5-ქულიანი თემები · “kanonta gonis” moziebisas, an kanonebsi...

5-ქულიანი თემები

1.მონტესკიე კანონების შესახებ - გვ . 116-119

monteskies humanistur-ganmanaTleblobiTi poziciis Tanmimdevruloba

ganxilulia traq-tatSi “kanonTa gonis Sesaxeb”, romelmac frangi

moazrovne saqveynod cnobil avtori-tetad aqcia samarTlebrivi da

politikuri azris istoriaSi. monteskies samarTlebrivi Teoriis mTavari

Tema da ZiriTadi faseuloba politikuri Tavisuflebis idea aris,

romlis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, aucilebel pirobaTa ricxvs samarTliani

kanonebi da sa-xelmwifoebriobis saTanado organizacia miekuTvneba.

“kanonTa gonis” moZiebisas, an kanonebSi kanonzomierebis dasadgenad,

monteskie adamianis gonieri bunebis, nivTebis bunebis Sesaxeb

racionalistur warmodgenebs eyrdnoboda da cdilobda istoriulad

cvalebadi, pozitiuri kanonebis logikurobas, agreTve maTi Seqmnis

faqtorebsa da mize-zebs Caswvdomoda.

ama Tu im TvalsazrisiT, kanonzomieri (anu kanoni, Sesabamisi

urTierTobis wesi), monteskies azriT, goniersa da aucilebels niSnavs,

rac, Tavis mxriv, SemTxveviTobas, TviTnebobasa da fatalurobas (brma

sve-beds) upirispirdeba.

monteskies azriT, swored kanoni gamoxatavs gansazRvrulobis,

ganpirobebulobis da ganmsWvalulobis moments, ama Tu im urTierTobaSi;

gonier sawyiss, anu gonivrulobisa da aucileblobis arsebobas

aRniSnul urTierTobaSi.

kanonis saerTo cnebiT moculia yvela kanoni _ ucvleli, fizikur

samyaroSi moqmedi da cvalebadi _ anu gonieri arsebebis samyaroSi

moqmedi kanonebi. adamiani, danarCeni fizikuri arsebebis msgavsad,

ucvleli bunebiTi kanonebiT imarTeba, Tumca _ rogorc gonieri arseba,

romelic sakuTari ganzraxviT moqmedebs (gonebis gardauali SezRu-

dulobis, SecdomaSi Sesvlis unaris, vnebebis gavlenis qveS yofnis gamo),

mudmivad arRvevs rogorc bunebis am mudmiv kanonebs, ise cvalebad

adamianur kanonebs.

adamianebTan mimarTebiT, bunebis (bunebiTi) kanonebs monteskie

ganmartavda, rogorc “Cveni arsebis mowyobidan mxolod da mxolod

gamomdinare” kanonebs. im bunebiTi kano-nebidan, romelTa arsebobas

hqonda adgili, rodesac adamianebi bunebriv (winare-civilizaciur)

mdgomareobaSi cxovrobdnen, gamomdinareoben adamianis bunebis Semdegi

Tvisebani: mSvidobisken ltolva, sakvebis mopovebis survili, adamianebs

Soris urTi-erTobis damyareba Txovnis safuZvelze, sazogadoebaSi

cxovrebis survili. monteskie specialurad aRniSnavda hobsis moZRvrebis

erT miuRebel debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianebs Tavidanve

agresiuloba da urTierTdapirispirebis survili axasiaTebdaT. piruku,

monteskies azriT, adamiani Tavidanve susti da Zalzed mSiSara arseba

iyo, romelic Tanasworobisa da sxvebTan mSvidobiani cxovrebisaken

iswrafoda. garda amisa, xelisuflebisa da sxvebze batonobis idea

imdenad rTuli da sxva mraval ideaze damokidebulia, rom ver iqneba

adamianis Tavdapirveli azri. magram, vinaidan adamianebi sazogadoebaSi

erTiandebian, isini sakuTari sisustis SegrZnebas kargaven; qreba maT

Soris arsebuli Tanasworobac; iwyeba orgvari omebi _ calkeul

adamianebsa da mTel xalxs Soris. iqmneba xalxs Soris urTierTobebis

momwesrigebeli kanonebi (saerTa-Soriso samarTali); mmarTvelsa da

qveSevrdomTa Soris urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli kanonebi (pozitiuri

samarTali); moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli kanonebi

(samoqalaqo samarTali). sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis moTxovnas,

zogad kanonebSi, monteskies azriT, saxelmwifos Seqmnis aucilebloba

ganapirobebs: “sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia iarsebos mmarTvelis gareSe”.

iqmneba e.w. politikuri mdgo-mareoba (saxelmwifo). calkeuli adamianebis

Zalisxmevis aseTi SeerTeba ukve gu-lisxmobs adamianTa nebis erTobas,

anu e.w. samoqalaqo mdgomareobas. saxelmwifos (politikuri

mdgomareobis) Sesaqmnelad da saerTo kanonebis dasadgenad saWiroa, ada-

mianTa sazogadoebaSi sakmaod ganviTarebuli mdgomareoba, romelsac

monteskie samoqa-laqo mdgomareobas uwodebda. dadebiTi (pozitiuri,

adamianuri) kanoni samarTlianobis obieqtur xasiaTsa da samarTlian

urTierTobebs gulisxmobs. samarTlianoba win uswrebs pozitiur kanons

da ara _ piruku. kanoni, zogadad, _ monteskies mixedviT, _ aris

adamianuri goni, romelic yvela adamianis cxovrebas warmarTavs. amitom,

“samoqa-laqo da politikuri kanonebi, romlebsac yvela xalxi iRebs,

sxva araferia, Tu ara am gonebis kerZo gamoyeneba. aseTi midgomis

realizaciis procesSi, monteskie im faqtorebs ikvlevda, romelTa

erToblioba qmnis “kanonTa gons”, anu imas, rac pozitiur kano -nebTan

mimarTebiT _ gonierebas, marTlzomierebas, kanonierebas, samarTlianobas

gansazRvravs. kanonebze gadamwyvet gavlenas, monteskies azriT, buneba da

im mTavrobis principebi axdenen, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi

yalibdeba. monteskie mmarTve-lobis sam formas (saxes) gansazRvravda:

respublikurs, monarqiuls, despoturs. respublikur mmarTvelobaSi

uzenaesi xelisufleba an mTlianad xalxs (demokratia), an mxolod

xalxis nawils (aristokratia) upyria. monarqia _ erTi adamianis

mmarTvelobaa, Tumca _ dadgenili kanonebis meSveobiT. despotiaSi

yvelafers erTi piris neba da TviTneboba gansazRvravs, nebismieri

kanonisa da rigis miRma. amrigad, monterskies Sefa-sebiT, mmarTvelobis

samive saxeobas sakuTari buneba gaaCnia, romlisganac avtori

mmarTvelobis principis formas ganasxvavebda. es formac Zalzed

mniSvnelovania, kanon-Semoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT. demokratiis ZiriTadi

kanonebi kenWisyris uflebas gan-sazRvraven. xalxi, monterskies

mtkicebiT, sxva pirTa saqmianobis gakontrolebis unars avlens, Tumca

mas ar Seswevs unari TviTon gauZRves saqmeebs. aqedan gamomdinare, aRniS-

nuli kanonebis Tanaxmad, demokratiis pirobebSi, igulisxmeba xalxis

ufleba, airCios sakuTari rwmunebulebi (saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis

pirebi) da gaakontrolos maTi saqmianoba. demokratiis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi kanonia is, romelic sakanonmdeblo xeli-suflebas mxolod

xalxs aniWebs. garda kanonebisa, savaldebuloa senatis dadgeni-lebanic,

romlebsac is droebiTi moqmedebis aqtebs miakuTvnebda.

aristokratiis ZiriTadi kanonebi, monteskies azriT, xalxis nawilis

uflebas gan-sazRvraven, riTac xalxi kanonebs gamoscems da Tvalyurs

adevnebs maT Sesrulebas.

monarqiis ZiriTadi kanonebis Tanaxmad, yoveli politikuri da

samoqalaqo xeli-suflebis wyaro aris monarqi.

despoturi mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi kanonia is, sadac saerTod ar aris

kanoni da mis adgils TviTneboba da despotis axireba, religia da

Cveuleba ikaveben; dadgenilia SeuzRudavi uflebebis mqone veziris

daniSvna. TiToeuli mmarTvelobis formis buneba gansazRvravs, misi

wyobis Semqmneli, ZiriTadi kanonebis saxeobas (da am TvalsazrisiT, _

konstituciur kanons).

mmarTvelobis TiToeuli saxeobis bunebas sakuTari principi gaaCnia,

romelsac moqmedebaSi mohyavs adamianis vnebebis meqanizmi _

gansakuTrebuli politikuri wyobis SigniT.

respublikaSi aseTi principia saTnoeba, monarqiaSi _ Rirseba, despotiaSi

_ SiSi.

specialur yuradRebas monteskie kanonisa da Tavisuflebis

Tanafardobis problemas aq-cevda. is ganasxvavebda, politikuri

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, arsebuli kanonebis or nair-saxeobas: 1. is kanoni,

romelic, saxelmwifo wyobasTan mimarTebiT politikur Tavisuflebas

adgens da 2. kanonebi, romlebic politikur Tavisuflebas adgenen, moqa-

laqesTan mimarTebiT. maSasadame, saubaria politikuri Tavisuflebis

institucionalur da pirovnul aspeqtebze, romlebic sakanonmdeblo

wesiT unda ganmtkicdes. am ori aspeqtis Tanafardobis gareSe

politikuri Tavisufleba arasrulyofili, ararealuri da garantiis

gareSe darCenili iqneba.

2.ჰუგო გროციუსი - გვ . 99- 102

hugo de groot grociusi (1583-1645) enciklopediurad ganaTlebuli

adamiani da nayofieri avtori gaxldaT, romlis kalams ekuTvnis 90-ze

meti naSromi samarTlis istoriasa da TeoriaSi, omisa da mSvidobis

problematikaze, saerTaSoriso, bunebiTi da kanonikuri samarTlis

sferoebSi, zogadi istoriis, eTnografiis, antikuri literaturisa da

kulturis sakiTxebze. misi ZiriTadi naSromia, fundamenturi qmnileba

“omisa da mSvidobis uflebis Sesaxeb. sami wigni, romlebSic ganxilulia

bunebiTi samarTali da xalxis samarTali, agreTve sajaro samarTlis

principebi” (1625). grociusis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi agreTve

asaxulia traqtatSi “nadavlis (alafis) uflebis Sesaxeb” (misi nawilia

“Tavisufali zRva, anu holandielTa ufleba indoeTTan Tavisufali

vaWrobis sferoSi”, 1609 wels gamoica).

axali drois samarTlis filosofiis amocanas grociusi da misi

mimdevrebi, racio-nalisturi xerxebiT, mudmivi da absoluturi, yvela

xalxisa da droisaTvis saerTo samarTlis axsnaSi xedavdnen, anu im

samarTlisa, romelic gamocemulia TviT bunebis mier, ris gamoc is

ufro maRla dgas, vidre pozitiuri samarTali.

grociusma samarTlis or mniSvneloba Camoayaliba: pirveli

mniSvnelobiT, samarTali aris moraluri xarisxi, romelic

SesaZleblobas uqmnis adamians, iqonios garkveuli nivTebi da

ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedebani (samarTali, subieqturi arsiT).

meore mniSvnelobiT, samarTlis cneba gaigivebulia kanonis cnebasTan

(samarTali, obieqturi gagebiT). grociusi Tvlida, rom bunebiTi

samarTlis kanonebi saTaves iReben bunebiTi gonidan, amitom isini

iseTive mudmivia, rogorc TviT goni. misi moZRvrebiT, TviT RmerTsac ki

ar SeuZlia bunebiTi samarTlis sawyisebis Secvla.

rac Seexeba saxelmwifos, is ganmartebulia, rogorc uzenaesi, mudmivi da

srulyofili sazogadoeba, romelic Seqmnilia adamianTa uflebebisa da

sayovelTao sargeblis dasa-cavad. aristoteles msgavsad, grociusi

mTel samarTals bunebiT da nebagamovlenil samarTlad yofda. bunebiTi

samarTali ganmartebulia, rogorc “saRi azris moTxovna”, romelic,

nebadarTuli da akrZaluli qmedebebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnis

kriteriumebs warmoadgens. nebagamovlenili samarTali RvTiur (zemodan

boZebul da RvTis nebiT dadgenil) da adamianur samarTlad iyofa.

adamianuri samarTali, Tavis mxriv, or jgufad iyofa: adamianuri

samarTali, farTo ga-gebiT da adamianuri samarTali, viwro gagebiT.

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTali (samo-qalaqo kanonebi), grociusis

azriT, samoqalaqo xelisuflebisgan momdinareobs. Adamia-nuri

samarTali, viwro gagebiT, Seicavs mamis, batonis uflebebs. adamianuri

samarTali, farTo gagebiT _ xalxis doneze dadgenili samarTalia.

bunebiTi samarTlis koncef-ciis SemuSavebisas, grociusma saerTaSoriso

samarTlis safuZvlebi Seqmna, romlebsac calkeuli saxelmwifoebi

erTmaneTTan urTierTobisas iyenebdnen. aRniSnul sferoSi, grociusis

naRvawi Zalzed mniSvnelovania da man didad Seuwyo xeli saerTaSoriso

samarTlis ideis ganviTarebas, romelic ganxorcielda erTa ligisa da

gaeros Seqmnisa da niurbergis procesis warmoebis dros. grociusi

miuTiTebda im pirobebze, rom-lebsac unda akmayofilebdes saxelmwifo,

raTa is msoflio Tanamegobrobis Tanaswor-uflebian wevrad iqces. misi

azriT, mniSvneloba ar aqvs saxelmwifos moculobas; mTavaria mxolod

misi stabiluroba da unarი _ xelmowerili SeTanxmebis bolomde

erTguli darCes. saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTareba da saerTaSoriso

urTi-erTobebis damyareba, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia omisa da

zavis problemasTan. grociusi mkveTrad akritikebda gavrcelebul

mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom omi mTlia-nad ewinaaRmdegeba samarTals.

misi azriT, omis dros dauSvebelia omis wesebis uaryofa. omis dawyebisa

da msvlelobisas, savaldebuloa iseTi sayovelTao wesebis dacva,

rogoricaa keTilsindisiereba da gulmowyaleba. grociusi Tvlida, rom

omi aris brZola Zalismieri wesebiT. es zogadi cneba moicavs rogorc

kerZo omebs (calkeul, kerZo pirebs Soris), ise sajaro omebs (omi,

romelsac awarmoeben samoqalaqo xeli-suflebis organoebi). grociusi,

agreTve gamohyofda e.w. “Sereul oms”, romelSic Seje -rebulia kerZo

omisa da sajaro omis elementebi. omi, rogorc aseTi, ar ewinaaRmdegeba

bunebiT samarTals; mas arc RvTiuri da xalxis samarTali krZalavs.

Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela omi samarTliania. grociusi

ganasxvavebda samarTlian da usamarTlo omebs. samarTliania is omi,

romelic icavs saxelmwifos erTianobasa da kerZo sakuTrebis

xelSeuvalobas. usamarTloa _ dapyrobiTi omi, romlis mizania sxvisi

qonebis daufleba da sxva xalxis damoneba. aseTi omi ewinaaRmdegeba

bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebs da, ufro metic, pirdapir arRvevs maT.

aseTi omi miuRebelia RvTiuri da adamianuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiT.

dapyrobiTi omis gamCaRebeli pasuxis-mgebelia yvela im Sedegze, rasac

aseTi omi moitans. manve unda aanazRauros miyenebuli ziani.

adamianis bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gonieri erToba (bunebiT

samarTalSi warmod-genili) da, bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebidan

gamomdinare, samarTlianobis da sar-geblis uflebis Tanafardoba,

aucilebel gamoxatulebas poulobs saxelmwifoSi, rome-lic, deduqciis

gziT, grociusis moZRvrebaSi bunebiTi samarTlis sawyisebis Sedegs

warmoadgens. grociusis azriT, saxelmwifo aris Tavisufal adamianTa

kavSiri, romelc dadebulia uflebaTa da sayovelTao sargeblis dacvis

mizniT. saxelmwifos es cneba aristotelesa (saxelmwifo, rogorc

Tavisufali adamianebis urTierTobaTa uzenaesi da srulyofili forma)

da ciceronis (saxelmwifo, rogorc samarTlebrivi urTierToba da

sayovelTao sargeblis dacvis forma) ideebs gavlenas ganicdis da Tan

saxelmwifos warmoSobis saxelSekrulebo koncefcias gamoxatavs.

adamianTa cxovrebis winare-saxelmwifoebrivi xana, grociusis mier

xasiaTdeba, rogorc “bunebiTi mdgomareoba”, romlis pirobebSi ar

arsebobda kerZo sakuTreba; adamianebi “udides simartiveSi” cxov -

robdnen da “saerTo qonebiT” sargeblobdnen. TandaTanobiT, adamianebma

aiTvises sxva-dasxva saxelovnebo da saxelosno dargebi; maT daiwyes

fufunebiT cxovreba da SeiTvi-ses adamianuri mankiereba. amitom, moxda

jer moZravi, Semdeg uZravi qonebis pirvel-yofili erTobis uaryofa da

qonebis gayofa. adamianebs Soris Sesustda samarT-lianobisa da

urTierTsiyvarulis grZnoba, ramac Sedegad uTanasworobis damkvidreba

moitana, Sromasa da miRebuli Semosavlebis gayofisas. aseTi procesis

ganviTarebis Semdeg gaCnda kerZo sakuTreba, romlis warmoSobas

grociusi im warmosaxviT SeTan-xmebas ukavSirebda, romelic, qonebis

gayofis Taobaze dadebuli, sityvieri Tanxmobis an qonebis mdumared

dauflebis Sedegi iyo. grociusis ganmartebiT, socialuri arsiT,

saxelmwifo aris umravlesobis SeTanxmeba, umciresobis winaaRmdeg;

kavSiri sustebisa da Cagrulebisa, ZlierTa da mdidarTa winaaRmdeg da

ara “mdidarTa SeTqmuleba” Rari-bebisa da sustebis winaaRmdeg.

uzenaesi xelisuflebis arsi, grociusis azriT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom _

xelisufleba, romlis moqmedeba ar eqvemdebareba sxva romelime

xelisuflebas da romlis gauqmeba ar ZaluZs sxva xelisuflebas,

sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr axorcielebs mis winaSe mdgar amocanebs.

amrigad, uzenaesi xelisufleba aris suverenuli xelisufleba, romlis

matაrebelia mTlianad saxelmwifo. sakuTriv xelisuflebis materebeli

ki SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime piri (es damokidebulia aRniSnul

debulebasa an, ama Tu im xal-xis kanonebsa da zneobaze). suvereniteti,

Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos ganmasxvavebel niSans warmoadgens.

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis klasifikaciisas (aristoteles,

ciceronisa da senekas gavleniT), grociusi axsenebda samefo

(TviTmpyrobelur) xelisuflebas, warCi-nebulTa mmarTvelobas,

Tavisufal samoqalaqo Tems da demokratiul respublikas. misi azriT,

mmarTvelobis formas ar aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba. Tumca, grociusi,

upirobod, uaryofiTad afasebda tiranias (Zaladobis Sedegi, sadac ar

moqmedebs marTlwesrigi) da dadebiTad ixseniebda TviTmpyrobelobas da

aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis formebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom grociusi

burJuaziuli politikuri Sexedulebebis mimdevari da im

aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis damcveli gaxldaT, romlis ideals

holandiuri sazogadoebis savaWro-samrewvelo zedafenis mmarTveloba

warmoadgenda, is mainc ar uaryofda mmarTvelobis demokratiul formas.

grociusi arc xalxis suverenitetis ideas uaryofda, anu xalxisaTvis

uzenaesi xeli-suflebis gadacemas. Tumca, igi mainc cdilobda

aRmoefxvra azri imis Sesaxeb, rom uzenaesi xelisufleba yvelgan da

ganusxviseblad ekuTvnis xalxs, romelsac aqvs ufleba daamxos im

mbrZaneblis xelisufleba, romelic borotad iyenebs sakuTar mdgo-

mareobas. grociusma specialuri yuradReba gaamaxvila xalxis uflebaze,

winaaRmdegoba gauwios uzenaes xelisuflebas an misdami

daqvemdebarebul organoebs. mTlianobaSi, is Tvlida, rom qveSevrdomebis

uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac iqm-neba

saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo xelisufleba. qveSevrdomTa uflebas

xelisuflebis mimarT winaaRmdegobis gawevaze, grociusi upirispirebda

kanonisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis akrZalvas, romlis moTxovnis mimarT

Tavis arideba, mxolod ukiduresi auci-leblobis SemTxvevaSi da im

pirobiT aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac qveSevrdomTa Seiara-Rebuli

winaaRmdegoba, xelisuflebis mimarT, gamousworebel zians ar miayenebda

TviT saxelmwifos.

3. ჟან ბოდენი- გვ . 91-93

XVI saukunis movlenebma arsebiTi gavlena iqonia axal ideologiur da

politikur doqtrinaze. amitom, sulac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom

aRniSnul periodSi Cndeba saxelmwifos Sesaxeb sruliad axali

moZRvreba, romlis avtoroba gamoCenil Sveicarel iuristsa da

publicists _ Jan bodens (1530-1596) ekuTvnis, romelic saf- rangeTSi

moRvaweobda. man daasabuTa saxelmwifos prioriteti yvela sxva

socialuri institutis, maT Soris eklesiis mimarT. Bodenma

suverenitetis _ saxelmwifos mTavari Tvisebis cneba SemoiRo. sakuTar

naSromSi “eqvsi wigni respublikis Sesaxeb” (1578), bo-deni ayalibebda

ideas im suverenuli saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, romelsac SeuZlia daicvas

avtonomiuri piris uflebebi da myarad danergos mSvidobiani

Tanacxovrebis principi, qveynis SigniT arsebul gansxvavebul socialur-

politikur Zalebs Soris. bodeni amu-Savebda ra sakuTar filosofiur-

samarTlebriv koncefcias saxelmwifos da poli-tikuri Zalauflebis

Sesaxeb, iziarebda aristoteles mosazrebas, rom saxelmwifos sa-

fuZvels ojaxi warmoadgenda. bodenis azriT, saxelmwifo aris mravali

meurneobisa da ojaxis samarTlebrivi mmarTveloba. is iziarebda,

sazogadoebaSi, qonebrivi uTanas-worobis princips da aseT viTarebas

bunebriv da aucilebel movlenad miiCnevda. bodenis politikuri ideali

saero saxelmwifo iyo, romelsac Seswevs Zala, uzrun-velyos yvelas

ufleba-Tavisuflebani. marTlwesrigis damyarebis saukeTeso gzad,

bodeni Zlier absolutur monarqias miiCnevda, vinaidan monarqi

samarTlisa da suve-renitetis erTaderTi wyaro iyo.

suverenuli saxelmwifos cnebis qveS, bodenis azriT, uzenaesi da

SeuzRudavi sa-xelmwifo xelisufleba igulisxmeboda, romelic Sua

saukuneebis sabatono monarqiebs upirispirdeba, sadac, Cveulebriv

movlenad daqucmacebuloba, socialuri uTanaswo-roba, mefeTa

xelisuflebis SezRudva iTvleboda.

suverenuli saxelmwifos mTavari niSnebi aris: 1. uzenaesi xelisuflebis

simtkice da uryevoba; 2. misi SeuzRudavoba da absolutizmi; 3. erTianoba

da ganuyofloba. mxolod aseT xelisuflebas ZaluZs yvelasaTvis

saerTo da Tanabari uflebis uzrunvelyofa. Tumca, bodenis azriT,

suvereniteti sulac ar niSnavs saxelmwifos suverenitets. misi

SexedulebiT, suverenitetis subieqti aris ara TviT saxelmwifo,

mTlianobaSi, aramed _ konkretuli mbrZanebeli (monarqi, xalxi _

demokratiul respublikaSi), anu saxelmwifo organoebi. imis mixedviT,

Tu vin aris suverenitetis matarebeli subieqti, bodeni gamo-yofda

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas: monarqias, aristokratiasa da de-

mokratias.

bodenis SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba “saxelmwifos geografiuli tipizacia”,

anu sa-xelmwifos tipis gansazRvra geografiul-klimaturi pirobebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. kerZod, zomieri havis pirobebSi, SesaZlebelia gonebis

saxelmwifos arseboba, sadac iseTi adamianebi cxovroben, romlebsac

samarTlianoba da kacTmoyvareoba axasiaTebT. samxreT regionebSi ki

xalxi _ bunebrivad zarmacia; maT ar uyvarT garja. amitom, aq saWiroa

religiuri Zalauflebisa da mkacri saxelmwifos arseboba. CrdiloeTis

mcxov-rebTaTvis sakmarisia mxolod Zlieri saero saxelmwifos arseboba.

bodeni suverenitetis 5 ganmasxvavebel niSans gamoyofda: 1. kanonebis

gamocema, rom-lebic yvela qveSevrdomisa da saxelmwifos sxva

uwyebisadmi iqneboda mimarTuli; 2. omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxTa

gadawyveta; 3. Tanamdebobis pirTa daniSvna; 4. uzenaesi sasamarTlos

saxiT moqmedeba, saboloo instanciis sasamarTlod qceva; 5. Sewyaleba.

zogadsavaldebulo kanonebis gamocema suverenitetis pirveli da

aucilebeli Tviseba aris. suvereni gamoscems kanonebs, Tumca ar qmnis

samarTals. bodeni, erTmaneTisagan, mkveTrad mijnavda kanonsa da

samarTals da maT gansxvavebulobas aRiqvamda. “samarTali sakuTar TavSi

samarTlianobas atarebs, kanoni _ brZanebas”. xelisuflebis

ganxorcielebis xerxebidan gamomdinare, bodeni saxelmwifos sam

nairsaxeobas gamo-yofda: kanonieri, samamulo (senoilaruri), tiranuli.

kanonieri aris saxelmwifo, sadac qveSevrdomebi emorCilebian suverenis

mier gamocemul kanonebs, xolo TviT suvereni _ bunebiT kanonebs da

icavs sakuTari qveSevrdomebis bunebiT Tavisuflebasa da sakuT-rebis

uflebas. senioraluria saxelmwifo, romelSic suvereni, iaraRiT xelSi,

iqca qonebisa da xalxis mesakuTred da maTze batonobas axorcielebs

imgvarad, rogoric aris mamis xelisufleba, ojaxis wevrTa mimarT.

tiranul saxelmwifoSi suvereni gmobs bunebiT kanonebs, Tavisufal

adamianebs eqceva rogorc monebs, xolo maT qonebas sakuTari

Sexedulebisambr gankargavs.

4. ჟან-ჟაკ რუსო „ბუნებით მდგომარეობასა“ და ხალხის სუვერენიტეტზე გვ .120-

123

Jan-Jak ruso (1721-1778) _ msoflio samarTlebrivi azris istoriaSi erT-

erTi gamoCenili da originalurad moazrovne moZRvari.

sazogadoebis, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis problemebs rusos moZRvreba

saxalxo su-verenitetis ideisa da principis dasabuTebisa da dacvis

poziciidan exeba. im periodSi gavrcelebul warmodgenas adamianis

bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, ruso iyenebs ro-gorc hipotezas, raTa

Camoayalibos sakuTari, absoluturad axleburi, warmodgena ada-mianTa

sulieri, socialuri da politikur-samarTlebrivi cxovrebis

Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

rusos azriT, bunebiT mdgomareobaSi adgili ar hqonda kerZo sakuTrebas

da yvela ada-miani Tavisufali da Tanaswori iyo. uTanasworoba

adamianebs Soris mxolod maT fizi-kur mdgomareobas exeboda, rac

bunebrivi faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Tumca, kerZo sakuTrebis

gaCenis Semdeg, iwyeba socialuri uTanasworoba, rac bunebiT

Tanasworobas ewinaaRmdegeba da iwvevs brZolas mdidrebsa da Raribebs

Soris. es iyo Seurigebeli, antagonisturi dapirispireba, romelmac

moicva winareistoriuli, anu winaresa-xelmwifoebrivi peroidi da misgan

erTaderT gamosavals, yvelas sasicocxlo inte-residan gamomdinare,

saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da kanonebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb “eSmaki

mdidrebiT inspirirebuli, sayovelTao SeTanxmeba warmoadgenda,

romelsac unda damor-Cileboda yvela adamiani. Tumca, samwuxarod,

bunebrivi Tavisuflebis dakargvis Semdeg, Raribebs arc politikuri

ufro met borkilebs adebdnen, xolo mdidrebs kidev ufro met Zalas

matebdnen; Seuqcevadad ganadgurda bunebrivi Tavisufleba, samudamod

dad-ginda kerZo sakuTrebisa da uTanasworobis damcveli kanoni,

romelmac eSmakuri uzur-pacia xelSeuval uflebad gadaaqcia da,

ramdenime pativmoyvares sasargeblod, mTeli kacobrioba, amis Semdeg,

sastik SromaSi, monobasa da siRatakeSi Caeba”. rusos Tanaxmad, kerZo

sakuTrebis uTanasworobam, romelsac Tan erTvoda politikuri

uTanasworoba, saboloo jamSi, despotizmis pirobebSi, absoluturi

uTanasworoba gamoiwvia, rodesac despotis mimarT yvela Tanabaria,

sakuTar monobasa da uuflebobaSi. aseTi cru, man-kier da mTeli

kacobriobisaTvis damRupveli sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis

ganviTarebis nacvlad, “politikuri organizmis, rogorc xalxsa da

mmarTvelebs Soris WeSmariti xelSekrulebis Taobaze” ruso sakuTar

koncefcias gvTavazobda. amasTanave, WeSmariti sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi amocanaa, adamianTa masebis suverenul xalxad

gadaqceva, xolo TiToeuli adamianisa _ moqalaqed, agreTve “asociaciis

iseTi formis Seqmna, romelic saerTo ZaliT, asociaciis yvela da Ti-

Toeuli wevris pirovnebasa da qonebas daicavs da daifaravs, da, romlis

wyalobiT, TiToeuli, yvelasTan SeerTebis Semdeg, mxolod sakuTar Tavs

eqvemdebareba da iseTive Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric uwin iyo”.

TiToeuli, sakuTari qonebis gaerTianebisa da erTian umaRles

xelisuflebaSi daqvemdebarebis Semdeg, sakuTar pirovnebasa da mTel

Tavis Zalas, erTiani mTlianis ganuyofel nawilad aqcevs. rusos mier

dasabuTebuli, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis koncefcia, mTlianobaSi,

saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb mis idealur warmodgenas

gamoxatavs. rusos ZiriTadi azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mxolod

saxelmwifos warmoSobiT, politikuri urTierTobebisa da kanonebis,

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi koncefciis dadgeniT,

SeiZleba gamarTldes bunebiTi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo

mdgomareobaSi gadasvla, raTa mudmivad arse-bobdes gonis,

samarTlianobisa da samarTlis batonoba. rusos es idea upirispirdeba

missave mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom kerZo sakuTrebis da sazogadoebriv

urTi-erTobebSi uTanasworobis gaCena aseve iyo saxelmwifoebriobis

warmoSobis obieqturi aucilebloba. “sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis

Sesaxeb”-is pirvelive winadadebaSi naT-qvami iyo: “adamiani ibadeba

Tavisufali, Tumca _ mudmivad borkilebis qveSaa; arada, bunebiTi

mdgomareoba _ Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba, rusos azriT, iyo is oqros

xana”, romlis idealizacias cdilobda frangi moazrovne.

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebisa da saxelmwifos Seqnis procesSi myofi,

suverenis uflebamosilebaTa safuZvelSi devs saerTo neba.Aam

SemTxvevaSi ruso xazs usvamda imas, rom saerTo neba gansxvavdeba yve -

las nebisagan: saerTo neba gulisxmobs saerTo interesebs, yvelas neba ki

iTva-liswinebs mxolod kerZo pirTa kerZo interesebs da warmoadgens

saxelmwifosa da mis kanonebSi saerTo nebis arsebobas. ruso mkveTrad

akritikebda yovelgvar kerZo asociaciebs, partiebs, jgufebsa da

gaerTianebebs, romlebic suverenTan gaumarTlebel konkurenciaSi

Sevidodnen. maTi neba saerTo xdeba sakuTari wevrebis mimarT, da es neba

kerZo xasiaTs iZens saxelmwifos mimarT, rac amaxinjebs moqalaqeTa

WeSmariti saerTo nebis Seqmis process, vinaidan irkveva, rom xmis

mimcemTa raodenoba ar emTxveva xalxis raodenobas, aramed _ mxolod

organizaciebisas. ruso uerTdeba makiavelis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb,

rom “seqtebisa da partiebis arseboba” zians ayenebs saxelmwifos. saerTo

saxiT, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis farglebi, misi da individis

urTierTobaTa Tval-sazrisiT, rusos Tanaxmad, isea gansazRvruli, rom

“suvereni, Tavis mxriv, qve-Sevrdomebs ver daadebs borkilebs, romlebic

usargeblo iqneba TemisaTvis”; mas amis gakeTeba arc ki surs, vinaidan

kanonis “gonisa da bunebiTi kanonis ZaliT, araferi xdeba umizezod”.

valdebuleba, romelic akavSirebs xalxs sazogadoebriv (saxelmwifo)

organizmTan, uryevia mxolod imitom, rom is urTierTsanacvloa da

iTvaliswinebs maTi ufleba-movaleobebis Tanasworobas. amasTanave,

suvereni ar aris SeboWili sakuTari kanonebiT. Tu suvereni daadgenda

mis SemboWav kanonebs, romelTaganac is ver SesZ-lebda gaTavisuflebas,

moxdeboda TviT politikuri organizmis bunebis sawinaaRmdego movlenis

ganxorcieleba. suvereni “dgas mosamarTlesa da kanonze maRla”.

suverenis rolis swored aseT gagebasTan akavSirebda ruso warmodgenas,

braldebulis sasje-lisgan gaTavisuflebis an misi Sewyalebis uflebis

Sesaxeb, rac kanoniT da garkveuli sasamarTloTi iqneboda

gaTvaliswinebuli. rusos azriT, suverenis xelisufleba qve-SevrdomTa

sikvdil-sicocxlis gadawyvetis uflebasac iTvaliswinebs. rusos azriT,

mTlianobaSi, sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmeba saSualebas aZlevs politikur

organizms (saxelmwifos) iqonios SeuzRudavi xelisufleba saxelmwifos

yvela wevris mimarT. es xelisufleba, romelsac saerTo neba warmarTavs,

aris suvereniteti, rome-lic, rusos koncefciiT, aris erTiani da,

saerTod, mxolod erTaderT suverenitetze _ saxalxo suverenitetze

unda visaubroT. Tanac, “xalxis cnebis qveS, romelic rusosTan aris

erTaderTi suvereni, igulisxmeba sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebis (mTeli

eri, mTeli mosaxleobis mamrobiTi sqesis nawili) yvela monawile da ara

sazogadoebis romelime erTi wodeba an fena (Raribebi, “mesame wodeba”,

“mSromelebi”), rogorc amas ganmar-tavdnen misi koncefciis radikaluri

momxreebi (mogvianebiT _ iakobinelebi, marq-sistebi), saxalxo

suverenitetis ideis ganxilvisas. swored imis gamo, rom suvereniteti

xalxis saerTo neba aris _ is ganusxvisebeli da ganuyofelia, riTac,

arsebiTad, rusom uaryo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiTi forma

(parlamenti an sxva organo saxalxo warmomadgenlobis formaSi) da

agreTve, xelisuflebaTa danawilebis principi. sakanon-mdeblo

xelisuflebas, rogorc sakuTriv suverenul saxelmwifo xelisuflebas

TviT xalxi _ suvereni, uSualod axorcielebs. rac Seexeba

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas (mTavrobas), mas ar SeiZleba

axorcielebdes xalxis mTeli masa an suvereni, radgan es xelisufleba

mxolod kerZo xasiaTis aqtebSi gamoixateba, romlebic kanonis sferos

da, maSasadame, suverenis kompetencias ar miekuTvneba. aRmasrulebeli

xelisufleba iqmneba ara sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze,

aramed suverenis gadawyveti-lebiT, Sualeduri organizmis

saxiT,QqveSevrdomsa da suverens Soris urTierTobebis dasamyareblad.

5. თომას ჰობსი - გვ . 106-109

didi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda gamoCenili ingliseli moazrovnis

Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) damokidebuleba revoluciuri moZraobis mimarT.

cnobilia misi siaxlove (garkveul etapze) roialistur wreebTan,

revoluciuri pertrubaciis mimarT SiSi, absoluturi politikuri

xelisuflebisadmi ltolva. miuxe-davad amisa, is arasdros yofila

sabatono reaqciis momxreTa banakis wevri; misi inte-resebi ar yofila

Tanxvedri samemkvidreo monarqiis “uflebaTa” damcvelebisa. hobsis

samarTlebrivi doqtrina asaxulia mis naSromebSi: “moqalaqis Sesaxeb

moZRvrebis filo-sofiuri sawyisebi” (1642), “leviaTani, anu saeklesio da

samoqalaqo saxelmwifos ma-teria, forma da Zalaufleba” (1651). hobsis

samarTlis Teoriis safuZvelSi devs individis bunebis Sesaxeb

garkveuli warmodgena. is Tvlida, rom, Tavdapirvelad, yvela adamiani,

fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis aspeqtSi, “Tanaswori iyo da

TiToeul maTgans sxvisi msgavsi ufleba hqonda, yvelafris mimarT”.

Tumca, adamiani Rrmad egoisturi arseba aris, romelsac sixarbe, SiSi da

pativmoyvareoba amoZravebs. mas gars akrvia mxolod moSurne, moqiSpe da

mtrad qceuli adamianebi. “adamiani _ adamianisaTvis mgelia”. aqedan

warmoiSveba sazogadoebaSi “yvelas winaaRmdeg, yvelas omis” auci-

lebloba. aseTi omis pirobebSi “yvelafris momarT, yvelas ufleba”,

faqtiurad, srul uuflebobas niSnavda. swored aseT gausaZliss

viTarebas miiCnevda hobsi “adamianTa modgmis bunebriv mdgomareobad”.

moazrovnes eCveneboda, rom man Seiswavla adamianis buneba, zogadad, da

gamoavlina yvela droisa da xalxis socialuri yofis bunebrivi forma.

hobsis azriT, yvelaze fundamenturi bunebiTi kanonis moTxovna

mSvidobisaken ltolva da misi dacva (pirveli bunebiTi kanoni) aris.

yvelaferi danarCeni unda iyos mSvidobis miRwevis saSualeba. am

saSualebaTa Soris umTavresia sakuTar uflebebze uaris Tqma im

moculobiT, ra moculobiTac amas mSvidobis da Tavdacvis interesebi

(meore bunebiTi kanoni) moiTxovs. uflebebze uaris Tqma, umeteswilad,

maTi gadacemiT xdeba garkveuli pirebisa an pirTa jgufebisaTvis,

xelSekrulebis dadebis gziT. am meore bunebiTi kano-nidan

gamomdinareobs mesame bunebiTi kanoni: xalxi valdebulia Seasrulos mis

mier dadebuli SeTanxmebebi; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi am SeTanxmebebs

araviTari mniSvneloba aqvT. mesame kanonSi samarTlianobis wyaro da

sawyisia asaxuli. am sami bunebiTi kano-nidan kidev 16 bunebiTi kanoni

(Seucvleli da mudmivi) gamomdinareobs. yvela kanonis reziumireba xdeba

erT zogad wesSi: sxvas nu gaukeTeb imas, rac ar gsurs Seni Tavi-saTvis.

hobsisaTvis, bunebiTi kanoni aris Tavisufleba, gaakeTo an ar gaakeTo

raime, pozitiuri kanoni _ moTxovnaa, gaakeTo an ar gaakeTo raime.

bunebiTi kanoni aval-debulebs individs, surdes am moTxovnebis

aRsruleba, Tumca ar SeuZlia mas daaZalos, praqtikaSi, am moTxovnaTa

Sesabamisad moqmedeba. aucileblobas warmoadgenda Zala, romelic

yvelafris mimarT TiToeulis uflebas gansazRvravda da wyvetda, Tu ra

ekuTvnoda TiToeuls, anu risi ufleba hqonda an ar hqonda. saxelmwifos

absoluturi xelisufleba aris mSvidobisa da bunebiTi kanonebis

realizebis garanti. is aiZulebs individs aRasrulos, mis mier

gamocemuli samoqalaqo kanonebi. Tu bunebiTi kanonebi ukavSirdeba

gonebas, samoqalaqo kanonebi Zalas emor-Cileba. yvela pozitiuri kanoni,

SinaarsiT, msgavsia. kanonmdebelTa nebismieri TviT-neboba ver iqneba

samoqalaqo kanoni, vinaidan es ukanaskneli aris igive bunebiTi kanoni,

Tumca saxelmwifos avtoritetiTa da ZlierebiT ganmtkicebuli. hobss

surda, rom pozi-tiuri kanonebi bunebiT kanons daqvemdebarebodnen,

radgan bunebiTi kanoni (samoqa-laqoSi gadaqceuli) ver Seicvleba da

gauqmdeba saxelmwifos martivi nebisga-movlinebiT. Tumca, es sulac ar

niSnavda imas, rom hobss surda saxelmwifos samarT-lisTvis

daeqvemdebareba. xalxi saxelmwifos qmnida imisaTvis, rom Tavi daeRwia

“yvelas omisaTvis, yvelas winaaRmdeg”; SiSisaTvis _ daucvelobis gamo

da mudmivi muqarisgan, Zaladobrivi sikvdilis gamo. Tu adamianebi

erTxel dadeben sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas da samoqalaqo

mdgomareobaSi gadavlen, maT aRar SeeZlebaT mmarTve-lobis formis

Secvla, uzenaesi xelisuflebis qvemdebarebidan gaTavisufleba. xalxs

ekrZaleboda suverenis gadawyvetilebis gaprotesteba, am ukanasknelis

aqtebis gansja da sxva. suverenis prerogativebi, qveSevrdomTa mimarT

Zalzed farToa. yvelafers is garemoeba amwvavebda, rom uzenaesi

xelisuflebis mflobeli ar iyo dakavSirebuli sakuTar xalxTan da

amitom mas, principSi, arc pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. hobsis azriT,

saxelmwifos warmoSoba SesaZlebelia aramxolom individis

nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebiT, aramed _ Zalismierad. kerZod, rodesac

ojaxis ufrosi, muqaris SiSiT, aiZulebs sakuTar Svilebs daeqvemdebaron

mis Zalauflebas, an vinme daemorCileba mters, dapyrobiTi omis Sedegad.

saxelmwifo, romelic Cndeba nebayoflobiTi Se-Tanxmebis Sedegad, hobss

dadgenilad anu politikur saxelmwifod miaCnda, xolo fizi-kuri Zalis

meSveobiT Seqmnil saxelmwifos, SeZenili ewodeba da mis mimarT hobsi

uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili. saxelmwifoTa aRniSnuli klasifikacia

saSualebas iZleva davaskvnaT, rom hobsi siZulvils gamoxatavda

inglisis revoluciamdeli sabatono-monarqiuli wyobis mimarT. hobsis

naSromebSi saubaria “suverenis movaleobebze”. yvela movaleoba erT

debulebamdea dayvanili: xalxis keTildReoba _ uzenaesi kanoni. suve-

renis movaleoba aris xalxis kargi mmarTveloba, vinaidan saxelmwifo

dadgenilia ara sakuTari Tavis, aramed moqalaqeTa interesebis

dasakmayofileblad. es formulebi aRsavsea politikuri sibrZniT da

humanizmiT. politikuri absolutizmis Teoriis mim-devari hobsi,

kmayofilebas gamoxatavda saxelmwifos SeuzRudavi xelisuflebis gamo,

Tumca did yuradRebas ar uTmobda saxelmwifos formebis problemas.

hobsis azriT, saxelmwifos mxolod sami forma arsebobda: monarqia,

demokratia da aristokratia. isi-ni erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ara

maTSi gansaxierebuli uzenaesi xelisuflebis bune-biTa da SinaarsiT,

aramed imiT Tu ramdenad vargisia esa Tu is forma, im miznebis gan-

xorcielebisaTvis, risTvisac iqmneba saxelmwifos samive forma. da,

mainc, hobsi ixre-boda monarqiisaken. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom monarqia

danarCen formebze ukeT gamo-xatavs da axorcielebs saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis absolutur xasiaTs.

6. ნიკოლო მაკიაველი - გვ . 85-88

samarTlis Sesaxeb koncefciis ganviTarebis istoriaSi, arc Tu bevria

moZRvari, romlis Semoqmedebas amdeni mimdevari da Seurigebeli kriti-

kosi da mowinaaRmdege gasCenoda, rogorc TanamedroveTa, ise Semdgomi

periodebis moaz-rovneTa wridan, ramdenic gamoCenilma italielma

moazrovnem, mweralma da sazogado moRvawem _ nikolo makiavelim (1469-

1527) SeiZina. antikuri literaturis didi mcodne, diplomati da

politikosi (kerZod, 14 wlis asakSi mas ekava florenciis respublikis

mdivnis Tanamdeboba), makiaveli, iuridiuli azris istoriaSi Sevida,

rogorc ramdenime SesaniSnavi naSromis avtori: “mTavari” (1513, mieZRvna

gankacebul satanas _ Cezare borjias), “msjeloba titus liviusis

pirveli dekadis Sesaxeb” (1519), “florenciis istoria” (pirveli gamocema

gamovida misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1532 wels).

mkvlevarebi Tanxmdebian imaSi, rom makiavelis Semoqmedeba, sakuTari

suliskveTebiT me-tad winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. amis axsnas ki cdiloben

moazrovnis pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, agreTve im dramatuli

viTarebiT, romelic axasiaTebda mis Tanamedrove epoqas, miTumetes, rom

makiaveli Zalzed gonieri da dakvirvebuli analitikosi da mim-dinare

movlenebis obieqturi aRmnusxveli iyo. yvela mkvlevari aRniSnavda mis

pat-riotizms, im mZime sulier tkivils, romelsac makiaveli ganicdida

italiis qalaq-respublikebSi mimdinare Sinaomebisa da ucxoel

dampyrobelTa Semosevebis Sedegad. mas is Sedegebic aRelvebda,

romlebic saeklesio xelisufalTa usafuZvlo CareviT iyo gamowveuli,

qveynis saero cxovrebaSi. makiaveli simpaTiiT iyo ganwyobili respub-

likuri wyobilebisa da demokratiuli institutebis mimarT.

Tanamedrove mecniereba saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb swored

nikolo makiavelis Semoqmedebidan iwyeba, romlis mizani stabiluri

saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmna iyo, im-droindeli evropis aramyar

socialur-politikur garemoSi.

makiaveli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas gamoyofda: monarqias,

aristokratiasa da demokratias. misi azriT, TiToeuli maTgani metad

arastabiluria da mxolod mmarTvelobis Sereuli formis wyalobiT Tu

moxdeba saxelmwifoSi mtkice wesrigis damkvidreba. aseTi mmarTvelobis

forma ki Zvel romSi, respublikis xanaSi iyo, sadac konsulati

monarqias, senati _ aristokratiasa da tribuni plebis _ demokratias

gana-saxierebda. “mTavarsa” da “msjeloba titus liviusis pirveli

dekadis Sesaxeb”-Si, makiaveli politikaSi warmatebis miRwevisa da

marcxis gancdis mizezebs ixilavda. misi azriT, es mizezebi unda veZioT

xelisuflebis SenarCunebis xerxebSi. “mTavarSi” makia-veli absoluturi

monarqiis momxred, xolo “msjeloba”-Si _ saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis

respublikuri formis damcvelad gvevlineba. Tumca, orive nawarmoebi

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb avtoris erTsa da igive

realur-politikur Tvalsazriss gamoxatavda: mniSvnelovania mxolod

politikuri Sedegebis miRweva. mTavari mizania _ xelisuflebis

SenarCuneba. yvelaferi danarCeni ki mxolod xerxia _ saSualebaa, maT

Soris religia da zneobac.

makiaveli miiCnevda, rom adamianebi, bunebiT, egoistebi arian; ar arsebobs

raime sazRva-ri, romelic adamianis materialuri keTildReobisa da

Zalauflebisaken ltolvas Sez-Rudavs. Tumca, imis gamo, rom adamians

mxolod SezRuduli resursi gaaCnia, is mudam konfliqtur viTarebaSi

imyofeba. saxelmwifo ki efuZneba individis moTxovnas, Tavi daicvas

sxvaTa mxridan, agresiuli Semotevisagan. Tu ar arsebobs kanonze

dafuZnebuli Zala, warmoiqmneba anarqia. amitom, saWiroa Zlieri

mmarTvelis arseboba, romelic ada-mianTa usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs.

makiaveli ar cdilobda admianis arsis filosofiuri analizis moxdenas

da aRniSnul movlenas ganixilavda, rogorc aSkarasa da udaos.

makiavelis azriT, yvela adamiani egoistia da maT Soris gansxvaveba

mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu romeli maTgani ufro garyvnilia (ra

xarisxiT). sakuTari argumentebis gansamtkiceblad man keTili da boroti

saxelmwifos, agreTve cudi da kargi moqalaqis cnebebi Semoitana. mas

ainteresebda swored is pirobebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobdnen kargi

saxelmwifos da kargi moqalaqis Seqmnas. makiavelis azriT, saxelmwifo

maSin iqneba kargi, Tu is moqalaqeTa egoisturi interesebis da

miswrafebebis dabalansebas SesZlebs, anu saxelmwifo stabiluri unda

iyos. cud saxelmwifoSi aSkaraa gansxva-vebuli egoisturi moTxovnebis

konfliqti. xolo aseTi saxelmwifos kargi moqalaqe patriotad da

mebrZol subieqtad gvevlineba. sxva sityvebiT, kargi saxelmwifo _

stabiluria. politikis mizani aris ara kargi cxovreba, rogorc es

antikur eladasa da Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi iTvleboda, aramed

xelisuflebis martivi SenarCuneba da xeli-sufalTa rCena (anu,

stabilurobis damyareba). makiavelis kargad hqonda gaazrebuli Zlieri

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mniSvneloba. Tumca, mas, upirveles yovlisa,

wminda saxis politikuri TamaSi ainteresebda. sakmaod sustia makiavelis

msoflmxedvelobiTi arsenali, xelisuflebis realizaciis ekonomikuri

pirobebis aspeqtSi.

mTlianobaSi, makiavelis Rvawli samarTlis filosofiis TeoriaSi

Semdegs gulisxmobs: 1. man uaryo sqolastika da mis nacvlad

racionalizmi da realizmi daamkvidra; 2. Seqm-na samarTlis filosofiis

mecnierebis safuZvlebi; 3. gamoaaSkarava politikisa da sa-xelmwifo

formis kavSiri socialur brZolasTan, SemoiRo, Tanamedrove gagebiT,

stato-s _ saxelmwifosa da respublica-s cnebebi; 4. Seqmna saxelmwifos

iseTi modelis winapiroba, romelic adamianis materialur interess

daefuZneboda. mTavari ki aris is, rom makiavelisgan moyolebuli,

saxelisuflo struqturaTa da Tanamdebobis pirTa samarT-lebriv

safuZvels politikuri Zalaufleba da ara zneobrivi debulebani

warmoadgenda. xolo politika zneobisagan gaTavisuflebul cnebad

ganixileboda. makiavelis swored imitom miaweren axali drois

politikuri mecnierebis fuZe-mdeblobas, rom man saxelmwifos miakuTvna

sajaro-saxelisuflo prerogativaTa monopoluri ufleba. “mTavarSi”

makiaveli saxelmwifos ixilavs, rogorc im erTaderTi legalur

aparats, romelic qveSevrdomebsa da sazogadoebas marTavs. aseTi

saxelmwifo aparati mmarTvels (mbrZanebels) da mis ministrebs,

moxeleebs, mrCevlebs da sxva Tanamdebobis pirebs aerTianebs, anu, sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, imas, rasac Cven centralur administraciad

miviCnevT. mTavars ekuTvnis mTeli Zalaufleba: dauSvebelia misi

xelisuflebis Sez-Rudva, saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sxva romelime

organos an Tanamdebobis piris mier. amitom, is uaryofiTad afasebda im

garemoebas, rodesac mbrZaneblis gadawyvetilebaze gavlenas vinmes neba-

survili axdenda. xelisuflebis arsi, mbrZaneblis TviT-mpyrobeloba

swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobili sazo-

gadoeba da qveSevrdomebi sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr marTos.

makiavelisaTvis absoluturad ucxo da miuRebelia idea: xalxi _

uzenaesi xelisuflebis wyaros Sesaxeb. mis naSromebSi araferia naTqvami

xalxis uflebaze, marTos saxelmwifo. is ki ara, saerTodac uaryofilia

xalxis minimaluri CarTuloba saxelmwifo saqmeebis aRsrulebaSi.

“mTavarSi” makiaveli miiCnevda, rom mbrZanebeli xalxis meurved unda

gamodiodes. Ta-nac, mbrZanebels mudam unda axsovdes, rom didkacoba _

pativmoyvarea, xolo xalxi _ mouTokavi brbo. man kargad unda icodes,

rom samyaroSi araferia im mdabios garda, romelsac garegnuli efeqti

da warmateba itacebs. gonieri mbrZanebeli dakavebulia saxelmwifoSi

wesrigis damyarebiTa da uzrunvelyofiT, rac qveyanas Tavidan aacilebs,

Tanamdebobis da kerZo pirTa mxridan, danaSaulis Cadenas; daicavs

qveSevrdomebs, moxe-leTa mxridan ganxorcielebuli, Zarcva-glejisgan,

dazaralebuls ki miscems marTl-msajulebas. cudia is mbrZanebeli,

romelic qveSevrdomebs ar meurveobs, xvleps maT da ar eZiebs maTi

gulebis mogebis gzebs. qveyanaSi wesrigis dacva ganamtkicebs uzenaesi

xelisuflebis avtoritets. “mTavarSi” makiaveli arafers ambobda

qveSevrdomTa ufleba-Tavisuflebaze, rac sulac ar aris SemTxveviToba.

iq, sadac saubaria qveSevrdomTa ufleba-Tavisuflebaze _ mudam

problemebia. xalxs anaRvlebs mxolod misi kerZo sakuTrebis dacva.

xalxi Tavisuflad egueba Tavisuflebis, prestiJis, xelisuflebis

dakargvas. Tumca, is verasodes Seegueba qonebis xelyofas. imisaTvis, rom

qalaqSi (qveyanaSi) damyardes wesrigi, makiavelis azriT, ra ufro

sasurvelia: mbrZaneblis siyvaruli, Tu misi SiSi? Tu orive

erTdroulad moqmedebs, amas ra sjobs. Tumca, Tu arCevanis winaSe

davdgebiT, maSin upiratesoba eniWeba SiSs, radgan dasjis SiSiT,

qveSevrdomi morCilebas gamoxatavs.

7. ჯამბატისტა ვიკო - გვ . 124- 125

jambatista viko (1668-1744) _ erT-erTi pirveli moazrovne iyo, romlis

ideebma, ramdenime mimarTulebiT, win gauswro mecnieruli sociologiis

ganviTarebas. is istorias obieqtur da kanonzomier procesad

ganixilavda, romelic ciklurad mimdinareobda (“mudmivi idealuri

istoria, romlis Tanaxmad, drois gark-veul monakveTSi, yvela eris

istoriaSi yvelaferi xdeba”). vikosaTvis _ istoria aris adamianTa

qcevebis usasrulo jaWvi. vikos damsaxureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man

Tavis mTavar NnaSromSi “axali mecnierebis safuZvlebi eris saerToO

bunebis Sesaxeb” (1725), saxelmwofo- samarTlebrivi institutebis

asaxsnelad, istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodisa da determinuli midgomis

gamoeyenebis mcdeloba ganaxorciela. istoriis mier ganvlili cikli sam

fazas Seicavs: sawyisi stadia _ RvTaebrivi, RmerTebis epoqa, romlis

dros ar arsebobda saxelmwifoebrioba da iuridiuli kanonebi. kanonebis

rols misteriebi da orakulTa winaswarmetyveleba asrulebdnen,

romlebic adamianebs RmerTebis nebas gadascemdnen. vinaidan am epoqaSi

sasamarTlo zneobriv avtoritets efuZneboda, vikos azriT, dauSvebelia

raime saxis racionaluri axsna- ganmarteba. sazogadoebas qurumebi

marTaven. materialuri moTxovnebi, sapirispiro mimdevrobebis brZola

kanonebisa da saxelmwifos warmoSobas amzadebs. anu es iuridiul-

sazoga-doebrivi movlenebi iqmneba ara individis subieqturi nebiT,

aramed obieqturi auci-leblobiT. viko mkacrad da zedmiwevniT zustad

akritikebda, bunebiT-samarTlebrivi skolis wminda xelovnur debulebebs

(saxelmwifosa da samarTlis warmoSobis saxel-Sekrulebo koncefcia).

viko saxelmwifos warmoSobas ar ukavSirebs xelSekrulebas. TiToeuli

mmarTvelobis formas vikom sakuTari safuZveli da warmoSobis sakuTari

mi-zezi mouZebna. istoriuli ciklis meore fazaze, gmirebis epoqaSi,

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis saTaveSi ukve aristokratia dgas, romelic

sakuTar angarebian samarTlis normebs karnaxobs sazogadoebas da

mkacrad Trgunavs plebeebs. am fazaze samarTali aris uxeSi Zalis

samarTali.

istoriuli ciklis mesame faza aris adamianTa epoqa, romelsac

respublikur-demok-ratiuli mowyoba an warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiebi

axasiaTebs, rodesac, adamianis Rirsebis Sesabamisi, uflebebi da

Tavisuflebebi moqmedeben, romlebic saxalxo suve-renitets

uzrunvelyofen. am periodSi kanoni brZnulad da moqnilad

iTvaliswinebs rogorc kerZo, ise sayovelTao interessa da adamianebs

Soris (rasakvirvelia, iuri-diuli Tanasworoba) Tanasworobas amyarebs.

vikos simpaTia mTlianad “Tavisufali sa-xalxo saxelmwifos mxares aris,

sadac yvela adamiani an maTi udidesi nawili war-moadgens saxelmwifos

kanonier Zalas ... da iqceva saxalxo Tavisuflebis batonad”.

8. ბენჯამინ ფრანკლინი - გვ . 130-131

benjamin franklinma saqveyno aRiareba sakuTari naSromebis wyalobiT

moipova. kerZod, mecnieruli gamokvlevebiT eleqtrobaSi, agreTve sagan-

manaTleblo da diplomatiuri moRvaweobiT. franklini enciklopediurad

ganaTlebuli moZRvari gaxldaT, romlis respublikurma ideebma is

damoukideblobis mosurne kolo-nistebTan daakavSires. 60-ani wlebis

bolos man uari Tqva britaneTis imperiis erTia-nobis aRqmaze, rogorc

erTiani politikuri warmonaqmnisa da homrulis, anu Crdilo-amerikuli

provinciebis TviTmmarTvelobisa da politikuri TviTgamorkvevis

uflebis idea ganaviTara. 1769 wels, franklinma pirvelma uwoda

Crdiloamerikuli provinciebs Statebi. Semdgom wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT _

“bostonis Cais smis” Semdeg, homrulis idea aitaces da ganaviTares

radikaluri orientaciis mqone, politikuri pamfletebis avto-rebma.

franklins Statebis konfederaciuli mowyobis erT-erTi gegmac ekuTvnis.

is 1781 wlis “konfederaciis muxlebis” erT- erTi aqtiuri Semdgenelic

gaxldaT. agreTve mas damoukideblobis deklaraciisa da, filadelfiis

mexuTe kongresze, aSS-is konsti-tuciis miRebaSic miuZRvis wvlili.

franklini ar iyo radikaluri politikuri gardaqmnebis momxre.

naxevarsaukunovani sa-zogadoebrivi, politikuri da diplomatiuri

saqmianobis ganmavlobaSi, franklini ucvlelad icavda sakuTari qveynis,

rogorc “Sromis qveynis” harmoniuli da damou-kidebeli ganviTarebis

ideas, sadac ar arsebobs mdidrebsa da Ratakebs Soris mkeTri

polarizacia, sadac adgili ar aqvs erTis fufunebas, meoris _

asketizms, sadac xalxi cxovrobs “bednieri zomierebis” pirobebSi, sadac

respublikuri zneobis sisadave gan-sazRvravs materialuri da

politikuri zne-Cveulebebis principebs. franklini ar iyo arc

gulubryvilo demokrati, arc _ demagogi. safrangeTidan, revoluciuri

moZraobis dawyebis Taobaze cnobis miRebis Semdeg, man didi wuxili

gamoTqva da aRniSna, rom “Tavisuflebis cecxls SeuZlia rogorc

ganwmenda, ise ganadgureba”. brbos xmaurSi saeWvoa, rom vinmem

filosofiis Zaxili gaigonos. amitom, franklini upiratesobas socialur

evoluciasa da reformistul nabijebs aniWebda da ara _ radikalur

moTxov-nebs.

franklinis mosazrebani sakanonmdeblo politikis aqtualur sakiTxebze

_ monobaze, indielebis mimarT mtrul damokidebulebaze, zRvaze

mekobreobis SenarCunebasa (kape-robaze) da sakuTrebis dacvaze _

gamoxatuli da dasabuTebulia moralisturi filo-sofiisa da adamianis

bunebiTi uflebebis koncefciis poziciidan.

9. თომაზო კამპანელას „მზის ქალაქი“ - გვ . 96-97

მorisagan gansxvavebiT, Tomazo kampanela “mzis qalaqSi”, Riad ar gmobda

misTvis miuRebel socialur-ekonomokur da politikur-iuri-diul wesebs.

maTi mkveTri kritika, italiel moazrovnes, TiTqos “kadrs miRma” moh -

qonda. pirvel planze ki solariusebis qalaq-saxelmwifos cxovreba-

moRvaweoba gamodis. qalaq- saxelmwifos politikuri mowyoba

Semdegnairia: is xelisuflebis im sami Stosgan Sedgeba, romlebic

saqmianobis im sami ZiriTadi sferos mixedviT iqmneba da romlebsac isini

“meTauroben”, kerZod: 1. samxedro saqme, 2. mecniereba da 3. mosaxleobis

kvlav-warmoeba, misi uzrunvelyofa sakvebiTa da samosiT, agreTve

moqalaqeTa aRzrda. Xeli-suflebis samive Stos Tavisi mmarTveli hyavda,

romlebsac, Sesabamisad,: Zliereba, sibrZne, siyvaruli ewodebodaT.

samives TiTo meTauri emorCileba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sam

Tanamdebobis pirs gankargavs. mmarTvelobiTi piramidis saTaveSi uzenaesi

mmarTveli _ metafizikosi dgas, romelic gansakuTrebuli

ganswavlulobiT, talantiT, gamocdilebiTa da gonierebiT gamoirCeva.

metafizikosi _ saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis meTauria. masve

eniWeba yvela saxis davebis saboloo gadawyvetis ufleba. metafizikoss

xelisufleba upyria ara samudamod, aramed manam, vidre solariusebis

rigebSi ar gamoCndeba adamiani, romelic dajabnis mmarTvels, sakuTari

ganswav-lulobiT, talantiT, gamocdilebiTa da gonierebiT. xolo,

rodesac es moxdeba, meta-fizikosi TviTon gadascems aseT pirs uzenaes

xelisuflebas. metafizikosi xelisuflebas aRasrulebs sami TanaSemwis

_ Zlierebis, sibrZnis, siyvarulis daxmarebiT. am ukanasknelTac udidesi

goniereba, gamorCeuli organizatoruli niWi da maRali zneobrivi

principebi axasiaTebs. dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan, mxolod am oTxeulis

gadayeneba aris SeuZlebeli, xalxis nebiT. xalxs arc maT Soris

arsebul urTi- erTobebze zemoqmedebis saSualeba gaaCnia. danarCeni

magistratebi, oficialur Tanam-debobis dakavebamde, arCevis specialur

proceduras gadian.

“mzis qalaqSi”, sadac ar aris kerZo sakuTreba, miwaTmoqmedebas,

xelosnobas da sxva saqmianobas solariusebi, Sromas sazogadoebriv

sawyisebze axorcielebdnen. Sromis process mmarTvelebi da maTi

qvemdebare Tanamdebobis pirebi _ specialistebi xelmZRva-neloben.

saerTo SromiT Seqmnili, Tanabrad nawildeba, TiToeulis aucilebeli

moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT. solariusebis yvela moTxovnas akmayofilebs

Temi, da Tanamdebobis pirebi zedamxedveloben ganawilebis process, raTa

TiToeulma saWiroze meti ar miiRos. “mzis qalaqis” Tanamdebobis pirebi

zedamxedvelobas uweven sola-riusebis pirad cxovrebas: urTierTobebs,

janmrTelobis mdgomareobas, dasvenebasa da garTobas, agreTve Temis

wevrebis aRzrda-swavlebasa da sulier ganwyobas. kampanelas azriT,

“mzis qalaqSi” didi yuradReba unda mieqces solariusebis gvaris

gagrZelebas. saxelmwifo xelisufleba (saerTo interesebidan

gamomdinare) unda ereodes poetebis SemoqmedebaSic da moiTxovdes

maTgan, garkveuli formiT, sakuTari suliskveTebis asaxvas.

“mzis qalaqis” Sinaarsi naTlad asaxavs adreuli socializmis

doqtrinis, praqtikulad erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebel, or sawyiss:

inteleqtualuri, zneobrivi faqtorebis gverdiT, romlebic adamianis

Rirsebas da sazogadoebaSi mis adgils asaxaven, vawydebiT miTi-Tebas

avtoritarizmze, asketizmze, adamianis pirovnebisadmi agdebul

damokidebu-lebaze; misi Sinagani, pirovnuli Tavisuflebis

ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado organi-zaciuli da samarTlebrivi pirobebis

ugulebelyofas. Tumca, solariusebi savsebiT akmayofilebT sakuTari

cxovreba: kampanelas azriT, arc erTi maTgani ganicdis si-duxWiresa da

damcirebas, sulier tkivils.

utopiuri socializmis samarTlebriv SexedulebebSi samarTlianad aris

asaxuli sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisadmi maTi daintereseba, Tumca

araferia naTqvami adamianis _ individis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebze,

saxelmwifosa da moqalaqis samarTlebriv urTierTkavSirze, aseTi

uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis saimedo garantiebis sistemaze, rac,

zogadad, mravali Taobis socialistur moZRvrebebs axasiaTebda.

10. თომას მორის „უტოპია“ - გვ . 94-95

Tomas morma, Tavisi drois epoqaluri naSromi _ “utopia” (1516) dawera,

kampanelam ki saqveynod cnobili nawarmoebi _ “mzis qalaqi” (1602,

pirvelad gamoica _ 1623) Seqmna.

sazogadoeba, moris azriT, aris mdidarTa SeTqmulebis Sedegi.

saxelmwifo _ maTi mar-tivi iaraRi, romelsac xalxis Cagvrisa da

sakuTari angarebiTi materialuri interesebis dacvisTvis iyeneben.

Zalismierad, motyuebiT, veragobiT mdidrebi imor-Cileben mdabio xalxs

da xvlepen mas. aseTi qmedebis ganxorcielebas ki xels uwyoben, maT mier

miRebuli kanonebi, saxelisuflo aqtebi, romlebsac, saxelmwifos

saxeliT, Tavs axveven xalxs.

aRniSnuli sazogadoebis sapirispirod, mori qmnis warmosaxviT qveyanas _

utopias, ro-melmac Tavi daaRwia yvela ubedurebis sawyiss _ kerZo

sakuTrebas da misiT gamowveul mankierebas, ris Sedegad sazogadoebam

TiTqmis udardeli da netari cxovreba daiwyo. utopiaSi akrZalulia

kerZo sakuTreba; miwa ki sazogadoebis saerTo sakuTrebaSia gada-cemuli.

sazogadoebasve ekuTvnis miwaTmoqmedebis yvela produqti, romelic

ojaxuri SromiT iqmneba. TiToeuli ojaxi raime xelobas misdevs.

saojaxo-saxelosno organi-zacia utopiuri sazogadoebis sawarmoo

struqturas warmoadgens. sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis aRsruleba

utopiis moqalaqeTa sayovelTao begara aris. samuSao dRis xan-

grZlivoba _ eqvsi saaTia. utopielTa Sromas zedamxedvelobas uweven

gansakuTrebuli Tanamdebobis pirebi.

utopiis moqalaqeni uzrunvelad cxovroben; maTi ekonomikuri

mdgomareobac norma-luria. Tumca, am mdgomareobis miRweva da

SenarCuneba sakmaod specifikuri gziT xdeba: jer erTi, Sromas aiZuleben

TiTqmis yvela qalsa da mamakacs; meore, (es garemoaba mniSvnelovania)

moTxovnilebis done daqveiTebulia, vinaidan utopielebi mcirediTac

kmayofildebian; utopiis moqalaqeni ubralo da mouxerxebel, Tanac

yvela-saTvis erT-nair samoss atareben; maTTvis ucxoa fufuneba.

paradoqsia, magram utopiaSi arsebobs monoba. moris azriT, am idealur

qveyanaSi aris da unda iyos kidec mona, romelic valdebulia daborkili

iyos. “utopiis” avtori-saTvis warmoudgenelia, rom raime usiamovno

samuSaos Sesrulebam Selaxos utopielTa bednieri cxovreba: pirutyvis

dakvlam, sibinZuris gawmendam da a.S. imis gamo, rom aseTi samuSaos

Sesruleba, nebayoflobiT, aravis surda, saWiro gaxda monaTa Sroma,

romelTa mxrebs daawva usiamovno saqmeebis keTeba. monebad samxedro

tyveebi, agreTve danaSau-lisaTvis gasamarTlebuli moqalaqeebi da is

adamianebi xdebodnen, romlebic, sakuTar saxelmwifoSi

sikvdilmisjilebad iTvlebodnen da isini utopielebma gamoisyides,

damonebis mizniT. Tumca, utopiaSi monoba ar aterebs memkvidreobiT

xasiaTs, mona kacis Svili _ Tavilufalia. monas SeeZlo Taviluflebis

mopoveba.

moris mtkicebiT, sazogadoebaSi saerTo sakuTrebis batonoba iseTi

danaSaulis Cadenas gamoricxavs, romelsac kerZo sakuTreba

ganapirobebs. mwerlis azriT, swored kerZo sakuTreba aris mizezi

adamianis iseTi mankieri Tvisebebisa, rogoric sixarbe, nebismieri

xerxebiT sakuTari simdidris gazrda, egoizmi da sxva faqtorebia. Tumca,

utopia ar aris Tavisufali danaSaulebriobisagan. amitom, saxelmwifos

erT-erTi mTa-vari sazrunavia masTan brZola.

utopia saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobili sazogadoebaa. Tumca, ar Cans misi

saxelmwi-foebriobis tipi: unitarulia, Tu federaciuli. samagierod,

Zalzed kargad aris daxa-siaTebuli sajaro xelisuflebis struqtura

da misi Seqmnis wesi. yoveli 30 ojaxi irCevs filarqs, 10 filarqi _ erT

protofilarqs. filarqebi specialur krebaze, xalxis mier

dasaxelebuli oTxi kandidaturidan, faruli kenWisyriT irCeven

saxelmwifos mmarTvels (princefss). princefsis xelisufleba

samisdReSioa, Tumca SesaZlebelia misi gadayeneba, Tu is eWvmitanili

iqneba tiraniis damyarebaSi. danarCeni Tanamdebobis pirebi da senati,

romlis SemadgenlobaSi brZeni da cxovrebiseuli gamoc-dilebis mqone

moqalaqeebi Sedian, erTi wlis vadiT airCevian. saxelmwifoebrivi

mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs (administraciuls, sameurneo gegmebs,

sazogadoebrivi pro-duqciis ganawilebas), senatTan SeTanxmebiT,

princefsi wyvets. mors ar hqonda gan-sazRvruli saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobis erTi konkretuli forma _ demokratia, oli-garqia, Tu

monarqia; savaraudod, is “Sereuli mmarTvelobis formas” emxroboda,

rome-lic, sakuTar TavSi, samive martivi formis saukeTeso Tvisebebs

Seicavda.

11. ჯონ ლოკი ბუნებით უფლებებზე , კონსტიტუციონალიზმსა და

ხელისუფლებათა დანაწილების შესახებ - გვ . 109-112

jon loki (1632-1704) 1688 wlis socialuri kompromisis ideologi iyo,

romelmac sakuTari samarTlebrivi moZRvreba Camoayaliba naSromSi “ori

traqtati saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb” (1690).

loki mTlianad iziarebda bunebiTi samarTlis, sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis, saxal-xo suverenitetis, pirovnebis ganusxvisebeli

uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, xeli-suflebaTa gamijvnisa da

dabalansebis, tiraniis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis kanonierebis ideebs. Tumca,

es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom loki mxolod mdumared aRiqvamda yvela-

fer imas, rac manamde gamoiTqva sxva ideologebis mier. lokma,

nawilobriv, Secvala da ganavrco es ideebi da isini erTian mTlian

moZRvrebad Camoayaliba _ adreuli burJua-ziuli liberalizmis

doqtrinis saxiT.

rogorc im droisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, lokma sakuTari moZRvreba

saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxis ganxilviT daiwyo. misi azriT,

saxelmwifos warmoSobamde, adamia-nebi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi

imyofebodnen. Tumca, am etapze sulac ar iyo “yvelas omi, yvelas

winaaRmdeg”. piruku, am periodSi moqmedebda Tanasworoba, roca “yvela

xeli-sufleba da yoveli ufleba aris urTierTsanacvlo da aravis aqvs

sxvaze meti ufleba”. imisaTvis, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi moqmedi

Tanacxovrebis normebi (kanonebi) dacu-li yofiliyo, bunebam TiToeuli

individi daajildova SesaZleblobiT ganesajaT kano-nis damrRvevi da

SeefardaT misTvis Sesabamisi sasjeli. Tumca, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi

adgili ar hqonda iseT organoebs, romlebic SesZlebdnen, adamianebs

Soris arsebuli, davis miukerZoebel gadawyvetas, braldebulTa

Sesabamiss dasjas, raTa xelSeuxebeli yofiliyo bunebiTi kanoni.

yovelive zemoTqmuli uimedobis gancdas badebda da sazoga-doebaSi

destabilizacias iwvevda. bunebiTi uflebebis, Tanasworobisa da

Tavisuflebis saimedod dacvis mizniT, pirovnebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis

interesebis xelSeuxeblobis gamo, adamianebi SeTanxmdnen, raTa SeeqmnaT

politikuri sazogadoeba da daewesebinaT saxelmwifo. loki

gansakuTrebul aqcents SeTanxmebis aqtze akeTebda. lokis azriT, sa-

xelmwifo im adamianTa erToblioba aris, romlebic erT mTlianobaSi

gaerTiandnen, maT mier dadgenili saerTo kanonis egidiT, agreTve

sasamarTlo instanciis Seqmnis mizniT, romelic adamianebs Soris

arsebul konfliqtebs moawesrigebda da damnaSaveT dasjida. danarCeni

koleqtiuri formebisgan gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifos axasiaTebs

politikuri xelisufleba, anu ufleba, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis

dasacavad, Seqmnas kanoni, raTa daicvas kerZo sakuTrebis

xelSeuxebloba, agreTve warmarTos sazogadoebis Zalisxmeva, am

kanonebis dasacavad da, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, sagareo agresiis Tavi-

dan asacileblad. saxelmwifos nebayoflobiT Seqmnis Semdeg, adamianebi

_ gonebis Zaxi-liT, Zalzed zustad gansazRvraven im uflebamosilebaTa

moculobas, romlebsac isini saxelmwifos gadascemen. Tumca, sicocxlis,

qonebis flobis ufleba, adamianis Tanas-woroba da Tavisufleba aravis

gadaecema da arc gulisxmobs raime garemoebas, rodesac SesaZlebelia am

ufleba-TavisuflebaTa vinmesaTvis gadacema. e.i. aRniSnuli uflebebi _

ganusxvisebeli faseulobania da xelisuflebis moqmedebisa da

saxelmwifos arsebobis saboloo farglebia, romelTa gadalaxva maT

kategoriulad ekrZalebaT.

xelisuflebaTa danawilebis koncefcia da konstitucionalizmi

imisaTvis, rom moxdes Tavisuflebis reJimis dacva, politikuri

Tanacxovrebis “mTavari da diadi miznis” realizeba, aucileblobad

miiCneoda saxelmwifos sajaro-saxeli-suflo uflebamosilebaTa mkveTri

gamijvna, saxelmwifos sxvadasxva organoebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs

Soris. kanonis miRebis uflebamosileba (sakanonmdeblo xeli-sufleba)

mTeli eris warmomadgenlobiT organos _ parlaments ekuTvnis. kanonebis

cxovrebaSi gatareba-aRsruleba (aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba) monarqisa

da misi mi-nistrTa kabinetis (mTavrobis) kompetenciaSi Sedis. maTive

saqmea ucxo saxelmwifoebTan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis warmoeba (e.w.

federaciuli xelisuflebis ganxor-cieleba). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom

politikur TeoriaSi lokma Camoayaliba gacilebiT meti, vidre

“mTavrobis xelisuflebis gawonasworebis” martivi ideaa (am

TvalsazrisiT, mTavrobis cnebaSi igulisxmeba, zogadad, saxelmwifo),

rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom misi calkeuli nawilebi _ saxelmwifo

meqanizmis Semadgeneli elementebi _ man sxva-dasxva organos

kompetenciaSi gadaanawila.

imisaTvis, rom ar momxdariyo, romelime organos mxridan, mTeli

saxelmwifo xeli-suflebis uzurpacia da am xelisuflebis despoturi

gziT ganxorcieleba, man “saxelmwifos calkeuli nawilis” kavSirisa da

urTierTTanamSromlobis (urTierT-damokidebulebis) zogadi principebi

Camoayaliba. sajaro-saxelisuflo saqmianobis Sesabamisi tipebi lokma

ierarqiuli wesiT ganalaga. qveyanaSi, saxelisuflo ierarqiis pirvel

safexurze sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba dadga, rogorc uzenaesi, Tumca _

araabso-luturi. danarCeni sajaro organoebi unda eqvemdebarebodnen mas.

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom es organoebi sulac ar arian

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis martivi danamatebi. am organoebis

kompetenciaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze zegavlenis mox-dena

(kerZod, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba) Sedis.

arsebiTad, “mmarTvelobis normaluri struqtura” loks warmodgenili

hqonda, rogorc, mTeli rigi oficialurad, normatiulad ganmtkicebuli,

urTierTSekavebisa da gawo-nasworebis sitema. erTiani saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis diferencirebis, gadanawilebis principebis, misi

calkeuli nawilebis kavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb

warmodgenebi safuZvlad daedo, XVII s-Si Camoyalibebul burJuaziuli

konstitu-cionalizmis doqtrinas, romelic gansakuTrebiT S.-l.

monteskiem ganaviTara.

lokis moZRvrebaSi sakmaod didi adgili eTmoba saxelmwifos

mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb warmodgenas, ramac aristoteles droidan

moyolebuli, evropul samarTlebriv moZRvrebebSi tradiciuli xasiaTi

SeiZina. Tumca, loki arc erT mmarTvelobis formas aniWebda

upiratesobas. erTaderTi forma, romelic man kategoriulad uaryo, abso-

lutur-monarqiuli mowyoba iyo. misi piradi simpaTia im SezRuduli

monarqiuli mmarTvelobisken ixreboda, romelic inglisSi 1688 wlis e.w.

saxelovani (usisxlo) revoluciis Sedegad damkvidrda, konstituciuri

monarqiis saxiT. lokisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, rom saxelmwifos

nebismieri forma unda gamomdinareobdes sazoga-doebrivi

xelSekrulebisa da adamianTa nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebidan, raTa mas

“mmarTvelobis saTanado struqtura” hqondes; daicvas individis bunebiTi

uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, izrunos sayovelTao keTildReobaze.

lokma kargad icoda, rom ar arsebobda saxelmwifos iseTi idealuri

forma, romelic, erTxel da samudamod, tiraniaSi _ im politikur

wyobaSi gadazrdis saSiSroebisagan iqneboda dazRveuli, sadac adgili

aqvs “xelisuflebis ganxorcielebas samarTlis miRma”. rodesac

saxelmwifo organoebi (sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli) iseT

moqmedebas iwyeben, rom ignorirebulia samarTali da saerTo SeTanxmeba,

agreTve saxelmwifos mier, saTanado wesiT miRebuli kanonebi, adgili

aqvs qveynis normaluri marTvis dezorganizebas, sakuTrebis uflebis

darRvevas da TviT xalxis damoneba-gadagvarebas. im mmarTvelobis

mimarT, romelic sakuTari xalxis winaaRmdeg iyenebs despotur

xelisuflebas, xalxs erTaderTi SesaZleoba rCeba _ “SesTxovos

Semoqmeds daxmarebisaTvis da gamoiyenos Zala usamarTlo da ukanono

Zalis winaaRmdeg”. amrigad, lokis azriT, xalxis suvereniteti, saboloo

jamSi, ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre xalxis mier Seqmnili, saxelmwifos

suvereniteti. Tu xalxis umravlesoba gadawyvets, rom bolo unda

moeRos sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis damrRvevi mmarTvelobis Tav-

xedobas, SeiaraRebuli saxalxo ajanyeba xelisuflebis damxobis mizniT,

raTa sa-xelmwifo dabrundes Tavisuflebis, kanonis, sayovelTao

keTildReobisaken moZraobis gzaze, _ savsebiT legitimuri qmedebaa.

xalxis SeiaraRebul ajanyebaze uflebis Tezisi _ ar aris lokis

doqtrinis SemTxveviTi nawili. es misi liberalur-demokratiuli ideis

mniSvnelovani debulebaa, riTac is, postfaqtum, 1688 wlis saxelmwifo

gadat-rialebis gamarTlebas Seecada, rasac inglisSi mmarTvelobis

formis Secvla mohyva.

12. თომას ჯეფერსონის სამართლებრივი შეხედულებანი - გვ . 127-130

bunebiT-samarTlebrivi ideebis argumentireba, anu “adamianis bunebiTi da

ganusxvisebeli uflebebisadmi” apelireba, miuxedavad misi

saxelmwifoebrivi kuTvnilebisa, amerikaSi 1744 wlidan gaZlierda,

rodesac abso-luturad naTeli gaxda, rom inglisis parlamenti raime

daTmobaze wasvlas ar apirebda. j. adamsis, T. jefersonisa da a.

hemiltonis pamfletebSi aisaxa, amerikaSi da- saxlebuli kolonistebis

bunebiT-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis dasabuTeba. aSS-is damou-kideblobis

deklaraciis sazeimod gamocxadebamde (1776 wlis 4 ivlisi), adamianis

bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis Sesaxeb mosazreba aramxolod

publiccistur naSromebSi, aramed politikur da, rac gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania, konstituciur dokumentebSi aisaxa. 1776 wlis 12 ivliss

jorj meisonma, j. medisonis redaqciiT, gamosca virjiniis Statis

uflebaTa deklaracia, romelSic pirvelad, oficialurad ganmtkicda,

rom yvela adamiani aris bunebiT Tavisufali da damoukidebeli, rom mas

ganusxvisebeli uflebebi gaaCnia, romlebzec uaris Tqma maSinac ki ar

SeiZleba, ro-desac adamianebi TanamegobrobaSi erTiandebian. am uflebebs

adamianebi ver waarTmeven sakuTar STamomavlobas. deklaraciaSi saubari

iyo sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis xel-Seuxeblobaze, agreTve

bednierebisa da usafrTxoebis damyarebisaken ltolvis uf-lebaze (dekl.,

m.1). Semdeg, saubari exeboda imas, rom xalxs ufleba aqvs Secvalos

iseTi mTavroba, romelc ar pasuxobs sakuTar daniSnulebas _

uzrunvelyos sayovelTao keTildReoba da usafrTxoeba. b. franklinisa

da j. adamsis monawileobiT, Tomas jefersonis mier dawerili damouki-

deblobis deklaracia, romelic 13 Statma erTxmad miiRo, zustad

asaxavda adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis logikurobasa

da dasabuTebulobas. dekla-raciis teqsti im samarTlebrivi mizezebisa

da dasabuTebis CamoTvliT iwyeba, rom-lebmac koloniebis gamoyofisa da

mmarTveli xelisuflebis formis Secvlis aucilebloba ganapirobes.

“rodesac adamianTa cxovrebaSi momxdari movlenebiT, erTi xalxisaTvis

aucilebeli xdeba im politikuri kavSirebis gawyveta, riTac is sxva

xalxs ukavSirdeboda, am gankerZoebul xalxs evaleba Tanaswori da

damoukidebeli mdgomareobis dakaveba msoflio derJavebs Soris. es

ufleba mas mopovebuli aqvs bunebis kanonebisa da maTi Semoqmedis

TanxmobiT. maSin, adamianTa azrisaTvis sayovel-Taod aRiarebuli

pativiscema moiTxovs, rom CamoTvlili iqnas is mizezebi, romlebic

aiZuleben am xalxs gamoyofisaken”. Semdeg modioda “ganusxvisebeli

uflebebis” Camo-naTvali, sadac, lokiseul triadaSi miTiTebuli

“sakuTreba” (sicocxlis, Tavi- suflebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba)

Seicvala “uflebiT iyo bednieri”. es, erTi mxriv, Seesabameboda

aristoteleseul gagebas im umTavresi miznisa, Tu ratom erTian-

debodnen adamianebi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi da, meore mxriv,

ganmanaTleblobis suliskveTebiT ganmtkicebul, Tavisuflebis cnebis

gagebas asaxavda, ris gareSec SeuZ- lebelia adamianis srulyofileba da

misi SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna.

garda amisa, cnobilia is faqti, rom T. jefersoni ar urCevda mis

megobars, general markizs de lafaiets, rom kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba

asaxuliyo 1789 wlis safrangeTis “adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa

deklaraciaSi”, rogorc adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli ufleba. T.

jefersoniseul redaqciaSi, ganusxvisebeli uflebebis dasabuTeba

Semdegi saxiT aris mocemuli (frCxilebSia Setanili b. fran-klinisa da

j. adamsis mier Casworebuli cnebebi): “Cven vTvliT, rom TvalnaTelia

Sem-degi WeSmariteba: yvela adamiani Seqmnilia Tanasworad; is misi

SemoqmediT dajil-dovebulia garkveuli (Tandayolili) ganusxvisebeli

uflebebiT, romelTa ricxvs si-cocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da

bednierebisaken ltolvis ufleba miekuTvneba; am ufle-bebis

uzrunvelsayofad adamianebi qmnian mTavrobas, romelic sakuTar Tavze

iRebs samarTliani xelisuflebis aRsrulebas, maT mier namarTi xalxis

TanxmobiT; Tu mmarTvelobis romelime forma amsxvrevs am principebs,

maSin xalxis ufleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Secvalos an saerTod

gaauqmos is da daadginos axali mmarTveli xelisufleba, romlis

saqmianobis safuZvelSi iseTi principebi da formebi Caideba, romlebic,

xalxis azriT, yvelaze sasurvelia xalxis usafrTxoebisa da

bednierebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis”. garda amisa, warsulis gamocdileba

mowmobs, rom “adamianebi ufro metad iTmenen borotebas, manam

SesaZlebebia misi moTmena, vidre, gauqmebis gziT, cvlian maTTvis Cveul

mmarTvelobis formebs”. Tumca, mmarTveli xelisuflebis Secv -lis

moTxovna aucilebeli da gadaudebeli xdeba im momentidan, rodesac

xelisufleba gamoamJRavnebs sakuTar ganzraxvas, daTrgunos xalxi da

dauqvemdebaros is TviTnebobas an absolutur despotizms. “Tumca,

rodesac borotad sargeblobisa da uzurpaciis grZeli CamonaTvali

(garkveul periodSi dawyebuli), absoluturi despotizmisTvis xalxis

daqvemdebarebis erTsa da imave mizans ucvlelad isaxavs, xalxi ufleba-

mosilia, es misi movaleobac aris, daamxos aseTi mmarTveli

xelisufleba da, momavali usafrTxoebis mizniT, uzrunvelyos sakuTari

Tavi axali damcvelebiT”. bunebiT-samarT-lebrivi Teoriis ideebis aseTi

axsna-ganmartebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda da gaJRerda saxalxo

suverenitetsa, politikur TviTgamorkvevasa da damoukidebel arsebobaze

xal-xis uflebaTa konstituciuri principi. XVIII saukunis 70-ani wlebis

Sua xanebis Teo- riuli siaxlis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Sedegi

xelisuflebaTa danawilebis principis dazusteba da xelaxali gaazreba

iyo. 1776 wels j. adamsma pamfletSi “mmarTveli xeli-suflebis azris

Sesaxeb”, garda argumentebisa orpalatiani legislaturis RirsebaTa

sasargeblod, xelisuflebaTa danawilebis ideebis saxiT, wamoayena

Sekavebisa da urTierTgawonasworebis sistemaTa idea, romlis Tanaxmad,

urTierTdapirispirebuli an moqiSpe xelisuflebebs Soris,

SeenarCunebinaT Tanazomiereba da, nawilobriv, gan-kerZoebasa da

gaTanabrebas daqvemdebarebuli uflebamosilebaTa SeTavseba moexdinaT.

kerZod, Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Camocilebulia sakanonmdeblo

saqmianobas, maSin, adamsis sakmaod realisturi da zusti mosazrebiT, mas

warmoeSveba dapirispireba legislaturasTan da maT Soris winaaRmdegoba

ar damTavrdeba mxolod paeqrobiT, vinaidan mTeli xelisufleba,

sakanonmdebloc da aRmasrulebelic, SeiZleba ukanonod daipyros

konfliqtis monawile ufro Zlierma xelisuflebam. am viTarebaSi

sasamarTlo xelisufleba ver SesZlebs Suamavlis rolis Sesrulebas

da, miTumetes moqiSpe xeli-suflebaTa Soris, Tanazomierebis damcvelad

gamosvlas, rac aseve mis damorCilebas gamoiwvevs romelime

xelisuflebis mxridan.

T. jefersoni icavda rwmenis Tavisuflebas, romelic man bunebiTi

uflebebis CamonaT-valSi Seitana. amitom dauSvebeli iyo am uflebis

daTmoba romelime mTavrobisaTvis. jefersonisaTvis erT-erTi

magistraluri Tema bunebiTi da samoqalaqo uflebebis dasa-buTeba iyo.

damoukideblobis deklaraciis daweris Semdeg, man uari Tqva lokiseuli

bunebiTi uflebebis triadis (sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da kerZo

sakuTrebis ufleba) dacvaze da upiratesoba “sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa

da bednierebisaken ltolvis uf-lebas” mianiWa. Tumca, federaluri

konstituciis miRebis Semdeg, man specialuri weri-li gaugzavna j.

medisons da gamovida winadadebiT, Sevsiliyo konstitucia im ufle-

bebisa da Tavisuflebebis CamonaTvaliT, romlebic, mogvianebiT, 1791

wlis Bill of rights-Si Sevidnen, sadac sabolood da samudamod

damkvidrda lokiseuli bunebiTi uflebebis triada (sicocxlis,

Tavisuflebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba _ V Sesworeba). Semd-gomSi,

T. jefersonma kidev ufro daazusta sakuTari warmodgenebi bunebiT

uflebebze. kerZod, is usafuZvlod miiCnevda hobsisa da lokis azrs imis

Sesaxeb, rom sazo-gadoebaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, adamianebi uars amboben

romelime bunebiT uflebaze. kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba efuZneba adamianis

bunebiT moTxovnebs im saSualebebze, romelTa meSveobiT adamiani

sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas SesZlebda. TiToeuli

adamiani da sazogadoeba uflebamosilia moipovos TviTgamorkvevis

ufleba, romelsac isini bunebisgan iZendnen. arsebobs iseTi uflebac,

romlis gadacema mTavrobisaTvis uazro da usargeblo qmedeba iqneba:

azris gamoxatvis ufleba, zepirad da werilobiT; Tavisufali vaWrobis

ufleba; piradi Tavisuflebis da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba da sxva.

13. ნეტარი ავგუსტინეს სამართლებრივი შეხედულებანი - გვ . 76-77

aurelius avgustine (354-430) _ qristianuli ideologiisa da dasavluri

patristikis erT-erTi gamoCenili warmomadgeneli. qristianad moqcevamde

(387 w.), is jer maniqeelTa mimdevrobas emxroboda, Semdeg skepticizmiT,

platonisa da neoplatonistTa filosofiiT, ciceronis naSromebiT

dainteresda. gaqristianebis Sem-deg, avgustine aqtiurad monawileobda

“eretikosTa” devnaSi. 395 wlidan, sicocxlis bo-lomde _ is giponis

episkoposi (CrdiloeT afrikaSi) iyo. aurelius avgustine sakmaod

nayofieri avtori gaxldaT, romelmac qristianuli moZRvrebis ZiriTadi

debulebani SeimuSava: “Tavisufali nebis Sesaxeb” da sxva.

netari avgustines religiuri filosofiis umTavresi idea _ RvTisa da

RvTiuri siyva-rulis Secnoba; es aris adamianis sulis mizani da

erTaderTi arsi. RmerTi _ erTiani, srulyofili da absoluturi arsia;

yvelaferi danarCeni arsebobs mxolod RvTis nebiT. mTels samyaroSi

araferi xdeba RvTisa da zebunebrivi Zalebis gareSe.

elinisturi filosofiis Tanaxmad, avgustine Tvlida: adamianTa

cxovrebis mizani da arsi _ bednierebaa, romelic RmrTis siyvaruliT

miiRweva. moZRvrebis mTavari Tezaa _ rwmenis upiratesoba gonebis mimarT.

eklesia _ rogorc Seucdomeli, ukanaskneli ins-tancia, nebismieri

WeSmaritebisaTvis rwmenis uzenaesi da avtoritetuli wyaro aris.

uTanasworobas is icavs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mudmiv da

ucvlel princips. uTanasworoba aris im sazogadoebrivi organizmis

ierarqiuli struqturis nawili, romelic RmerTma Seqmna. miwieri

ierarqia aris im ciuri ierarqiis anarekli, romlis “monarqic” aris

RmerTi. avgustine cdilobda ar daeSva xalxis masebis dainte-reseba

eretikuli moZRvrebebiT da amisaTvis RvTis winaSe yvela adamianis

Tanaswo-robis qristianul ideas iyenebda _ yvela xalxi warmoiSva erTi,

saerTo winaprisgan.

avgustines gamoTqmuli aqvs adamianuri da RvTiuri istoriis erTianobis

idea. es isto-riebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, Tumca ganuyofel

sferoebSi mimdinareobda. orive istoriis mTavari arsia _ ori samefos,

ori qalaqis _ RvTiurisa da adamianuris brZola. amrigad, RvTisa da

bunebis dualizmi sazogadoebriv ganviTarebazec aris gadmotanili.

RvTiuri qalaqi adamianTa umciress nawils warmoadgenda, anu imas, ro-

melmac sakuTari religiur-zneobrivi cxovrebis wesebiT daimsaxura

RvTis mowyaleba da RvTiuri dacva. miwier qalaqSi ki, piruku _

batonoben sixarbe, egoizmi da RvTis-mgmobeli adamianebi. RvTiuri qalaqi

mudmivad Zlierdeboda, sazogadoebriv-istoriuli ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT ieso qristes movlinebis Semdeg. RvTiuri

qalaqisadmi kuTvnilebis mTavari piroba RvTisa da eklesiisadmi

morCileba da Tav-mdabloba aris.

saero saxelmwifoTa miwieri wesrigi boroti, demonuri Zalebis

zemoqmedebas eqvemde-bareba. imisaTvis, rom xalxi daicvan am Zalebisagan,

savaldebuloa socialuri cxov-rebis ganwmenda uzenaesi RvTiuri

samarTlianobis ideiT.

miwieri marTlwesrigis dadgena-uzrunvelyofa ar ZaluZs adamians. misi

Seqmna mas Semdeg iTava RmerTma, rac pirveli adamianebi codvili

cxovrebis wess miecen. gadawyda momdevno Taobebis dacva

gadagvarebisagan, uricxvi danaSaulis Cadenisagan. marTl-wesrigis

safuZvelia _ RvTis SiSi. RmerTi, adamianis dasjis muqariT, icavs am uka-

nasknels da ar aZlevs ufskrulSi gadavardnis saSualebas.

sainteresoa avgustines mosazreba monobis Sesaxeb: monoba usamarTloa,

im bunebiTi samarTlis poziciidan, romelsac stoelebi qadagebdnen,

Tumca samarTliania _ rogorc codvis Sedegi. avgustines azriT, monoba

ara warmavali da droebiT mosaTmeni mov-lenaa, raTa Tavi davicvad

areulobisagan, aramed mudmivi mdgomareobaa, vinaidan is adamianis

bunebis Seryvnis Sedegia. monoba iarsebebs manam, vidre iqneba adamianTa

miwieri samyaro. mxolod RvTiur qalaqSi gauqmdeba monoba.

14.აშშ-ის კონსტიტუცია

1. usaSvelod moZvelebuli ̀ konfederaciis muxlebis~ gadasinjvis aucilebloba imiT iyo nakarnaxevi, rom mkveTrad gauaresda konfederaciis ekonomikuri da politikuri poziciebi, maT Soris saerTaSoriso arenaze.

2. am procesebis garTulebas, kidev ufro, amZafrebda mTavrobis finansuri uZlureba, vinaidan Statebi uars ambobdnen, samxedro xarjebis da `Tavdacvis da saerTo keTildReobisaTvis~ gaRebuli Tanxebis, anazRaurebaze.

3. omis damTavrebam da, 1783 wlis aprilSi, yofil metropoliasTan parizis zavis dadebam, TvalnaTliv daadastura, rom Crdilo-amerikuli Statebis konfederaciulma kavSirma amowura sakuTari SesaZleblobani da is unda daSliliyo. garda amisa, mkveTrad gamwvavda socialuri winaaRmdegobani, risi naTeli dadasturebac iyo 1786-87 wlebis saxalxo ajanyeba.

4. 1787 wlis 6 maiss miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba specialuri damfuZnebeli krebis – konstituciuri konventis mowvevis Sesaxeb, romlis muSaobaSi monawileoba unda mieRoT Statebis mier daniSnul delegatebs, mxolod ̀ konfederaciis muxlebSi~ cvlilebebis Setanisa da maTi daxvewis mizniT.

5. Tumca, misi muSaobis periodSi, Camoyalibebuli iqna axali federaciuli saxelmwifos konstitucia.

6. konventis mowveva ar iqna yvela Statis mier mowonebuli – mis muSaobaSi, Statebis mier arCeuli 74 delegatidan, monawileoba mxolod 55-ma miiRo, romelTa Soris sWarbobdnen amerikuli revoluciis aRiarebuli liderebi.

7. yvela delegati iyo aSS-s TeTrkaniani mamakaci moqalaqe, mdidari da ganaTlebuli adamiani.

8. delegatebi, politikuri mrwamsiT, or jgufad:

a) federalistebad _ erTiani federaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis momxreebi, romelsac eqneboda Zlieri centraluri xelisufleba da

b) antifederalistebi _ maTi mowinaaRmdege demokratebi. amitom, axali saxelmwifos konstitucia mxolod kompromisis Sedegi SeiZleba gamxdariyo. 1787 wlis 17 seqtembers mowonebuli da 9 Statis mier ratificirebuli aSS-is konstitucia, ZalaSi Sevida 1789 wlis 4 marts.

9. konstitucia mcire moculobis dokumentia, romelic Sedgeba preambulisa da 7 muxlisagan, romelTagan mxolod pirveli 4 muxli iyofa karebad.

10. konstituciis Seqmnis mizani `aSS-is xalxis mier~ gacxadebuli iyo mis preambulaSi. isini dayvanili iyo `srulyofili kavSiris~ Seqmnis, samarTlianobis dadgenisa da marTlmsajulebis garantirebis, Sinagani simSvidis uzrunvelyofisa da erToblivi Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebis, saerTo keTildReobisadmi Tanadgomis~ gawevamde.

11. konstituciis safuZvelSi Caido, mis teqstSi pirdapiri gziT ar Camoyalibebuli, Tumca nagulisxmevi principebi: saprezidento respublikanizmi, federalizmi (mowyoba), xelisuflebaTa danawileba, konstituciuri sasamarTlo kontroli.

12. konstitucia ar Seicavda pollitikur-samarTlebriv principebs, romlebic manamde gamoTqmuli iyo

sxva politikur dokumentebSi, kerZod, damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi (1776 w.) da Statebis konstituciebSi: adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebi, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoria, xalxis ufleba SeiaraRebul ajanyebaze da sxva.

13. es ar iyo SemTxveviTi garemoeba, aramed ganpirobebuli iyo rTuli politikuri da socialuri viTarebiT.

14. konstitucia mowodebuli iyo uzrunvelyo socialuri mSvidoba da wesrigi, saimedod daecva TeTrkaniani umciresobis eknomikuri da politikuri interesebi.

15. aSS-is konstituciis fuZemdebluri principi gaxda ara saxalxo suvereniteti, aramed xelisuflebaTa danawileba da urierTSejerebisa da gawonasworebis (chek and balances) meqanizmi.

16. xelisuflebaTa danawilebis saprezidento modelis Sesabamisad, saxelisuflebo funqciebi da saxelisuflebo funqciaTa sagnebi mkveTrad iyo ganawilebuli xelisuflebis sami Stos mier: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo.

17. swored am sakiTxebs exeboda aSS-is konstituciis pirveli sami muxli.

18. I-li muxlis pirvel ganyofilebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom ̀ sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebani, aRniSnuliT dadgenilia, ekuTvnoda aSS kongress, romelic Sedgeboda senatisa da warmomadgenelTa palati-sagan~.

19. Tu warmomadgenelTa palata iqmneboda im deputatebisagan, romlebsac, or weliwadSi erTxel, irCevda calkeuli Statis xalxi, senatis formireba xdeboda orsafexuriani arCevnebis gziT, `TiToeuli Statidan or-ori senatoris SemadgenlobiT, romlebsac adgilobrivi legislaturebi 6 wlis vadiT irCevdnen.

20. isini rotacias eqvemdebarebodnen 1/3 raodenobiT, yovel or weliwadSi erTxel.

21. amave pirveli muxliT, Camoyalibda sxvadasxva saarCevno cenzebi, romelTa dacva moeTxoveboda kongresis orive palatis deputatebs.

22. warmomadgenelTa palatis wevri SeiZleba yofiliyo 25 wlis asakis aSS-is moqalaqe, romelic 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda im StatSi, sadac iyrida kenWs. xolo senatori SeiZleboda gamxdariyo, 30 wlis asaks miRweuli aSS-is moqalaqe, romelic 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda im StatSi, sadac iyrida kenWs.

23. konstituciis II muxlis I karis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ekuTvnoda aSS-is prezidents, romelsac, vice-prezidentTan erTad, 4 wlis vadiT, iribi arCevnebis gziT, faruli kenWisyriT irCevda amomrCevelTa kolegia.

24. am kolegiis wevrebs TiToeuli Stati im wesis mixedviT niSnavda, romelic dadgenili iyo misi legislaturiT.

25. aSS-is prezidentis Tanamdebobaze airCeoda, 35 wlis asaks miRweuli, dabadebiT aSS-is moqalaqe, an is piri, romelic aSS-is moqalaqe iyo konstituciis miRebis momentisaTvis da am qveyanaSi cxovrobda sul mcire 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

26. prezidents Zalzed vrceli uflebamosilebani mieniWa, ris gamoc mas demokratebma ̀ arCeviTi monarqi~ uwodes. prezidenti iyo: armiisa da flotis mTavarsardali; calkeuli Statebis policiis meTauri; mas amnistiis da Sewyalebis ufleba mieniWa; mas `senatis TanxmobiT~, xelSekrulebis dadebis ufleba hqonda, im pirobiT, rom xelSekrulebas moiwonebda senatis Semadgenlobis 2/3; Tanamdebobaze niSnavda elCebs, konsulebsa da sxva oficialur warmomadgenlebs, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs da aSS-is sxva Tanamdebobis pirebs. mas, sagangebo mdgomareobisas an sxva saWiroebisas, SeeZlo kongresis orive an erT-erTi palatis mowveva, kavSiris saqmeebze amomwuravi informaciis miReba~ da sxva.

27. aSS-is prezidentis aseTi Zlieri erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb konventis gadawyvetilebaze didi gavlena iqonia im garemoebam, rom prezidentobis yvelaze realuri kandidati swored j. vaSingtoni iyo.

28. konstitucia Zalze mcire adgils uTmobda sasamarTlo sistemis organoTa Seqmnisa da

funqcionirebis sakiTxebs. maTi dawesebis ufleba kongress mieniWa, romelic uflebamosili iqneboda Seeqmna nebismieri sasamarTlo, romelic uzenaesi sasamarTlos qvemdgomi instancia iqneboda (kari 8, muxli 1; kari I, m. III). konventSi eWvi gamoiTqva saerTo federaluri sasamarTlo organos Seqmnis mizanSewonilobis Taobaze. Tumca, es eWvi maleve gaifanta, roca gaixsenes, Tu ramdenad araqmediTi iyo konfederacia, romlis sisuste didad ganapiroba saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlo organoebis ararsebobam.

29. konstituciis III muxlis 2 karis ZaliT, federaluri sasamarTlo xelisufleba gavrcelda 5 kategoriis saqmeebze: 1) yvela saqme, romelic TviT aSS-is konstituciis, federaluri kanonebisa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze iyo aRmocenebuli; 2) yvela saqme, romelic elCebs, konsulebs da sxva oficialur warmomadgenlebs exeboda; 3) saadmiralosa da sazRvao iurisdiqciis saqmeebi; 4) yvela davebi, romlis erT-erTi mxare aSS-bi iqneboda; 5) or an met Stats Soris aRmocenebuli davis saqmeebi, romelime Statisa da sxva Statis moqalaqes Soris, sxvadasxva Statebis moqalaqeebs Soris, romlebic uflebebs acxadeben sxva Statebis mier daTmobil miwebze.

30. federaluri sasamarTlos specialur kompetencias, specialurma kanonmdeblobam miakuTvna saqmeebi ̀ sasamarTlos upativcemlobisa~ da is saqmeebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo federaluri sasamarTloebis mier, sxvadasxva sasamarTlo brZanebebis gamocemasTan, sakuTari uflebebis realizaciasTan da maT mier am brZanebis nebismieri Statis qvemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloSi wargzavnasTan (brZaneba ̀ habaes corpus~, amkrZalavi brZaneba ̀ iniunction~, mavalebeli brZaneba ̀ mandatus~ da sxva).

31. konstituciaSi pirdapir ar iyo naTqvami mosamarleTa Seucvlelobasa da daTxovnis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, Tumca miTiTebuli iyo, rom ̀ isini manam ikavebdnen Tanamdebobas, vidre maTi qceva umwikvlo iyo~.

32. ganmtkicebuli iyo mosamarTleTa materialuri garantiebi, kerZod, mosamarTlis ufleba sakuTari samsaxuris Rirseuli anazRaurebiT, romlis moculobis Semcireba dauSvebeli iyo, misi samsaxurSi yofnis mTel periodSi.

33. xelisufalTa danawilebis amerikuli koncefciaa – ara mxolod xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebs Soris, saxelisuflebo funqciebisa da kompetenciis saganTa gamijvna da maTi damoukidebloba, aramed am kompetenciis udavo da, ufro metic, ZiriTadi nawili `urTierTSekavebisa da gawonasworebis~ sistema, Semakavebeli kontroli da xelisuflebaTa dabalanseba im dros, Tu safrTxe Seeqmneba maT Soris urTierTgawonasworebasa da warmoiqmneba saxifaTo disbalansi.

34. nebismier normalurad moqmed saxelmwifo meqanizmSi, xelisuflebis yvela Sto erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobs da urTerTzemoqmedebas axdens.

35. Tumca, aseTi urTierTzemoqmedeba, ZalTa Soris Tanasworobis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSic ki, ar gamoricxavs maT Soris Sinagani daZabulobis SemTxvevebs. swored am daZabulobisa da disbalansis moxsnas, xelisuflebis calkeul Stoebs Soris, unda emsaxurebodes `urTierTSekavebisa da gawonasworebis~ sistema, romlis dros xelisuflebis TiToeul Stos SesaZlebloba eZleva winaaRmdegoba gauwios, meore saxelisuflebo Stos mxridan, uzurpatoruli miswrafebebis ganxorcielebas.

36. es sistema sulac ar niSnavda, rom romelime Sto TviTneburad Caereoda meoris uflebamosilebaSi, aramed axorcielebda da uzrunvelyofda Stoebis urTierT sakonstrolo funqciebs da amisaTvis aniWebda maT garkveul saSualebebsa da xerxebs, romlebic organizaciul-proceduruli da uflebamosilebiTi xasiaTisa iyo.

37. aSS-is konstituciis mixedviT, kongresis Semadgeneli rgoli aSS-is prezidentia, romelic vetos uflebis gamoyenebiT, zemoqmedebs kongresis mier miRebul kanonproeqtebze.

38. saprezidento veto SeiZleba daZleuli iqnas, Tu moxdeba imave kanonproeqtis ganmeorebiTi ganxilva da mis damtkiceba warmomadgenelTa palatisa da senatis wevrTa 2/3-is mier.

39. aSS-is prezidentis Semakavebelia senati, romelic am uflebas axorcielebs, ̀ saxelmwifo

meTaurisaTvis~ ̀ rCevebisa da Tanxmobis micemis~ meSveobiT.

40. konstituciaSi aRniSnula, rom kongresi, saxelmwifos meTaurTan erTad, monawileobs prezidentis mier sagareo da saSinao politikis umniSvnelovanesi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis procesSi, kerZod: saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis dadebisas, savaldebulo iyo, rom maTi mowoneba-damtkicebaSi monawileoba mieRo, sxdomaze damswre senatorTa 2/3-s mainc.

41. imis miuxedavad, rom prezidenti SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardali iyo, mas ar SeeZlo omis gamocxadeba, vinaidan am uflebiT mxolod kongresi iyo aRWurvili. mxolod kongresis saxeliT da misi mxridan arsebiTi kontrolis qveS, prezidents SeeZlo sagangebo mdgomareobis SemoReba qveyanaSi da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyeneba.

42. federaluri kongresi, aSS-is prezidentisa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis mimarT, maTi mxridan uxeSi amoraluri saqcielis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, iTxovda maTi Tanamdebobidan vadamde gadayenebas, impiCmentis proceduris wesiT. Tavis mxriv, uzenaesi sasamarTlo axorcielebs kongresis da aSS-is prezidentis Sekavebas, sakuTari konstituciuri kontrolis uflebebis meSveobiT, radgan amowmebs am organoebis mier miRebuli aqtebis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs.

43. 1787 wlis aSS-is konstitucia ganamtkicebda aSS-is saxelmwifo wyobilebis federaciul formas, imis miuxedavad, rom konstituciis teqstSi ar iyo gamoyenebuli ̀ federaciis~ cneba.

44. mis safuZvelSi Caido dualizmis (orgvaroba) principi, romelic gansazRvravda kavSiris sagnobriv kompetencias da ara StatebisaTvis mikuTvnebul uflebamosilebaTa sferos.

45. konstituciaSi Setanili X Sesworeba (1791) azustebda formulas `Statebis narCeni uflebis Sesaxeb~ da adgenda, rom, aRniSnuli konstituciiT, aSS-is `miuniWebeli ufleba-mosilebani~ da is funqciebi,

romelTa Sesruleba ar ekrZalebaT calkeul Statebs, SenarCunebuli aqvT am Statebs an mTlianad amerikis xalxs.

46. konstitucia ganamtkicebda nebismieri tradiciuli saxelmwifosa da konstituciis aucilebel pirobas _ federaluri samarTlis uzenaesobis (supremaciis) princips, romelic aisaxa konstituciis VI muxlSi; aSS-is konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesatanad saWiro iyo StatebSi specialuri konventebis mowveva da maTi mowoneba legislaturebis an Statebis konventebis sul mcire 3/4-is mier.

47. filadelfiis konventis mier damtkicebuli, federaluri konstitucia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Sevidoda ZalaSi, Tu mis ratifikacias moaxdenda 13-dan 9 Stati mainc.

48. konstituciis proeqtis mimarT iyo garkveuli SeniSvnebic:

a) masSi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli is principi, romlis mixedviT is Zalaufleba, romelic konstitucias ar miuniWebia aSS-is kongresisaTvis, Statebs unda SenarCunebodaT;

b) konstituciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom Statebs unarCundebodaT suvereniteti im farglebSi, romelic ar hqonda mikuTvnebuli federacias;

g) konstitucia ar Seicavda calke kars moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom konstituciaSi mainc iyo ganmtkicebuli zogeirTi uflebebi da maTi dacvis konstituciuri garantiebi: 1) habeas corpus-s _ brZanebis gacemis ufleba; 2) kanonis ukuqceviTi Zalis akrZalva; 3) sasamarTlos gareSe, devnisa da dasjis Sesaxeb, bilis gacemis ufleba; 4) nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos garantireba; 5) raime saxis privilegiebis dawesebis akrZalva, Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis dros; vinaidan aikrZala yovelgvari Tavadaznauruli tituli da wodeba; 6) konstituciaSi mkacrad ganisazRvra iseTi danaSaulis definicia, rogoric iyo saxelmwifos Ralati.

15.თომა აქვინატის სამართლებრივი შეხედულებები - გვ .78-81

XIII saukuneSi, evropaSi rogorc politikur, ise sulier cxovrebaSi

papis xelisuflebis aRzeveba moxda. maSinve dasrulda sqolastikis _

adamianuri gonis saSualebiT, rwmenis postulatebis gamarTlebaze

orientirebuli kaTolikuri Teologiis _ sistemis Seqmna. am sistemis

SeqmnaSi udidesi roli domi-nikanelma berma, swavlulma-RvTismetyvelma

Toma aqvinatma (aqvinelma _ 1225-1274) iTamaSa, romlis Txzulebani Sua

saukuneebis saeklesio ideologiis Tavisebur enci-klopediad iqca. sxva

sakiTxebTan erTad, aqvinati Tavis naSromebSi ixilavda saxelmwifos,

kanonebis, samarTlis problematikas. swored aRniSnuli Tematikaa

ganxiluli naSromebSi “mbrZanebelTa mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb” da

“Teologiis suma.”

swavluli-RvTismetyveli sakuTar naSromebSi kaTolikuri eklesiis

dogmebs ujerebda aristoteles Sexedulebebs da am gziT, sakuTari

poziciis ganmtkicebas cdilobda. Toma aqvinelis warmodgena

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb aRniSnul sakiTxze qristianuli doqtrinis

ganviTarebis pirveli mcdeloba iyo, aristoteles “politikis”

misadagebis bazaze (romelic laTinur eneze iTargmna da samecniero

brunvaSi damkvidrda mxolod 1250 wlis bolodan).

aristotelesgan aqvinatma gadaiRo azri imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani,

sakuTari bunebiT, “politikuri da sazogado arseba” aris. adamianebSi,

apriori, Casaxulia ltolva gaerTianebisa da saxelmwifoSi

cxovrebisaken, vinaidan individs martod-marto sakuTari moTxovnebis

dakmayofileba ar SeuZlia. am bunebrivi mizeziT, iqmneba poli-tikuri

erToba (saxelmwifo). saxelmwifoebriobis dawesebis procedura,

analogiuria RvTis mier samyaros Seqmnis procedurisa. samyaros Seqmnis

aqtSi pirvelad Cndebian nivTebi, rogorc aseTi, mere ki xdeba _ nivTebis

diferencireba, maTi im funqciebis mixedviT, romlebsac isini

aRasruleben, msoflio wesrigis Sinagani gaangariSebis sazRvrebSi.

monarqis saqmianoba RvTis aqtiurobas emsgavseba. vidre RmerTi samyaros

marTvas Seudgeboda, man am samyaroSi organizebuloba da swori aRnagoba

Seitana. Zus-tad amave wesiT, monarqi jer awesebda da awyobda

saxelmwifos, Semdeg _ mis marTvas iwyebda. saxelmwifoebriobis mizania

_ “saerTo keTildReoba”, gonieri da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis saTanado

pirobebis Seqmna. am miznis miRweva ki SesaZlebelia, sabatono-

wodebriobaze damyarebuli, saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi, vinaidan

RmerTma Zala-ufleba da simdidre mxolod privilegirebul wodebas

mianiWa, xolo miwaTmoqmedni da xelosnebi gamoricxa politikis

sferodan. am RvTiuri wesrigis dacva ki yvelas eva-leba, vinaidan maTi

RvTiuri movaleobaa daemorCilon umaRless wodebas _ mmarTvelebs,

romlebic saxelmwifos ganasaxiereben.

papis mmarTvelobis interesebisa da sabatono samyaros dawesebulebaTa

dacva sul uf-ro rTuli xdeboda. kerZod, “yvela xelisufleba RvTisgan

momdinareobs” Tezisis logikuri axsna, dasaSvebad miiCnevda saero

warCinebulebis (mefeebis, Tavadebis) abso-lutur uflebas, marTon

saxelmwifo, e.i. SesaZlebels xdida am Tezisis Semobrunebas, romis

kaTolikuri eklesiis politikuri ambiciebis sawinaaRmdegod. imisaTvis,

rom saxelmwifos saqmeebSi kaTolikuri eklesiis Carevis safuZveli

Seqmniliyo da saeros mimarT, sasuliero xelisuflebis upiratesobis

Tezisi daesabuTebina, aqvinatma mecnierul brunvaSi saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis sami momentis (elementis) gansxvaveba Semoitana: 1)

Sinaarsi (arsi); 2) forma (warmoSoba); 3) gamoyeneba.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis arsi _ es aris batonobisa da morCilebis

urTierTobaTa wesi, romlis drosac adamianTa ierarqiis saTaveSi

myofTa neba marTavs da amoZravebs mosaxleobis dabal fenas. es wesi

daadgina RmerTma, e.i. xelisufleba, misi ZirZveli arsidan gamomdinare,

aris RvTiuri dawesebuleba. amitom xelisufleba aris ucvleli sikeTe

da keTildReoba. xolo misi warmoSobis konkretuli xerxebi (anu

xelisuflebis dauflebis meTodebi), misi konstruqciis esa Tu is

formebi, SeiZleba zogjer Seryvni-li da usamarTloc ki iyos. aqvinati

im viTarebasac ar gamoricxavda, rodesac sa-xelmwifo xelisuflebiT

sargebloba SeiZleba mis borotad gamoyenebaSi gadazrdi-liyo.

maSasadame, saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebis meore da mesame elementebi

zogjer moklebulni arian RvTiurobis niSans. es maSin xdeba, rodesac

mmarTveli an xelisuf-lebis uzurpacias axdens, an saxelmwifos marTavs

usamarTlod. erTic da meorec RvTiuri kanonebis, romis kaTolikuri

eklesiis, rogorc dedamiwaze ieso qristes nebis gamomxatveli

erTaderTi xelisuflebis, kanonebisa da RvTiuri samarTlis darRvevis

Sedegi aris.

ramdenadac mmarTvelis moqmedeba RvTis nebas scildeba da es moqmedeba

eklesiis inte-resebs ewinaaRmdegeba, imdenad qveSevrdomni, aqvinatis

azriT, uflebamosilni arian SeewinaaRmdegon aseT moqmedebas. mmarTveli,

romelic brZaneblobs RvTis kanonebisa da zneobis debulebaTa

sawinaaRmdegod, ametebs sakuTar kompetencias, iWreba adamianTa sulier

samyaroSi da uwesebs maT, zomaze metsa da mZime gadasaxadebs _ aseTi

mmarTveli tiranad gardaiqmneba. xolo, vinaidan tirani mxolod sakuTar

keTil-dReobaze zrunavs da mas ar surs icodes saerTo sargeblianoba,

arRvevs kanonebsa da samarTlianobas, xalxs eniWeba ufleba, Tundac

SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis gziT, daamxos aseTi mmarTveli. xolo, tiranis

winaaRndeg ukiduresi RonisZiebebis SemuSavebis sakiTxs mxolod eklesia

da romis papi wyvets. tiranias aqvinati ganasxvavebda monarqiisagan,

romelic, misi azriT, aris mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma. am formas igi

upiratesobas ori mizezis gamo aniWebda: 1) monarqias saerTo hqonda,

zogadad, RvTis mier dadgenil da warmarTul samyarosTan da, agreTve,

adamianis organizmTan, romlis sxvadasxva nawili erTiandeba da

warimarTeba erTiani gonis mier; 2) istoriuli gamocdilebis monacemTa

Sedegad, romlebic erTi piris mier marTuli saxelmwifos simtkicesa da

warmatebulobas adasturebdnen.

Toma aqvinatma, aristoteles naSromTa Seswavlis Sedegad, mmarTvelobis

sxva formebic Seicno: aristokratia, oligarqia, demokratia, Sereuli

mmarTveloba. Tumca, maT Soris yvelaze sasurveli iyo monarqia. Tanac,

igi ganasxvavebda monarqiuli wyobis or nair-saxeobas: absolutur

monarqiasa da politikur monarqias. pirvelTan SedarebiT, misi azriT,

meores axasiaTebda ueWveli upiratesobani. masSi mniSvnelovan rols

Tama-Sobdnen saero da sasuliero didgvarovnebi. am monarqiaSi mefis

xelisufleba damo-kidebulia kanonze da ar scildeba mis farglebs.

qristianobaSi, ZiriTad socialur-politikur funqcias asrulebda, masSi

Semavali eTika. religiuri eTikis ZiriTadi aspeqti valdebulebis

problema aris. savaldebulod iTvleba adamianebis mimarT, individis

normaluri urTierTobebis garkveuli nair-saxeoba. aqvinati farTod

iyenebda “kanonis” kategorias im movlenis asaxsnelad, rome -lic

politikurad mowyobil sazogadoebas axasiaTebda. man kanonis

gansakuTrebuli Teoria SeimuSava.

Toma aqvinati Tvlida, rom yvela kanoni erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia

subordinaciis ZafebiT. kanonTa piramidis saTaveSi dgas mudmivi kanoni _

universaluri norma, RvTaeb-rivi gonis zogadi principi, romelic

marTavs samyaros. mudmivi kanoni zis RmerTSi, misi Tanazomieria; is

TviTon arsebobs da misgan gamomdinareoben kanonis sxva saxeobani.

pirvelyovlisa ki, bunebiTi kanoni, romelic, TavisTavad aris mudmivi ka-

nonis anarekli adamianTa gonSi, moazrovne arsebaTa SemecnebaSi.

bunebiTi kanoni mogviwodebs, viswrafodeT TviTgadarCenisaken da

admianTa modgmis gagrZelebisaken, moiTxovs da gvavaldebulebs, veZioT

WeSmariteba (RmerTi) da pativi vceT adamianis Rirsebas.

bunebiTi kanonis konkretizacias emsaxureba adamianTa (pozitiuri)

kanoni. misi daniS-nulebaa _ ZaladobiTa da SiSiT aiZulos adamianebi

(romlebic, bunebiT, arasrul-yofili qmnilebani arian), Tavi aaridon

borotebas da eziaron saTnoebas. bunebiTi kanonisgan gansxvavebiT,

pozitiuri kanoni aris imperativi, romelsac cvalebadi Sinaarsi gaaCnia.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi pozitiuri kanonis normebi, SesaZloa, gansxva-vebuli

Sinaarsisac ki iyos. is, raSic maT saerTo gaaCniaT, SeiZleba gaxdes

“adamianis (xalxis) samarTali”. maTSi arsebuli specifikuri normebi ki

gaaerTianeben, yoveli calkeuli saxelmwifos, “moqalaqeTa uflebebsa da

samarTals”. aqvinatis aRniSnuli mosazreba romaeli iuristebis

msoflmxedvelobas Seesabameba. rodesac aqvinati adamianTa (pozitiuri)

kanonze saubrobda, mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda Sua saukuneebis evropuli

kanonmdebloba. Tumca, Zalzed mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom Toma

aqvinati uaryofda adamianTa kanonis mniSvnelobas, rogorc saero

xelisuflebis iseT qmnilebas, romelic bunebiTi kanonis moTxovnebs

ewinaaRmdegeba. misTvis ar iyo kanoni is dadgenileba, romelSic

uaryofilia TviTgadarCenis, saojaxo cxovrebisa da aRzr-dis, RvTisa

(WeSmaritebis Zebnis) da adamianTa Rirseuli cxovrebis moTxovnebi.

da bolos, kanonis kidev erTi saxeobaa _ RvTiuri kanoni, romelic

bibliaSi mocemulia da saWiroa ori mizezis gamo: 1) adamianTa

(pozitiur) kanons ar ZaluZs borotebis bolomde aRmofxvra; 2)

adamianTa gonis arasrulyofilebis gamo, adamianebs TviTon ar SeuZliaT

samarTlisa da simarTlis erTiani cnebebis Seqma; maT am saqmeSi

daxmarebas gauwevs, qristianTa Soris, yvelaze avtoritetuli

saxelmZRvanelo _ biblia.

eTikis safuZvelzeve Seiqmna aqvinatis samarTlebrivi koncefcia. misTvis,

eTika aris simarTlisa da samarTlianobis sfero. romaeli iuristebis

gavleniT, igi Tvlida, rom samarTliani aris is, rac TiToeuls ergeba,

damsaxurebisamebr.

Toma aqvinats romis kaTolikurma eklesiam “angelozTa doqtori” uwoda.

1323 wels igi wmindanad Seiracxa, xolo 1879 wels aqvinatis

sqolastikuri sistema, romis papma _ leon XIII-em “kaTolicizmis

erTaderT WeSmarit filosofiad” _ enciklikad “Aeterni patris”

gamoacxada, ramac sadave daudo neoTomizmis Teorias (koncefcias).

16. მარსილიო პადუელის პოლიტიკური შეხედულებანი - გვ . 82-83

XI-XIII saukuneebSi dasavleT evropaSi swrafi tempiT viTardeboda

sameurneo cxovreba; gafarTovda da gacxovelda xelosnoba da vaWroba,

ramac saqalaqo cxovrebisa da misTvis Cveuli sabazro urTierTobebis

daCqarebul ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. am procesis kanonzomier Sedegs

Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi jgufebis Camoyalibeba warmoadgenda,

romlebSic, ZiriTadad, gaerTiandnen qalaqis aristokratiis

warmomadgenlebi, kerZod: savaWro gildiebSi da xelosanTa amqrebSi

gaerTianebuli pirebi _ vaWrebi da bankirebi, mewarmeni, damoukidebeli

mdidari xelosnebi. aRniSnul sazogadoebriv jgufebs araferSi

sWirdeboda gauTavebeli Sina-omebi, romlebic Zirs uTxridnen

saxelmwifoebriv wesrigs, radgan maTi ideali iyo, gankerZoebulobis

mosurne mebatoneTa TviTnebobisa da Zaladobisagan Tavisufali, mtkice

mmarTvelobis forma, romelic Zlier da mtkice samefo xelisuflebasTan

aso-cirdeboda. biurgerTa aRniSnuli orientaciis yvelaze naTel

politikur da iuridiul mosazrebebs marsilio padueli (daaxl. 1275-1343

ww.) gamoTqvamda.

sakmaod vrcel naSromSi “mSvidobis damcveli” (1324-1326), marsilio

padueli, samyaroSi arsebul yvela ubedurebasa da usamarTlobaze

mTels pasuxismgeblobas kaTolikur eklesias akisrebda. am mZime Sedegis

Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tu samRvdeloeba mxolod

adamianTa sulieri cxovrebis sferoTi dakavdeboda da sa-xelmwifos

gamoeyofoda, agreTve saero politikur xelisuflebas

daeqvemdebareboda.

paduelis azriT, saero politikuri xelisufleba adamiaTa

Tanacxovrebis formaTa garTulebis Sedegad warmoiSva. Tavdapirvelad,

ojaxebi, sayovelTao sargeblisa da sayovelTao Tanxmobis miRwevis

mizniT, gaerTiandnen gvarebad, gvarebi _ tomebad. Sem-deg, imave mizniTa

da wesiT, moxda qalaqebis konsolidacia; am procesis daskvniTi sta-dia

_ saxelmwifos warmoSobaa, romelic mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi yvela

piris saerTo Tanxmobas daefuZna, raTa sayovelTao sargebeli

moepovebinaT. saxelmwifos bunebisa da misi warmoSobis procesis

aRwerisas, padueli aristoteles Sesabamiss ideebs izia-rebda.

marsiliom gamoTqva, im droisaTvis Zalzed mamaci mosazreba imis

Sesaxeb, rom yoveli xelisuflebis WeSmariti wyaro aris xalxi,

romlisganac momdinareobs rogorc saero, ise sasuliero xelisufleba.

mxolod xalxia _ uzenaesi kanonmdebeli da mmarTveli. Tumca, xalxis

cnebis qveS igulisxmeboda ara mTlianad saxelmwifos mosaxleoba,

aramed _ misi saukeTeso, Rirseuli nawili. amrigad, padueli axdenda

qveynis mosaxleobis diferencirebas or kategoriad: saukeTesoebad da

mdabioebad, umaRlessa da umdablesad. umaRlesi kategoria (samxedroebi,

samRvdeloeba da moxeleebi) emsa-xurebian sayovelTao sargebelsa da

sikeTes; umdablesi (vaWrebi, xelosnebi, miwaT-moqmedni) mxolod sakuTari

kerZo interesebis dakmayofilebaze zrunaven.

saxelmwifo xelisufleba moqmedebs, upirveles yovlisa, kanonebis

gamocemis meSveobiT. kanoni ki aris is savaldebulo moTxovna, romelic

iTvaliswinebs an mkacri sasjelis gamoyenebas, an realuri jildos

dapirebas, amqveyniur cxovrebaSi. swored amiT gansxvavdeba saero

(saxelmwifos) kanoni RvTiuri kanonebisagan, romlebic mkacri sasjelis

gamoyenebas, an realuri jildos dapirebas iTvaliswineben mxolod

imqveyniur cxovrebaSi. mxolod xalxs aqvs iuridiuli kanonebis

gamocemis ufleba. kanonmorCileba evaleboda aramxolod xalxs, aramed

maT gamomcem pirebs.

“mSvidobis damcvelis” avtorma, erT-erTma upirvelsma, moaxdina

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaTa mkveTri

diferencireba. Tanac, paduelis azriT, swored sakanonmdeblo

xelisufleba gansazRvravda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis orga-

nizaciasa da kompetencias. da saerTodac, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

unda arse-bobdes da saqmianobdes swored im avtoritetis wyalobiT,

romelsac mas aniWebs kanon-mdebeli; manve mkacrad unda daicvas kanonis

moTxovna. Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

valia xalxis _ kanonmdeblis nebis aRsruleba.

padueli, italiis qalaq-respublikebSi moqmedi, saxelmwifo

dawesebulebaTa da Tanamdebobis pirTa kostituirebis principis

gaTvaliswinebiT, upiratesobas aniWebda arCeviTobas, yvela rangis

dawesebulebaTa, Tu moxeleTa mimarT. monarqiis drosac ki, romelic mas

mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miaCnda, savaldebulo iyo arCevnebis

gziT saxelmwifo organoebisa da Tanamdebobis pirTa mowyoba, vinaidan

arCeviTi monarqi, rogorc wesi, yvelaze sasurveli mmarTvelia, xolo

arCeviTi monarqia gaci-lebiT ukeTesia, vidre memkvidreobiTi.

2-ქულიანები

1. ხელისუფლებათა დანაწილება (ჯ.ლოკი) - გვ . 110

imisaTvis, rom moxdes Tavisuflebis reJimis dacva, politikuri

Tanacxovrebis “mTavari da diadi miznis” realizeba, aucileblobad

miiCneoda saxelmwifos sajaro-saxelisuflo uflebamosilebaTa mkveTri

gamijvna, saxelmwifos sxvadasxva organoebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs

Soris. kanonis miRebis uflebamosileba (sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba)

mTeli eris warmomadgenlobiT organos _ parlaments ekuTvnis. kanonebis

cxovrebaSi gatareba-aRsruleba (aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba) monarqisa

da misi ministrTa kabinetis (mTavrobis) kompetenciaSi Sedis. maTive

saqmea ucxo saxelmwifoebTan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis warmoeba (e.w.

federaciuli xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom

politikur TeoriaSi lokma Camoayaliba gacilebiT meti, vidre

“mTavrobis xelisuflebis gawonasworebis” martivi ideaa (am

TvalsazrisiT, mTavrobis cnebaSi igulisxmeba, zogadad, saxelmwifo),

rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom misi calkeuli nawilebi _ saxelmwifo

meqanizmis Semadgeneli elementebi _ man sxvadasxva organos

kompetenciaSi gadaanawila.

imisaTvis, rom ar momxdariyo, romelime organos mxridan, mTeli

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uzurpacia da am xelisuflebis despoturi

gziT ganxorcieleba, man “saxelmwifos calkeuli nawilis” kavSirisa da

urTierTTanamSromlobis (urTierTdamokidebulebis) zogadi principebi

Camoayaliba. sajaro-saxelisuflo saqmianobis Sesabamisi tipebi lokma

ierarqiuli wesiT ganalaga. qveyanaSi, saxelisuflo ierarqiis pirvel

safexurze sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba dadga, rogorc uzenaesi, Tumca _

araabsoluturi. danarCeni sajaro organoebi unda eqvemdebarebodnen mas.

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom es organoebi sulac ar arian

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis martivi danamatebi. am organoebis

kompetenciaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze zegavlenis moxdena

(kerZod, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba) Sedis.

arsebiTad, “mmarTvelobis normaluri struqtura” loks warmodgenili

hqonda, rogorc, mTeli rigi oficialurad, normatiulad ganmtkicebuli,

urTierTSekavebisa da gawonasworebis sitema.

2.კანონზომიერება (მონტესკიე) - გვ . 117

“kanonTa gonis” moZiebisas, an kanonebSi kanonzomierebis dasadgenad,

monteskie adamianis gonieri bunebis, nivTebis bunebis Sesaxeb

racionalistur warmodgenebs eyrdnoboda da cdilobda istoriulad

cvalebadi, pozitiuri kanonebis logikurobas, agreTve maTi Seqmnis

faqtorebsa da mize-zebs Caswvdomoda.

ama Tu im TvalsazrisiT, kanonzomieri (anu kanoni, Sesabamisi

urTierTobis wesi), monteskies azriT, goniersa da aucilebels niSnavs,

rac, Tavis mxriv, SemTxveviTobas, TviTnebobasa da fatalurobas (brma

sve-beds) upirispirdeba.





3. ადამიანის ბუნებითი მდგომარეობა (რუსო) - გვ . 121























sakuTar monobasa da uuflebobaSi.

4. სახელმწიფოს გეოგრაფიული დეტერმინიზმი (ჟ .ბოდენი) - გვ . 92

bodenis SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba “saxelmwifos geografiuli tipizacia”,

anu sa-xelmwifos tipis gansazRvra geografiul-klimaturi pirobebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. kerZod, zomieri havis pirobebSi, SesaZlebelia gonebis

saxelmwifos arseboba, sadac iseTi adamianebi cxovroben, romlebsac

samarTlianoba da kacTmoyvareoba axasiaTebT. samxreT regionebSi ki

xalxi _ bunebrivad zarmacia; maT ar uyvarT garja. amitom, aq saWiroa

religiuri Zalauflebisa da mkacri saxelmwifos arseboba. CrdiloeTis

mcxov-rebTaTvis sakmarisia mxolod Zlieri saero saxelmwifos arseboba.

5. პოზიტიური სამართალი (მონტესკიე) - გვ . 118

dadebiTi (pozitiuri, adamianuri) kanoni samarTlianobis obieqtur

xasiaTsa da samarTlian urTierTobebs gulisxmobs. samarTlianoba win

uswrebs pozitiur kanons da ara _ piruku. kanoni, zogadad, _ monteskies

mixedviT, _ aris adamianuri goni, romelic yvela adamianis cxovrebas

warmarTavs. amitom, “samoqa-laqo da politikuri kanonebi, romlebsac

yvela xalxi iRebs, sxva araferia, Tu ara am gonebis kerZo gamoyeneba.

aseTi midgomis realizaciis procesSi, monteskie im faqtorebs ikvlevda,

romelTa erToblioba qmnis “kanonTa gons”, anu imas, rac pozitiur kano-

nebTan mimarTebiT _ gonierebas, marTlzomierebas, kanonierebas,

samarTlianobas gansazRvravs.

6. ბუნებითი სამართალი (ჰ .გროციუსი) - გვ . 100-101

grociusi mTel samarTals bunebiT da nebagamovlenil samarTlad yofda.

bunebiTi samarTali ganmartebulia, rogorc “saRi azris moTxovna”,

romelic, nebadarTuli da akrZaluli qmedebebis erTmaneTisagan

gamijvnis kriteriumebs warmoadgens. nebagamovlenili samarTali RvTiur

(zemodan boZebul da RvTis nebiT dadgenil) da adamianur samarTlad

iyofa.

bunebiTi samarTlis koncef-ciis SemuSavebisas, grociusma saerTaSoriso

samarTlis safuZvlebi Seqmna, romlebsac calkeuli saxelmwifoebi

erTmaneTTan urTierTobisas iyenebdnen. aRniSnul sferoSi, grociusis

naRvawi Zalzed mniSvnelovania da man didad Seuwyo xeli saerTaSoriso

samarTlis ideis ganviTarebas, romelic ganxorcielda erTa ligisa da

gaeros Seqmnisa da niurbergis procesis warmoebis dros.

adamianis bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gonieri erToba (bunebiT

samarTalSi warmod-genili) da, bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebidan

gamomdinare, samarTlianobis da sar-geblis uflebis Tanafardoba,

aucilebel gamoxatulebas poulobs saxelmwifoSi, rome-lic, deduqciis

gziT, grociusis moZRvrebaSi bunebiTi samarTlis sawyisebis Sedegs

warmoadgens.

7. ხელისუფლებათა დანაწილება (მონტესკიე) - გვ . 119

monteskie miiCnevda, rom politikuri Tavisufleba mxolod zomieri

mmarTvelobis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebeli da ara _ demokratiis an

aristokratiis, miTumetes _ des-potiis dros. zomieri mmarTvelobac ar

aris sakmarisi, vinaidan iq, sadac xdeba xeli-suflebis gadameteba an

borotad gamoyeneba, veraviTar politikur Tavisuflebas daamkvidreben.

mxolod xelisuflebaTa ganawilebis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebeli

politikuri Tavisuflebis upirobo garantireba. xelisufleba unda

gadanawildes sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo organoebs

Soris; misi mTavari mizania _ xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebis

Tavidan acileba.

8. ხალხის სუვერენიტეტის იდეა (რუსო) - გვ . 121

sazogadoebis, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis problemebs rusos moZRvreba

saxalxo su-verenitetis ideisa da principis dasabuTebisa da dacvis

poziciidan exeba. im periodSi gavrcelebul warmodgenas adamianis

bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, ruso iyenebs ro-gorc hipotezas, raTa

Camoayalibos sakuTari, absoluturad axleburi, warmodgena ada-mianTa

sulieri, socialuri da politikur-samarTlebrivi cxovrebis

Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.























sakuTar monobasa da uuflebobaSi. aseTi cru, man-kier da mTeli

kacobriobisaTvis damRupveli sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis

ganviTarebis nacvlad, “politikuri organizmis, rogorc xalxsa da

mmarTvelebs Soris WeSmariti xelSekrulebis Taobaze” ruso sakuTar

koncefcias gvTavazobda. amasTanave, WeSmariti sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi amocanaa, adamianTa masebis suverenul xalxad

gadaqceva, xolo TiToeuli adamianisa _ moqalaqed, agreTve “asociaciis

iseTi formis Seqmna, romelic saerTo ZaliT, asociaciis yvela da Ti-

Toeuli wevris pirovnebasa da qonebas daicavs da daifaravs, da, romlis

wyalobiT, TiToeuli, yvelasTan SeerTebis Semdeg, mxolod sakuTar Tavs

eqvemdebareba da iseTive Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric uwin iyo”.

TiToeuli, sakuTari qonebis gaerTianebisa da erTian umaRles

xelisuflebaSi daqvemdebarebis Semdeg, sakuTar pirovnebasa da mTel

Tavis Zalas, erTiani mTlianis ganuyofel nawilad aqcevs.

9.სახელმწიფოს მმართველობის ფორმები (ჟ .ბოდენი) - გვ .92

bodenis politikuri ideali saero saxelmwifo iyo, romelsac Seswevs

Zala, uzrun-velyos yvelas ufleba-Tavisuflebani. marTlwesrigis

damyarebis saukeTeso gzad, bodeni Zlier absolutur monarqias

miiCnevda, vinaidan monarqi samarTlisa da suve-renitetis erTaderTi

wyaro iyo.

suverenuli saxelmwifos cnebis qveS, bodenis azriT, uzenaesi da

SeuzRudavi sa-xelmwifo xelisufleba igulisxmeboda, romelic Sua

saukuneebis sabatono monarqiebs upirispirdeba, sadac, Cveulebriv

movlenad daqucmacebuloba, socialuri uTanaswo-roba, mefeTa

xelisuflebis SezRudva iTvleboda.










saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas: monarqias, aristokratiasa da de-

mokratias.

10. ბუნების მუდმივი კანონი (მონტესკიე ) - გვ . 116








adamianur kanonebs.

adamianebTan mimarTebiT, bunebis (bunebiTi) kanonebs monteskie

ganmartavda, rogorc “Cveni arsebis mowyobidan mxolod da mxolod

gamomdinare” kanonebs. im bunebiTi kano-nebidan, romelTa arsebobas

hqonda adgili, rodesac adamianebi bunebriv (winare-civilizaciur)

mdgomareobaSi cxovrobdnen, gamomdinareoben adamianis bunebis Semdegi

Tvisebani: mSvidobisken ltolva, sakvebis mopovebis survili, adamianebs

Soris urTi-erTobis damyareba Txovnis safuZvelze, sazogadoebaSi

cxovrebis survili.

11. სახელმწიფოს ცნება (ჰ .გროციუსი) - გვ . 100



sayovelTao sargeblis dasa-cavad.

12.სამართლებრივი კანონი (ჯ.ლოკი) - გვ . 109-110

imisaTvis, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi moqmedi Tanacxovrebis normebi

(kanonebi) dacu-li yofiliyo, bunebam TiToeuli individi daajildova

SesaZleblobiT ganesajaT kano-nis damrRvevi da SeefardaT misTvis

Sesabamisi sasjeli. Tumca, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adgili ar hqonda

iseT organoebs, romlebic SesZlebdnen, adamianebs Soris arsebuli,

davis miukerZoebel gadawyvetas, braldebulTa Sesabamiss dasjas, raTa

xelSeuxebeli yofiliyo bunebiTi kanoni. yovelive zemoTqmuli

uimedobis gancdas badebda da sazoga-doebaSi destabilizacias iwvevda.

bunebiTi uflebebis, Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis saimedod dacvis

mizniT, pirovnebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis interesebis xelSeuxeblobis

gamo, adamianebi SeTanxmdnen, raTa SeeqmnaT politikuri sazogadoeba da

daewesebinaT saxelmwifo. loki gansakuTrebul aqcents SeTanxmebis

aqtze akeTebda. lokis azriT, saxelmwifo im adamianTa erToblioba

aris, romlebic erT mTlianobaSi gaerTiandnen, maT mier dadgenili

saerTo kanonis egidiT, agreTve sasamarTlo instanciis Seqmnis mizniT,

romelic adamianebs Soris arsebul konfliqtebs moawesrigebda da

damnaSaveT dasjida. danarCeni koleqtiuri formebisgan gansxvavebiT,

saxelmwifos axasiaTebs politikuri xelisufleba, anu ufleba,

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis dasacavad, Seqmnas kanoni, raTa daicvas

kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, agreTve warmarTos sazogadoebis

Zalisxmeva, am kanonebis dasacavad da, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, sagareo

agresiis Tavi- dan asacileblad. loki did imeds kanonsa da

kanonierebaze amyarebda. xalxis mier Seqmnili saerTo kanoni, romelic

maT saerTo SeTanxmebiT aRiares da daadgines, rogorc sikeTisa da

borotebis is sazomi, romelic yvela kolizias wyvets, lokis azriT,

saxelmwifos konstituciurobis mTavari niSani aris. Tanac, kanonieria

mxolod is aqti, romelic gonier arsebas im qcevaze miuTiTebs, romelic

mis sakuTar interesebs Seesabameba da saerTo sargebels emsaxureba.

kanoni mxolod maSin uwyobs xels saxelmwifos “mTavari da diadi miznis

miRwevas”, rodesac yvelam icis kanonis Sesaxeb da yvela asrulebs mis

moTxovnebs. saxelmwifoSi absoluturad aravis, arc erT organos aqvs

ufleba gamo-vides kanonis qvemdebarebidan. lokis aseTi pozicia win

uswrebda “samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos” Sesaxeb koncefciis Seqmnas.

13. საზოგადოებრივი შეთანხმება (რუსო) - გვ . 122

rusos mier dasabuTebuli, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis koncefcia,

mTlianobaSi, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb mis idealur

warmodgenas gamoxatavs. rusos ZiriTadi azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

mxolod saxelmwifos warmoSobiT, politikuri urTierTobebisa da

kanonebis, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi koncefciis

dadgeniT, SeiZleba gamarTldes bunebiTi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo

mdgomareobaSi gadasvla, raTa mudmivad arse-bobdes gonis,

samarTlianobisa da samarTlis batonoba. rusos es idea upirispirdeba

missave mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom kerZo sakuTrebis da sazogadoebriv

urTi-erTobebSi uTanasworobis gaCena aseve iyo saxelmwifoebriobis

warmoSobis obieqturi aucilebloba. “sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis

Sesaxeb”-is pirvelive winadadebaSi naT-qvami iyo: “adamiani ibadeba

Tavisufali, Tumca _ mudmivad borkilebis qveSaa; arada, bunebiTi

mdgomareoba _ Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba, rusos azriT, iyo is oqros

xana”, romlis idealizacias cdilobda frangi moazrovne.

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebisa da saxelmwifos Seqnis procesSi myofi,

suverenis uflebamosilebaTa safuZvelSi devs saerTo neba.Aam

SemTxvevaSi ruso xazs usvamda imas, rom saerTo neba gansxvavdeba yve-

las nebisagan: saerTo neba gulisxmobs saerTo interesebs, yvelas neba ki

iTva-liswinebs mxolod kerZo pirTa kerZo interesebs da warmoadgens

saxelmwifosa da mis kanonebSi saerTo nebis arsebobas.

14. სამართალი ობიექტური გაგებით (ჰ .გროციუსი) - გვ . 99- 100





meore mniSvnelobiT, samarTlis cneba gaigivebulia kanonis cnebasTan

(samarTali, obieqturi gagebiT). grociusi Tvlida, rom bunebiTi

samarTlis kanonebi saTaves iReben bunebiTi gonidan, amitom isini

iseTive mudmivia, rogorc TviT goni. misi moZRvrebiT, TviT RmerTsac ki

ar SeuZlia bunebiTi samarTlis sawyisebis Secvla.

15. სამოქალაქო სამართალი (მონტესკიე) - გვ . 118

moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli kanonebi (samoqalaqo

samarTali). sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis moTxovnas, zogad

kanonebSi, monteskies azriT, saxelmwifos Seqmnis aucilebloba

ganapirobebs: “sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia iarsebos mmarTvelis gareSe”.

iqmneba e.w. politikuri mdgo-mareoba (saxelmwifo). calkeuli adamianebis

Zalisxmevis aseTi SeerTeba ukve gu-lisxmobs adamianTa nebis erTobas,

anu e.w. samoqalaqo mdgomareobas. saxelmwifos (politikuri

mdgomareobis) Sesaqmnelad da saerTo kanonebis dasadgenad saWiroa, ada-

mianTa sazogadoebaSi sakmaod ganviTarebuli mdgomareoba, romelsac

monteskie samoqa-laqo mdgomareobas uwodebda. kanoni, zogadad, _

monteskies mixedviT, _ aris adamianuri goni, romelic yvela adamianis

cxovrebas warmarTavs. amitom, “samoqa-laqo da politikuri kanonebi,

romlebsac yvela xalxi iRebs, sxva araferia, Tu ara am gonebis kerZo

gamoyeneba.

16. სიცოცხლის, თავისუფლებისა და კერძო საკუთრების ხელშეუხებლობის

ბუნებითი უფლებები (ჯ.ლოკი) - გვ . 110

saxelmwifos axasiaTebs politikuri xelisufleba, anu ufleba,

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis dasacavad, Seqmnas kanoni, raTa daicvas

kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, agreTve warmarTos sazogadoebis

Zalisxmeva, am kanonebis dasacavad da, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, sagareo

agresiis Tavi- dan asacileblad. saxelmwifos nebayoflobiT Seqmnis

Semdeg, adamianebi _ gonebis Zaxi-liT, Zalzed zustad gansazRvraven im

uflebamosilebaTa moculobas, romlebsac isini saxelmwifos gadascemen.

Tumca, sicocxlis, qonebis flobis ufleba, adamianis Tanas-woroba da

Tavisufleba aravis gadaecema da arc gulisxmobs raime garemoebas,

rodesac SesaZlebelia am ufleba-TavisuflebaTa vinmesaTvis gadacema.

e.i. aRniSnuli uflebebi _ ganusxvisebeli faseulobania da

xelisuflebis moqmedebisa da saxelmwifos arsebobis saboloo

farglebia, romelTa gadalaxva maT kategoriulad ekrZalebaT.

17. ადამიანთა ცვალებადი კანონები (მონტესკიე) - გვ . 117












adamianur kanonebs.

18. სახელმწიფოს ფორმები (მაკიაველი) - გვ . 86


















19. ჰომრულის იდეა (ფრანკლინი) - გვ . 130

60-ani wlebis bolos man uari Tqva britaneTis imperiis erTia-nobis

aRqmaze, rogorc erTiani politikuri warmonaqmnisa da homrulis, anu

Crdilo-amerikuli provinciebis TviTmmarTvelobisa da politikuri

TviTgamorkvevis uflebis idea ganaviTara. 1769 wels, franklinma

pirvelma uwoda Crdiloamerikuli provinciebs Statebi. Semdgom wlebSi,

gansakuTrebiT _ “bostonis Cais smis” Semdeg, homrulis idea aitaces da

ganaviTares radikaluri orientaciis mqone, politikuri pamfletebis

avto-rebma

20. სახელმწიფოს ცნება (ჰ .გროციუსი) - გვ . 100



sayovelTao sargeblis dasa-cavad.

21.ქვეშევრდომთა უფლება წინააღმდეგობაზე (აქვინატი და გროციუსი) -გვ . 102;

79

grociusi arc xalxis suverenitetis ideas uaryofda, anu xalxisaTvis

uzenaesi xeli-suflebis gadacemas. Tumca, igi mainc cdilobda

aRmoefxvra azri imis Sesaxeb, rom uzenaesi xelisufleba yvelgan da

ganusxviseblad ekuTvnis xalxs, romelsac aqvs ufleba daamxos im

mbrZaneblis xelisufleba, romelic borotad iyenebs sakuTar mdgo-

mareobas. grociusma specialuri yuradReba gaamaxvila xalxis uflebaze,

winaaRmdegoba gauwios uzenaes xelisuflebas an misdami

daqvemdebarebul organoebs. mTlianobaSi, is Tvlida, rom qveSevrdomebis

uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac iqm-neba

saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo xelisufleba. qveSevrdomTa uflebas

xelisuflebis mimarT winaaRmdegobis gawevaze, grociusi upirispirebda

kanonisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis akrZalvas, romlis moTxovnis mimarT

Tavis arideba, mxolod ukiduresi auci-leblobis SemTxvevaSi da im

pirobiT aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac qveSevrdomTa Seiara-Rebuli

winaaRmdegoba, xelisuflebis mimarT, gamousworebel zians ar miayenebda

TviT saxelmwifos.

ramdenadac mmarTvelis moqmedeba RvTis nebas scildeba da es moqmedeba

eklesiis inte-resebs ewinaaRmdegeba, imdenad qveSevrdomni, aqvinatis

azriT, uflebamosilni arian SeewinaaRmdegon aseT moqmedebas. mmarTveli,

romelic brZaneblobs RvTis kanonebisa da zneobis debulebaTa

sawinaaRmdegod, ametebs sakuTar kompetencias, iWreba adamianTa sulier

samyaroSi da uwesebs maT, zomaze metsa da mZime gadasaxadebs _ aseTi

mmarTveli tiranad gardaiqmneba. xolo, vinaidan tirani mxolod sakuTar

keTil-dReobaze zrunavs da mas ar surs icodes saerTo sargeblianoba,

arRvevs kanonebsa da samarTlianobas, xalxs eniWeba ufleba, Tundac

SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis gziT, daamxos aseTi mmarTveli. xolo, tiranis

winaaRndeg ukiduresi RonisZiebebis SemuSavebis sakiTxs mxolod eklesia

da romis papi wyvets.

22. საერთაშორისო სამართალი (მონტესკიე )

საერთაშორისო სამართალი წარმოადგენს ხალხს შორის ურთიერთობების

მომწესრიგებელ კანონებს

23. ადამიანის ბუნებითი (თანდაყოლილი) უფლებები (ჯეფერსონი) - გვ . 127

bunebiT-samarTlebrivi ideebis argumentireba, anu “adamianis bunebiTi da

ganusxvisebeli uflebebisadmi” apelireba, miuxedavad misi

saxelmwifoebrivi kuTvnilebisa, amerikaSi 1744 wlidan gaZlierda,

rodesac abso-luturad naTeli gaxda, rom inglisis parlamenti raime

daTmobaze wasvlas ar apirebda. j. adamsis, T. jefersonisa da a.

hemiltonis pamfletebSi aisaxa, amerikaSi da- saxlebuli kolonistebis

bunebiT-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis dasabuTeba. aSS-is damou-kideblobis

deklaraciis sazeimod gamocxadebamde (1776 wlis 4 ivlisi), adamianis

bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis Sesaxeb mosazreba aramxolod

publiccistur naSromebSi, aramed politikur da, rac gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania, konstituciur dokumentebSi aisaxa. 1776 wlis 12 ivliss

jorj meisonma, j. medisonis redaqciiT, gamosca virjiniis Statis

uflebaTa deklaracia, romelSic pirvelad, oficialurad ganmtkicda,

rom yvela adamiani aris bunebiT Tavisufali da damoukidebeli, rom mas

ganusxvisebeli uflebebi gaaCnia, romlebzec uaris Tqma maSinac ki ar

SeiZleba, ro-desac adamianebi TanamegobrobaSi erTiandebian. am uflebebs

adamianebi ver waarTmeven sakuTar STamomavlobas. deklaraciaSi saubari

iyo sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis xel-Seuxeblobaze, agreTve

bednierebisa da usafrTxoebis damyarebisaken ltolvis uf-lebaze (dekl.,

m.1). Semdeg, saubari exeboda imas, rom xalxs ufleba aqvs Secvalos

iseTi mTavroba, romelc ar pasuxobs sakuTar daniSnulebas _

uzrunvelyos sayovelTao keTildReoba da usafrTxoeba.

b. franklinisa da j. adamsis monawileobiT, Tomas jefersonis mier

dawerili damouki-deblobis deklaracia, romelic 13 Statma erTxmad

miiRo, zustad asaxavda adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis

logikurobasa da dasabuTebulobas. dekla-raciis teqsti im

samarTlebrivi mizezebisa da dasabuTebis CamoTvliT iwyeba, rom-lebmac

koloniebis gamoyofisa da mmarTveli xelisuflebis formis Secvlis

aucilebloba ganapirobes. “rodesac adamianTa cxovrebaSi momxdari

movlenebiT, erTi xalxisaTvis aucilebeli xdeba im politikuri

kavSirebis gawyveta, riTac is sxva xalxs ukavSirdeboda, am

gankerZoebul xalxs evaleba Tanaswori da damoukidebeli mdgomareobis

dakaveba msoflio derJavebs Soris. es ufleba mas mopovebuli aqvs bu-

nebis kanonebisa da maTi Semoqmedis TanxmobiT. maSin, adamianTa

azrisaTvis sayovel-Taod aRiarebuli pativiscema moiTxovs, rom

CamoTvlili iqnas is mizezebi, romlebic aiZuleben am xalxs

gamoyofisaken”. Semdeg modioda “ganusxvisebeli uflebebis” Camo -naTvali,

sadac, lokiseul triadaSi miTiTebuli “sakuTreba” (sicocxlis, Tavi-

suflebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba) Seicvala “uflebiT iyo

bednieri”. es, erTi mxriv, Seesabameboda aristoteleseul gagebas im

umTavresi miznisa, Tu ratom erTian-debodnen adamianebi sazogadoebasa

da saxelmwifoSi da, meore mxriv, ganmanaTleblobis suliskveTebiT

ganmtkicebul, Tavisuflebis cnebis gagebas asaxavda, ris gareSec SeuZ-

lebelia adamianis srulyofileba da misi SesaZleblobebis

ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna. garda amisa, cnobilia is

faqti, rom T. jefersoni ar urCevda mis megobars, general markizs de

lafaiets, rom kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba asaxuliyo 1789 wlis

safrangeTis “adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciaSi”, rogorc

adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli ufleba. T. jefersoniseul

redaqciaSi, ganusxvisebeli uflebebis dasabuTeba Semdegi saxiT aris

mocemuli (frCxilebSia Setanili b. fran-klinisa da j. adamsis mier

Casworebuli cnebebi): “Cven vTvliT, rom TvalnaTelia Sem-degi

WeSmariteba: yvela adamiani Seqmnilia Tanasworad; is misi SemoqmediT

dajil-dovebulia garkveuli (Tandayolili) ganusxvisebeli uflebebiT,

romelTa ricxvs si-cocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken

ltolvis ufleba miekuTvneba; am ufle-bebis uzrunvelsayofad adamianebi

qmnian mTavrobas, romelic sakuTar Tavze iRebs samarTliani

xelisuflebis aRsrulebas, maT mier namarTi xalxis TanxmobiT;

24.მონობა (თ .მორი) -გვ . 94

paradoqsia, magram utopiaSi arsebobs monoba. moris azriT, am idealur

qveyanaSi aris da unda iyos kidec mona, romelic valdebulia daborkili

iyos. “utopiis” avtori-saTvis warmoudgenelia, rom raime usiamovno

samuSaos Sesrulebam Selaxos utopielTa bednieri cxovreba: pirutyvis

dakvlam, sibinZuris gawmendam da a.S. imis gamo, rom aseTi samuSaos

Sesruleba, nebayoflobiT, aravis surda, saWiro gaxda monaTa Sroma,

romelTa mxrebs daawva usiamovno saqmeebis keTeba. monebad samxedro

tyveebi, agreTve danaSau-lisaTvis gasamarTlebuli moqalaqeebi da is

adamianebi xdebodnen, romlebic, sakuTar saxelmwifoSi

sikvdilmisjilebad iTvlebodnen da isini utopielebma gamoisyides,

damonebis mizniT. Tumca, utopiaSi monoba ar aterebs memkvidreobiT

xasiaTs, mona kacis Svili _ Tavilufalia. monas SeeZlo Taviluflebis

mopoveba.

25. თავისუფლების არსი (ვოლტერი) - გვ . 114

Tavisufleba, volterisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, aris pirovnebis,

individis da ara mTlianad sazogadoebis Tavisufleba. pirovnebis

Tavisuflebis RerZi sityvis Tavisuf-lebaze gadis, romlis gverdiT

didi mniSvneloba beWvdiTi sityvis Tavisuflebas eni-Weba.

gansakuTrebuli interesis sferoa sindisis Tavisufleba _ kaTolikuri

Seuwyna-reblobis antipodi. volteri maRal Sefasebas aZlevda Sromis

Tavisuflebas _ axali xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenas. es

Tavisufleba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom “Ti-Toeuls SeeZlo sakuTari

Sroma mieyida imisTvis, vinc ufro mets gadauxdida, radgan Sroma

swored imis sakuTreba aris, visac sxva sakuTreba ar gaaCnia”. volteris

azriT, WeSmariti Tavisufleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianebi aRar

arian, formalurad, erTmaneTze damokidebulni; isini avtonomiur

subieqtebad iqcnen. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom sazogadoebaSi

qaosi da ganukiTxaoba, mouwesrigebeli avtonomiuri ne-bagamovlenis

urTierTdapirispireba unda damkvidrdes. kvlav unda moqmedebdes indi-

vidTa qmedebebis garkveuli kavSiri da Tanxvedra. volteris azriT,

“Tavisufleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela unda emorCilebodes kanons”.

swored am debulebam Cauyara sa-fuZveli, dasavleTSi, yvelaze

popularul da gavrcelebul ideas “samarTlis bato-nobis Sesaxeb”.

xSirad, samarTlis filosofiaSi erTmaneTs Tavisuflebas da Tanas-

worobas upirispirebdnen. volteri aseTi dapirispirebis Tavidan

acilebas cdilobda. piruku, misTvis sanatreli da saSuria is garemoeba,

roca Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba erTmaneTis gamvrcobi da

ganmtkicebelia.

26. ომისა და მშვიდობის უფლება (ჰ .გროციუსი) - გვ . 100

saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTareba da saerTaSoriso urTi-erTobebis

damyareba, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia omisa da zavis

problemasTan. grociusi mkveTrad akritikebda gavrcelebul mosazrebas

imis Sesaxeb, rom omi mTlia-nad ewinaaRmdegeba samarTals. misi azriT,

omis dros dauSvebelia omis wesebis uaryofa. omis dawyebisa da

msvlelobisas, savaldebuloa iseTi sayovelTao wesebis dacva,

rogoricaa keTilsindisiereba da gulmowyaleba. grociusi Tvlida, rom

omi aris brZola Zalismieri wesebiT. es zogadi cneba moicavs rogorc

kerZo omebs (calkeul, kerZo pirebs Soris), ise sajaro omebs (omi,

romelsac awarmoeben samoqalaqo xeli-suflebis organoebi). grociusi,

agreTve gamohyofda e.w. “Sereul oms”, romelSic Seje -rebulia kerZo

omisa da sajaro omis elementebi. omi, rogorc aseTi, ar ewinaaRmdegeba

bunebiT samarTals; mas arc RvTiuri da xalxis samarTali krZalavs.

Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela omi samarTliania. grociusi

ganasxvavebda samarTlian da usamarTlo omebs. samarTliania is omi,

romelic icavs saxelmwifos erTianobasa da kerZo sakuTrebis

xelSeuvalobas. usamarTloa _ dapyrobiTi omi, romlis mizania sxvisi

qonebis daufleba da sxva xalxis damoneba. aseTi omi ewinaaRmdegeba

bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebs da, ufro metic, pirdapir arRvevs maT.

aseTi omi miuRebelia RvTiuri da adamianuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiT.

dapyrobiTi omis gamCaRebeli pasuxis-mgebelia yvela im Sedegze, rasac

aseTi omi moitans. manve unda aanazRauros miyenebuli ziani.

27. პირველი , მეორე და მესამე ბუნებითი კანონი (თ .ჰობსი) - გვ . 107

hobsis azriT, yvelaze fundamenturi bunebiTi kanonis moTxovna

mSvidobisaken ltolva da misi dacva (pirveli bunebiTi kanoni) aris.

yvelaferi danarCeni unda iyos mSvidobis miRwevis saSualeba. am

saSualebaTa Soris umTavresia sakuTar uflebebze uaris Tqma im

moculobiT, ra moculobiTac amas mSvidobis da Tavdacvis interesebi

(meore bunebiTi kanoni) moiTxovs. uflebebze uaris Tqma, umeteswilad,

maTi gadacemiT xdeba garkveuli pirebisa an pirTa jgufebisaTvis,

xelSekrulebis dadebis gziT. am meore bunebiTi kano-nidan

gamomdinareobs mesame bunebiTi kanoni: xalxi valdebulia Seasrulos mis

mier dadebuli SeTanxmebebi; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi am SeTanxmebebs

araviTari mniSvneloba aqvT. mesame kanonSi samarTlianobis wyaro da

sawyisia asaxuli. am sami bunebiTi kano-nidan kidev 16 bunebiTi kanoni

(Seucvleli da mudmivi) gamomdinareobs. yvela kanonis reziumireba xdeba

erT zogad wesSi: sxvas nu gaukeTeb imas, rac ar gsurs Seni Tavi-saTvis.

hobsisaTvis, bunebiTi kanoni aris Tavisufleba, gaakeTo an ar gaakeTo

raime, pozitiuri kanoni _ moTxovnaa, gaakeTo an ar gaakeTo raime.

bunebiTi kanoni aval-debulebs individs, surdes am moTxovnebis

aRsruleba, Tumca ar SeuZlia mas daaZalos, praqtikaSi, am moTxovnaTa

Sesabamisad moqmedeba. aucileblobas warmoadgenda Zala, romelic

yvelafris mimarT TiToeulis uflebas gansazRvravda da wyvetda, Tu ra

ekuTvnoda TiToeuls, anu risi ufleba hqonda an ar hqonda.

28. სამართალი სუბიექტური არსით (ჰ .გროციუსი) - გვ . 99





29. სუვერენიტეტის ნიშნები (ჟ . ბოდენი) - გვ . 92










saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas: monarqias, aristokratiasa da

demokratias.

30. სტატო-სახელმწიფოსა და რესპუბლიკის ცნებები (მაკიაველი ) - გვ . 86


















31. ხელისუფლების წყარო (პადუელი ) - გვ . 83

marsiliom gamoTqva, im droisaTvis Zalzed mamaci mosazreba imis

Sesaxeb, rom yoveli xelisuflebis WeSmariti wyaro aris xalxi,

romlisganac momdinareobs rogorc saero, ise sasuliero xelisufleba.

mxolod xalxia _ uzenaesi kanonmdebeli da mmarTveli. Tumca, xalxis

cnebis qveS igulisxmeboda ara mTlianad saxelmwifos mosaxleoba,

aramed _ misi saukeTeso, Rirseuli nawili. amrigad, padueli axdenda

qveynis mosaxleobis diferencirebas or kategoriad: saukeTesoebad da

mdabioebad, umaRlessa da umdablesad. umaRlesi kategoria (samxedroebi,

samRvdeloeba da moxeleebi) emsa-xurebian sayovelTao sargebelsa da

sikeTes; umdablesi (vaWrebi, xelosnebi, miwaT-moqmedni) mxolod sakuTari

kerZo interesebis dakmayofilebaze zrunaven.

32. ხელისუფლების გამიჯვნის იდეა (პადუელი) - გვ . 83

“mSvidobis damcvelis” avtorma, erT-erTma upirvelsma, moaxdina

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaTa mkveTri

diferencireba. Tanac, paduelis azriT, swored sakanonmdeblo

xelisufleba gansazRvravda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis orga-

nizaciasa da kompetencias. da saerTodac, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

unda arse-bobdes da saqmianobdes swored im avtoritetis wyalobiT,

romelsac mas aniWebs kanon-mdebeli; manve mkacrad unda daicvas kanonis

moTxovna. Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

valia xalxis _ kanonmdeblis nebis aRsruleba.

33. მუდმივი კანონი (აქვინატი ) - გვ . 80

Toma aqvinati Tvlida, rom yvela kanoni erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia

subordinaciis ZafebiT. kanonTa piramidis saTaveSi dgas mudmivi kanoni _

universaluri norma, RvTaeb-rivi gonis zogadi principi, romelic

marTavs samyaros. mudmivi kanoni zis RmerTSi, misi Tanazomieria; is

TviTon arsebobs da misgan gamomdinareoben kanonis sxva saxeobani.

pirvelyovlisa ki, bunebiTi kanoni, romelic, TavisTavad aris mudmivi ka-

nonis anarekli adamianTa gonSi, moazrovne arsebaTa SemecnebaSi.

bunebiTi kanoni mogviwodebs, viswrafodeT TviTgadarCenisaken da

admianTa modgmis gagrZelebisaken, moiTxovs da gvavaldebulebs, veZioT

WeSmariteba (RmerTi) da pativi vceT adamianis Rirsebas.

34. ადამიანთა (პოზიტიური) კანონი (აქვინატი) - გვ . 80-81

bunebiTi kanonis konkretizacias emsaxureba adamianTa (pozitiuri)

kanoni. misi daniS-nulebaa _ ZaladobiTa da SiSiT aiZulos adamianebi

(romlebic, bunebiT, arasrul-yofili qmnilebani arian), Tavi aaridon

borotebas da eziaron saTnoebas. bunebiTi kanonisgan gansxvavebiT,

pozitiuri kanoni aris imperativi, romelsac cvalebadi Sinaarsi gaaCnia.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi pozitiuri kanonis normebi, SesaZloa, gansxva-vebuli

Sinaarsisac ki iyos. is, raSic maT saerTo gaaCniaT, SeiZleba gaxdes

“adamianis (xalxis) samarTali”. maTSi arsebuli specifikuri normebi ki

gaaerTianeben, yoveli calkeuli saxelmwifos, “moqalaqeTa uflebebsa da

samarTals”. aqvinatis aRniSnuli mosazreba romaeli iuristebis

msoflmxedvelobas Seesabameba. rodesac aqvinati adamianTa (pozitiuri)

kanonze saubrobda, mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda Sua saukuneebis evropuli

kanonmdebloba. Tumca, Zalzed mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom Toma

aqvinati uaryofda adamianTa kanonis mniSvnelobas, rogorc saero

xelisuflebis iseT qmnilebas, romelic bunebiTi kanonis moTxovnebs

ewinaaRmdegeba. misTvis ar iyo kanoni is dadgenileba, romelSic

uaryofilia TviTgadarCenis, saojaxo cxovrebisa da aRzr-dis, RvTisa

(WeSmaritebis Zebnis) da adamianTa Rirseuli cxovrebis moTxovnebi.

35. დემოკრატიული ელიტიზმი (აშშ)

amerikuli istoriis adreul etapze, manam, vidre ar gamkacrda,

mitropoliis mxridan, koloniuri damokidebulebisa da TviTnebobis

wesebi, ris Sesaxebac ase mkveTrad iyo naTqvami 1776 w. damoukideblobis

deklaraciaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi Caisaxa da ganviTarda e.w.

`demokratiuli elitizmis~ mmarTvelobis sistema, romelsac, erTi mxriv,

axasiaTebda mmarTvelobis organoTa demokratiuli meqanizmebis

Camoyalibeba da, meore mxriv, _ kolonialuri xelisuflebis

ganxorcieleba elitaruli, oligarqiuli wreebis mier (gansakuTrebiT,

samxreTis kolo-niebSi, sadac gavrcelda monoba da msxvil

latifundiebSi gamoiyeneboda Savi monuri Sroma).

36. სახელმწიფო ხელისუფლების არსი (აქვინატი) - გვ . 79

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis arsi _ es aris batonobisa da morCilebis

urTierTobaTa wesi, romlis drosac adamianTa ierarqiis saTaveSi

myofTa neba marTavs da amoZravebs mosaxleobis dabal fenas. es wesi

daadgina RmerTma, e.i. xelisufleba, misi ZirZveli arsidan gamomdinare,

aris RvTiuri dawesebuleba. amitom xelisufleba aris ucvleli sikeTe

da keTildReoba. xolo misi warmoSobis konkretuli xerxebi (anu

xelisuflebis dauflebis meTodebi), misi konstruqciis esa Tu is

formebi, SeiZleba zogjer Seryvni-li da usamarTloc ki iyos. aqvinati

im viTarebasac ar gamoricxavda, rodesac sa-xelmwifo xelisuflebiT

sargebloba SeiZleba mis borotad gamoyenebaSi gadazrdi-liyo.

maSasadame, saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebis meore da mesame elementebi

zogjer moklebulni arian RvTiurobis niSans. es maSin xdeba, rodesac

mmarTveli an xelisuf-lebis uzurpacias axdens, an saxelmwifos marTavs

usamarTlod. erTic da meorec RvTiuri kanonebis, romis kaTolikuri

eklesiis, rogorc dedamiwaze ieso qristes nebis gamomxatveli

erTaderTi xelisuflebis, kanonebisa da RvTiuri samarTlis darRvevis

Sedegi aris.

37. სახელმწიფოებრიობის დაწესების პროცედურა (აქვინატი) - გვ . 78-79

aristotelesgan aqvinatma gadaiRo azri imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani,

sakuTari bunebiT, “politikuri da sazogado arseba” aris. adamianebSi,

apriori, Casaxulia ltolva gaerTianebisa da saxelmwifoSi

cxovrebisaken, vinaidan individs martod-marto sakuTari moTxovnebis

dakmayofileba ar SeuZlia. am bunebrivi mizeziT, iqmneba poli-tikuri

erToba (saxelmwifo). saxelmwifoebriobis dawesebis procedura,

analogiuria RvTis mier samyaros Seqmnis procedurisa. samyaros Seqmnis

aqtSi pirvelad Cndebian nivTebi, rogorc aseTi, mere ki xdeba _ nivTebis

diferencireba, maTi im funqciebis mixedviT, romlebsac isini

aRasruleben, msoflio wesrigis Sinagani gaangariSebis sazRvrebSi.

monarqis saqmianoba RvTis aqtiurobas emsgavseba. vidre RmerTi samyaros

marTvas Seudgeboda, man am samyaroSi organizebuloba da swori aRnagoba

Seitana. Zus-tad amave wesiT, monarqi jer awesebda da awyobda

saxelmwifos, Semdeg _ mis marTvas iwyebda. saxelmwifoebriobis mizania -

“saerTo keTildReoba”, gonieri da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis saTanado

pirobebis Seqmna. am miznis miRweva ki SesaZlebelia, sabatono-

wodebriobaze damyarebuli, saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi, vinaidan

RmerTma Zala-ufleba da simdidre mxolod privilegirebul wodebas

mianiWa, xolo miwaTmoqmedni da xelosnebi gamoricxa politikis

sferodan. am RvTiuri wesrigis dacva ki yvelas eva-leba, vinaidan maTi

RvTiuri movaleobaa daemorCilon umaRless wodebas _ mmarTvelebs,

romlebic saxelmwifos ganasaxiereben.

38. მონობა (ნეტარი ავგუსტინე ) - გვ . 77

sainteresoa avgustines mosazreba monobis Sesaxeb: monoba usamarTloa,

im bunebiTi samarTlis poziciidan, romelsac stoelebi qadagebdnen,

Tumca samarTliania _ rogorc codvis Sedegi. avgustines azriT, monoba

ara warmavali da droebiT mosaTmeni mov-lenaa, raTa Tavi davicvad

areulobisagan, aramed mudmivi mdgomareobaa, vinaidan is adamianis

bunebis Seryvnis Sedegia. monoba iarsebebs manam, vidre iqneba adamianTa

miwieri samyaro. mxolod RvTiur qalaqSi gauqmdeba monoba.

39. სოციალური უთანასწორობის გამართლება (ნეტარი ავგუსტინე ) - გვ . 76

uTanasworobas is icavs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mudmiv da

ucvlel princips. uTanasworoba aris im sazogadoebrivi organizmis

ierarqiuli struqturis nawili, romelic RmerTma Seqmna. miwieri

ierarqia aris im ciuri ierarqiis anarekli, romlis “monarqic” aris

RmerTi. avgustine cdilobda ar daeSva xalxis masebis dainte-reseba

eretikuli moZRvrebebiT da amisaTvis RvTis winaSe yvela adamianis

Tanaswo-robis qristianul ideas iyenebda _ yvela xalxi warmoiSva erTi,

saerTo winaprisgan.

40. ურთიერთშეკავებისა და გაწონასწორების პრინციპი (აშშ) - გვ . 129

1776 wels j. adamsma pamfletSi “mmarTveli xeli-suflebis azris

Sesaxeb”, garda argumentebisa orpalatiani legislaturis RirsebaTa

sasargeblod, xelisuflebaTa danawilebis ideebis saxiT, wamoayena

Sekavebisa da urTierTgawonasworebis sistemaTa idea, romlis Tanaxmad,

urTierTdapirispirebuli an moqiSpe xelisuflebebs Soris,

SeenarCunebinaT Tanazomiereba da, nawilobriv, gan-kerZoebasa da

gaTanabrebas daqvemdebarebuli uflebamosilebaTa SeTavseba moexdinaT.

kerZod, Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Camocilebulia sakanonmdeblo

saqmianobas, maSin, adamsis sakmaod realisturi da zusti mosazrebiT, mas

warmoeSveba dapirispireba legislaturasTan da maT Soris winaaRmdegoba

ar damTavrdeba mxolod paeqrobiT, vinaidan mTeli xelisufleba,

sakanonmdebloc da aRmasrulebelic, SeiZleba ukanonod daipyros

konfliqtis monawile ufro Zlierma xelisuflebam. am viTarebaSi

sasamarTlo xelisufleba ver SesZlebs Suamavlis rolis Sesrulebas

da, miTumetes moqiSpe xeli-suflebaTa Soris, Tanazomierebis damcvelad

gamosvlas, rac aseve mis damorCilebas gamoiwvevs romelime

xelisuflebis mxridan.

5-ქულიანი თემები · “kanonta gonis” moziebisas, an kanonebsi...

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