CHAPTER 3:COORDINATION AND RESPONSECoordination and ResponseQ1 Give example of changes in internal environment

- body temperature-osmotic pressure- sug……level.

S1 Changes which cause responses in the body is called= s………………………….S2 Reaction of body to stimulus= r…………………………..S3 Animals detect stimuli through r …………………. while effectors carry out the response.S4 Plants show two types of response: t……………………and nastic movement.S5 Movement of whole organism to external stimulus: t……………………………….

Q2 Explain the pathway of information due to external stimuli:

Q3 Explain the pathway of information due to internal stimuli:

S6 Coordination = Process in the body whereby stimulus is detected, and the body responds. Involves the n……………. and e…………………. system.

Stimu……….

Ef……………. (muscle in legs)

Re………………… (Walk towards flower)

1

Rec……….. in sensory organs (eyes)

Integrating center(brain)

1. Normal body temperature

2. Body temperature increase(Sti……………)

3. Receptors in skin stimulated

4. Integrating center in b……….or s…….….c…….

5. E.………….(skin and glands)

6.Cooling response

7. Body temperaturebecomes lower

rises

Role of Human Nervous SystemQ1 Explain the role of human nervous system:Ans:

Receives information from r……………, transmits and interprets information to produce appropriate response

C………………. and control functions throughout the body Maintains h……………………..in the body

Organization of Nervous SystemQ1 Describe how the human nervous system is organized.Ans:

Structure and Function of the BrainS1 Label the three parts of the human brain and state its functions.

Nervous System

C……………nervous system-control center of body

P……………nervous system- connect central nervous system to rest of body

BrainSpinal cord

Autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

2

S2 The cerebrum has many grooves and folds so that it can store more n…………………. S3 The th……………….. receives information from sensory receptors(in the ears, eyes, nose, skin)and

transmits to cerebrum.S4 The hy………………………….controls *the osmotic pressure, body temperature, glucose level in blood

*emotion, anger, hunger , thirst, tiredness*coordinates the nervous system and e…………………. system

Q1 Label the cross section of the spinal cord:

Q2 What is the function of the spinal cord?Ans: Function of spinal cord is

a) To connect the b………… to the p……………n………………s………….……b) Control r……………………action such as sneezing, blinking, knee jerk

S1 The dorsal root contains the a……………………. or s…………………..neurones.S2 The ventral root contains the e……………………or motor neurones.S3 Dorsal root ganglion consists of c………..b……………. of the afferent neurone

Structure of the Neurone

S1 The function of neurone is to carry messages in the form of nerve im……………Q1 Label the structure of the efferent neurone:

S2 Function of axon: transmit impulse away from the ………………..towards axon terminals.S3 Function of myelin sheath: - provide nutrients to axon

- protect a…………from injuryS4 Function of cell body: regulate all ………….activitiesS5 Function of axon terminal: Receive impulse from ………………..and transmit impulse to next

n…………………..S6 The speed of impulse traveling along axon increases because the impulse jumps from one

………………to another.

Q2 Complete the flow chart to show the transmission of impulse along a neurone:

Nerve impulse

3

d………. c……body a………

A…………terminal

Q3 Complete the table below:

Neurone Function Direction of flow of nerve impulseAfferent

Interneurone

Efferent

Pathway of Transmission of Information from Receptors to EffectorsQ4 Describe how information from receptors travel to the effectors.Ans:

Synapse and Transmission of Information

4

S…………(See snake)

R……….. in eyes detect stimulus to trigger i…………...

impulseA………..neurone

impulse

I………………...in the brain

Brain integrates and interprets information, makes decision

impulseE……….neurone

Effectors(muscles)

Re…..…… (Run)

Q1 Describe how information is transmitted along the synapse.Ans:

Q2 Label the diagram below:

S1 The transmission of impulse is fromS2 The function of synapse:

- ensures nerve impulse flows in o………directionS3 Function of mitochondria: Produce e………….. for transmission of impulse across

s……………………S4 Examples of neurotransmitters:do…………………, acetylcholine and norad…………………………

Types of Coordinated Response

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2. Fusion of vesicles with m……………

3. Neurotransmitters released into s………...

4. Neurotransmitters diffuse across synapse to the dendrite of another neurone

electrical. che………… e……………

Vesicles containingn………………………….

Q1 What are the differences between voluntary , involuntary and reflex actions?Types of action

Part of nervous system involved

Characteristics

Reaction time

Effector Example

Voluntary Cerebrum Under the control of the will

Slow Skeletal muscles

-

-Involuntary M……………

o………………..Not under the control of the will

Fast - C……………Muscles- Glands- S………..muscles

-

-

Reflex S…………….c……………

Not under the control of the will

Fast Skeletal muscles

Reflex ActionS1 Reflex action is a f…………, a…………….. and without conscious control to prevent body from

danger.S2 Reflex action involves t………………or three neurones.S3 The pathway along which an impulse flows during a reflex action is caleed r………..a………….S3 In the knee jerk reflex only the afferent and the e…………………….neurones are involved.Q1 Explain the transmission of impulse when a person accidentally touches a hot object.

P…………..Receptors in the skin

S…………neurone

Interneurone

M…………….neurone

Muscles contract to move away hand

impulse impulse

impulse

6

Diseases Related To Nervous SystemQ1 Give example of nervous system related diseases.Ans:

Diseases Related To Nervous System

P…………disease

A…………disease

-Lack of d………….-not inherited

effect

-tremors-impaired balance-muscles weak

because

because

-lack of a…………………- can be inherited

effect

-loss of intelligence-lose ability to read, write and talk

Epilepsy

Multiple scle………………..-myelin sheath breakdown-Shaky limbs, speech difficulties

Polio-Loss of grey matter because of polio virus

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ROLE OF HORMONES IN HUMANS

S1 H……………………….are chemicals in bloodstream.S2 Endocrine system is made up of e…………….............glands. There are no ducts. Hormones are secreted directly into bloodstream.S3 Endocrine system complements the n………………system in ensuring all activities of the body are carried out efficiently. S4 Examples of body process which require both nervous system and endocrine systems are m………………….. cycle, development of secondary sex characteristics, blood water and salt regulation, and growth.S4Label the endocrine system and state the functions for the hormones below:

Secretion of Hormones

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Q1 Describe how secretion of hormones are regulated in the body.Ans: a)Secretion of hormones are regulated by another h……………………Example:

b) Secretion of hormones regulated by levels of certain s……………………Example:

c) Secretion of hormones regulated by nervous system.Example:

- Hypothalamus receives impulses from the receptors in the body. Hypothalamus stimulates a……………………..gland to release hormones.

- Adrenal gland releases a……………………when stimulated by nervous system.- Heartbeat rate , blood pressure and blood flow increases

Coordination Involving Both Nervous System and Endocrine System in a ‘Fight or Flight Situation’.

Low thyroxin level

Pit…………..g…………. tosecretet……………..s……………..h…………….

T…………...secretest…………….stimulates

stimulates

Produce less…………

inhibits

effect

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Normal level of glucose

Eat food such as rice, mee

High level of glucose

stimulatesPancreas secrete

i………………

Insulin converts excess

g………..to glycogen

Low level of glucose

Normal level of glucose in blood

FastingPancreas secrete g…………

Glucagon converts glycogen to glucose stimulate

Q1 Describe how the nervous and endocrine systems are involved in a Fight or Flight Situation’.Ans:-In a fight and flight situation, both the ……………….system and ………………….system are involved.-Example:

Effects of Hormonal ImbalanceQ1 Explain briefly the effects of excess of hormones and deficiency of hormones in humans.

Endocrine Gland

Hormone Excess of hormone Deficiency of hormone

Pituitary

Growth hormoneG…………………. D………………………

ADH(antidiuretic hormone)

O……………….. d……………………i……………………;very thirsty, can cause dehydration

Thyroid Thyroxine - Enlarged thyroid gland known as hypert……

- Increase in metabolic rate, weight loss, heart rate, bulging eyes.

-Condition known as hypo………………. - Slow heart beat rate, weight gain, fatigue-In children it causes c…………… which results in dwarfism and slow m………… growth.

Pancreas

Insulin Causes hypoglycemia-fatigue, convulsions, mental confusion

D……………m………….

Q2 How are hormones used in medicine?Ans:

impulsesecrete

a…………..

effect

Increase in heart b…………., blood pressure, blood flow to muscles to increase energy in muscles

Escape Run!!!

effect

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impulsebrain a…………

gland

T………………….. is used to treat cretinism I,…………………… is injected into diabetics A…………………………….hormone is used to treat diabetes insipidus patient G………………. hormone is used to treat dwarfism E……………….. is used to treat menstrual problems P…………………..is injected into pregnant women to prevent miscarriage

Homeostasis in Humans

S1 Optimal physical and chemical conditions must be maintained in the internal environment to ensure:a) p………………………… processes in the body can proceed at optimum rates.b) organisms can adjust to changes in the i………………and

ex………………….environment.c) so that the organism can s…………………

S2 The regulation of the internal environment so that it is always in optimal condition is known as h……………………………….S3 The physical factors that affect the internal environment are t………………………and blood pressure.S4 The chemical factors of the internal environment are partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, o……………p………………….and s………….levels.S5 The osmotic pressure of blood depends on the w…………and m…………………… content in blood.

Q1 What is relationship between the blood osmotic pressure and urine output?Ans:

S6 The function of kidneys are:- E…………………- O………………………………..- Regulate chemical composition of blood- Regulate blood p…

Q2 Label the kidney below:

H………osmotic pressure of blood

C…………...urine

Normal osmotic pressure of bloodNormal osmotic pressure of blood

L………osmotic pressure of blood

Less water reabsorbed back into blood by kidneys

D………….urine

Normal osmotic pressure of blood

Water reabsorbed back into blood by kidneys

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S7 Each kidney consists of numerous functional units known as……………………….Q3 Label the nephron below:

S8 The cortex part of the kidney consists of the B………………c………………….., P………………c………………………t………… and D………………c…………………t…………S9 The medulla part of the kidney consists of L ………………of H……………………….Q4 Describe the formation of urine.Ans:

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S10The formation of urine consists of three processes:U…………………………………, R…………………………………………..and S…………………………………Ultrafiltration:

Diameter of a…………… arteriole is bigger than e………………arteriole.High hydrostatic pressure of blood in glomerulus. The wall of glomerulus is one-cell thick.All blood components filter out of glomerulus except for r…………b……..cells, p……………and large p………………..molecules.The components inside the cavity of Bowman’s capsule is known as g………………f………………

Reabsorption:-Reabsorption takes place along the t………………….and the contents are returned back into the

blood capillaries.-The tubules are one-cell thick. The proximal tubules have a lot of b…………c…………..-At the proximal tubules, 80% water is reabsorbed by o………………….-100% glucose, amino acids reabsorbed by ac……….. transport- u…………… .is not reabsorbed- At the descending limb of loop of Henle w……………is reabsorbed; at the ascending limb of loop

of Henle sod…….. and calc………..ions are actively pumped out into the blood capillaries.- At the distal convoluted loop and c………………….. duct, more water, sodium and chloride ions

are reabsorbed into the blood capillaries.

Secretion:-Urea, ur………ac………and amm……………are removed from blood capillaries into distal convoluted tubules by a………….. transport. - Other toxic substances and d………are secreted out by sim………d………..……..- The final product in the collecting duct is called u…………- Urine is made of ……………..%water, …………………..%nitrogenous waste such as urea, u…………a…………., a…………………………..and c………………………and ………..% of salt and bile pigments.

OsmoregulationS1 The kidneys are also known as o…………………………….organs.S2 The kidneys regulate the osmotic pressure of blood by regulating the w……………..and s…………………content in blood.

S3 Osmoregulation is controlled by 2 hormones:Anti-d………….hormone and a……………………S4 Both hormones regulate the salt and water content in blood.

13

Osmotic pressure of blood

High

Low

Excess s……….and less w…………..in blood

Excess water and less salt in blood

S5 A……………………………..hormones controls the reabsorption of water; this hormone makes the tubule wall more permeable to water.S6 A………………………..hormones controls the reabsorption of salts; this hormone makes the tubule wall more permeable to salts.

Mechanism of osmoregulation by negative feedback mechanism:

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Corrective mechanisms by effectors

P…………gland- release

A………- tubules

become more p………….. to water

- More water is reabsorbed into blood

A………….gland not stimulated to release a……………...-Less salt is reabsorbed into blood

+

Urine is c…………….and small amount

Blood osmotic pressure falls

Less water and more salt in blood

Normal osmotic pressure in blood

Salty food/ sweating

H……….. blood osmotic pressure

O………………in hypothalamus detect change

Drink lots of water

L…..blood osmotic pressure

Osmoreceptor in h………………..detect change

Pituitary gland not stimulated- tubules not permeable to water- Less water is reabsorbed into blood

Adrenal gland- release

a……………- More

salt is reabsorbed into blood

More salt and less water in blood

Urine is d……and l……amount

Blood osmotic pressure rises

Normal osmotic pressure of blood

Corrective mechanisms by effectors

Consequences of Impaired Kidney Function

S1 If the kidney fails to function, metabolic waste such as u……., excess w……………… and s………. and the o……………p…………………..of blood cannot be maintained.

S2 Kidney failure patients can be treated by:h………………………….or k…………………t…………………..

S3 The process whereby a dialysis machine remove toxic waste, urea and excess water and mineral salts is known as h……………………..

S4 The dialysis fluid must be hyp……………………to blood plasma. This is important to enable excess water, salt, all glucose, amino acids to be removed from blood.

S5 The dialysis blood is constantly changed to remove the w……………p………………. and to maintain the c………………………….gradient between the patient’s blood and dialysis fluid.

S6 The coiled tubing is semi permeable so that r…………b……………c………., p…………………….., and l…………p……………molecules cannot diffuse out.

S7 The u……….and salt concentration in the dialysis fluid is lower than blood so that all urea and excess salt can be removed from the blood.

Regulation of Blood Sugar LevelS1 Normal concentration of blood glucose is ……………..mg in 100cm3 of blood.Q1 Describe the regulation of blood sugar level in the body.

S2 The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas has two types of cell:a…………( cells)and b………………( cells).S3 …………………cells produce insulin; ……………………..cells produce glucagon.

Normal glucose level

Eat sweet food/drinks

High g……….in blood Pancreas secrete

i………………

Corrective mechanisms---

………glucose level

fasting

………glucose in blood

Pancreas secrete g………….

Corrective Mechanisms--

………glucose level

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Regulation of Body Temperature

S1 Normal human body temperature is ……………………..oC.S2 The t……………………in the skin detect change of temperature in the external environment and the h……………………… detect change of temperature in the internal environment.

S3

Regulation of Body temperature by Physical MeansQ1 Describe the regulation of body temperature in the body by physical means.

Cold environment Hot environmentAction of hair erector muscles-Hair erector muscles contract-Hair become erect-A thick layer of air is trapped -Reduce loss of heat by conduction and radiation

Action of hair erector muscles----

Action of blood capillaries-vasoconstriction-less blood flow close to body surface-Reduce loss of heat by conduction and radiation

Action of blood capillaries---

Action of sweat glands----

Action of sweat glands-sweat glands active-sweating increase-Sweat evaporates fast-More heat loss from skin

Regulation of Body temperature by Metabolism ProcessQ2 Describe the regulation of body temperature in the body by physical means.

Thermoreceptors in skin impulse

h………….....impulse

effectors

m……………..process-muscles-adrenal glands-thyroid glands

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P……………means- body hair- blood capillaries- sweat glands

Cold environment Hot environmentAction of muscles-muscles contract and relax quickly-shivering caused by involuntary muscles produces heat

Action of muscles--

Action of adrenal glands---

Action of adrenal glands-adrenal gland not stimulated-metabolic rate reduced-Less heat produced

Action of thyroid gland-Thyroid gland stimulated-Metabolic rate increase-More heat produced

Action of thyroid gland----

The n………………f………………………mechanism in the body ensures that in a c………..environment, less heat is lost and more heat is produced and in a h………..environment, more heat is lost and less heat is produced.

S1 H……………………..= process whereby the factors controlling the internal environment is maintained in spite of changing external environment.

S2 In homeostasis both the n…………system and e………….……system regulate the negative feedback mechanism.

Practising a Healthy LifestyleS1 A d.......…. is a chemical that causes change in a persons behavior.S2 Drug a……………….. is the intentional misuse of drugs.S3 Examples of misused drugs are m………………., c………………….., and h……………….S4 Repeated use of drugs can lead to drug add……………S5 Drugs are divided to 3 groups: s……………………, d…………………….and hallucinogensQ1 describe the effect of drug abuse on humans.Ans:

Type of drug Effect on body Long-term effect Example of drugsS……………….Stimulants increase the activities of n………………… system.

It increases h………..rate, breathing rate and b……………….pressureAlso increase the release of n…………………….A t the sy…………… in the brain. This makes a person feel energetic.

-Blood circulation is not efficient in body

-Can h……………..

-Depression(mental illness)

-Co……………….

-Caffeine(coffee, cola drinks)

-N………………..

-A………………..

D…………………Slows down the activity of the nervous system

It decreases h………..rate, breathing rate and b……………….pressureIt causes muscles to r…………. and can reduce

-Memory loss- Lung and liver c………….-Inability to concentrate

-B……………….

- H……………….

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tensionIt makes a person less stressed and fell satisfied.

-Breathing problems-S……………….-Confusion-C………….

-Morphine-Tranquilisers

-Al…………..H……………….. Makes a person see or hear

things that is non-existent.Very emotional person

-Marijuana

-LSD

S6 A…………………..is a depressant. It slows down body r………………, disrupts c……………………………….. and impairs j……………………..

S7 If a person takes too much of alcohol it can cause confusion, affect m…………….. coordination and causes blurred v………………….

S8 Consuming too much of alcohol can also make a person become angry and v………………. easily.S9 Abuse of alcohol can cause addiction, b…………… and l……………… damage.S10 An a……………………..is a person who has become very dependent on alcohol

Q3 State 3 factors that can cause drug and alcohol abuse.---

Plant HormonesS1 A plant hormone is a chemical substance produced by a plant and influences the g…………………

and d……………………..of plants.S2 Some examples of plant hormones are a…………………, g………………………,

cytokinin and e……………………S3 Auxins are produced at the m………………………of the shoots and roots.S4 Auxins controls p…………………………in plants.S5 Auxins always accumulates at the cell e………………………..zone.S6 High concentration of auxins promotes growth in s…………but inhibits growth in r…………

Q1 Describe how auxins causes growth in shoots.Ans:-Auxins are produced in the a…………………meristem of the shoot-Auxins d……………..from tip of coleoptile into the zone of e…………………..-Auxins cause cells to elongate-E……………….distribution of auxins cause cells to elongate evenly-Coleoptile grows straight up

Q2 Draw and explain the growth of shoots in the diagrams below:Exp. Description of experiment Expected Explanation

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resultI Auxin diffuse into the

zone of e……………….

Auxin is distributed e………….

Rate of growth of cells in zone of elongation is the same. Coleoptiles grows straight up.

II   Auxin diffuse into the zone of e……………….

More auxin accumulate on s………………side.

Rate of growth of cells in shaded side is m…….. than light side.

Coleoptile b…… and g……… towards light.

III   Auxin diffuse into the zone of e……………….

Auxin is distributed e………….

Rate of growth of cells in zone of elongation is the same. Coleoptile grows straight up.

IV   Auxin diffuse from agar into the zone of e……………….

Auxin accumulate under jelly block side.

Rate of growth of cells under jelly block is m……..

Coleoptile b…… and g……… to the left side.

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V  Unilateral light causes auxin to be transported to the shaded side. Auxin from meristem cannot diffuse through m…... No cell elongation occurs.Coleoptile cannot bend and grow.

VI   Mica prevents the auxin from being transported to the right. Therefore, concentration of auxin is the s……… on both sides.Cell elongation occurs evenly. The coleoptile grows s…………… up.

Q3 Explain why roots show positive geotropism and shoots show negative geotropism.-A higher concentration of auxins in shoots p………………… elongation of cells. -Therefore the lower side of the shoot with higher concentration of auxin will grow faster-The shoot curves and grows u…………….

-A higher concentration of auxins in roots i………………….. elongation of cells. -Therefore the lower side of the root with higher concentration of auxin will grow slower-The shoot curves and grows d…………………Q2 Explain the effect of auxin concentration on the elongation of roots and shoots in the graph below.

Use of Hormones in AgricultureQ1 State the uses of hormones in agriculture.

Hormones Use of hormoneA……………. Promote r………….. to grow from stem cuttings

As a weed killer. For p…………………………. Flowers are sprayed with auxins. Fruits are formed without fertilization. These fruits do not have s…………….To prevent fruits from falling before it is ripe

Gibberellins Promote growth of plantsPromote s……………… germination

Ethylene To make fruits ripe faster

20

H……….. concentration of auxins p………………… cell elongation in the s……………….

L……… concentration of auxins p………………… cell elongation in the r……….