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THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF 4G

TECHNOLOGY

A Technical Seminar submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

Mr.S.SATYANARAYANA 08S01A0232

Under the esteemed guidance of

J.ASHOK B..Tech,

Assistant Professor,

(INTERNAL GUIDE)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CHAITANYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE &Affiliated to JNT University,Kakinada)

MADHAVAPATNAM,KAKINADA,E.G (Dist.), A.P.

2008-2012

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CHAITANYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNT University, Kakinada)

MADHAVAPATNAM,KAKINADA,E.G (Dist.), A.P.

CERTIFICATE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

This is to certify that the Technical Seminar Report entitled”THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND

IMPACT OF 4G TECHNOLOGY ”is being submitted by Mr.S.SATYANARAYANA(08S01A0232),

in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and

Electronics Engineering from CHAITANYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, for

the record of bonafide work carried out by them.

Prof. G.RAMU Mrs. J.ASHOK B.Tech.

M. Tech, MIE, MISTE. Assistant Professor,

Head of the Department.

(Internal Guide)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely express my gratitude to our CHAITANYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY, MADHAVA PATNAM, KAKINADA for the care showed on us. I would like to

thank Head of the Department Prof. G.RAMU and my guide Mr.J.ASHOK for their continuous

support in preparing TECHNICAL SEMINAR and as well as during my study period.

Submitted by

S.SATYANARAYANA (08S01A0232)

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ABSTRACT

Due to the increase in demand for speed, multimedia support and other resources,the wireless world islooking forward for a new generation technology to replace the third generation. Thisis where the fourth generation wireless communication comes into play.4G wirelesscommunication is expected to provide better speed, high capacity, lower cost and IP based services.The main aim of 4G wireless is to replace the current core technology with a singleuniversal technology based on IP. Yet there are several challenges that inhibhit the progress of 4G and reasearchers throughout the world are contributing their ideas to solve thesechallenges. This project deals with understanding the features and challenges the proposed

architectural frameworks, multimedia support and multiple access schemes for 4G. The wireless communication filed is a very fast growing area with the number of users and

their demand for better resources increasing day by day.The R&D departments of manycompanies are working on a future technology that can meet these demands at a lower cost.

3G is necessary but not sufficient for the demands today. So the world is taking its leap towards the

fourth generation wireless communication that promises to bring an end to

most of the problems faced. 4G wireless is expected to be launched by 2010, but there arenumerous challenges faced by researchers in achieving the desired features. Most of the ongoing

researches are in the area of distributed computing, mobile agents, multimedia support etc.

Some other research area is to improve the Quality of Service from the viewpoint of boththe user and service providers. 4G wireless infrastructures are expected to be Deployed .

This paper is organized as follows. TO brief review of the previous generations, desiredfeatures and research challenges faced by 4G.and describes the core architectural framework and some

architectural models proposed for 4G.

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INTRODUCTION

THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF 4G

TECHNOLOGY

Consumers demand more from their technology. Whether it be a television, cellular phone, or

refrigerator, the latest technology purchase must have new features. With the advent of the

Internet, the most-wanted feature is better, faster access to information. Cellular subscribers

pay extra on top of their basic bills for such features as instant messaging, stock quotes, and even

Internet access right on their phones. But that is far from the limit of features; manufacturers

entice customers to buy new phones with photo and even video capability. It is no longer a

quantum leap to envision a time when access to all necessary information the power of a

personal computer sits in the palm of one’s hand. To support such a powerful system, we

need pervasive, high-speed wireless connectivity. A number of technologies currently exist to

provide users with high-speed digital wireless connectivity; Bluetooth and 802.11 are examples.These two standards provide very high- speed network connections over short distances, typically

in the tens of meters. Meanwhile, cellular providers seek to increase speed on their long-range

wireless networks. The goal is the same: long-range, high-speed wireless, which for the

purposes of this report will be called 4G, for fourth-generation wireless system. Such a system

does not yet exist, nor will it exist in today’s market without standardization. Fourth-generation

wireless needs to be standardized throughout the United States due to its enticing advantages to

both users and providers.

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE CELLULAR NETWORKS:

Mobile Cellular Network evolution has been categorized in to‘generations’

ZERO GENERATION (0G)

It refers to pre-cellphone mobile telephony technology,such as radio telephones before th advent

of cellphones.One such technology is Autoradiopuhelin (ARP) launched in 1971 in FINLAND

as the country’s first public commerical mobile phone network.

THE FIRST GENERATION SYSTEM (1G):

In 1980 the mobile cellular era had started, and since then mobile communications have

undergone significant changes and experienced enormous growth. Fig. 2 shows the evolution

of the mobile networks. First-generation mobile systems used analog transmission for speech

services. In 1979, the first cellular system in the world became operational by Nippon

Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in Tokyo, Japan. Two years later, the cellular epoch reached

Europe. The two most popular analogue systems were Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT) and

Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). Other than NMT and TACS, some other

analog systems were also introduced in 1980s across the Europe. All of these systems offered

handover and roaming capabilities but the cellular networks were unable to interoperate

between countries. This was one of the inevitable disadvantages of first-generation mobile

networks. In the United States, the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was launched in1982. The system was allocated a 40-MHz bandwidth within the 800 to 900 MHz frequency

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range by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for AMPS. In 1988, an additional

10 MHz bandwidth, called Expanded Spectrum (ES) was allocated to AMPS. It was first

deployed in Chicago, with a service area of 2100 square miles2. AMPS offered 832 channels,

with a data rate of 10 kbps. Although Omni directional antennas were used in the earlier

AMPS implementation, it was realized that using directional antennas would yield better cell

reuse. In fact, the smallest reuse factorthat would fulfill the 18db signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) using 120-degree directional

antennas was found to be 7. Hence, a 7-cell reuse pattern was adopted for AMPS.

Transmissions from the base stations to mobiles occur over the forward channel using

frequencies between 869-894 MHz. The reverse channel is used for transmissions from

mobiles to base station, using frequencies between 824-849 MHz. AMPS and TACS use the

frequency modulation (FM) technique for radio transmission. Traffic is multiplexed onto an

FDMA (frequency division multiple access) system .

ANALOG FORM:

SECOND GENERATION (2G):

It is the second generation wireless telephone technology. It cannot normally transfer data,such

as e-mail or software, other than the digital voice call itself,and other basic ancillary data such as

time and date.Nevertheless,SMS messaging is also available as a form of data transmission for

some standards.2G services are frquently referred to as Personal Communication Service in the

US.

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DIGITAL FORM:

This technology can be dinided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on thetype of multiplexing used.The main 2G standards are :

1) GSM(TDMA-based),originally from Europe but used worldwide.

2) IDEN (TDMA-based ),proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Tlus

Mobility in Canada.

THIRD GENERATION (3G):3G (or 3-G) is short for third-generation mobile telephone technology. The services

associated with 3G provide the ability to transfer both voice data (a telephone call) and

non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging email, and instant messaging).

3G is now the third generation of mobile phone systems. They provide both a packet-

switched and a circuit-switched domain from the beginning. It requires a new access

network, different from that already available in 2G systems.

3.5G

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access or HSDPA is a mobile telephony protocol. Also called

3.5G (or "3½G"). High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a packet-based data service

in W-CDMA downlink with data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s (and 20 Mbit/s for MIMO

systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA implementations includes

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), Hybrid

Automatic Request (HARQ), fast cell search, and advanced receiver design.

• HSDPA is beginning to reach deployment status in North America. Cingular has announced

that they will begin to deploy UMTS with expansion to HSDPA in 2005.

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In 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standards, Release 4 specifications provide efficient

IP support enabling provision of services through an all-IP core network and Release 5

specifications focus on HSDPA to provide data rates up to approximately 10 Mbit/s to support

packet-based multimedia services. MIMO systems are the work item in Release 6 specifications,

which will support even higher data transmission rates up to 20 Mbit/s. HSDPA is evolved from

and backward compatible with Release 99 WCDMA systems.

FOURTH GENERATION(4G) ;

Fourth-generation the successor of 3G and is a wireless access technology. It describes two

different but overlapping ideas. High-speed mobile wireless access with a very high data

transmission speed, of the same order of magnitude as a local area network connection (10

Mbits/s and up). It has been used to describe wireless LAN technologies like Wi-Fi, as well as

other potential successors of the current 3G mobile telephone standards.

Pervasive networks. An amorphous and presently entirely hypothetical concept where the usercan be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly

move between them. These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE or any other future

access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio technology to efficiently manage

spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a

pervasive network.

ARCHITECTURESA. Architectural Core: 4G wireless system is expected to be built on an IP- based core

network for global routing along with more customized local area network that supportsdynamic hand off mechanism and Ad-Hoc routing. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is the standardized

IP- based mobility protocol for IPv6. In 4G LANs will be installed everywhere like in trains,

vehicles etc or might be formed in an Ad-Hoc basis by random collection of devices that

happens to come in a specific radio range. New routing

protocols have to be designed for such systems.

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In 4G mobile systems, each terminal is assigned a home agent, which has a permanent home

IP address. When terminal moves to another location it obtains a new temporary address

called the care-of address. The user terminal regularly updates the home agent with its current

care-of address. If the user is at home, another device can communicate with the user usingits home IP address. When the user moves to some other location communication is carried

out using another procedure. If a host wants to communicate with the user, it first sends a

setup message to the user’s home agent (which the host knows). The home agent knows the

care-of address of the user and it forwards the setup message to the user terminal. The home

agent also forwards the care-of address of the user to the host so that future messages can be

sent directly to the user.

B. Proposed Architectures

Multimode Devices: In this configuration, a single terminal employs multiple interfaces to

access different

wireless system. Figure 3(a) shows the framework of this architecture. The requirement for

this scheme is that the device should incorporate the required hardware necessary to accessthe different technologies. The flaw with this is that it increases the complexity of the user

device which might make it more expensive to the common user. One advantage of this

architecture is that it does not require any network modification or internetworking devices.

The QoS handling for this type of architecture still remains an open issue.

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DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURES MODELS:

3Common Access Protocol:

This architecture can be used if a wireless network can support one or two differentprotocols. Figure 3(c) shows the framework for this architectural model. One solutionto this is to use wireless ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), which might needinternetworking between different networks. To implement this all wireless networksmust be capable of transmitting ATM cells with additional headers. This allows theuser to communicate with different wireless networks using the same protocol

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TYPES OF MULTIPLEXINGFDMA - Each phone call is allocated one frequency for the entire duration of the call.

TDMA - Each phone call is allocated a spot in the frequency for a small amount of time, and

"takes turns" being transmitted.

CDMA - Each phone call is uniquely encoded and transmitted across the entire spectrum, in

a manner known as spread spectrum transmission.

MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

3G wireless multiple access techniques were widely based on CDMA and WCDMA. But 4G

demands a better multiple access technique for reducing the MAI (Multiple Access

Interference) and ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) and thus improve the bit error rate

performance. MC-CDMA is the best candidate that would satisfy the demands of 4G wireless

systems. Moreover adaptive modulation techniques have been proposed for 4G, where the

modulation scheme is changed dynamically based on the current channel estimates.

MCCDMA is the hybrid combination of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing) and CDMA. MC-CDMA with adaptive modulation promises to meet the

demands of 4G regarding high data rate with a lower BER (Bit Error Rate). OFDM has the

capability to cancel multi-path distortion in a spectrally efficient manner. Rapid variation in

channel characteristics are caused by multi-path and Doppler spread (due to the differentspeeds of mobile). Sometimes these time varying channels are characterized by very good

SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), but worse SNR at other times. So a fixed modulation technique

cannot achieve the best spectral efficiency as the system has to be built with a modulation

scheme considering the worst case scenario. Hence during good channel conditions the

system would not be able to obtain the best possible spectral efficiency. This is where

adaptive modulation shows its role. Adaptive modulation techniques takes advantage of the

time varying channel characteristics and adjust the transmission power, data rate, coding and

modulation scheme for the best spectral efficiency.

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A. MC-CDMA

The basic idea of CDMA is to maintain a sense of orthogonality among the users in order to

eliminate the MAI. This is done by employing orthogonal spreading codes to spread the data

sequence. In MC-CDMA these spreading codes are defined in the frequency domain. Pseudoorthogonal codes can be used instead of orthogonal codes, thus increasing the number of

users that can be accommodated. But pseudo orthogonal codes can increase MAI since the

spreading codes are not fully orthogonal.

MC-CDMA Transmitter

This Figure shows the configuration of an MC-CDMA transmitter for user j. It takes the

input data stream and converts in to parallel data sequences each parallel data sequence is

multiplied with the spreading code. A guard interval in inserted between the symbols to

eliminate ISI caused by multi-path fading.

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MC-CDMA receiver

In MC-CDMA receiver the received data is first coherently detected and then multiplied with

the gain to combine the energy of the received signal scattered in the frequency domain.

SYSTEM MODEL:

The system model for adaptive MC-CDMA is in below figure.. There is a channel estimatorwhich estimates the characteristics of the channel using pilot symbols (QPSK symbols) and

updates the modulation selector which in turn selects the optimal modulation scheme.

SS SYSTEM MODEL FOR MC-CDMA

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SYSG) MULTIMEDIA – VIDEO SERVICES

4G wireless systems are expected to deliver efficient multimedia services at very high data

rates. Basically there are two types of video services: bursting and streaming video services.

Streaming is performed when a user requires real time video services, in which the server

delivers data continuously at a playback rate. Streaming has little memory requirement as

compared to bursting. The drawback of streaming video is that it does not take advantage of

available bandwidth. Even if the entire system bandwidth is available for the user, streaming

video service will transmit data only at a particular playback rate. Bursting is basically file

downloading using a buffer and this is done at the highest data rate taking advantage of the

whole available bandwidth. The flaw with this type of transmission is that it demands a large

memory requirement. So work is being done to come up with a new scheme that limits the

memory requirements and can exploit the available bandwidth of the system. The simulationdetails and comparison of streaming and bursting video transmission have been discussed .

COMPARISON AMONG 1G,2G,3G AND 4G:

Features 1G 2G 3G 4G

START/

DEPLOY

MENT

1970/

1984

1980/1991 1990/2002 2000/2006

DATA

BANDWIDTH

1.9 Kbps 14.4 Kbps 2 Mbps 200Mbps

STANDA

RDS

AMPS TDMA,CDM

A

CDMA-2000 SINGLE UNIFIED

STANDARD

TECHNO

LOGY

ANALOG

CELLULAR

DIGITAL

CELLULAR

BROAD

BAND

CDMA

UNIFIED IP AND

COMBINATION OF

BROADBAND,LAN/WA

N,WLAN

SERVICE MOBILE

TELEPHON

Y

DIGITAL

VOICE

,SHORT

MESSAGES

INTEGRATE

D HIGH

QUALITY

AUDIO,VID

EO AND

DATA

DYNAMIC

INFORAMATION

ACCESS,WEARABLE

DEVICES

MULTIPL

EXING

FDMA TDMA,CDM

A

CDMA CDMA

HANDO

FF

HORIZONT

AL

HORIZONT

AL

HORIZONT

AL

HORIZONTAL AND

VERTICAL

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APPLICATIONS OF 4G:

1) Virtual Presence:

This means that 4G provides user services at all times, even if the user is off-site.

2) Virtual navigation:

4G provides users with virtual navigation through which a user can access a database of the

streets, buildings etc of large cities. This requires high speed data transmission.

3) Tele-Medicine:

4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. A user need not go to the hospital and

can get videoconference assistance for a doctor at anytime and anywhere.

4) Tele-geoprocessing applications:

This is a combination of GIS (Geographical Information System) and GPS (Global

Positioning System) in which a user can get the location by querying.

5) Crisis management

Natural disasters can cause break down in communication systems. In today’s world it might

take days or weeks to restore the system. But in 4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues

in a few hours.

6) Education:

For people who are interested in life long education, 4G provides a good opportunity. People

anywhere in the world can continue their education online in a cost effective manner.i

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CONCLUSION

4G seems to be a very promising generation of wireless communication that will change the

people’s life in the wireless world. There are many striking attractive features proposed for

4G which ensures a very high data rate, global roaming etc. Table 1 shows the features and

comparison between the different generations. New ideas are being introduced by researchers

throughout the world, but new ideas introduce new challenges. There are several issues yet to

be solved like incorporating the mobile world to the IP based core network, efficient billing

system, smooth hand off mechanisms etc. 4G is expected to be launched by 2010 and the

world is looking forward for the most intelligent

technology that would connect the entire globe.

HGKJHKL

TD andnon-voice data (such as

downloading

information, exchanging email, and

instantmessaging).G (or 3-G) is short for

third-generation

mobile telephone technology. The

service

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