4531 4535.output

* GB784938 (A)

Description: GB784938 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Preparation of polymers from selected steam cracked distillate streams

Description of GB784938 (A)

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

DE1061516 (B) FR1088016 (A) DE1061516 (B) FR1088016 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

[81][(1)__Select language] Translate this text into

The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION 784,938 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: April 26, 1954 No 11981/54. Application made in United States of America on May 20, 1953. Application made in United States of America on May 20, 1953. (Patent of Addition to No 743,886 dated Sept 24, 1953) Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptanoe:-Class 2 ( 6), P 2 A, P 2 D( 1 B:1 X), P 2 FX, P 2 K( 2:7), P 2 P( 1 A:3:6 X), P 7 A, P 7 D( 1 X:3), P 7 FX, P 7 K( 2:7), P 7 P( 3:6 X). International Classification:-C 08 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Preparation of Polymers from Selected Steam Cracked Distillate Streams We, Esso RESEARCH AND ENGINEJRING COMPANY, formerly known as STANDARD OIL DEVELOP 1 I Fm XT' COMIPANY, a Corporation duly organised and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of

America, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention is concerned with the preparation of resinous products, i e, resins or resinous oils by the polymerisation of selected steam cracked distillate streams. Petroleum fractions such as naphtha, kerosene and gas oil may be cracked at relatively low pressures and at temperatures of 1,000 to 1,500 F in the presence of steam and for relatively short contact times The gas and liquid streams produced 'contain large quantities of diolefins and olefins in the C 5 to C,0 range The naphtha distillate streams obtained by these steam cracking operations contain relatively large amounts of diolefins, olefins, aromatics, and some paraffins. Thus Patent Specification No 743,886 discloses a process for the production of polymeric resins which comprises maintaining a steam-cracked petroleum fraction, boiling from 20 to 170 C at a temperature between 40 C and 140 C for a time sufficient to dimerise C, to C 9 cyclic diolefins, separating the dimers from the remainder of the fraction, polymerising the reactive components of this remainder in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts polymerisation catalyst at a temperature between -50 C and 70 C and separating the polymeric resin. The present invention is concerned with the selection of a narrow range of steamlPrice-6 l cracked petroleum distillate, from which it is possible to obtain by polymerisation either a resin or a resinous oil, by judicious use of a polymerisation catalyst and polymerisation conditions 50 In the process of the present invention, the C 5 fraction, i e, boiling within the range 18 to 54 C is taken, and by an initial thermal soaking and sufficient heating time, the cyelopentadiene contained 55 therein is demerized and separated by eareful vacuum or steam distillation Preferred dimerizing temperatures are in the range of 100-220 F particularly 180 to 220 F The dimers are removed as a 60 bottoms fraction from the distillation tower, the tower being operated to prevent any substantial depolymerization of the cyelodienes In this distillation, the CO hydrocarbons boiling below the dimers are 65 removed as an overhead distillate stream. This overhead stream consisting of the undimerized portion, contains chiefly straight chain olefins and aeyclie diolefins. The C 5 fraction has the following 70 general composition:wt.% Isoprene 15-20 Cyclopentadiene 10-12 5 Piperylene 10-15 75 Other diolefins 5 Tertiary Olefins 15-20 Normal Olefins 20-25 Paraffins 2 5 Following the dimerization and separa 80 tion of the cyelopentadiene dimer, the remaining C 5 overhead fraction has the following

composition: Isoprene: Piperylene Other Acyclic Diolefins Normal C, Olefins Tertiary Olefins Paraffins Wt % 4-5 20-30 The polymerization of the selected feed is carried out using a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as aluminum chloride, aluminum bromide, boron fluoride, zirconium tetrachloride and Friedel-Crafts complexes, as the polymerization catalyst at temperatures in the range of -200 F to + 1150 F. The liquid material undergoing reaction should be well agitated to insure adequate lsaturation of the liquid with gas About 0.5 to 2 % catalyst based on the feed charged is usually quite satisfactory. Polymerization of the reaction components in the C 5 stream in the presence of boron fluoride results in the preparation of resinous oils rather than resins Under controlled conditions good polymerization activity of the reactive aliphatic C 5 olefins and diolefins is obtained. The resinous oils prepared according to the present invention can be used as drying oils or they can be copolymerized with other resins or drying oils for paint or varnish manufacture or formulated in printing ink The polymers have good color and odor The polymers may be modified by the addition of other unsaturated materials to the feed before polymerization with the BF 3 or after the reaetion has been completed. Using RBF as the polymerization catalyst, temperatures in the range of -220 F. to + 40 F are preferred An inert diluent, such as hydrocarbon naphtha or hexane may be used if desired. A polymerization of the reactive components in this stream may also be carried out in the presence of aluminum chloride as a polymerization catalyst This comprises a method for preparing polymerized resins of good quality as compared with the formation of oils using BFR catalyst, as described above Under controlled conditions, good polymerization activity of the reactive aliphatic olefins and diolefins is obtained Using Al Cl as the catalyst, temperatures in the range of 0 to 100 F. are preferred. The resins prepared according to the present invention can be hused as base for paint or varnish manufacture or formulated in printing ink The resin has a good color and odor The resins may be modified by the additions of other materials to the feed before polymerization with the Al ICI or after the reaction has about been completed The catalyst may be best added as an aromatic complex or sludge since the C 5 fraction is not a good solvent for the catalyst and tends to agglomerate the finely divided catalyst. The polymerization reaction is carried out as a liquid phase operation

The catalyst may be added continually or batchwise Any practical and effective methods for adding catalyst and reagents can be utilized When the catalyst is gaseous boron fluoride, the liquid material undergoing reaction must be well agitated to insure adequate saturation of the liquid 70 with the gas. The time required to carry out the polymerization depends primarily on the rate that the catalyst can be added such that the reaction can be adequately controlled 75 The products are worked up by water or caustic washing or by washing with dilute 1 H 2 SQ 4 ( 5 %c) followed by water washing. The catalyst residues can also be removed by precipitation as a methanol catalyst 80 complex followed by subsequent filtration. The polymerized reaction product is then stripped free of unreaeted feed components and a part, if desired, of the low molecular weight polymerization products 85 to give the final oil or resin The yield and softening point of the final product will depend on the degree of stripping. The present invention therefore consists of a process for producing resinous oils or 90 resins, comprising distilling a steameracked petroleum fraction boiling wvithin the range 18 C to 54 C from a steamcracked petroleum product, maintaining the fraction in a dimerization zone at a 95 temperature at which cyclopentadiene dimerizes, separating substantially all dimerized diolefins from the fraction, and Polymerizing the remainder of the fraction in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catal 100 yst, at a temperature within the range of -20 F to + 150 F, whereby resinous products are obtained. The invention may be understood by reference to the accompanying drawings 105 showing a schematic outline of the invention. Fig 1 is a schematic illustration of the embodiment employing the C,-Cr fraction, while Fig 2 represents the embodiment 110 using 75 fraction as the feed. Referring now to Fig 1, stream 1 is a cracked naphtha containing olefins, diolefins and aromatics in the C through C 12 boiling range ( 18 to 230 C) The C 5 115 fraction contains 20-30 % cyelic and acyclic diolefins, 20-30 % tertiary olefins, and 40 to 50 % normal olefins The higher boiling fractions have the approximately same ratio of olefins and diolefins but con 120 tain approximately 40 % aromatics Stream 1 is fed to tower 20 having about 30 plates. In tower 20, the 85 oC and lighter fraetion is taken overhead as stream 3 and the 850 C + fraction removed from the tower 125 as stream 2 Stream 3 is thermally soaked in vessel 30 for 6-16 hours at 2000 F to dimerize the cyclie diolefins The dimerized stream 5 is then fed to tower 40 having 30 plates where the naphtha free 130 784,938 784,938 of the dimers is taken overhead as stream 7 and the dimers removed as

a bottoms stream 6 The 85 C and lighter fraction is fed to reactor 50 where A 1 C 13 catalyst is added by line 8 The 18-85 C fraction is then polymerized with 0 2 to 2 weight % AL C 13 based onl feed charged, for 15 to 60 minutes at 20 to 50 C The polymerizate line 9 is then injected into vessel 60 where water and caustic is injected by line 10 to neutralize the residual A 1 C 13 catalyst. The catalyst-water solution is removed by line 12 and the naphtha plus resin line 11 is fed to tower 70 having 30 plates Stream 13 ( 18-850 C) is removed overhead and the resin concentrate is removed as bottoms stream 14 The resin concentrate may be diluted with a solvent at this point or be fed to tower 80 where the resin is steam stripped to a 90 C softening point resin of very light color Resin is recovered from line 16 The low molecular weight polymers are removed overhead as line 15 and steam is injected through line 17. Referring now to Fig 2, a debutanized steam cracked distillate containing C 5, 06 and C 7 components is fed as a stream 101 to tower A, having about 30 plates and operated with 200 F top temperature, and 350 F bottoms temperature at 45-50 lbs. pressure Stream 102 is a concentrated Cs fraction (IBP-130 F taken as an overhead stream and fed to a thermal soaking drum B Part of stream 102 is preferably returned as liquid reflux by line 116 to tower A The depentanized naphtha is removed from tower A as bottoms stream 103 with part returned by line 117 to the tower to supply heat required during the distillation Stream 102 is thermally soaked in drum B for 6-16 hours at less than 2200 F to dimerize the cyclopentadienes The thermal soaked stream 118 is then fed to tower C having 20 plates and operated with 110 F and 240 F top and bottom temperature, respectively, and at pounds pressure The overhead stream 104 contains isoprene and piperylene and Cs olefins Stream 120 returns reflux to tower C Stream 105 is a bottoms stream from tower C where the cyclopentadiene dimers are removed from the other C 5 components A part of stream 105 is returned to the tower by line 119 Stream 104 is to be polymerized with a FriedelCrafts type catalyst such as BF 3 in reactor E The reactor is operated at less than o F, preferably 0-50 F or lower The catalyst is introduced continuously through line 150 The catalyst may be BF 3 gas or its complexes Agitation is provided in the polymerizer by stirrer 130. The polymerized feed is passed to vessel F by line 131 for water and steam washing. Water is added by line 160 Agitation is provided by stirrer 140 The catalyst is removed with the washing water through line The polymerized material is then fed to tower G by line 105 Tower G has 30 plates and is operated with 120 F top and 70 400 F bottom temperature Overhead stream 106 contains the unreacted C 5 fractions Reflux to the

tower is provided by return line 125 The polymer product is removed from the bottom of tower G, 75 through line 107 Heat is supplied to column G by the return line 126. The invention will be illustrated in fuller detail by the following examples. EXAMP Lr 1 80 A selected Cs steam cracked distillate was subjected to a thermal treatment at the cyclopentadiene The resulting dimer temperatures of 180 to 200 F to dimerize is then removed by careful fractionation as 85 a bottoms stream The lighter portions were obtained as an overhead stream A typical analysis of the 64-130 F overhead fraction thus obtained is as follows:Component Wt '% 90 Isoprene 16 4 Pentene-1 15 4 Cis and trans Pentene-2 7 2 2 lethyl-1 Butene 14 3 2 Methyl-2 Butene 5 5 95 3 Mlethyl-l Butene 13 2 and n-pentene 5 3 Cis and trans Piperylene 14 9 Cyclopentene 6 5 Cyclopentadiene 0 4 100 Cyclopentane 0 5 C.;+ 0 4 0 The above fraction ( 64 to 130 F) containing Cs diolefins and tertiary olefins was polymerized with Al C 13 ( 1 wt % based on the fraction') with a yield of approximately 54 0 wt % resin The 110 polymerization was carried out at approximately 30-50 F Inspections on the resin are given in Table I below:TABLE I Analysis Resin Yield Softening Point, C. Aniline Point, C. Iodine number Color Al C 13 Resin 54 % 97 235 EXAMPLE 2. Other polymerizations were carried out using substantially the same feed stream as that of the experiment in Example 1 125 The fraction had a boiling range from 64 to 130 F and contained Cs diolefins and tertiary olefins This fraction was subjected to polymerization with BF 3 gas at a temperature of 30-40 F The results of 130 784,935 two typical reactions are shown in Table II. TABLE II Ai'aa ysis 1 2 P Resin Yield 60 1 54 41 Softening Point, C o O 30 Aniline Point, C 114 114 Iodine no, cg/g 255 200 Color O 1 The results of thle above two examples show that the Al Cl, catalyst produced a resinous product of highler softening point while the BF catalyst _gave highly unsaturated polymerie oils which possess dr-ing properties.

* Sitemap * Accessibility * Legal notice * Terms of use * Last updated: 08.04.2015 * Worldwide Database * 5.8.23.4; 93p

* GB784939 (A)

Description: GB784939 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in and relating to pressure welding


PATENT SPECIFICATION Invntor: ANTHONY BAGNOLD SOWTER 784,939 Date of filing Complete Specification Aug 16, 1955. Application Date Aug 23, 1954. Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957. No 24518/54. Index at Acceptance: -Class 33 ( 4), R 14 A. International Classification: -B 23 k. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in and relating to Pressure Welding We, THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY LIMITED of Magnet House, Kingsway, London, W C 2, a British company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in a 1 d by the following statement:This invention relates to pressure welding that is to say, welding in which although members to be welded may be heated, actual uniting the the members is effected by pressure causing flow at the members The invention is more particularly, but not exclusively, concerned, however, with cold pressure welding. In British Patent Specification No 748,015 there is described and claimed a method of welding together a pair of pressure weldable members in which the parts to be welded together are formed as or are provided with, interengaging portions of coned shape One particular application of this prior invention relates to the attachment of lids to aluminium cans of circular section and comprises outwardly flaring to a slight extent the top of a can to rorvide a cone fange of small radial width, the cone angle shown being of the order of 400. Such arrangements have been found to be entirely satisfactory in the welding together of members of circular section of appreciable diameter If, however, the diameter of the members is very small, for

example of the order of 5 mm, it is then S matter of considerable difficulty to clean mechanically or otherwise those surfaces which are subsequently to be welded. An object of the present invention is the provision of a method of pressure welding which is suitable for objects of circular section and of small diameter. According to the present invention, a method of pressure welding together a pair of pressure weldable tubular members comprises forming on one member an outwardly directed flange in a plane substan at right angles to E Prr= q ' the axis of the member, surface preparing for welding bath the flange and part at least of the exterior surface of the second member, placing the second member within the first mem 50 ber and in correct spacial relationship for welding between a pair of co-operating tool surfaces at least one of which is strip like, and causing relative movement of the tool surfaces in a direction generally parallel to the tool sur 55 faces to bring the tool surfaces opposite one another and separated by a gap whose width relative to the thickness of the parts of the members to be welded is such as to give the correct percentage reduction for pressure 60 welding, the relative movement between the tool surfaces firstly causing turning of the flange to bring it into contact with the exterior surface of the second member and secondly causing extrusion of material from between the 65 tool surfaces to effect welding. One of the tool surfaces is preferably provided at one edge with a projection which engages or so closely approaches the other tool surface when the surfaces are directly opposite 70 one another that its acts as a cutting edge to shear off excess metal. In order that the invention may be clearly understood, a method of cold pressure welding a closure member into a circular section can 75 in accordance with the present invention, will now be described by way of example with reference to the single figure of the accompanying drawing which is somewhat diagrammatic The can and closure member form the 80 container of an hermetically sealed transistor device, the use of cold pressure welding to effect the final seal providing an excellent method of closure without the use of heat, and the drawing shows a central vertical section 85 through the device set in position for welding between a pair of tools which effect the cold pressure weld. Referring now to the drawing, the container of the transistor device comprises a can 1 of 90 oxygen free, high conductivity copper of thickness approximately 0 010 " and the can \ 784,939 diameter is of the order of 5 mm The closure member 2 for the can 1 is generally in the form of a deeply dished lid and is also of copper of thickness approximately O 006 " The transistor device is of the junction type

and the closure member 2 carries sealed thereto a glass bead or mount 3 for three leads 4 for the device, the leads 4 being sealed in the glass bead 3 around the axis at 120 to each other and supporting within the can 1 the actual transistor unit 5 which is of known type having a germanium wafer 6 soldered to a metal frame 7 and lying between two indium beads 8 fused to it. The length of the can 1 is approximately 1.0 cm Both the can 1 and the closure member 2 have previously been annealed preferably in a controlled atmnosphere of nitrogen at a temperature of the order of 600 C, and the member 2 is provided with an outwardly directed flange or flared edge 9 which lies at an angle of about 15 to the wall of member. The part of the can 1 at its open mouth is flared outwardly to provide a flange 10 e-;tending substantially at right angles to the body of the can and of radial width 0 5 mmi The surface of this flange 10 which had formed part of the inner surface of the can 1 is meclhanically cleaned by scratch brushing in known manner with a rotating steel wire scratch brush, whilst the exterior surface of the flange 9 may be similarly mechanically cleaned Preferably, however, the surface of the closure member 2 after suitable cleaning treatment is gold-plated to a thickness of roughly 0 00092 " to avoid possible damage to the unit 5 by the mechanical cleaning treatment The gold plating on the copper which may be done electrolytically, permits welding to take place and may actually assist in the making of a good weld between the two copper surfaces. For welding, the can 1 is fitted into an apertured bottom tool or die 11 into which it fits fairly loosely being retained therein by an outwardly directed flange 10 which rests in a recess at the top of the die 11, and the closure member 2 with the unit 5 is correctly positioned in relation to the cam 1 by the engagement of its flared edge 9 with the inside edge of the flange 10. A top tool 12, which co-operates with the die 11, is apertured for the leads 4 and comprises a cylindrical welding surface 13 and a radially projecting cutting edge 14, the welding surface 13 being of strip-like form and cooperating with the inside surface 15 of the hole 16 in the bottom die 11 As will be appreciated, the inside surface 15 provides the second welding surface The axial depth of the welding surface 13 on the tool 12 is of the order of the combined thickness of the flanges 9 and 10, in other words it is of the order of 0.016 ", and the diameter of the welding surface 13 in relation to the diameter of the inside surface 15 of the hole 16 in the bottom die 11 is such that the width of the gap between the two surface gives the corredt percentage reduction for cold pressure welding, the final thiclmess of the vwelded parts being of the order of 25 l; of their original 70

combined thicknesses. Below the welding surface 13 of the tool 12 is a further cylindrical surface 17 The diameter of this further cylindrical surface 17 is such that the gap between it and the inside 75 surface 15 of the hole 16 in the bottom die 11 is equal approximately to the combined thicknesses of the flanges 9 and 10. To carry out the welding method, the top tool 12 is pressed downwardly and as it 80 descends, metal is trapped between the cylindrical surface 17 and the surface 15 of the hole 16 and the welding surface 13 forces or extrudes metal upwardly past the edge 14 of the tool 12 whilst that edge is still clear of 85 the hole in the die 11 During the first part of the downward movement of the tool 12, both the flange 10 on the can I and flange 9 on the closure member 2 are, in effect, straightened out against the surface 15 to bring 90 the flanges together whilst during the latter part of the movement, the metal of the flanges 9 and 10 commences extruding upwardly and this continues until the edge 14 fully enters the die h Gle 16 at the surface 15 and cuts off excess 95 metal The tool 12 continues its downward movement and finally the sealed can 1 is ejected from the underside of the die 11. If desired, the welding operation may be carried out in an atmosphere of an inert gas 100 such as dry nitrogen, so that the sealed can 1 for the transistor device is filled with nitrogen Further, after welding, the space between the bead 3 in the closure member 2 and its welded free end may be filled with a 105 cement or plastic such as that known under the Registered Trade Mark "Araldite ".


* GB784940 (A)

Description: GB784940 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to noise suppressor apparatus for jet-propulsion

engines


PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: THOMAS REGINALD CAVE-BROWNE-CAVE 784,940 Date of filing Complete Specification: Sept 9, 1955. Application Date: Sept 9, 1954. No 26206/54. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 7 ( 2), Y( 2: 6 A 1: 6 A 2: 13 C: 15). International Classification:-F 02 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Noise Suppressor Apparatus for Jet-Propulsion Engines We, THE 'EXPANDED METAL COMPANY LIMITED, a company organised under the laws of Great Britain, of Burwood House, Gaxton Street, Westminster, London, S W 1, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to, a noise suppressor unit for the exhaust gases of jet-propulsion engines suitable for use when testing or runring up the engines of a jet aircraft on the ground. The exhaust gas stream of 'a jet engine is usually circular in cross-section and it is known that such 'an exhaust jet on issuing into the atmosphere causes two different types of sound One type, of high pitch, is caused by the shear 'at the jet boundary and is proportional to the 8th power of the speed of the jet relative to still air, and another is due to pressure fluctuation and burbles which extend for a considerable distance down-stream This second source is usually greater in intensity and is audible at a greater distance than is the high pitch component which decays more rapidly with distance and is easier to absorb by artificial means. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved noise suppressor unit which not only operates by the recognized method of changing the shape of the gas stream which is circular where it issues from the jet, to one which is flat but sets up diffusion so as to reduce the velocity of gas flow before it passes to atmosphere Another object of the invention is to provide a unit which is sufficiently mobile to be easily placed behind the jet delivery of an aircraft standing on the ground. According to the present invention a noise suppressor unit for use when testing or running up jet-propulsion engines comprises a lPrice 3

s 6 d l tunnel-like casing forming a duct to receive 45 exhaust gas discharge from a jet engine or the jet pipe of ian aircraft on the ground which duct is in two sections including a converter section and a diffuser section, the first or converter section having a mouth shaped to 50 fit around the jet pipe and at its downstream end where it merges with the second or diffuser section having a recangular cross section, and being shaped throughout its length so as gradually to change the shape of the gas 55 stream from a circle to a rectangle of relatively narrow width, the second or diffuser section, which is rectangular in cross section throughout its length having two opposite walls extending parallel or substantially paral 60 lel to the axis of flow of the gas stream and at least one or booth of the other two opposite walls Mat an angle thereto so as to provide an expanding cross section by which the rate of flow is slowed down 65 In constructing the converter section it should be so shaped as t, produce the change in shape of the gas stream in as short a distance as will allow the gas stream to' follow the inner wall surface of the converter without 70 breaking away and causing noise and increase of pressure at the inlet. For this purpose the casing on that part of the perimeter below the axis of gas flow may be given a flat or comparatively flat cross sec 75 tion with the object of changing the shape of the gas stream from circular section to a flat section in a short distance down stream from the entry of the duct It is desirable also to arrange the casing so that the bottom of the 80 casing is at a sm'all angle to the gas flow axis in the converter section but continues parallel to it through the remainder of the diffuser section. The diffuser section may be provided with 85 cooling means, by which an induced air flow is set up over or through a section or the entire length of the duct, In one arrangement 1 cooling of the diffuser section is obtained by means of an inlet for the induction of air into the duct atthe point where the converter section joins the diffuser section Preferably also a baffle or louvre plate is mounted within the diffuser section with its leading edge arranged opposite the air inlet opening, and which baffle plate may be adjustable as to angle in order to vary the sizee of the gas discharge opening. The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which, Figure 1 is a plan view of a mobile jet noise suppressor unit in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, Figure 2 is a sectional elevation of the unit shown in Figure 1, Figure 3 is a detail view of a brake element. F Figures 4 and 5 are respectively, a vertical section,and plan view of a jet noise suppressor having an adjustable louvre plate. Referring to Figures 1 to 3 of the drawings, there is shown a noise

suppressor unit comprising a tunnel-like casing indicated generally at 1 and having at one end 2, a flared opening to receive the end of the discharge of the jet engine or the jet pipe of the aircraft, so that the jet gases will pass through the casing and out through the farther end thereof before discharging to atmosphere. The casing 1 is essentially divided into two sections, a converter section C, designed to flatten the cross sectional shape of the exhaust gas stream from the jet pipe J, and a diffuser section D of divrgezrt cross sction and the purpose of which is to reduce the speed of the gas stream The converter section C is so shaped as to produce a change in the shape of the gas stream with the object of preventing formation of low frequency sound, which, it has been found, develop in gas streams of circular section The change from circular to rectangular shape is made in as short a distance as wvill allow the gas stream to follow the inner wall surfaces of the converter without breaking away from the outer side wall and causing noise and increase of pressure at the inlet This change in shape of the gas stream from the circular section where it issues from the jet pipe I to a flat section can be achieved by giving the lower wall 3 of the converter section C a comparatively flat construction together with the upper wall 4, so that at the point where junction is made with the divergent section D, the cross section of the duct is rectangular, the dimensions of the rectangle being such that the width is appreciably less than the length It Will be noted also that the change from diameter size across the mouth or inlet end to width of rectangle is appreciable and is an important factor 'n securing the desired change in shape of the gas flow It must be understood however that the rate of change should not be too rapid ince otherwise the gas will not fill the entire cross section of the rectangle and there will be a tendency for a greater concentration of flow along the centre line than at the sides of the rectangle which is desirable i e the gas stream 70 will not be evenly distributed over the whole cross section. AIt is also desirable to arrange the duct or casing 1 sc that the bottom wall 3 is at a small angle to the jet gas flow axis indicated 75 by the arrow X, in the converter section, but for,the remainder of the duct 'and through the diffuser section D, it continues parallel. The desired increase in cross sectional area of the diffuser section D is secured by means 80 of outwardly divergent side walls 7 and 8, the upper and lower walls 9 remaining parallel to one another and to the longitudinal axis X of the gas stream In an alternative construction, however, one of the side walls 7, 8 85 of the diffuser section D extends at an angle to the axis X of the gas stream It will be observed that the side walls 10 of the converter section C, are also divergent and in this respect are consistent with the divergent walls

7, 90 8 of the diffuser section D. The diffuser section D may be provided with an extension constituting a brake section in which are arranged elements 5 (see Figure 3) to obstruct and brake the gas flow e g 95 layers or folds of expanded metal or internal fins or other obstructions through which the gas is driven by pressure to the outlet where it is released to atmosphere at greatly reduced speed 100 Preferably such elements are graded in a direction which is normal to the direction of flow of the gas stream so ithat there is a considerable velocity gradient across the gas ktream issuing from the suppressor, the outer 105 parts of the gas stream moving more slowly than the inner parts. It wivll be observed that by constructing the inlet end or mouth 2 to the suppressor casing with a flared rim portion that when the unit 110 is positioned behind a jet engine I, as indicated in Figures 1 and 2, that an annular opening I 2 can be left between the jet exhaust pipe and the inlet to the duct through which a flow of air will be induced by the action of the 115 exhaust gas stream, this air serving to assist in preventing overheating of the suppressor casing. An additional cooling effect may be ensured by providing for additional cooling air to be 120 drawn over that part of the casing constituting the diffuser section D In the arrangement shown in Figure 2 the diffuser section D) is shrouded with an outer casing 16 spaced from the main casing and it will be noted that the 125 easing 16 extends beyond the discharge end of the duct 1 so that air will be drawn through the space 17 between the inner duct and the outer casino by ejector action of the issuing gas stream To assist the inflow of air 130 q-84,940 784,940 to space 17 the outer casing 1:6 is preferably formed with a flared mouth 16 ' at its upstream end. It will be appreciated that the cooling air flowing through the space 17 will at the outlet end of the space, join with the more rapidly moving jet gas, and will give a final outlet stream in which the velocity contour is very favourable for small amount of noise at the boundary Sound-absorbent lips as used in acoustic splitters may be added to the edges of the outlet end of the duct if found desirable. In order to increase the heat exchange effect the outer surface of the duct 1 may be provided with spikes, fins or plates 20, additional baffle plates 21 being secured to the interior of the casing 116 so as to provide for a torturous flow of theair. The flat surfaces of 'the diffuser section D including the brake sections will be subject to considerable noise and pressure fluctuations from within and though the load of the cooling spikes or fins 20 may be sufficient to keep the drumming frequency of the matefial low, it may be necessary, particularly with flat surfaces, to provide internal stays or other stabilising means.

The suppressor as a whole may be arranged with the major cross sectional dimension of the diffuser section D horizontal, vertical or at any intermediate angle or the walls may be arranged at an 'angle so as to decrease the overall width at the discharge end. In the arrangement shown in Figure 2 the fins 20 extend transversely to the air flow, 'but it has been found that under certain conditions satisfactory cooling of the diffuser 9 can be obtained with,the fins or baffle plates extending parallel to the air flow. The suppressor unit may be mounted on an undercarriage having front and rear wheels 22 to enable it readily to be moved around an aircraft runway or apron and positioned behind the exhaust pipe of a jet engine Since the stability of such a mobile unit when positioned behind a jet engine depends on a heavy weight or anchor being provided at the front end, this may conveniently take the form of an all-round motorized 'wheel or horse as indicated generally at 33. Referring now to Figures 3 and 4, there is shown a preferred embodiment of the suppressor unit in which the diffuser section has parallel side walls 25, 26, but the upper wall 2,7 is at an angle to the bottom wall 28 so as to secure the desired increase in,cross section and allow for the expansion of the gases Experiments have shown that as satisfactory if not finproved sound reducing action is obtained using a diffuser section where the increase 'in cross section is obtained by an increase in height instead of width in addition,t which the,apparatus is less cumbersome both in appearance land when being handled. In this arrangement 'also an, air inlet opening 30 is provided at the point where the convergent section 'C joins with the diffuser section D so that air is drawn by induction into the interior of the casing It has been found 70 that by providing an, interior louvre plate or baffle 31, which is formed of perforate metal, conveniently expanded metal, it is possible to dispense with the external cooling means 16 since the incomfing air will pass through the 75 perforations and mingle with the hot gas flow. Furthermore where the strands of the expanded metal are arranged in a direction, o coincide with the flow axis X, it will produce an induced air flow through the plate This in 80 duced air exerts a dual cooling action firstly in passing through the plate and secondly in setting up strata of cool air and gas,over the i.terior surface of the plate 31 Where overheating of the casing is liable to occur, the 85 entire casing including both the converter and diffuser sections may be made from e g expanded metal. Provision may be made to adjust the angle of the louvre plate 31 in relation to the base 90 wall 2,8 land for this purpose, it is mounted to pivot ab:out 'hinge pins 33 carried by the side walls 25, 26

Adjustment of the angularity of the plate 31 is by means of lock studs 35 engaging one of a series of holes 36 fi the side 95 plates 25, 26 With this arrangement, the angle of divergence can be varied and consequently the area at the outlet can,be varied as desired. This variation nmay be desirable in order to keep the static pressure at inlet to the con 100 verter section IC approximately equal to atmospheric so that the use of the suppressor unit does not influence the performance of the jet or jets. This variation, may also 'allow the system 105 to be adjusted so that the most satisfactory noise reduction, is obtained at each condition at which the jet may be working e g maximum or reduced power, or reheat, It will be appreciated that the unit shown 110 in Figures 3 and 4 may 'be mounted on a motorized carriage similar to the arrangement shown in Figures 1 and 2 In practice, satisfactory results have been obtained by means of a duct having an overall length of twelve to 115 fourteen feet and in which the relative lengths of the converter and diffuser sections is of the order of 4 feet and 10 l feet, the cross sectional area of the converter section at its inlet end being slightly under two square feet, increas 120 ing only slightly to,the point where it joins with the diffuser section The increase in area for flow through the diffuser section may be about four times.


* GB784941 (A)

Description: GB784941 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements relating to liquid applicators


PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Sept 13, 1954. 784,941 No 26487/54. A 1 7) Application made in United States of America on Sept 14, 1953. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 19, Ag, J; and 125 ( 3), T 7 F 1, International Classification:-A 46 b, B 67 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements relating to Liquid Applicators I, CECIL L HOPKINS, a citizen of the United States of America, of 120 Harding Way, West Galion, Crawford, Ohio, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to liquid applicators of the type including a casing for the liquid to be applied and a brush which is retractable into the casing, but when extended to its operative position will be moistened with the liquid and can be used to apply it Such an applicator may be employed for various liquids for example lacquer. According to the present invention a liquid applicator includes an elongated casing forming a chamber, the casing being closed at one end, referred to as its rear end, a tubular nozzle having at one end a base secured to the casing at the other end of the latter, referred to as its front end, said nozzle having a through passage providing an internal chamber continuous with the casing chamber to receive liquid from the latter, the casing and nozzle chambers constituting a reservoir for the liquid to be applied, the nozzle being also provided at its forward other end with an annular seating surface leading to a discharge orifice opening through the forward end of the nozzle, an elongated brush holder mounted within the nozzle and the casing, a brush carried at the forward end of the brush holder, a spring normally urging the brush holder to an operative position in which the brush projects beyond the seating surface and through the discharge orifice and a circular portion of the forward end of the brush holder engages the annular seating surface to form a valve to close the reservoir against delivery of liquid through the discharge orifice, the brush being capable of being slightly retracted by endwise pressure to open the valve anlqnermitflmvofliquid through the discharge orifice and onto the brush, and also being capable of being completely re tracted to a position in which the brush is wholly within the nozzle and immersed in the contents of the applicator, a washer fitted in 50 the base of the nozzle, the washer constituting a partition between the nozzle and casing chambers and closely surrounding the brush holder to guide the latter, the washer being

formed to provide restricting orifice 55 means permitting only restricted liquid flow from the casing chamber to the nozzle chamber to prevent flooding of the brush when the brush holder is retracted in use, and a cap carrying a retractor pin projecting from its 60 internal closed end and adapted to engage the brush holder to move it to its retracted position and a sealing surface to engage the forward end of the nozzle about the discharge orifice to close the reservoir when the cap is 65 fitted. Preferably the major portion of the spring is located within the casing rearwardly of the base end of the nozzle Conveniently the partition washer guiding the brush holder 70 and providing the restricting orifice is snap fitted in an enlargement of the nozzle passage and is located against a circumferentially extending shoulder of the nozzle. According to one embodiment the wall of 75 the casing chamber is of circular section and a second washer surrounds the brush holder as a guide, the second washer being spaced axially of the brush holder from the liquid flow restricting washer in the nozzle and en 80 gaging the wall of the casing chamber in fixed relation, and preferably the spring reacts against the second washer In this case a portion of the brush holder extending between the washers is preferably of reduced 85 cross section providing a shoulder on the brush helder and the spring surrounds the reduced portion of the holder, reacting at one end against the shoulder of the brush holder and at the other end against the sec 90 784,941 ond washer Conveniently the second washer divides the casing chamber into a relatively large volume portion at the rear end and a relatively small volume portion at the forward end and the second washer is formed to provide restricting orifice means permitting only restricted liquid flow from the large volume chamber portion to the small volume chamber portion Preferably the dimensions of the cap and the pin are such that the pin does not engage the brush holder until the cap is in engagement with the casing The sealing surface is preferably in the form of a sealing pad and the retractor pin may extend through the sealing pad and has a head between it and the end of the cap to form a support for the pin. The invention may be carried into practice in a number of ways but two specific examples will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:Fig 1 is a sectional elevation of the applicator with the cap removed, Fig 2 is a sectional elevation of the applicator with the cap in place, Fig 3 is a sectional elevation of the cap, Fig 4 is a section on line 4-4 of Fig 1; Fig 5 is a sectional elevation of another embodiment of the invention with the cap removed; Fig 6 is a sectional elevation of the cap; Fig 7 is a sectional elevation of the embodiment seen in Fig 5

with the cap in place; Fig 8 is a section on the line 8-8 of Fig. 5. Fig 9 is a section on the line 9-9 of Fig. Referring first to the embodiment seen in Figs 1 to 4 inclusive, the applicator has a tubular casing 1, closed at its rear end and open at its forward end to receive the rear end of a nozzle 2 which preferably has a tapered rear end and is a friction fit in the open end of the casing The nozzle chamber 3 near its forward end has an inwardly and forwardly converging wall 4 forming a valve seat and leading to a discharge opening 5. The rear end portion of the chamber 3 has a forwardly diverging wall 6 which merges into a transverse shoulder 7 forming a seat for a guide washer 8 In front of the shoulder the inner wall of the chamber 3 has a forwardly converging wall 9 leading to a straight bore portion. The guide washer 8 acts as a guide for a combined brush holder and valve 10 in the form of a rod recessed at its forward end as at 11 to receive the head 12 of a brush 13. At its rear end the brush holder is of reduced diameter to receive the front end portion of a coil spring 14, the rear end portion of which is centered and carried by a foot spring tube 15 which abuts the closed end of the casing The nozzle 2 is threaded at 16 to co-operate with the internal threads 17 of an open ended cap 18 A sealing washer 19 within the cap, and bearing against its closed end, carries a brush retractor 20 in the form of a headed rod having its head carried by 70 the sealing washer 19 so that the pin is mounted to be free for lateral movement without bending The stem of the pin projects towards the brush so that when the cap is screwed on to the nozzle the retractor will 75 contact the brush head and move the brush into the nozzle and compress the spring 14. The operation is as follows:When the cap is fitted over the nozzle, the retractor extends between the bristles to en 80 gage the brush holder and keep it retracted against the action of the spring, and the discharge opening of the nozzle is sealed by the sealing washer 19. Assuming now that the applicator is to be 85 used, the cap is removed and the spring moves the brush holder forwards together with the brush, the latter passing through the discharge opening and being maintained in its forward position by the spring The 90 forward end of the brush holder seats against the valve seat formed by the converging wvall 4 to cut off the flow of liquid from the nozzle. The hole in the guide washer through which the brush holder passes is slightly 95 larger than the diameter of the rod and accordingly, whilst it provides a bearing or guiding surface limiting lateral movement of the rod, it also provides a restricting or feeding clearance serving to permit restricted flow of 100 liquid into the

nozzle Thus during use, the bristles can be recharged with liquid by increasing the pressure on the work to retract the brush slightly and so open the valve and allow liquid to flow down onto the bristles 105 from inside the nozzle Due to the restriction offered by the guide washer 8 liquid cannot flow freely from the casing to the nozzle and hence flooding of liquid will be avoided when the brush is slightly retracted as described 110 Referring now to the embodiment shown in Figs 5 to 8 inclusive, the cap and the nozzle are of the same construction and operation but the brush holder has been shortened and the spring abuts against a feed washer 115 In this embodiment the applicator has a casing 21, nozzle 22 with a valve seat 23 and a discharge opening 24, a brush 25 and brush holder 26 with a guide washer 27, all of which function in the same way as the corres 120 ponding parts in Figs 1 and 3. The brush holder is shorter and its reduced rear end 28 has a clearance in a feed washer 29 fixed in any desired manner within the casing A spring 30 is interposed between the 125 brush holder and the feed washer and encircles the reduced end 28 The nozzle has threads 31 to co-operate with threads 32 of a cap 33, and a sealing washer 34 carries a retractor 35, all these parts being construc 130 784,941 ted and operating in the same way as the corresponding parts of the cap shown in Fig. 2. The operation of this embodiment of the invention is the same as that already described in connection with Figs 1 and 3, The feed washer 29 has a clearance with the reduced end 28 of the brush holder to provide a flow control orifice for the liquid being applied and so to prevent surging and flooding When the cap is removed, the spring moves the brush forwardly and seals the flow; and when the cap is fitted on to the casing the retractor returns the brush within the nozzle and seals the discharge end of the nozzle. The parts may be made of any desired material but the nozzle and the cap are preferably molded from plastic material.


* GB784942 (A)

Description: GB784942 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to smokers' ashtrays


PATENT SPECIFLCATION Date of filing Complete Specification Jan 19, 1956. Application Date Oct 21, 1954. Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 130, A( 2: 3: 4: 5). International Classification: -A 24 fo COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Smokers' Ashtrays I, GEORGE STUART LAIRD, a British subject, of 18, Brunswick Road, Kingston Hill, Surrey, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to smokers' ashtrays of the kind embodying one or more tapered holes or sockets into which the lighted end of a cigarette may be inserted for the Purpose of extinguishing it, and it is the object of the present invention to provide an improved ashtray of this character. According to the invention the improved ashtray comprises a back plate adapted to be secured to a stand, wall or other support, an ash-receiving receptacle mounted on said back plate, a member formed with a tapered extinguishing socket extending completely therethrough and so positioned on the back plate that ash dislodged from a cigarette within the socket will fall into the ash-receiving receptacle, a cigarette rest also carried by the back plate and means on the back plate for ensuring that a cigarette dislodged from the rest will fall into said receptacle. An embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:Fig 1 is a perspective view of the ashtray and, Fig 2 is a cross section through the extinguishing socket. The ashtray shown comprises an ash receiving receptacle 1 detachably mounted on a back slate 2, said back plate in this instance being shown attached to a stand 3 although it will be understood that the

ashtray is equally applicable to mounting on a wall, on the dashboard of a motor car or on any other supporting surface The receptacle 1 is preferably mounted on the back plate 2 by stud and keyhole connections 4, 5 but any other suitable form of detachable connection may be used which will permit easy removal and emptying of the receptacle. Secured to the back plate near its upper end lPr/ce is a cigarette rest 6 and aligned with this rest and spaced therefrom is a pair of walls 7 pre 50 ferably formed integrally with the back plate, the arrangement being such that if a cigarette is dislodged from the rest it can only fall downward's into the receptacle 1 If desired, the groove of the cigarette rest may be so tapered 55 that when a cigarette is lightly pressed down therein it is gripped by the walls of the slot and so held against dislodgement. Formed integral with the cigarette rest or, 60 if desired, as a separate member attached to 60 the back plate, is a lug 8 embodying a cigarette extinguishing socket 9 extending completely therethrough from the upper side to the lower side thereof This socket has a depth of approximately inch and is large 65 enough at its upper end to permit easy insertion of a cigarette but tapers towards its lower end so that it grips the inserted cigarette Thus for standard size cigarettes of 5/,, inch diameter, the socket is approximately 3/I inch diameter 70 at its upper end and /, inch diameter at its lower end With this construction, approximately V/,, inch of the cigarette can be inserted in the socket whereupon with slight pressure the cigarette is gripped by the tapering wall, it being found that this gri Dpping action is sufficient to snuff out the cigarette in spite of the fact that the lower end of the socket is open Any ash dislodged from the inserted cigarette falls straight through the socket into 80 the receptacle and thus the socket is always clean and ready for use. If desired, the socket may taper only to the point where it grips a cigarette the lower end of the socket being straight sided or even flar 85 ing to allow ash to fall easily therethrough. The ashtray may be formed of metal rlastic or other suitable material or combination of materials and it will be noted that apart from providing ready means for extinguishing a 90 cigarette and a safe cigarette rest, it is so formed that a cigarette cannot be vlaced down in any position where it could roll or fall out of the tray so that it is extremely safe in use.

* Sitemap * Accessibility * Legal notice * Terms of use * Last updated: 08.04.2015

* Worldwide Database * 5.8.23.4; 93p

4531 4535.output

Law