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Emergency Response to Terrorism TC: Hazardous Materials

Unit 5: Protection

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Terminal Objective

Given an exercise, students will select appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) based on the chemical and physical properties of the agent.

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Enabling Objectives

The students will: Identify the types and importance of

respiratory protection relative to a terrorist event.

Identify the advantages and risks involved with using conventional PPE in a terrorist response.

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Introduction

Standard versus terrorism response

Different organizations may respond to same incident with different levels of protection

Get enough knowledge of incident and agent to select the appropriate level

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Respiratory Considerations

Major route of exposure for chemical agents is respiratory. Vapor pressures for many of the agents is low. Terrorist incident may require unconventional protection

methods.

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Some or None? The Dilemma

Given the choice in a terrorist incident which would you choose?

No respiratory protection Air-purifying respirator

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Categories of Respiratory Hazards

Airborne contaminants or aerosols Inhalation of gases or vapors Oxygen-deficient atmosphere

Overview

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Airborne/Aerosol Contaminants

Dusts Mists Fumes Fiber Irritating smoke

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Inhalation of Gases

Gases Can be expanded indefinitely Mix easily with other gases Occupy most containers completely and

uniformly Expand or contract with temperature and

pressure Vapors are similar, except are solids or liquids at

room temperature and standard pressure

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Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres

O2 normally 20.9 percent of air. Less than 19.5 percent is considered IDLH. More than 23.5 percent is also considered

IDLH.

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Respiratory Protection

Three types:

APR's Air-purifying respirators SCBA Self-contained breathing

apparatus SAR's Supplied-air respirators

Overview

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Air Purifying Respirators

Filter out airborne contaminants through filtration, absorption, or chemical reaction.

Conditions may exclude use of APR's. Components of APR's. Advantages and limitations. Types of filtering devices and color codes.

Overview

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APR Filters Explained

Filter out airborne contaminants through filtration, absorption, or chemical reaction

Basis for military respiratory chemical protection

Filters include Particulate, cartridge or canister, or combination

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Conditions That May Exclude the Use of APR's

O2 deficiency IDLH concentrations of specific chemicals Entry into an unventilated or confined area

where the exposure conditions have not been characterized

Presence or potential of unidentified agents

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Conditions That May Exclude the Use of APR's (cont'd)

Contaminant concentrations unknown or exceed designated maximum use concentration(s)

Identified gases or vapors that have inadequate warning properties, when absorbent’s service life is not known and unit has no ESLI

High relative humidity

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APR Components

Full or partial facepiece Filter--absorbent cartridges Exhalation valve

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APR Advantages

Lightweight Inexpensive Disposable Useful for support operations

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APR Limitations

Become saturated Don’t supply O2

Must have at least 19.5 percent O2 to use Can’t be used with chemicals with poor

warning properties and in IDLH atmospheres

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APR: Three Types of Filtering Devices

Particulate filters Cartridges or canisters containing

absorbents for specific gases and vapors Combination devices

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APR: Color Coding for Cartridges

Contaminants Color Assigned

Acid gases White

Hydrocyanic acid gas White w/ 1/2 green stripe

Chlorine gas White w/ 1/2 yellow stripe

Organic vapors Black

Ammonia gas Green

Acid gases & ammonia gas Green w/ 1/2 white stripe

Carbon monoxide Blue

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APR: Color Coding for Cartridges (cont'd)

Contaminants Color Assigned

Acid gases & organic vapors Yellow

Hydrocyanic acid gas & chloropicrin vapor

Yellow w/ 1/2 blue stripe

Acid gases, organic vapors & ammonia gas

Brown

Radioactive (except tritium & noble gases)

Purple (magenta)

Particulates w/ any of above Canister color w/ gray stripe

All of the above atmospheric contaminants

Red w/ gray stripe

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APR

Most have expiration date. Appropriate device should only be used if

chemicals have “adequate warning properties” (are detectable by the senses at levels < REL).

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SCBA

Maximum protection against most types and levels of airborne contaminants

Two types Open circuit Closed circuit

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Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR)

Supply air, never oxygen, to a facepiece via a supply line from a stationary source

Available in positive and negative pressure modes

Enable longer work periods than the SCBA's and are less bulky

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Conventional andMilitary PPE

Levels of protection Level A Level B Level C Level D Military PPE

Overview

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Conventional PPE--Level A

Highest level of chemical protection SCBA or SAR Fully encapsulated suit Double layer of gloves Chemical-resistant boots Airtight seals Hard hat and communications

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Conventional PPE--Level B

Minimum protection for unknown Splash protection SCBA Chemical-resistant suit in various styles Double layer of gloves Chemical-resistant boots Hard hat and communications

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Conventional PPE--Level C

Designed for known agents and when proper respiratory protection is available

Full-face APR Chemical-resistant garment in various

styles Chemical-resistant gloves Chemical-resistant boots

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Conventional PPE--Level D

Common work clothes Provides no respiratory or skin protection Insufficient for hazardous environments

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Military PPE

Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) Overgarment Mask Hood Overboots Gloves

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Military PPE (cont'd)

Other issued equipment (as needed) Individual decon kits (M256 kit) M-8 paper Antidotes

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Protective Ensemble

Varies among foreign military groups Depends on protection required Usually falls into two types

Impermeable Permeable

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Protective Ensemble (cont'd)

Impermeable Butyl rubber

EOD Decon

Permeable Most common

Apron--Toxicological Added Protection--(TAP)

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Battle Dress Overgarment (BDO)

Two-piece overgarment Outer layer of nylon/cotton Inner layer of charcoal-impregnated

polyurethane foam Overboots and gloves Older-style PPE

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BDO Protection Capabilities

Military warfare chemical agent vapor Liquid droplets Biological agents Toxins Radioactives: alpha, beta

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BDO Protection Capabilities (cont'd)

Protects for 24 hours after exposure Not designed to be decontaminated for

reuse

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Chemical Protective Overgarments (CPOG's)

Commonly called Saratoga design Two-piece ensemble Outer layer of nylon Inner layer of charcoal-impregnated

polyurethane foam Gloves and overboots

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CPOG Protection Capabilities

Military warfare chemical agent vapor Liquid droplets Biological agents Toxins Radioactives: alpha, beta

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MOPP Levels of Protection

MOPP 0--carrying equipment MOPP 1--wearing overgarment MOPP 2--overgarment and overboots MOPP 3--overgarment, overboots, mask

(M40A1 field protective mask) MOPP 4--overgarment, overboots, mask,

gloves

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CPC Selection Criteria

Have you identified the agent involved and determined its physical, chemical and toxic properties?

Does the product have a high vapor pressure? At expected concentration, is there a skin

hazard?

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CPC Selection Criteria (cont'd)

Select the material that provides least permeation and degradation

Determine whether fully encapsulated is required based on: Signs and symptoms Risk-based response--science, not fear

Chemical and physical properties Detection and monitoring

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Cues for Encapsulating

Visible emission of gases, vapors, dust, or smoke

Indications of airborne hazards on direct-read instruments

Configurations of containers or vehicles that indicate they contain pressurized liquids or gases

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Cues for Encapsulating (cont'd)

Enclosed, poorly ventilated areas where toxic vapors, gases, and other airborne substances could accumulate

Work functions required that might expose workers to high concentrations of skin toxins

Use judgment as to whether maximum protection is necessary

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Heat Stress

Nonencapsulating clothing generally causes less heat stress

However, less area of the body is exposed by wearing gloves and hoods, and taping hoods

Little difference in the heat buildup that occurs with either style

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Agent-Specific PPE

Biological agents Enter through the respiratory tract, digestive

tract, and breaks in the skin. HEPA filter accompanied by Level C clothing

provides adequate protection against all biological threats.

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Agent-Specific PPE (cont'd)

Radiological agents Enter through respiratory tract, digestive tract,

breaks in skin, or through the skin. HEPA filter accompanied by Level C clothing

provides adequate protection against alpha and beta radiation exposure hazards.

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Agent-Specific PPE (cont'd)

Nerve agents Respiratory and dermal hazard

Blister agents Respiratory and dermal hazard

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Agent-Specific PPE (cont'd)

Choking agents Mainly respiratory hazard Protection level can be lowered when levels are

below IDLH APR can be used if proven against specific agent

involved

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Agent-Specific PPE (cont'd)

Blood agents Enter through respiratory tract and mucous

membranes Cyanides may present a skin hazard APR can be used if known to be effective against

specific agents

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Summary

Determining the right level of PPE will resolve many issues.

Fit level of protection to agent(s) present.

Know strengths and weaknesses of types of respiratory protection and CPC.

Know which CPC is best to address a particular agent.

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Activity 5.1

Selecting PPE