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High Valued Medicinal Plants And Their Cultivation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province ByMr Allah Dad Khan allahdad52@gmail.com

Cultivation of Medicinal Plants and Their Marketing in Pakistan by Allah Dad Khan

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Medicinal Plants Define AsThose plants that have healing properties are termed as medicinal plants or herbs.

Many plants with medicinal virtues are termedofficinalis. The Latin name denotes that the plant is medicinally useful.

This term dates back to the early Christian period, when monasteries were utilized as centers for the gathering and writing of information and usage of medicinal herbs.

Medicinal Plants in Quran and HadithThe Holy Quran ,Plants mentioned in Surahs Al-Bakra, Sura Al-Isra, Al-Rehman, Al-Inaam, and Al-Mominoon. In the Holy Quaran Allah says, And within the land are neighboring plots and gardens of grapevines and crops and palm trees, (growing) several from a root or otherwise, watered with one water; but We make some of them exceed others in (quality of) fruit. Indeed in that are signs for a people who reason (Sura Ar-Ra`d, verse 4). Our Holy Prophet (PBUH) used and recommended medicinal plants for treatment of various ailments.

Saying of Prophet SAW The Prophet (SAW) said, " If my community had only known what there is in fenugreek they would have paid its weight in gold."When considering the value of herbs, it is not their cost or exotic quality that matters as much as their versatility. Many herbs have been used historically as "cure-alls" or potent "tonic herbs." Among these herbs are black seed, fenugreek and aloe vera, three of the Prophet's (SAW) favorite herbs.Aloe vera is another very useful and favorite herb of the Prophet (SAW). Qays bin Rafi al-Qatsi narrates that God's messenger (SAW) said, "Aloes and watercress are a sure cure for illness." In fact, in some areas of the world such as South America, aloe vera is still used as an "all-purpose" cure. In some homes, it is the ONLY herb used - for all illnesses.We are wise to use these herbs that Allah has provided, remembering that, "For every malady Allah created, He also created its cure (and he who) acquires such knowledge shall benefit from it and one who ignores it will forgo such benefit" (Sahih Bukhari).

Medicinal plants from ancient times to the present

Some 60,000 years ago, it appears that Neanderthal man valued herbs as medicinal agents; this conclusion is based on a grave in Iran in which pollen grains of eight medicinal plants were found.The earliest written historical information dates back to 2500 B.C. when Sumarian ideograms described the use of medicinal plants such as the poppy as the "the plant of joy" 1728 to 1686 B.C. in the Code of Hammurabi, the King of Babylon. Plants mentioned include mint, henbane, senna and licorice.Up until the 18thcentury, the professions of doctor and botanist were closely linked. Indeed, the first modern botanic gardens, which were founded in 16thcentury Italy, in Pisa, Padova and FlorencePerhaps 90% of the world's population still relies completely on raw herbs and unrefined extracts as medicines. It has been estimated that about 13,000 species used as traditional medicines by various cultures around the worldSometimes the figure of 70,000 medicinal plant species is cited, but this includes many algae, fungi, and micro-organisms that are not really plants as the word is understood by botanists

Best Climate of Pakistan for Medicinal PlantsPakistan is a developing country of South Asia, spreading over an area of 87.98 million hectares. The country is situated between latitude 23and 37 North and longitude 61 and 76 East. The annual rainfall ranges from 125 mm in the South to 875 mm in sub-mountainous and northern plains.

About 70% of the rain falls during the monsoon season (July-September). However, occasional showers also occur during the winter.

The summer months, except in mountainous areas, are very hot, while the winter months are mild in the plains and extremely severe in hilly regions.

Pakistan scenario and Medicinal plants

There are around 46,000 Registered "Hakims" and about 74,000 Registered Homeopaths as against some 102516 Registered Physicians.

The number of recognized Tibbia Colleges and Dispensaries is 28 and 315 respectively Tibbi Pharmacopoeia published by the National Council of Tibb lists about 900 single herbs whereas Hamdard Pharmacopoea of Eastern

Medicine lists 186 single vegetable drugs used exclusively in "unani medicine".

Forest Status in Pakistan

The state-owned forest area, under the control of the Forest Department, is 4.58 million hectares, only 5.2 % of the total area of Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Annual production of timber and fuelwood is 0.482 million m3and 0.234 million m3respectively.

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The cultivation of medicinal crops has many advantages. These include:As compared to the traditional crops, Medicinal crops provide better returns than traditional crops; Have very high domestic and export demand; Fetch better prices in the market; Could be stored for a long time, and sold at a time when better prices prevail in the market; Are the largely drought tolerant, and not easily grazed by animals; Have low incidence of pest attacks and diseases; Require minimum resources, therefore the cost of cultivation is lower as compared to the traditional crops; Could be raised as inter-crops, along with traditional crops, and also on degraded lands.

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WORLD IN 21st CENTURY100% increase in Worlds population (12 billion by the year 2035).50% reduction in forests cover.Life expectancy close to 100 years in most parts of the world.World resources of fossil fuel will be totally consumed. Plant products are used as FoodstuffsFlavoring agents and spicesPerfumes and cosmeticsPharmaceutical and biological agentsRecreational substances

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Status of Medicinal Plants in Pakistan A survey of the naturally available plant wealth of Pakistan shows that medicinal plants grow in abundance in Hazara, Malak and Kurram Agency, Murree Hills, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Baluchistan, or are cultivated on farmlands in Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and Kashmir. According to the surveys carried out by the Pakistan Forest Institute 500 tons of medicinal plants are produced in Hazara and Malakand, 16 tons in Murree Hills, 38 tons in Azad Kashmir and about 24 tons in Northern Areas. These plants are collected from the wild, dried and processed and sold in the local markets or exported to other countries. Pakistan obtains more than 80 % of its medicaments from higher plants.

Medicinal Plants and PakistanPakistan has a diverse climatic condition supporting the growth of nearly 6000 higher plant species of which nearly 700 plant species are reported for their medicinal value . Nearly 300 medicinal plants are traded locally and internationally. Pakistan obtains more than 80 per cent of its medicaments from higher plants.

Importance of Medicinal PlantsAlmost 50% of the medicines we use today are derived straight from plants and 25% of the prescription drugs have their genesis of plants. According to WHO, 80% of the world population rely chiefly on plant based traditional medicines.The common belief based on tradition, that medicinal plants being "natural" or near to nature are always safe, is not held to be true lately. The advancement of technology has enabled the scientists to detect minute amounts of carcinogenic and toxic chemicals in these herbs and recognize or evaluate potentially hazardous effects of some of the herbs used in traditional medicines since centuries.

Importance of some important medicinal plants Cinnamon ( Darcheeni)-cinnamon bark contains an oil-like substance that kills a variety of illness causingbacteria, includingE.coliandSalmonella,and research shows thatcinnamon is able to stop the growth of the Asianfluvirus.Cinnamon has a surprisingly strong effect on thebrain and mood; its distinctive smell helps to reduceanxiety andstress, increase alertness, and preventmood swings caused by fluctuating blood-sugar levels.

2.Turmeric ( Haldi)-turmeric containscurcumin, a powerfulantioxidant chemical that detoxifiescarcinogens and calmsinflammation, making it useful for easing auto-immune conditions such as rheumatoidarthritis andallergies. It appears to work just like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, without the side effects.Turmeric is such as strong anti-inflammatory that only a small amount is enough to reduce the risk of illness.Curcumin, which gives this spice its vivid golden color, also helps to prevent the build up of fatty deposits in the arteries, and so may protect against conditions such asAlzheimers andheart disease.

3. Basil ( Niazbo)-basil contains volatile oils, which account for the medicinal properties of this herb. It relieves flatulence, is an aid todigestion and its antiseptic properties are said to benefitacne. This fragrantoil also hasantimicrobial effects. Recent tests have found thatbasil oils can counteract the growth of antibiotic-resistant superbugs, including those that causefood poisonin g and others that infect wounds.

4. Clove (Loong)-clove oil is 60 to 90 percenteugenol,a potent pain-relieving compound, effective for numbing the pain toothache, headaches, and other areas of pain, such as thejoints. As well as their anaesthetic effects,clovescombat the bacterial infection andinflammation that can lead togum diseaseand the risk of further damage toteeth.

5. Cumin(Zeera)-cumin seeds are valued for their digestive benefits.Cuminrelieves wind and can prevent digestive upsets such as diarrhea. This is thought to be because these smallseeds stimulate the production of pancreaticenzymes that help the body break down foods and absorb the nutrients. This fragrant spice is a source ofiron and is rich in essential oils. Regularly eatingcumin is associated withblood glucose-lowering effects.Chewing a fewseeds ofcumin sweetens the breath after eating a meal. End a meal by chewing a blend ofcumin seeds,fennel,cloves andcardamom to enhancedigestion.6. Fennel(Saunf) Rich in volatile oils,fennel is a carminative herb, meaning that it can ease bloating, flatulence, and digestive spasms. As well asdigestion, scientific research has demonstrated fennels anti-cancer, intestinalhealthandeye health benefits.Fennel seeds can also reduce bad breath and body odor. Thefennel bulb contains a significant amount ofVitamin C, and is a source offiber,folate andpotassium, making it a powerfulantioxidant herb.

7. Mint( Pudina)-mint is widely used as a highly effective digestive aid, and to counteractnausea and vomiting.Mint improvesfat digestion and is an effective antacid, due to its essential oils.Peppermint oil is still the basis for many indigestion remedies, because it is extremely soothing to the stomach lining.Mint tea is not only beneficial for digestion; it is a simple treatment for stress-induced headaches. Chewing the leaves or drinking thetea stimulates the cortex of thebrain to improveconcentration and induce relaxation.8.OreganoSeed ( Ajwain)- One tablespoon oforegano has about the sameantioxidantcapacity as onebanana or a cup of stringbeans. Itsantioxidant qualities combat the conditions ofaging, especiallyheart disease and cancers.Oregano contains at least four compounds that soothe coughs and 19 chemicals withantibacterial action, which are associated with offering protection against food-borne diseases. Freshly-pickedoregano leaves are the most effective.

9.Parsley ( ajmood /ajwai e khurasani)-parsley is rich in essential oils, and containsVitamin A, C, and someiron andcalcium. It is a diuretic and digestive herb, helping to prevent problems such as kidney stones and bladderinfections, and keeping the bodys plumbingrunning smoothly by causing it to produce more urine. It also aids in the elimination of uricacid useful forarthritis, rheumatism orgout, and it is an effective breath freshener because it contains high levels of chlorophyll.10.Fenugreek( Methi)-fenugreek is rich in vitamins A and C,andiron andphosphorus. Studies have shown thatfenugreek is a potent stimulator of breastmilk production in nursing mothers.Fenugreek seeds have also been found to protect against cancers of the colon and breast, and have anti-diabetic effects. The regular intake offenugreek seeds helps to purify theblood, flush out harmful toxins and lowers the risk of aheart attack.

Medicinal Plants Uses

Uses of Medicinal PlantsHealth care products in traditional medicine (either as raw, single herb preparations or as manufactured finished products, including substances of psychotropic and ritual/religious value);Raw material for the pharmaceutical industry for extraction of essential oils, fixed oils, tannins, gums and resins, and pharmacologically active constituents like alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, etc.;Culinary additions, spices and colorings;Natural cosmetics and in perfumes;Health foods either distributed through pharmacies under prescription or as "over-the-counter" medicines.Castor oil that was used as a powerful laxative, one teaspoon to two tablespoons taken in the evening.Fennel seeds that were used for their carminative, stomachic and other digestive problems, taken steeped with water, or as two drops of seed oil.Saffron was used as a carminative or to increase the blood flow.

Table Important medicinal plant species of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province , Kashmir and Baluchistan and SindhPlant namesParts usedApproximateAnnual Yield (tons)Aconitum chasmanthum (Atees)Roots5Aconitum heterophyllum (Atees)Roots1Acontium sp. (Atees)Leaves7Adianthum capillusWhole plant120Angelica glaucaRoots7Artemisia vulgarisLeaves/ shoots148Atropa acuminate (angoori shafa)Roots74Berberis lyceum(Dar choob)Roots300Dioscorea deltoideaRhizome148Dioscorea deltoidea (Kartha)Twigs233

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Table Important medicinal plant species of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province , Kashmir and Baluchistan and SindhPlant namesParts usedApproximateAnnual Yield (tons)Geranium wallichianum (Lejahari)Roots18Myrtus communsFruits45Paeonia emodi( Mamekh)Rhizome99Podophyllum emodi (Ban kakri)Rhizome55Polygonum amplexicauler(bandok)Roots27Rheum emodi ( Rewand chini)Roots259Saxifraga ciliate (Roots37Thymus serphyllum ( Ban Ajwain)Leaves7Valeriana wallichii ( Muski Bala)Rhizome148Zizyphus vulgaris (Unab)Fruits30

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Issues related to Medicinal Plants in Pakistan Depletion of existing stock and presently most of the plants are found scattered in the distant areas.Threat to genetic erosion due to indiscriminate exploitation by the collectors Quality deterioration Few species are reported endanger to the extinct.Development of the technology of propagation and regeneration of medicinal plants in their natural habitat.Conservation of this natural resources.

Cultivation of Medicinal Plants

Increasing popularity of medicinal plants

Low cost:herbals are relatively inexpensive and the cost of pharmaceuticals to governments and individuals is risingDrug resistance:the need for alternative treatments for drug-resistant pathogensLimitations of medicine:the existence of ailments without an effective pharmaceutical treatmentMedicinal value:laboratory and clinical corroboration of safety and efficacy for a growing number of medicinal plantsCultural exchange:expanding contact and growing respect for foreign cultures, including alternative systems of medicineCommercial value:growing appreciation of trade and other commercial economic opportunities represented by medicinal plants

Economic opportunities and cultivation of MPMost of the world's supply of medicinal herbs is obtained by wild collection (often called"wildcrafting"), not by cultivation. There are still many minor medicinal plant species in Country that are abundant in nature and can be collected in a sustainable fashion. However, because of shrinking wild resources and a strengthening sentiment that biodiversity should be preserved, cultivation is becoming increasingly important.Cultivation offers the possibility of not only preserving economically important wild plants in their natural habitats, but also of providing farmers with new crops.Domestic and foreign markets for medicinal plants are growing rapidly and provide important opportunities for the development and diversification of Pakistani agriculture

CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

A variety of medicinal plants grow in the temperate hilly region of Pakistan. These plants gained importance in the allopathic system of medicine . Plants such asDigitalis purpurea,Atropa belladonna,Colchicum sp. (Suranjan talkh), and many others were used in British and American pharmacopoeiasThis has resulted in the depletion of the existing stock and presently most of the plants are found scattered in the distant areas.Some other species are also endangered through indiscriminate exploitation by the collectors. For quite a few of these valuable plants, either the quality has deteriorated or they have become extinct. Development of the technology of propagation and regeneration of medicinal plants in their natural habitat is essential for the conservation of this natural resource. Studies carried out by the Medicinal Plants Branch have revealed that temperate medicinal plants acquire perennial habits and therefore take more time to reach the stage of commercial exploitation.

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Cultivation of medicinal plantsIn country cultivation of medicinal plants is very intermittent.Definately the medicinal plants are not alternative in major crops. These must be included as minor crops.

Cultivation in Rainfed area Plants as xerophyte are growing there potential must be exploited through awareness and training.

Cultivation as intercropping in various cropping systemVarious medicinal plants , keeping in view their growth habit can be inter cropped in orchids, forest and with major crops . Cultivation of treesThe deciduous natural medicinal plants require more than 10 to 15 years for harvesting and economic return. These plants may be planted on separate lands, on slope hill sides ,Banks of canal and water resources.Weeds as Medicinal PlantsThere is a need develop agro technologies to keep theses weeds as a secondary crop. The farmers can earn an additional income for collecting and selling different parts of weeds.

Cultivation of Medicinal Plants (Winter season) #NameTime of sowing Distance from Line to Line CmFlowering TimeTime of HarvestingYield per Hectare in Kgs1Ajwain ( Khurasani)Sept-Oct36MarchMay -June500-550 2Ajwain desiSept-Oct36MarchApril- May350-4003AlsiOct-Nov30FebApril-May700-8004KalwonjiSep-Oct30MarchApril-May550-6445Tukhume balangoSept-Oct30FebApril450-6006MalathiSept-Oct100-----After three to 4 years4000-50007KuthOct-Nov(roots)Pots---After 3 Years

Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Winter Season Contd #NameTime of sowing Distance from Line to Line CmFlowering TimeTime of HarvestingYield per Hectare in Kgs8Zeera SufaidDec-JanBroadcast---Feb350-3759Zeera KalaSept-Oct35NovDec375-4001011CorianderAug-SeptBroadcast----Oct-Nov12MethiJuly-Aug13MehindiJune -sept45---March -June1500-300014AspaghoolSept- Oct15-20FebMarch -April450-500

Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Winter Season Contd #NameTime of sowing Distance from Line to Line CmFlowering TimeTime of HarvestingYield per Hectare in Kgs15RaiOct-Nov36FebMarch-April300-35016SoyiaOct-Nov36FebMarch -April400-50017Kali ZeeriAug-Sept50NovDec-Jan200-25018KaoOct-Nov36--Feb-March400-45019MeethraSept-Oct36---March-April400-50020HaloonOct-Nov36--March-April300-40021

Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Summer Season #NameTime of sowing Distance from Line to Line CmFlowering TimeTime of HarvestingYield per Hectare in Kgs1AdrakMarch-April45---Dec-Jan2000-25002Gekhwar (Aloe vera )March Pots---After 4 Years3Choongan(seed)JulyPots-------4HaldiMarch-April45---Dec-Jan5PudinaFeb-March30---15-20cm Stage200-2506SaunfMarch -April45---June-July7KilKilFeb-March50---Oct-Nov160-200

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Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Summer Season contd #NameTime of sowing Distance from Line to Line CmFlowering TimeTime of HarvestingYield per Hectare in Kgs8BabchiMarch-April40-50--July -Dec1000-12009Lemon GrassFeb-March50Nov- DecJune -Aug25000-3000010KoortumaMarch-April50---June -July8000-100011KulfaMarch-June25---April-Aug1000 kg saag12TillJuly45Oct-Nov13CastorJuly-Aug3 meter----Nov80014

Cultivation of Medicinal Plants /trees#NameTime of sowing Distance from Line to Line CmFlowering TimeTime of HarvestingYield per Hectare in Kgs1Sohanjana2Neem3PapitaSada Bahar4Mushk Bala5Podophylum6Narchi7Harmal

Cultivation of Medicinal Plants /trees#NameTime of sowing Distance from Line to Line CmFlowering TimeTime of HarvestingYield per Hectare in Kgs8Unab9Ber10Timru11Bsanafsha12Falsa13AmlaMarch 25 feetApril-MayNov -Jan40-60 kg/plant14Ajmood

Cultivation of Medicinal Plants#NameTime of sowing Distance from Line to Line CmFlowering TimeTime of HarvestingYield per Hectare in Kgs15Amaltas16Kuchnar17Jamman

Tulsi

Aloe vera

Lemon Grass

Dhania

Methi

Haldi ( Turmeric)

Fennel

Oyster Mushroom

Jamun

Choongan

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