H is directly
proportional to h
....................................................................
(b) When H = 4.5 m and the refractive index of
water is 1.33, determine the value of h .
n = Real depth , H
Apparent depth, h
1.33 = 4.5 m
H
H = 3.38 m
(c) What happen to value of h when the pond is
poured with water of refractive index 1.40 ?
H decreases
……………………………………………
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5 - 19
Section B (Paper 2)
Essay Question
1. Figure 4(a) shows a pencil placed in a glass of
water. Figure 4(b) shows the appearance of print
viewed from the top of a thick block of glass placed
over it.
(a) i. Why does the pencil appear bent to our eyes?
Why does the print appear raised?
[1 mark]
Answer:
We can see the pencil and the print because the rays
of light from the two objects reach our eyes.
ii. Observe Figure 4(a) and Figure 4(b) carefully.
Compare the common characteristics of the pencil
and the print before and after they are removed
from the water and the glass block respectively.
Use a physics concept to explain the appearance
of the pencil and the print in water and under the
glass block respectively.
[5 marks]
Answer:
1. The pencil appears bent when placed in water
and the print appears raised when a thick block of
glass is placed over it.
2. The rays of light from the pencil are refracted away
from the normal as they leave the water and enter the
eye of the observer. These rays appear to come from a
virtual image above the actual point. The pencil
,therefore , appears bent in the water.
3. Rays of light from the print below the glass are
refracted away from the normal as they leave the glass
and enter the aye of the observer . The writing,
therefore, appears to be slightly raised.
4. Refraction of light is the physics concept involved.
5. Refraction of light is a phenomenon in which rays of
light change direction when they pass from one
medium to another medium of a different density.
pencil
water
Glass block
Figure 4(a) Figure 4(b)
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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UNDERSTANDING TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
What is meant by
total internal
reflection?
Total internal reflection is the complete reflection of light ray travelling from a denser medium to
a less dense medium.
Total: because 100% of light is reflected
Internal: because it happens inside the glass or denser medium.
What is meant by
critical angle ,c?
The critical angle, c, is defined as the angle of incidence (in the denser medium) when the angle
of refraction (in the denser medium), r is 90°.
What are the
relationship
between the
critical angle and
total internal
reflection ?
5.3
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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When the angle of
incidence, i keeps on
increasing, r too
increases
And the refracted ray
moves further away
from the normal
And thus approaches
the glass- air
boundary.
The refracted ray
travels along the
glass-air boundary.
Angle of refraction, r
= 90°.
This is the limit of
the light ray that can
be refracted in air as
the refracted in air
cannot be any larger
than 90°.
The angle of
incidence in the
denser medium at the
limit is called the
critical angle, c.
If the angle of
incidence is
increased is
increased further so
that it is greater than
the critical angle,
(i > c):
- no refraction
- all the light is
totally in the
glass
This phenomenon is
called total internal
reflection.
State the two
conditions for
total internal
reflection to occur
1. light ray enters from a denser medium towards a less dense medium.
2. the angle of incidence in the denser medium is greater then the critical angle of the medium
( i > c)
What are the
relationship
between the
refractive index, n
and critical angle,
c?
What are the
phenomena
involving total
internal reflection?
1. Mirage
In hot days, a person traveling in a
car will see an imaginary pool of
water appearing on the surface of
the road.
The layes higher up are cooler and
denser.
Light ray from the sky travels from
denser to less dense medium and
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 22
will refracted away from the normal.
The angle of incidence increases
until it reach an angle greater than
the critical angle.
Total internal reflection occurs and
the light is reflected towards the aye
of the observer.
If the observer’s eye is in the correct
position, he will see a pool of
water(image of the sky) appearing
on the road surface.
This is known as a mirage.
2. Rainbow
When sunlight shines on millions of
water droplets in the air after rain, a
multi coloured arc can be seen.
When white light from the sun
enters the raindrops, it is refracted
and dispersed into its various colour
components inside the raindrops.
When the dispersed light hit the
back of the raindrop, it undergoes
total internal reflection.
It is then refracted again as it leaves
the drop.
The colours of a rainbow run from
violet along the lower part of the
spectrum to red along the upper part.
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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Give some
examples of
application of total
internal reflection.
1. The sparkling of a diamond
A diamond has a high refractive
index.
The higher the refractive index, the
smaller the critical angle.
A small critical angle means total
internal reflection readily occurs.
Light is easily reflected inside the
diamond.
In this way, more light will be
confined within the diamond before
refracting out into the air.
2. Periscope
The periscope is built using two
right angled 45° made of glass. The
critical angle of the prism is 42°.
The angle of incidence is 45° which
is greater than the critical angle.
Total internal reflection occurs.
The characteristics of the image are:
Virtual, upright, same size.
Give the advantages of the prism periscope
compared to mirror periscope.
Answer:
(i) The image is brighter because all the light
energy reflected.
(ii) The image is clearer because there are no
multiple images as formed in a mirror
periscope.
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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3. Prism Binocular
A light ray experiences two total
internal reflections at each prism.
So the final image in binoculars is
virtual, upright and same size.
What are the benefits of using prism in
binoculars?
(a) an upright image is produced.
(b) The distance between the objective lens
and the eyepiece is reduced. This make the
binoculars shorter as compared to a
telescope which has the same magnifying
power.
4. Optical Fibres
The external wall of a fibre optic is
less dense than the internal wall.
When light rays travel from a
denser internal wall to a less dense
external walls at an angle greater
than the critical angle, total internal
reflection occurs.
Give the advantage of using optical fibres
cables over copper cables.
(1) they are much thinner and lighter.
(2) a large number of signals with very little
loss over great distances.
(3) The signals are safe and free of electrical
interference
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 25
(4) It can carry data for computer and TV
programmes.
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1 A ray of red light travelling in glass strikes the
glass-air boundary . Some light is reflected and
some is refracted. Which diagram shows the paths
of the rays?
2 One of the diagram below shows the path of a
beam of
light that is incident on a water-air surface with
angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
Which one is it?
3 Which of the following diagram correctly shows
the total internal reflection of ray of light?
[ Refractive index of medium X = 1.3
Refractive index of medium Y = 1.5 ]
4 Which of the following shows total internal
reflection?
5 The diagram shows light ray XO experiencing
total internal reflection when travelling from the
glass to air.
Which statements about total internal reflection
are correct?
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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P - is more than the critical angle of glass
Q - The speed of light in the glass is higher than
in air
R - The refractive index of glass is greater than
air
A P and Q
B P and R
C Q and R
D P,Q and R
6 The diagram shows a semi-circular plastic block
is placed in a liquid.
Which of the following is correct?
A Density of the plastic block is less than
density of the liquid
B Refractive index of the plastic block is
less than refractive index of the liquid
C Critical angle of the plastic block is less
than critical of the liquid
D Angle of incidence is less than critical
angle of the liquid
7 The diagram shows a ray of light passing through
medium M to medium N.
Which of the following is correct?
A The angle of reflection is 55o
B The critical angle of medium M less than 35o
C Density of medium M less than the density
of medium N
8 The figure shows a ray of light PO traveling in a
liquid strikes the liquid-air boundary.
[ The critical angle of the liquid = 45o ]
In which direction does the light move from ?
A OQ
B OR
C OS
D OT
9 A ray of light incident on one side of a
rectangular glass block. If the angle of refraction
in the glass block is 40o ,
which one of the following diagrams best
represents this ray?
[ The critical angle of glass is 42o ]
10 The diagram shows a light ray, P, directed into a
glass block. The critical angle of the glass is 42o.
In which direction does the light move from point
Q?
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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11 The diagram shows a light ray , M, directed into a
glass block. The critical angle of the glass is 42o.
In which diagram does the light move from point
O ?
12 The figure shows a ray of light is incident in air
to the surface of Prism A and B.
Which comparison is correct ?
A Density of prism A < density of prism
B
B Critical angle of prism A < critical angle of
prism B
C Refractive index of prism A < refractive
index of prism B
13 The critical angle is
A the smallest angle of incidence in optically
more dense medium
B the smallest angle of incidence in optically
less dense medium
C the greatest angle of incidence in optically
more dense medium
D the greatest angle of incidence in optically
less dense medium
14 Which of the following shows the correct critical
angle , c of the semi- circular glass block ?
15 The diagram shows a light ray travelling from air
into a plastic block with an angle of incidence ,X.
What is the critical angle of the plastic?
16 The diagram shows a light ray travelling from air
into a glass prism.
What is the critical angle of the glass?
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 28
A 40o B 50
o
C 60o D 70
o
E 80o
17 The refractive index of water is 1.33.
What is the critical angle of the water.
A 44.5o B 46.9o
C 48.8o D 49.2o
E 54.3o
18 The refractive index of plastic block is 13 .
5
What is the value of the cosine of the critical
angle of the plastic?
A 5 B 12
12 13
C 13 D 5
12 13
E 13
5
19 The figure shows a ray of light AO traveling in
medium X strikes the medium X-air boundary.
[ The refractive index of medium X = 1.12 ]
In which direction does the light move from O ?
A OE B OD
C OC D OB
20 Which of the following not applies the principle
of total internal reflection?
A Prism binocular
B Mirror periscope
C Optical fibre
D Road mirage
21 The diagram shows a cross- section of a fibre
optic cable.
Which comparison is correct ?
A Density of P < density of Q
B Density of P >density of Q
C Density of P = density of Q
Answer:
1 A 11 C
2 D 12 B
3 D 13 C
4 D 14 C
5 B 15 D
6 C 16 B
7 B 17 C
8 D 18 D
9 A 19 C
10 C 20 A
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 29
Section A
(Paper 2)
Structure Question:
1. Diagram 1 shows a cross-sectional area of an
optical fibre which consist of two layers of glass
with different refractive index. The glass which
forms the inner core, Y is surrounded by another
type of glass which forms the outer layer, X.
(a) (i) Name the light phenomenon observed in
optical fibre?
Total internal reflection
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Compare the refractive index of outer
layer X and inner core Y.
The refractive index of Y is higher than
the refractive index of X// Vice versa
[ 1 mark ]
(b) The refractive index of inner core Y is 2.10.
Calculate the critical angle of the inner core
Y.
Sin c = n
1 =
1.2
1= 0.4762
c = 28.44o // 28
0 26’
[2 marks]
(c) Name other optical device that applies the
phenomenon in (a)(i).
[ 1 mark ]
Prism periscope // prism binoculars // camera//
endoscope and etc.
2. Figure 4 shows a traveller driving a car on a hot
day. The traveller sees a
puddle of water on the road a short distance ahead
of him.
Puddle of water
Figure 4
a) Which part of the air is denser?
Close to the sky / cool air
…………………………………………………………
( 1 mark )
b) Name a phenomena of light that always depends
on the air density when light travels from the sky to
the earth before it reaches point X.
Refraction
…………………………………………………………
( 1 mark )
c) i) What is the phenomenon occurring at point X
Total internal reflection
……………………………………………………..…
(1 mark )
ii) What is the puddle of water actually?
The image of sky
…………………………………………………………
( 1 mark )
DIAGRAM 1
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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d) Using the diagram above, explain how the traveller
can see the puddle of
water on the road.
1.Light from sky to the earth refracted
2. The light reach at a point X, total internal
reflection occurred
…………………………………………………………
( 2 marks )
e) Name one optical instrument that uses the
phenomenon in (d)
Optical fibre
…………………………………………………………
( 1 mark )
3. Completing the ray diagram below, to show how a
periscope works: (critical angle of glass = 42o)
Answer:
[2 ma
Eye
e
Glass
prism object
tctct
Eye
Glass prism Object
45o Total internal
reflection takes
place because
angle of incident >
critical angle
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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U N D E R S T A N D I N G L E N S E S
Introduction
Lenses are made of transparent material such as glass or clear plastics.
They have two faces, of which at least one is curved.
Types of lenses (a) Convex lens, also known as converging
lens.
It is thicker at the centre of the lens.
(b) Concave lens, also known as diverging
lens.
It is thinner at the centre of the lens.
State the
differences
between convex
lens and concave
lens
Convex lens
When light ray which are parallel and close to
the principle axis strikes on a convex lens, they
are refracted and converge to a point, F on the
principle axis. This point is a focal point of the
convex lens.
Concave lens
When light rays are parallel to the principle
axis fall on a concave lens., they are refracted
and appear to diverge from the focal point on
the principle axis.
Common
terminology of
reflection of light
on a curved mirror
1. The focal point, F is a point on the principle axis where all rays are close and parallel to the
axis that converge to it after passing through a convex lens, or appear to diverge from it after
passing through a concave lens.
2. The focal length, f is the distance between the focal point and the optical centre.
3. The optical centre, C is the geometric centre of the lens. It is the point through which light
rays pass through without deviation.
4. The principle axis is the line passing through the optical centre, C.
5.4
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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Construction rules
of convex lens
Rule 1:
A ray parallel to the principle axis is
refracted through the focal point, f.
Rule 2:
A ray passing through the focal point is
refracted parallel to the principle axis.
Rule 3:
A ray passing through the optical
centre, C travels straight without
bending.
The point of intersection is the position
of the image.
The images formed by a convex lens
depend on the object distance, u.
Images form by
convex lens
Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
cases shown below:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length
Note: Point of intersection in the position of the image
A u < f ( Object between F and P ) Characteristics of
image:
1.virtual
2.upright
3.magnified
4.Same side as the
object
Application:
1.magnifying glass
spectacle
2.lens for long-
sightedness.
B u = f ( Object, O is at F ) Characteristics of
image:
1.virtual
2.upright
3.magnified
4. Same side as the
object
Application:
1. to produce a
parallel a parallel
beam of light , as in a
spotlight,
astronomical
telescope
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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C f < u < 2f or f < u < r ( Object O is
between F and C
Characteristics of
image:
1.real
2.inverted
3.magnified
4. On apposite side
of the object.
Application:
1.projector lens
2.photograph
3. enlarger
4.objective lens of
microscope
D u = 2f or u = r ( Object ,O is at C) Characteristics of
image:
1.real
2.inverted
3.same size as the
object
4. On the opposite
side of the object
Application:
1.photocopying
machine
Eu > 2f or u > r ( Object, O is beyond C ) Characteristics of
image:
1.real
2.inverted
3.magnified
Application:
1.magnifying mirror
2.sharing mirror
3. make-up mirror
F u = ( Object ,O very far from the lens) Characteristics of
image:
1.virtual
2.upright
3.magnified
Application:
1.magnifying mirror
2.sharing mirror
3. make-up mirror
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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Construction rules
of concave lens
Ray 1:
A ray parallel to the principle axis is refracted
as if it appears coming from the focal point, F
which is located at the same side of the
incident ray.
Ray 2:
A ray passing through the focal point is
refracted parallel to the principle axis.
Ray 3:
A ray passing through the optical centre, C
travels straight without bending.
The point of intersection is the position of the
image .
The image formed by a concave lens are
always :
Virtual, upright and diminished.
Image formed by
convex mirror:
Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
cases shown below:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length
A u < f ( Object between F and P ) Characteristics of
image:
1.diminished
2.virtual
3.upright
Application:
1. Blind Conner
mirror
2.Wide side view
mirror
(B ) f<u <2f (object at between f and 2f) Characteristics of
image:
1.diminished
2.virtual
3.upright
Application:
1. Blind Conner
mirror
2.Wide side view
mirror
1
2
3
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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Power of lenses Power of a lens = 1 .
Focal length
or P = 1 @ P = 100
f f( cm)
The unit of power of a lens is
Dioptre (D) or m-1
Convex lens : the power is taken to be
positive
Concave lens : the power is taken to be
negative
f = focal length
Linear Magnification (m) :
The linear
magnification , m
define as:
Where
f = focal length
u = object distance
v = image distance
m = linear magnification
ho = object height
hi = image height
Lens Formula
Sign Conventions
Type of lenses Convex lens Concave lens
Object distance ,u Always +
Object is always placed to the
left of the lens
Always +
Object is always placed to the
left of the lens
Image distance, v + if the image is real ( image
is formed on the right side of
the lens.
- if the image is virtual
( image is formed on the left
side of the lens).
+ if the image is real ( image
is formed on the right side of
the lens
- if the image is virtual
( image is formed on the left
side of the lens).
Focal length, f Always + Always -
Power of length, P Always + Always -
Linear magnification, m Size of image
I m I = 1 Image and object are the same size
I m I > 1 Enlarged image
I m I < 1 Diminished image
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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Meaning of real
image and virtual
image
A real imge is one which can be cast on a
screen.
A virtual imge is one which cannot be cast on a
screen.
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1 The image produced by a lens is caused by the
A total internal reflaction of ray
B diffraction of ray
C refraction of ray
D reflection of ray
2 The diagram shows parallel rays of light is
incident to a combination of plastics with
different refractive index.
Which of the following diagrams is correct?
3 The diagram shows parallel rays of light passing
through a liquid in glass container.
[ The refractive index of the liquid = 1.35 ]
Which of the following diagrams is true?
4 Which of the following drawing is not correct
path of the light rays?
5 Which of the following is true?
A The unit of the power of lens is Watt
B The power of a convex lens is negative
C A lens with a shorter focal length has a
lower power
D The rays of light passes through the optical
centre of lens without any refraction
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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6 Diagram shows light rays passing through a
convex lens .
What is the distance P ?
A Image distance
B Object distance
C Focal length
D Optical length
7 The diagram shows the action of a magnifying
glass.
Which point is the principal focus of the lens?
8 The diagram shows an image ,I is formed by a
convex lens.
Where is the position of the object?
9 The diagram shows an image ,I is formed by a
concave lens.
Where is the position of the object?
10 Figure shows four light rays A,B,C and D passing
through a convex lens. F is the focal point of the
length. Which of the following path of the light
rays is not correct?
11 What is the power of a convex lens which has a
focal length 50 cm ?
A -0.2 D B 0.2 D
C -2.0 D D 2.0 D
E 4.0 D
12 The power of a lens is - 40 D. What is the type
of the lens and its focal length?
Type of length Focal length
A Concave lens -2.5 x 102 m
B Concave lens -2.5 x 10-2
m
C Convex lens -2.5 x 102 m
D Convex lens -2.5 x 10-2
m
E Concave lens -4.0 x 10-2
m
13 A convex lens of focal length ,f. The lens
produces a enlarged , virtual and upright
image.The object distance is
A less than f
B between f and 2f
C same as 2f
D more than 2f
14 A light bulb is placed at the principal focus of a
convex lens. After travelling through the lens the
rays of light is
A parallel
B converge
C diverge
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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15 The focal length of a convex lens is f . Which of
the following object distances , u will produced
an inverted image ?
A u < f B u >f
C f < u < 2f D u > 2f
16 The diagram shows an object which is placed at u
cm from centre of a convex lens. The focal length
of the lens is 20 cm.
Which of the following characteristics of the
image is not correct when u is 10 cm ,15 cm , 35
cm and 45 cm from the lens?
u / cm Characteristics of the image
A 10 Virtual and bigger
B 15 Virtual and bigger
C 35 Real and smaller
D 45 Real and smaller
17 An object is placed 25 cm in front of a convex
lens and its image is formed at infinity. If the
object is placed 20 cm in front of the lens , the
image is
A inverted
B smaller than object
C formed on the same side as the object
18 The diagram shows an object ,O is placed in front
of a convex lens produced an image , I.
Which of the following is not true?
A The focal length of the lens is 60 cm
B The linear magnification is 1
C The image I is a real image
19 A convex lens of focal length 20.0 cm is turned
to face a distant object. The position of the screen
is adjusted until a sharp inverted image is formed
on the screen.
What is the distance of the screen from the lens ?
A 15.0 cm B 20.0 cm
C 25.0 cm D 40.0 cm
E 50.0 cm
20 The characteristics image is produced by a
concave lens is
A magnified,virtual,upright
B diminished,virtual,upright
C magnified,real,inverted
D diminished,real,inverted
21 An object is placed at 18.0 cm from a convex
lens of focal length 20.0 cm.
What is the the characteristics of image ?
A virtual, upright and magnified
B real, inverted and magnified
C virtual ,upright and diminished
D real, inverted and diminished
22 A lens is placed between a light bulb and a
secreen. The distance between the light bulb and
screen is 60.0 cm. The position of the lens is
adjusted until the size of the image is same as the
size of the object.
What is the type and the focal lenghth of the
lens?
Type of lens Focal length
A Convex lens 30 cm
B Convex lens 15 cm
C Concave lens 30 cm
D Concave lens 15 cm
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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23 An object is placed at a distance 10 cm in front of
a convex lens of power 5D.
What is the image distance and the characteristic
of the image?
Image distance Characteristic of the image
A 10.0 cm Virtual image
B 10.0 cm Real image
C 20.0 cm Virtual image
D 20.0 cm Real image
24 An object is placed at a distance 80 cm in front of
a concave lens of focal length 20 cm.
What is the image distance and the characteristic
of the image?
Image distance Characteristic of the image
A 16.0 cm same side of the lens as the
object
B 16.0 cm the other side of the lens as
the object
C 26.7 cm same side of the lens as the
object
D 26.7 cm the other side of the lens as
the object
25 The diagram shows an image I of an object O is
formed by a convex lens.
What is the linear magnification of the image?
A 0.5 B 1.0
C 3.0 D 4.0
E 5.0
26 An object is placed at a distance30 cm from a
convex lens with a focal length of 25.0 cm.
What is the linear magnification ?
A 2 B 3
C 4 D 5
E 6
27 A convex lens with a focal length of 20.0 cm to
form an image which is 2 times the size of the
object. What is the object distance ?
A 10.0 cm B 15.0 cm
C 30.0 cm D 40.0 cm
E 60.0 cm
28 An object of height 5 cm is placed at 15 cm
from a convex lens of focal length 10.0 cm.
What is the image height ?
A 5 cm B 10 cm
C 15 cm D 20 cm
E 25 cm
29 An object of height 6.0 cm is placed at 8 cm
from a convex lens of power 50 D.
What is the image height?
A 2 cm B 4 cm
C 5 cm D 6 cm
E 8 cm
30 A convex lens is used to produce a real,
magnified and inverted image. What is the effect
on the image produced when the upper portion of
the lens is covered by a coin ?
A The upright image is formed
B The size of the image is reduced
C The brightness of the image is
reduced
31 The diagram shows a graph of object distance,u
against image distance ,v of the lens.
What is the focal length of the lens?
A 5 cm B 10 cm
C 20 cm D 40 cm
E 80 cm
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32 The diagram shows a graph of image distance,v
against linear magnification ,m of the lens.
What is the focal length of the lens?
A 14.0 cm B 15.0 cm
C 16.0 cm D 17.0 cm
E 18.0 cm
Answer:
1 C 11 D
2 D 12 B
3 C 13 A
4 B 14 B
5 D 15 A
6 C 16 D
7 D 17 A
8 C 18 A
9 D 19 D
10 D 20 B
Section A
(Paper 2)
Structure Question:
1 The Figure shows an image of letters FIZI when
viewed through a glass of water.
(a) State the light phenomenon that causes the
image FIZIK to be enlarged.
Refraction of light
………………………………………………
(1 mark)
(b) What is the change size of the image if the
water is replaced with a transparent liquid of
a greater density?
Size of image increases/bigger
………………………………………………
(1 mark)
(c) The glass of water is replaced with a lens M
with focal length of 10 cm. The distance
between the book cover and the centre of the
lens is 8 cm.
It is observed that the image FIZIK is
enlarged.
(i) Name the type of lens M.
Convex lens
…………………………………………
(1 mark)
(ii) Calculate the distance of the image from
lens M.
1 = 1 + 1
f u v
1 = 1 + 1
10 8 v
v = -40 cm
2 The diagram shows an object is placed in front of
a convex of focal length 15.0 cm.
(a) (i) Complete the ray diagram in the
diagram above to show the formation
of the final image.
(3 marks)
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 41
(ii) State the characteristics of the image.
Inverted, real and magnified
............................................................
(2 marks)
(b) Determine the linear magnification
m= v = 65 = 2.75
u 20
(2 marks)
(c) The object height is 2.5 cm,calculate the
image height. (2 marks)
m = hi
ho
2.75 = hi
2.5
hi = 6.9 cm
(d) What will happen to the characteristis of the
image when
(i) the convex lens is replaced by a
concave lens of focal length 15.0 cm.
Virtual, upright and diminised
............................................................
(2 marks)
(ii) the object is placed at the ”10 cm ”
mark.
Virtual, upright and magnified
............................................................
(2 marks)
3 When an object is placed 40 cm from a convex
lens ,the image formed is of the same size as the
object.
(a) Determine,
(i) the focal length of the lens
(1 mark)
f = 20 cm
(ii) the power of the lens
P = 5D
(1 mark)
(b) If the object is now placed in front of the
lens, an image which is 4 times the size of
the object is formed.
(i) Calculate the object distance.
(2 marks)
m= v , 4 = 40 , u = 10 cm
u u
(ii) State the characteristics of the image.
(2 marks)
Magnified, virtual and upright
.................................................
(c) State the light phenomenon that causes the
image is formed by the lens?
( 1 mark)
Refraction of light
...................................................................
(d) What is the effect on the image produced
when the lower portion of the lens is covered
by a card? (1 mark)
The size of image reduced/become smaller
................................................................
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
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T H E U S E S O F L E N S E S I N O P T I C A L D E V I C E S
Introduction There are many types of optical devices used lenses such as magnifying glass, microscope,
telescope, camera and slide projector etc. For every types of the devices we must learn about the
uses of the instruments, lens characteristics is used, normal adjustment of the instruments , ray
diagrams and the characteristics of the final image which are formed .
1. Compound Microscope
Give the use of a
compound
microscope.
A microscope is used to observe and magnify tiny objects such as bacteria.
Draw a diagram to
describe the
formation of
image formed by
microscope.
1. It consist of two powerful convex lenses of short focal length (5.0 cm-10.0 cm)
2. The lens which receives light rays from the objects is called the objective lens. The lens which
is used for viewing the final image is called the eyepiece lens.
3. The focal length of the objective lens is fo whereas the focal length of the eyepiece lens is fe.
4. The object is placed at a distance between fe and 2fe so that the imaged formed is inverted,
magnified and real in front of the eyepiece lens.
5. The position of the eyepiece lens is adjusted until the position of the first image is less than fo
from the eyepiece lens.
Define the
characteristics of
the image formed
by objective lens o
microscope.
The final image formed is inverted, magnified and virtual.
5.5
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 43
2. Magnifying glass
Give the use of a
compound
microscope.
A microscope is used to observe and magnify tiny objects such as bacteria.
Draw a diagram to
describe the
formation of
image formed by
microscope.
1. It consists of two powerful convex lenses of short focal lengths .
2. An object is placed at a position less than the focal length of the lens.
3. The magnifying power increases if the focal length of the lens is shorter.
4. A shaper and larger image is seen at the near point of the eye. In general, the near point is
taken as 25 cm.
Define the
characteristics of
the image formed
by objective lens o
microscope.
The image formed is magnified, upright and virtual.
3. Astronomical Telescope
Give the use of a
compound
microscope.
A microscope is used to observe and magnify tiny objects such as bacteria.
Draw a diagram to
describe the
formation of
image formed by
microscope.
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 44
1. It consist of an objective lens and eyepiece lens.
2. The objective lens is used to receive light rays from distant object.
3. The first image formed is at focal point of the objective lens Fo. It is real, inverted and
diminished.
4. The first image now becomes the object for the eyepiece lens.
5. The eyepiece lens is adjusted so that the first image is situated at the focal point of the
eyepiece lens , Fe.
6. The telescope is said to be in normal adjustment.
7. For normal adjustment of the telescope, the separation between the two lenses is fo + fe.
Define the
characteristics of
the image formed
by objective lens o
microscope.
The first image formed is at focal point of the objective lens Fo.It is real, inverted and
diminised.
The final image formed is at infinity.
4. Slide Projector
What is the
function of each
component of a
slide projector?
Component Functions
Slide Acts as an object
Projector Lens The lens has to be placed far away from the
screen in order to get a large image.
Condenser Lens Acts as a heat filter to protect slide from
getting over heated.
Draw a diagram to
describe the
formation of
image formed by
microscope.
1. It uses a convex lens to form a real, inverted and magnified image of the slide or film on a
screen.
2. The slide being the object is placed between f and 2f from the projector lens
The lamp is placed at the focal point of the concave mirror to reflect all light from the lamp
back to the condenser.
3. The movable projector lens focuses a sharp, inverted and magnified image onto a screen.
4. The slide should be placed upside-down(inverted) in order to form an upright image on the
screen.
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 45
Define the
characteristics of
the image formed
by objective lens
of microscope.
Upright, real , magnified
5. Camera
Draw a diagram to
describe the
formation of
image formed by
microscope.
State the parts in a
camera and their
functions?
1. The convex lens is used to produce a real, inverted and diminished image on a light sensitive
film at the camera.
2. The diaphragm is used to adjust the size of the exposure time when taking photographs.
3. The shutter speed is used to control the exposure time when taking photographs.
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1 Which of the following combinations is the
characteristics of a magnifying lens ?
Object distance/cm Focal length/ cm
A 5 10
B 8 5
C 10 5
D 20 8
2 A convex lens is used as a magnifying glass.
What are the characteristics of the image?
A magnified,upright,virtual
B magnified,upright,real
C magnified,inverted,virtual
D magnified,inverted,real
3 Which of the following is true about the eyepiece
of a microscope?
A Consist of a concave lens which has lower
power than the objective lens.
B Consist of a convex lens which has lower
power than the objective lens.
C Consist of a concave lens which has higher
power than the objective lens.
D Consist of a convex lens which has higher
power than the objective lens.
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 46
4 Which of the following is true concerning the
operation of a compound microscope?
A The focal length of objective lens greater
than the focal length of eyepiece
B Both objective lens and eyepiece has a high
power.
C The characteristics of final image are
magnified, upright and virtual
5 The characteristics of image is formed by the
objective lens of a microscope are
A virtual,diminished,upright
B real,magnified,inverted
C virtual,magnified,inverted
D real,magnified,upright
6 Which of the following statements about the
objective lens and eyepiece of a telescope?
Power of objective
lens
Power of
eyepiece
A low high
B high low
C low low
D high high
7 Two convex lens of power 2.5D and 20 D
respectively is used in a telescope. What is the
distance between the lens in normal adjustment?
A 8.0 cm B 17.5 cm
C 22.5 cm D 45.0 cm
E 50.0 cm
8 Two convex lens of focal length 100 cm and 5
cm respectively is used in a telescope. What is the
linear magnification of the telescope?
A 0.05 B 20
C 100 D 105
E 500
9 A telescope has two convex lens of power 4.0 D
and 20.0D respectively.
Which of the following is true?
Linear
magnification
Distance between the
lens /cm
A 5 24.0
B 5 30.0
C 4 30.0
D 4 24.0
E 0.2 16.0
10 The characteristics of final image in a telescope
are
A virtual,upright,magnified,located at the focal
point
B real,inverted,magnified,located at infiniti
C virtual ,inverted,magnified,located at infiniti
11 The characteristics of the image is formed by a
camera are
A virtual,upright ,enlarged
B real,inverted,diminished
C virtual,inverted,diminished
D real,upright,enlarged
12 The image is formed by a slide projector is
A enlarged,real,upright
B enlarged,real,inverted
C diminished,virtual,upright
D diminished,real,inverted
13 Which of the following optical instrument
produced real image?
A Telescope B Magnifying glass
C Microscope D Slide projector
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 47
Answer:
1 A 11 B
2 A 12 A
3 D 13 D
4 B 14
5 B 15
6 A 16
7 D 17
8 B 18
9 B 19
10 C 20
Section A
(Paper 2)
Structure Question:
1 The diagram shows the arrangement of the lenses
in a compound microscope.
(a) Complete the ray diagram in the diagram
above.
Answer:
(b) State the characteristics of the final image
formed.
(1 mark)
Inverted, virtual and magnified
..................................................................
(c) State two differences between telescope and
microscope by completing the table below.
Telescope Microscope
fo > fe
fe > fo
Final image , virtual
image at infinity
Final image , virtual
image, inverted ,
magnified
2 The diagram shows the arrangement of the lenses
in a telescope. The power of lens A and lens B are
0.5 D and 5D respectively.
(a) Why do the light rays PQ and RS are
parallel? (1 mark)
Because the object is from infinity
………………………………………….
(b) State the focal length of
(i) lens A (2 marks)
P = 1 , fo= 1 = 2.0 cm
fo 0.5
(ii) lens B (2 marks)
P = 1 , fe= 1 = 0.2 cm
fe 5
(c) What is the distance between lens A and lens
B? (2marks)
fo + fe = 2.0 + 0.2
= 2.2 m
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5 - 48
(d) What is the linear magnification of the
telescope? (2 marks)
m = fo, = 2.0 = 10
fe 0.2
(e) In the diagram above , complete the ray
diagram of the telescope. (3 marks)
(f) State the characteristics of the final image
formed. (2 marks)
Virtual , formed at infinity, inverted
...................................................................
3 The figure shows the lens and mirror arrangement
for a slide projector.
(a) What is the function of
(i) concave mirror (1 mark)
Reflects light to the condenser
..........................................................
(ii) condenser lens (1 mark)
Acts as a heat filter to protect
slide from getting overheated.
..........................................................
(b) State two normal adjustment should be done
while using the slide projector.(2 marks)
1. The slide being the object is placed
between f and 2f from the projector lens .
..................................................................
2. The slide should be placed up side-down in
order to form an image on the upright screen.
………………………………………………
(c) State the characteristics of the final image
formed.. (2 marks)
Real, magnified and upright
..................................................................
[ 2 marks ]
[2 ma