5 your initials pg. 287-288 pioneer families in the west 1790-1860

5 Your InitialsPg. 287-288

Pioneer Families in the West

1790-1860

ID: Life is grim for pioneer families, shapes character

Significance:• Perpetual victims of disease, depression and premature

death• Unbearable loneliness haunts them, especially women• Cut off from neighbors for days/weeks• Lived in cramped conditions in dark cabin in middle of

woods• Breakdowns and madness frequent• Marooned by geography

– Ill-informed, superstitious, and provincial• Develop self-reliant and individualistic attitude

Your InitialsPg. 290-291

Early Urban Life

5

1790-1860

ID: Increasing population, especially immigrants, begin to settle in cities. By 1860 43 cities had over 20,000 residents compared to 2 in 1790

Significance:

• Increasing population brings undesirable by-products

– Slums, Feeble street lighting, Inadequate policing, Impure water, Foul sewage, Rats, Poor garbage disposal

• Adjustments made to make cities livable– Boston adds sewer systems in1823– New York pipes in water in 1842


Reasons Immigrants come to United States

5

1790-1860

ID: Pre 1840 about 60,000 immigrants coming each year. About 180,000 per year coming in the 1840s, and 240,000 per year in the 1850s

Significance:• Europe running out of room

– European population had doubled generated a “surplus” population

– Many moved within Europe or went to other countries• America “land of freedom and opportunity”• Freedom from aristocratic castes and state church• Opportunity to secure land and a “better life”• America Letters

– Letters send home describing America in glowing terms• Richer life, low taxes, no compulsory military service, three “meat

meals” per day

• Transoceanic steamships makes trip faster (12 days)– Still high death rates on ships b/c of cramped conditions


Irish Immigrants

5

1790-1860

ID: Spurred by the potato famine, approximately 2 Million immigrants arrive between 1830 and 1860

Significance:• Lacking money, they settled in cities (NYC, Boston)

– NYC largest Irish city in the world

• No red carpet treatment– Forced into city slums– Scorned by “proper” Protestant Bostonians

• See Catholicism as social menace

– Took menial jobs– Build canals, railroads, worked as servants

• Hated by native workers “No Irish need apply”• Resented blacks

– Race riots

• Had to fend for themselves• Used as vital cog in political machines

Your InitialsPg. 293,296, 298-299

German Immigrants

5

1790-1860

ID: 1.5 Million Germans stepped onto American soil between 1830 and 1860 Significance:• Bulk are uprooted farmers displaced by crop failures and other hardships• The 48ers

– Strong sprinkling are political refugees– Saddened by collapse of democratic revolutions in 1848

• Possessed more wealth than Irish• Able to move out west most notably to Wisconsin• Formed influential bloc of voters

– Not as impactful as Irish because more scattered• Widely shaped American life

– Conestoga wagon, Kentucky Rifle and Christmas tree• Isolationists• Better educated that most Americans

– Supported public schools and kindergarten• Stimulated Art & Music• Enemies of Slavery• Sometimes settled in compact colonies


Nativists

5

1790-1860

ID: Americans who resented the growing number and influence of Immigrants and wanted to favor “native” Americans

Significance:• Newcomers took jobs• Feared Catholic Church and Catholicism becoming an

established church• Wanted strict restriction of immigration and naturalization

and more deportations• Incidents of violent clashes


Know-Nothing Party

(American Party)

5

1790-1860

ID: Political party of nativists formed out of the secret society the Order for the Star-Spangled Banner

Significance:

• Wanted rigid restrictions on immigration and naturalization

• Laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers

• Got name from their secret-ness– Ask them if they knew anything their response “I

Know Nothing”


Samuel Slater

5

1790-1860

ID: Father of the American Factory System, industrial revolution

Significance:

• Memorized plans for English textile machinery• Escaped to U.S. in disguise• Created first efficient American machinery for

spinning thread in 1791


Cotton Gin

5

1790-1860

ID: Created by Eli Whitney in 1793, simple machine for separating the seed from cotton fiber

Significance:• Affected history of America and

world almost overnight• Raising cotton becomes highly

profitable• South becomes tied to crop “King

Cotton”– Develops little manufacturing

• Revives slavery– Cotton so profitable that more

hands are needed to pick it b/c Cotton Gin can separate it so quickly

• Cotton growers need more acres south and west

• North profits as well– Cotton flows into northern textile

mills

Your InitialsPg. 300,303

Eli Whitney

5

1790-1860

ID: Inventor of the Cotton Gin and champions use of interchangeable parts.

Significance:

• Creator of two of the most important contributions to economy of the era

• Failed to capitalize on Cotton Gin• Interchangeable parts makes wide-scale

industrialization possible• Gives slavery new lease on life, making Civil War

more likely• Helps factories flourish in North, giving North

advantage in War

Your InitialsPg. 303

Interchangeable Parts

5

1790-1860

ID: Championed by Eli Whitney, Having machines create make parts of firearms, later expanded to other industries

Significance:• Principle widely adopted by 1850s• Ultimately became basis of modern mass-

production, assembly-line methods• Gives north vast industrial plant that ensures

military dominance over south


Elias Howe & Isaac Singer

5

1790-1860

ID: Howe invents the sewing machine, Singer perfects it in 1846

Significance:

• Strong boost to northern industrialization• Becomes foundation of ready-made clothing

industry• Drove seamstress from home to factory


Telegraph

5

1790-1860

ID: Invented by Samuel Morse in 1844, instant communication system of “talking wires”

Significance:

• Distantly separated people in instant communication with one another

• Leads to demise of pony express • Revolutionized news gathering, diplomacy and

finance• Country becoming more connected than ever


Life in Early Factories

5

1790-1860

ID: Manufacturing changes from small shops with master craftsman to more impersonal ownership of “spindle cities” and workers become “wage slaves”

Significance:• Hours were long, wages were low

and meals skimpy• Forced to work in unsanitary

buildings that were poorly ventilated, lighted and heated

• Could not form unions– Considered criminal conspiracy

• Children especially exploited– Many under the age of 10– Mentally blighted, emotionally starved,

physically stunted and whipped in “whipping rooms”

• Wanted 10 hour days, tolerable working conditions and public education

www.boisestate.edu: 2/11/07


Rise of Unions

5

1790-1860

ID: Workers in new economy realize that not working is powerful weapon, by 1830 300,000 workers were in trade unions.

Significance:

• Organization of unions difficult due to owners bringing in strike-breakers called “scabs or rats”

• Commonwealth v. Hunt key Supreme Court Case victory

– Unions not illegal conspiracies provided methods were “honorable and peaceful”


Cult of Domesticity

5

1790-1860

ID: Widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker.

Significance:• Women were wage earners until marriage and took up

new work as wives and mothers• Married women commanded immense moral power• Made decisions that altered the character of the family


Lowell System; textile mills

5

1790-1860

ID: Run by Boston Associates, showplace factory cranked out manufactured goods much faster than they could be made by hand

Significance:

• Offered jobs to young women• “Factory Girls” worked six days a week for little

pay• Lowell factory

– Workers were all New England Farm girls– Carefully supervised on and off the job by matrons– Escorted regularly to church from company boarding

houses


Factories influence on women and families

5

1790-1860

ID: Roles of women and basic family structure change to adapt to more industrial society

Significance:

• Love, not “arrangement” more frequently determined marriage

• Families become more closely knit and affectionate• Provide emotional refuge that made the life bearable• Families grow smaller

– Women have more say and practice of family planning

• More child-centered families• Good citizens raised to be independent individuals who

can make own decisions on the basis of internalized moral standards

• Outlines of “modern family”


John Deere

5

1790-1860

ID: Inventor of the steel plow in 1837

Significance:• Broke stubborn soil in

mid-west• Light enough to be

pulled by horses• Makes agriculture

profitable• Subsistence farming

gives way to more production for the market

• Cash crop culture comes to west

– Allows northern manufacturing to prosper

Source: www.museum.state.il.us: 12/05/10


Cyprus McCormick

5

1790-1860

ID: Virginian who invents the mechanical mower-reaper

Significance:

• Western equivalent of cotton gin• Allows one man to do the work that was done

by 5• Subsistence farming gives way to more

production for the market• Cash crop culture comes to west

– Allows northern manufacturing to prosper


National Road

5

1790-1860

ID: Federal government begins building road from Cumberland MD to Vandalia, IL, started 1811 finished in 1852

Significance:

• Built by federal government• Extended 591 miles• Victory for western states, stimulates

development• Symbol of increasing need for transportation

to spur economy


Steamboats

5

1790-1860

ID: Invented by Robert Fulton, installed a powerful steam-powered engine in the Clermont in 1807. Made trip up Hudson from NYC to Albany in 32 hours

Significance:

• Sensational success • Changes all navigable streams into two-way arteries• Doubles the carrying capacity of the U.S.• Significant increase in speed up stream from 1 mile per

hour• Master of the Mississippi• Vital role in opening up West and South• Starts canal building boom• Cuts down shipping time and costs


Erie Canal

5

1790-1860

ID: Canal linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. Called “Clinton’s Big Ditch”, begun in 1817 completed in 1852

Significance:

• Costs & Time dramatically decrease

– Ton of grain from Buffalo to NYC from $100 to $5

– 20 days to 6

• Value of land along route increase

• New cities blossomed in New York and on Great Lakes

• State industry boomed• Midwest farms are more

profitable• People lose way of life and

have to adapt to new market conditions


Railroads

5

1790-1860

ID: Fast, reliable, cheaper transportation than canals; first railroad appears in 1828, by 1860 30,000+ miles of track had been laid, ¾ in the North

Significance:• The most significant contribution to the development of a

national economy• Faced strong opposition from Canal builders• Considered dangerous at first• Other obstacles

– Bad breaks, schedule, different gauges• Country being bounded together• Allows market economy to flourish


Market Revolution

5

1790-1860

ID: Transformation a subsistence economy into a national network of industry and commerce

Significance:• Fundamental shift in economy• Families go from being self sufficient to working for

wages in factories in order to purchase necessities– People now effected by more outside influences

• Raises legal issues– Patents, workers rights, monopolies– New Chief Justice Roger B. Taney’s court sided more with

communities over industry• Revolution in households

– Traditional women’s work rendered superfluous and is devalued– Homes become sphere of women

• Advances bring increased prosperity to all Americans– Also widen gap between rich and poor– Unskilled workers drift from menial job to menial job

• Social mobility possible by over played


Second Great Awakening

5

1790-1860

ID: reaction to the growing liberalism in religion around 1800; a fresh wave of roaring revivals beginning on the southern frontier but soon rolled into cities in Northeast

Significance:

• One of the most momentous episodes in the history of American religion

• Tidal wave of religious fervor left in its wake countless converted souls, many shattered and reorganized churches and numerous new sects

• Encouraged evangelicalism to creep into other areas of American life

– Prison reform, temperance, women’s movement, abolition


Revival Meetings

5

1790-1860

ID: Massive “camp” meetings of thousands during the 2nd Great Awakening where people would gather for several days to listen to gospel

Significance:

• Revivals boosted church membership• Stimulated a variety of humanitarian reforms• “Feminization” of religion

– Middle class women first and most fervent revivalists– Make up majority of new church members– More likely to stay with the church– Offered women active role in brining families back to God– Formed host of benevolent and charitable organizations– Spearheaded crusades for era’s ambitious reforms

• Denominations split– Methodists and Baptists and other new sects spawned came

from less prosperous, less “learned” communities in South and West


Charles Grandison Finney

5

1790-1860

ID: Greatest of the revival preachers during the 2nd Great Awakening; originally trained as a lawyer

Significance:

• Could hold huge crowds spellbound with power of his oratory and message

• Led massive revivals in Rochester and New York City in 1830 and 1831

• Preached a version of the old-time religion• Devised the “anxious bench”

– Sinners could sit in full view of the public

• Believed in promise of a perfect Christian kingdom on earth

• Denounced both alcohol and slavery


Joseph Smith; Brigham Young

5

1790-1860

ID: Smith founder of the Mormon church in 1830; Lead by Young after Smith’s murder, moves church to Utah in 1846-47

Significance:

• Smith reported that he had received golden plates from an angel that constituted the Book of Mormon

• Young an aggressive leader, eloquent preacher and gifted administrator

• Young moves church from Illinois to Utah to escape further persecution

• Young has 27 wives• Young named territorial governor in 1850


Mormon Church & Migration

5

1790-1860

ID: Church founded on Book of Mormon discovered by Joseph Smith in Western New York, group moves to Utah in 1846-47 to escape persecution

Significance:

• Cooperative group antagonized individualistic Americans

• Aroused anger by voting as a unit• Had their own militia• Accused of being polygamists• Young moves group to Utah from Illinois• Make the Utah desert “bloom”

– 5,000 settlers by end of 1848

• Community becomes prosperous frontier theocracy and cooperative commonwealth


Public School Movement

5

1790-1860

ID: America slowly comes to understand need for tax-supported public educationSignificance:

• Taxation for education was insurance that wealthy paid for stability and democracy

– “Ignorant brats” may become dangerous ignorant mob

• Expands greatly between 1820-1850– South is lagging miserably

• Laborers demand instruction for children– Gain more power as voting restrictions are eased

• “A civilized nation that was both ignorant and free, never was and never will be” – Jefferson

• Little red schoolhouse– Symbol of democracy– House grades 1-8 and 1 teacher (probably a man)– Stayed open a few months– Taught the 3 Rs “Readin’, ‘ritin’, and ‘rithmetic”

• In 1860 nation only had about 100 public secondary schools and nearly 1 million white adult literates.


Horace Mann & Noah Webster

5

1790-1860

ID: Early reformers of public education.

Significance:

• Mann– Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education– Campaigned for more and better schoolhouses, longer

terms, higher pay for teachers and expanded curriculum

– Influence spreads to other states

• Webster– “School master of the republic”– Improved textbooks– Reading lessons used by millions– Devotes 20 years to dictionary published in 1828


McGuffey Readers

5

1790-1860

ID: Created by William McGuffey

Significance:

• Grade school readers first published in 1830s• Sold 122 million copies in following decades• Taught lessons in Morality, patriotism and

idealism.


Emma Willard & Mary Lyon

5

1790-1860

ID: Women how helped create the first opportunities of higher education for women

Significance:

• Women’s higher education was frowned upon– Woman’s place was in the home– Too much learning injured the feminine brain,

undermined health and rendered a young lady unfit for marriage

• Willard– Established the Troy Female Seminary in 1821

• Lyon– Established Mount Holyoke Seminary in Mass. In

1837

Your InitialsAnswers.com

Thomas Gallaudet

5

1790-1860

ID: Educator who founded the first free school for the deaf in America in Hartford

Significance:

• Known as Father of American Sign Language• Creates educational opportunities for people who

had none.• Later worked for other causes


Dorothea Dix

5

1790-1860

ID: Advocate for better treatment for mentally ill and prison reform

Significance:

• Insane being treated with incredible cruelty– Should be treated as beasts, chained in jails or poor houses with

sane people

• Traveled over 60,000 miles assembling damning reports on insanity and asylums from first hand observations

– Graphic depictions shocks public

• Petitioned Massachusetts legislature in 1843 for reforms• Conditions improve• Concept that demented are not willfully perverse but in fact

ill gains traction


American Peace Society

5

1790-1860

ID: Created in 1828; Led by William Ladd; group advocated for peace

Significance:

• Agitated for peace around the world• Against the Mexican-American War• Makes progress worldwide after liking up with

European groups• Lacks any real impact


Temperance

5

1790-1860

ID: Movement to ban alcohol

Significance:

• Pervasive use of alcohol creates many problems in society

• Drunkenness fouled the sanctity of the family, threatens spiritual welfare and physical safety of women and children

• Temperance groups see alcohol as the main cause


American Temperance Society

5

1790-1860

ID: Founded in Boston in 1828; organized local groups around the country

Significance:

• First effective nationwide temperance group• Implored drinkers to sign the temperance pledge• Two different points of view

– Stiffen individual’s will to resist (temperance)• Wanted to moderate drinking

– Ban consumption through legislation (teetotalism)• Temptation needed to be removed• Led by Neal Dow – “Father of Prohibition”• Able to get laws passed manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor in

Maine• Other states passed laws

• Gains made before Civil War


Beginning of Women’s movement

5

1790-1860

ID: Women begin to establish more rights beginning in the early 1800s

Significance:• Women supposed to immerse herself in home and subordinate

herself to her husband• Couldn’t vote, could be legally beaten, couldn’t retain title to property• Increasingly took steps toward freedom and self-determination

– Many women, “spinsters” avoided marriage altogether• Market economy contributes to separating sexes• Women thought to be physically and emotionally weak, but artistic

and refined• Endowed with finely tuned moral sensibilities, keepers of society’s

conscience, continue to adhere to Republican Motherhood• Women feel “cult of domesticity” is more of a cage• Movement lead by upper class whites• Demanded rights for women and advocated for other causes


Women’s movement leaders

5

1790-1860

ID: Mostly upper class white women; main leaders are Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Significance:

• Mott– Quaker, angered when she and fellow female delegates

were not recognized at antislavery conference in 1840

• Stanton– Early advocate for Women’s suffrage

• Anthony– Militant lecturer for women’s rights– So prevalent an advocate that progressive women

known as “Suzy Bs”

Your Initials Pg. 331& Pbs.org

Margaret Fuller

5

1790-1860

ID: Editor of Transcendentalists journal The Dial

Significance:

• Seen by some as first feminist• Worked as reporter & critic for New York

Tribune• Pioneer in writing and reporting, well

respected

Your Initials

Pg. 331& gilderleherman/historynow.com

Digitalhistory.uh.edu

Sarah and Angelina Grimké;

Letter on the Condition of Women and Equality of the Sexes

5

1790-1860

ID: South Carolina sisters who fought slavery

Significance:

• Spoke to “mixed” crowds of men and women• Published powerful antislavery works• Stretched the boundaries of women’s public role

in societal issues• Crusaded to end slavery and racial

discrimination• Wrote from first hand experiences with slavery• Letter

– Written by Sarah– One of first modern statements of feminist principles– Denounced injustice of lower pay and lack of

educational opportunities– Outraged the men regarded women as toys


Seneca Falls Convention

(1848)

5

1790-1860

ID: Women’s rights meeting in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848

Significance:• Issue Declaration of Sentiments of women’s rights• Declares “All men and women are created equal”• Has other grievances women would like

addressed• Attended by men and women• Demanded suffrage rights• Launches modern women’s rights movement• Women’s right’s takes back seat to abolition


Utopian communities

5

1790-1860

ID: Attempts made to create perfect little societies through cooperative, communistic. About 40 are attempted, most fail

Significance:

• Attempts ranged from high minded to lunatic• Robert Owen

– Founds commune in 1825 of over 1,000 in Indiana– Little harmony prevailed

• Brook Farm– 20 intellectuals committed to principles of

transcendentalism on 200 acres in Mass in 1841– Venture in “plain living and high thinking” fails in 1846

• Shakers– Longest living community– Led by Mother Ann Lee, reached about 6,000 in 1840– Religious community, akin to a monastery

Your InitialsPg. 334, 336-337

Oneida Community

5

1790-1860

ID: Founded in New York in 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes, flourished for 30+ years

Significance:

• Key to happiness was suppression of selfishness– Everything should be shared– “Bible Communism”

• One of the more radical communities– Practiced free love, birth control– People matched to produce superior offspring

• Survived through selling steel traps and Silver Plates


Metmuseum.org

Hudson River School

5

1790-1860

ID: School of American painters who turned from portraits to local and realistic landscapes

Significance:• America’s first true artistic fraternity• Defined America’s first contribution to the art world• Thomas Cole seen as the “father” of the school• Emerges out of nationalistic period after War of 1812• Celebrated beauty of landscapes


Washington Irving

5

1790-1860

ID: Author born in New York in (1783-1859), general author, Writer of The Sketch Book; Author of “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

Significance:

• First American to win international recognition as a literary figure

• Published The Sketch Book, which brought him immediately fame at home and abroad

• Europe amazed to find at last an American with a feather in his hand, not in his hair

• Did a lot of interpret America to Europe and Europe to America

• “The First ambassador whom the New World of letters sent to the Old”


James Fennimore Cooper

5

1790-1860

ID: American Novelists (1789-1851), author of The Spy, Leatherstocking Tales a series of novels the included The Last of the Mohicans

Significance:• First American novelists to gain world wide to make New

World themes respectable• Career started in earnest in 1821• Fame rests with Leatherstocking Tales

– Natty Bumppo is hero

• Widely sold in Europe; Europeans see Americans born with Mohawk in hand

• Explored the viability and destiny of America’s republican experiment by contrasting the undefiled values of “natural men,” with the artificiality of modern civilization


Transcendentalists

5

1790-1860

ID: Movement in the 1830s, rejected the prevailing theory, from Locke, that all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses

Significance:• Truth “transcends” the senses; it cannot be found by

observation alone• Every person possesses an inner light that can illuminate

the highest truth and put him or her in direct touch with God, or the “Oversoul.”

• Under lays a concrete set of beliefs– Individualism in matters as well as social– Closely associated with a commitment to self-reliance, self-

culture, and self-discipline

• Breeds hostility to authority and formal institutions of any kind and conventional wisdom

• Exaltation of the dignity of the individual and wave humanitarian reforms


Ralph Waldo Emerson

5

1790-1860

ID: Born in Boston (1803-1882) Best know of the transcendentalists authors; trained a Unitarian minister

Significance:• Address, “The American Scholar” perhaps best known public

effort in 1837 at Harvard– Intellectual declaration of independence

• Urged American writers to throw off European traditions• More influential as a practical philosopher and through essay

enriched countless lives• Stressed self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence,

optimism and freedom• Popularity stems from fact his ideals reflected those of an

expanding America.• Outspoken critic of slavery and supported Union in Civil War


Henry David Thoreau

5

1790-1860

ID: (1817-1862) Emerson’s close associate; poet, mystic and transcendentalist and nonconformist; Author of Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience

Significance:• Was thrown in jail for not paying Massachusetts poll tax

because of it’s support of slavery• Walden

– Record of his two years of simple existence in a hut he built at the edge of a pond

• Believed he should reduce his bodily wants to gain time for pursuit of truth through study and meditation

• Civil Disobedience– Early advocate of nonviolent protests– Writings encouraged Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.


Nathaniel Hawthorne

5

1790-1860

ID: Born in Salem MA (1804-1864), author of The Scarlet Letter

Significance:

• Work questions the intolerance and conformity of American life

• Reflects obsession with original sin and struggle between good and evil


South’s Oligarchy

5

1790-1860

ID: Pre-Civil War south is not much of a democracy, it is controlled by the wealthy planters, In 1850 1,733 families owned more than 100 slaves each

Significance:• Group provided bulk of political and social leadership• Planter aristocrats enjoyed lion’s share of wealth• Educated children in finest schools• Money provides leisure for study and reflection• Many felt obligation to served the public• Dominance by favored aristocracy was basically

undemocratic• Widened gap between rich and poor• Hampered tax-supported education

Your Initials pg. 352-356

Southern Class System

5

1790-1860

ID: Distinct and fairly rigid class system develops in the South during the 1800s;

Significance:• Large Plantation Owners

– owned 100 + slaves– Dominated wealth and government

• Slave Owners– Over 2/3rd of slave owning families have under 10 – Smaller slave owners did not own majority of slaves, but were majority of

masters– Typically small farmers, not too dissimilar to Northern families– Only ¼ of white southerners owned slaves

• Non Slave holding whites– ¾ of all whites– Simplie subsistence life, resented cotton “snobocracy”– Lived isolated lives– Could look down on slaves

• At least there is someone worse off• Mountain whites

– Stuck in Appalachian range– Little in common with rest of south

• Free Blacks• Slaves


Free blacks in South

5

1790-1860

ID: Approx. 250,000 in the South in 1860

Significance:• Set free in variety of ways

– Given freedom during Revolution– Bought their way out

• Treated as a “third race”– Couldn’t have certain jobs, couldn’t testify in courts

• Limited rights and job prospects• Lived in fear of being captured and sold back into

slavery• Faced just as much racism, if not more in the north


Slavery:

Life & Coping

5

1790-1860

ID: Nearly 4 million slaves in the south in 1860, treated as property

Significance:• Slave imports outlawed in 1808, population grew on its own

– Primary source of wealth– Slave were almost 50% of the population; majority in MS, LA, and SC

• Rural Slavery– Worked from dawn to dusk in the fields– Often whipped to keep working– Most lived on large plantations

• Urban Slavery– Demand rose for slaves to work in mills and on ships– New class of skilled laborers develop– Owners “hired out” slaves to factory owners

• Slaves had no rights in eyes of law– When laws in place to help slaves, enforcement near impossible

• Coping– Family lives remained relatively stable; looked out for one another on

plantation– Turned to religion– Worked just fast enough to avoid the lash– All had desire for freedom


Abolitionism

5

1790-1860

ID: Movement to end the “peculiar institution” of slavery in America, takes on all kinds of forms

Significance:

• Abolition societies begin to develop as early as the Revolutionary War

• Opponents ranged from moderates looking to slowly emancipate the slaves with compensation to radicals who want immediate emancipation without pay

• Abolition pursued all the way through the war


American Colonization Society

5

1790-1860

ID: Early abolitionist group started in 1817

Significance:

• Focus was to transport blacks back to Africa• Help establish country of Liberia and it’s

capital was Monrovia• 15,000 were transplanted over 4 decades• Most did not wish to be moved• By 1860 virtually all southern slavers were

no longer African, but native-born in the United States


William Lloyd Garrison

5

1790-1860

ID: Radical White abolitionists, publisher of The Liberator a newspaper dedicated to abolition, founder of the American Anti-Slavery Soceity

Significance:

• Militantly antislavery• Proclaimed he would not tolerate slavery under

any circumstances• Wanted to stamp it out once and for all• Called for immediate emancipation without

compensation• Burned constitution as Pro-slavery document• Supports David Walker


American Anti Slavery Society

5

1790-1860

ID: Founded by William Lloyd Garrison, more militant than most abolitionists groups

Significance:

• Organized societies across the nation• Group membership grows quickly in the 1840s• Loses some support at Garrison takes on more

radical positions • Attacking government and churches in paper

Your InitialsPg. 365; pbs.org

David Walker

5

1790-1860

ID: Black abolitionist, author of Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829

Significance:

• Advocates bloody end to slavery and white supremacy

• Fear of slave revolts in the south• Gives hope and inspiration to slaves• Leads to passage of laws making it illegal for

slaves to be taught how to read


Womenhistory.about.com

Sojourner Truth

5

1790-1860

ID: A slave for 30 years, gains freedom and tours country as preacher and abolitionists

Significance:

• Real name Isabella Baumfree• Felt she had a calling to preach and took new

name• Popular speaker• Gives first hand accounts of life as slave• Influences other abolitionists


Frederick Douglass;

The North Star

5

1790-1860

ID: Escaped bondage in 1838 and “discovered” by abolitionists in 1841; lectures across the north; starts antislavery journal The North Star

Significance:

• Greatest and most influential of black abolitionists• Stunning speaker• Continue to lecture after threats and beatings• Autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick

Douglass is widely read– Gives more personal account of life as a slave

• Looked to politics and compromise to end slavery• Paper not just out to end slavery but all social

injustice


Tulane.edu

Liberty Party

5

1790-1860

ID: Political party created in 1840 dedicated to the end of slavery

Significance:

• Abolitionist look to more practical and political means to end slavery

• First party whose sole intent was abolition• Not effective on large scale• Had some influence in northern states


Nat Turner’s Rebellion

5

1790-1860

ID: Aug. 1831, Nat Turner leads 80 followers and attacked 4 plantations & killed 60 people in Southampton Va.

Significance:• Believed he had been chosen to lead slaves

out of bondage• Turner captured & hanged• 200 slaves killed in retaliation• Fed state of southern paranoia that north is

actively trying to inflame a slave revolt• South tightens grip on slaves

– Stricter slave codes are passed

Your InitialsPg. ushistory.com

Slave Codes

5

1790-1860

ID: Outlines rights of slaves and acceptable treatment and rules regarding slaves and ownership

Significance:• Backlash from revolts and abolition movements

– Owners believed education and privilege inspired the revolt

– Many pushed for stricter controls• Free blacks could not preach without “respectable” slave

holders present• Blacks lost right to vote, own a gun• Could not learn to read and write


Proslavery Defenses

5

1790-1860

ID: In wake of challenges of slavery, proslavery whites in the south offer up reasons for its existence and claim it’s a positive good

Significance:• Authority for slaver in Bible

– Slaves become part of a Christian civilization– Religion encourage in slave quarters

• Master-slave relationship resembled family relationships

• Slaves were better off than northern “wage slaves”– Worked outside in the sun– Did not have to worry about unemployment– Cared for when sick

• Attempts at defense widens schism between north and south

Your InitialsPg. 359, 409-410

Harriet Beecher Stowe;

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

5

1790-1860

ID: Book written in 1852 about inhumanity of slavery and the cruel practice of splitting of families

Significance:• Considered to be cause of the Civil War

– Lincoln said to Stowe “so you’re the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war”

• Gives northerners a chance to identify with plight of slaves on a more personal and emotional level

• Several hundreds of thousands of copies were printed and sold, mainly in the north

• Cannot be compared with other books as a political force• Helped north win the war• Popular in Europe

Oneida Community

UNIT 5 TERMS

Hudson River School

Washington Irving

Pioneer Families

Early Urban Life

Reasons Immigrants come to

U.S.

Irish Immigrants

German Immigrants

Nativists

Know-Nothing Party

Samuel Slater

Cotton Gin

Interchangeable Parts

Howe & Singer

Telegraph

Life in early factories

Rise of Unions

Cult of Domesticity

Lowell System; textile mills

John Deere

Cyprus McCormick

National Road

Steamboats

Erie Canal

Railroads

Market Revolution

2nd Great Awakening

Revival Meetings

Charles Grandison Finney

Joseph Smith & Brigham Young

Mormon Church

Public School Movement

Mann & Webster

Willard & Lyon

Gallaudet

Dorothea Dix

Temperance

American Temperance Soc.

Beginning Women’s movement

Women’s movement leaders

Margaret Fuller

Sarah & Angelina Grimke

Utopian communities

Eli Whitney

Factory influence on women & families

James Fennimore Cooper

Transcendentalists

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

Nathaniel Hawthorne

South’s Oligarchy

Southern Class System.

Free Blacks in South

Slavery: life & coping

William Lloyd Garrison

David Walker

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionism

American colonization society

Frederick Douglass

Liberty Party

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Slavery Codes

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Seneca Falls

American Peace Society

American Anti-Slavery Society

McGuffey Readers

5 your initials pg. 287-288 pioneer families in the west 1790-1860

Documents

irish immigrants51790

influence of immigrants

reasons immigrants

cities livableboston

cities nyc

increasing population

bostonnyc largest irish

pioneer families