7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

1/36

Jefferson Hospital Comprehensive Renal Diet

Name___________________________________

Date____________________________________

Diet Restrictions:

_____________grams protein

_____________milligrams sodium

_____________milliequivalents potassium

_____________milligrams phosphorus

_____________calories

_____________mL fluid

Dietitian_________________________________________

Phone number____________________________________

Jefferson Hospital Nutrition Department- (412) 469-5797

12/01

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

2/36

1.

Introduction

When the kidneys are not working normally, waste products (the result ofwhat we eat) build up in the blood. If you are not on dialysis, you need to followyour diet carefully to control this build up. Dialysis treatments can remove some ofthese byproducts, however they will still accumulate in your system betweentreatments. Renal diets are very individual. Your diet may include any or all of thefollowing restrictions.

CaloriesIf you are a diabetic, it is likely that you will be asked to follow a calorierestriction to help control your blood sugar. Calories are also important to those whoare not diabetic because they determine whether you will gain or lose weight. If youare not a diabetic, you may be asked to eat extra foods with sugar in them to helpyou maintain your weight. This diet contains a list of high calorie, free foods thatcan help. If your diet is low in calories, your body may burn the protein you eat and

possibly your bodys muscle protein for energy. Therefore, a diet adequate incalories is important to prevent malnutrition.

ProteinNormally, protein byproducts are excreted from the body in the urine.

However, if the kidneys are not functioning normally, this protein byproduct, calledurea, builds up in the blood. A blood test called BUN (blood urea nitrogen) showshow much of this byproduct is in your blood. If your BUN is very high, you mayfeel nauseated and tired. If you are not on dialysis, you will need to follow a verylow protein diet to keep these byproducts low. However, patients on dialysis areoften allowed higher amounts of protein in their diet since the dialysis machineremoves these byproducts. If your BUN is low, you may not be eating enough

protein. The amount of protein that you should eat will be determined by yourdoctor or dietitian.

2.

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

3/36

SodiumThe balance of fluid in your body is regulated in part by the mineral sodium.

Too much sodium in your diet can cause you to retain too much water. This iscalled fluid overload and may cause a sudden increase in weight, shortness of

breath, swelling of the feet, legs or hands, high blood pressure or heart failure. Tablesalt is rich in sodium as are processed foods, smoked or cured meats, salted snacksand canned foods such as soup and canned vegetables. Salt substitutes can behelpful, but read label carefully to see if the product contains sodium or potassiumwhich may also be restricted in your diet.

FluidWhen the kidneys are no longer functioning normally, fluids can accumulate

in the body. Fluid overload can develop if you drink too many liquids. Many foodscount as a fluid such as all beverages including milk, juice, water, coffee, tea, softdrinks and alcohol. Any food that melts at room temperature counts as a fluid toosuch as jello, ice cream, popsicles and ice cubes. If you are told to limit your totalfluid intake each day, then you must count these items as part of your fluidallowance.

PotassiumThe mineral potassium helps to keep your nerves and muscles working

normally. Your heart is a muscle that is also regulated by how much potassium is inyour blood. Too much potassium in your blood can cause your muscles to be weakand can affect your heart beat. A very high potassium level in your blood could evencause your heart to stop beating. Potassium is found in almost all foods. The amountin some fruits and vegetables is very high, so you will be asked to avoid these foodsor only eat very small amounts. Follow portion sizes carefully so that you dont goover your potassium allowance.

3.

Phosphorus and CalciumKidney disease causes your body to have an imbalance of calcium and

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

4/36

phosphorus. Normally, your kidneys filter out the extra phosphorus that you may eatin food. When too much phosphorus builds up in your blood, the body tries tocorrect this by taking calcium out of your bones. This leads to weak and brittle

bones. High phosphorus levels in your blood can also cause your skin to be itchy.Some foods are very high in phosphorus such as dairy products, nuts and seeds,chocolate and dried beans, peas and lentils. Some people can control their

phosphorus levels with diet alone, but many kidney patients need to takephosphorus binders also. Your doctor will prescribe which ones to take and howmany you need daily. It is important to take these binders WITH your food so thatthey can bind as much of the phosphorus in the food as possible. Many phosphorus

binders contain calcium which helps to normalize calcium levels in the blood. Yourdoctor will decide if you need additional calcium or vitamin D supplements.

Vitamins and Minerals

People with kidney disease need to take special vitamin supplements. Yourdoctor will likely prescribe a vitamin specifically for kidney disease. It is importantthat you only take the vitamins prescribed by the doctor. Some over the counter

products contain minerals and some fat soluble vitamins that could be harmful topeople with kidney disease. Also inform your doctor of any herbal remedies youmay be taking, since some of these can interfere with medications you may be

prescribed.

How to follow this diet:Foods that you are allowed to eat are divided into 6 food groups. Each food

group will list what you are allowed to eat and the portion size for one serving.There will be a list of foods to avoid at the end of each food group. It is important tostay away from the foods on the avoid lists, because they are either too high in

potassium, sodium or phosphorus to be included in your allowed foods. If one ofyour favorite foods is on the avoid list, let the dietitian know so she can try to fit itinto your diet if possible.

At the end of this booklet, there is a sample meal plan to show you how youmight plan your meals for the day. This is just a sample, you do not have to eat thefoods listed there. As long as you stay within the amounts allowed on each food list,you will be within the restrictions of your diet.

4.

Milk List

Select ________ servings per day.

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

5/36

One serving is:

skim milk

cuplow fat milk

cupwhole milk

cupevaporated milk, reconstituted

cup

nonfat dry milk, reconstituted cupvanilla or strawberry ice cream

cup

AVOID

buttermilkcommercial foods made of milk

condensed milklow sodium milkmalted milkmilkshakesall other types of ice cream except vanilla or strawberryinstant chocolate milk mixeschocolate milk or chocolate flavored milk drinkshot chocolatecocoa or malt beveragescustard

puddingeggnogyogurt

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

6/36

5.

Meat and Meat Substitute List

Select _________ servings per day.

One serving is 1 ounce unless otherwise indicated:

Meat, poultry and fishbeefchickenduck

eggsall fish and shellfish are allowed, if canned, use low sodiumlamb

pork, freshtongue, unsaltedturkeyveal

Cheese is high in phosphorus, only use 2-3 ounces of the following cheeses weekly:(one serving is 1 ounce unless otherwise indicated)

brickbriecolbycottage cheese 1/4 cupmonterey jackmuensterneufchatelmozzarellaswiss

ricotta1/4 cup

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

7/36

6.

Meat and Meat Substitute List (continued)

AVOID

anchoviesbreaded fish and poultrybologna, pastrami, salamicaviarcheese other than those allowed, especially American cheese, cheese spreads ordips and any kind of processed cheese food

chilichipped or dried beefcold cuts and other luncheon meatscorned beefdried and salted coddried peas, beans and lentilsham, curedherringhot dogskosher meats

loxlow sodium luncheon meatsnuts and seedsorgan meats

peanut buttersalt porksardinessausagesoybeanstofu

7.

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

8/36

Bread and Starch List

Select _________ servings per day

One serving is:

Breadbagel

hard roll (4 in. across)

1

hot dog or hamburger bun

French or Italian bread

1 slicepita bread (6 in. across)

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

9/36

1raisin bread

1 slicesoft roll or bun (2 in. across)

1taco shell

2tortilla, corn or flour (6 in. across)

1white or light rye bread

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

10/36

1 slice

Muffins/Biscuitsbaking powder biscuit, made from scratch (2 in. across)

1cornbread (2 by 2 in.)

1plain or corn muffin, made from scratch

1

Pancakes/Wafflespancakes, made from scratch (5 in. across)

1waffles, made from scratch (4 by 4 in.)

1

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

11/36

8.

Bread and Starch List (continued)

Dry cereals (one serving is 3/4 cup)If diabetic, avoid sweetened cereals.

Apple Jacks Puffed RiceCaptain Crunch Puffed WheatCocoa Krispies Rice ChexCocoa Pebbles Rice KrispiesCookie Crisp Rice ToastiesCornflakes Special K Crispy Rice Sugar Frosted

FlakesFrosted Rice Krispies Sugar PopsFruit Loops Sugar SmacksFruity Pebbles TeamflakesHoneycomb Trix

Cooked cereals (one serving is 3/4 cup)Cream of RiceCream of WheatFarina

Malt-O-Meal

Crackers/Snacksanimal crackers

7breadsticks, unsalted (4 in. long)

2butter crackers

5graham crackers (2 by 2 in. square)

2Matzoh

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

12/36

1melba toast

5milk crackers

1popcorn, popped and unsalted

2 cups

pretzels, unsalted

3/4 ozrice cakes

2saltine crackers, unsalted

6soda crackers

6

9.

Bread and Starch List (continued)

Pasta/Grains

noodles, cooked

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

13/36

cuppasta, cooked

cupwhite rice, cooked

cup

Desserts

If diabetic, limit desserts to only once per day and count as a starch serving.

One serving is:angel food cake

1 avg piecearrowroot cookies

3danish- plain, apple or cherry

1 smalldonut- cake type or jelly

1small

gelatin dessert

cuplemon cookies

2

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

14/36

plain sugar cookies

2popsicle

1pound cake

1 avgpiece

shortbread

4sponge cake

1 avgpiece

sugar wafers

5vanilla wafers

5white cake with icing

1small piece

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

15/36

10.

Bread and Starch List (continued)

AVOID ALL OF THESE ITEMS

BreadsBoston brown bread

buttermilk rollsdark rye bread or rolls

pumpernickelrolls prepared from refrigerator dough or packaged mixeswhole grain breads

Cerealsbaby cereal

Maltexbran cereal

MaypoCheerios Mini

WheatsCorn Bran Nutra

GrainCorn Chex

OatflakesCount Chocula oatmealCracklin Bran oat bran

cerealsCW Post Product 19Fiber One

Quaker 100% NaturalFruit N Fiber raisin

cerealsgranola type cereals Super Sugar Crispinstant hot cereals RalstonGrapenuts

Shredded WheatHeartland TotalKix

Wheat ChexLife

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

16/36

WheatenaLucky Charms Wheaties

11.

Bread and Starch List (continued)

AVOID ALL OF THESE ITEMS

Crackers/Snacksall potato snacks, including potato chops and potato sticksall salted snacks and crackers

bacon flavored snacks and crackerscheese crackerscorn chipsflavored tortilla chips

pork rinds

Desserts

browniescakes and cookies with chocolate, coconut, nuts or raisinscaramelscheesecakefudgemilk chocolate

pies

Muffins/Biscuitsall commercial muffins and all types of bran muffins

English muffinsmuffins and biscuits prepared from packaged mixes or refrigerator dough

Pancakes/Wafflescommercially frozen pancakes and waffles

pancake and waffle mixes and commercial batter

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

17/36

Pasta/Grainsbaking mix (Bisquick, Jiffy) self rising flourbread stuffing mix soybean

flourdried peas and beans wheat germrice and noodle mixes wild rice or brown

riceseasoned bread crumbs

12.

Vegetable List

The potassium content of vegetables varies widely. You will notice that some of these

foods have very small serving sizes. These items are higher in potassium, so be surenot to eat more than the portion indicated, or you will go over your potassiumallowance. Any low potassium food can become a high potassium food if you eat toomuch of it.

Select ___________ servings per day.

One serving is:asparagus

4 spears or

1/4 cupbean sprouts, mung

cupbeets and beet greens

1/4 cupbroccoli, raw or cooked

cup

brussel sprouts

cupcabbage

cupcarrots, canned or fresh, cooked

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

18/36

cupcarrots, raw

medcauliflower

1/3 cupcelery

1 outerstalk or 1/4 cup

collard greens

1/4 cupcucumber, pared

cupeggplant

cupendive

cupescarole

cupgreen beans

cupkale

cuplettuce, iceburg

1 cuplettuce, romaine

cupmixed vegetables

1/4 cup

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

19/36

mushrooms

1/3 cupokra

1/4 cup

13.

Vegetable List (continued)

onions

cupparsnips, cooked

1/4 cuppeppers, sweet, green or red

cuppotatoes, specially prepared (see instructions) cupradishes

10each or 1/4 cup

rutabaga

1/4

cupsquash, butternut

1/4 cupsquash, spaghetti

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

20/36

cupsquash, summer

1/3 cupsweet potatoes, boiled

1/4cup

tomato, low salt canned

1/4

cuptomato, fresh

medtomato juice, unsalted

1/4cup

tomato sauce, low salt

1/4cup

turnip or turnip greens

cupvegetable juice cocktail, low sodium

1/4cup

watercress, raw

1 cupwax beans

1/4

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

21/36

cup

Special instructions to reduce potassium content of potatoes, turnips and rutabagas:

1. Peel and slice vegetable into small pieces.2. Let stand overnight or for at least 2 hours in a large amount of water. For eachcup of vegetable, add 5 cups of water.3. Drain, rinse and drain again.4. Cook in a large amount of water as in step 2.5. Drain. If desired, freeze small portions for later use.

14.

Vegetable List (continued)

AVOID

artichokebaked beansbaked potatoesbreaded vegetablescanned vegetables containing saltcarrot juicechickpeas, lentils and split peascorndried or canned beans, including canneloni, kidney, lima and garbanzofrench fried potatoes

instant or frozen potatoespeassauerkraut, pickled vegetables, pickles and olivesspinach, cookedsuccotashtomato juice or sauce containing saltwinter squash (acorn, etc.)

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

22/36

vegetable juice cocktailvegetables packed in cream, butter or cheese sauceyams

15.

Fruit List

The potassium content of fruits varies widely. You will notice that some of thesefoods have very small serving sizes. These items are higher in potassium, so be surenot to eat more than the portion indicated, or you will go over your potassiumallowance. Any low potassium food can become a high potassium food if you eat

too much of it.If you are diabetic, use only fresh, unsweetened or juice packed canned fruit.

Select___________servings per day.

One serving is:apple

1 smallapplesauce

cupapricot, canned, juice packed

3 halvesblackberries

cup

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

23/36

blueberries

cupboysenberries

cupcherries

10 fresh or cup

fig, canned

3fig, raw

1

fruit cocktail

cupgrapes

10grapefruit

med or cupmandarin orange sections

cupmango, raw

mednectarine

medorange

med

passionfruit

1 medpeach, fresh

medpeach, canned

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

24/36

cuppear, fresh

medpear, canned

cuppersimmon

1pineapple

cupplum

1fresh or 2 canned

16.

Fruit List (continued)

pomegranate

med

red raspberries1 cup

strawberries

cuptangerine

1 medwatermelon

1 cup

Juicesapple

cupapricot nectar

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

25/36

cupcranberry

1 cupcranberry-apple

cupcranberry-grape

cupcranberry-raspberry

cupgrape

cupgrapefruit

cuporange

1/3 cuporange-grapefruit

cuppear nectar

cup

peach nectar

cuppineapple

cuppineapple-orange

cuppineapple-grapefruit

cup

AVOIDall dried fruit including prunes, raisins, dates, figs, apricotsapricots, rawavocado

bananascantaloupe

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

26/36

honeydewpapayaplantainprune juicestar fruit

17.

Fat List

Select __________ servings per day.

One serving is:

butter or margarine 1 tspliquid nondairy creamer

2 TBSPshortening

1 tspvegetable oil

1 tsp

whipped topping1/4

cupwhipping cream

1TBSP

The following fats are high in sodium, limit choice to one per day.mayonnaise

1 TBSPsalad dressing:Catalina

1 TBSPFrench

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

27/36

1 TBSPItalian

1 TBSPRanch

1 TBSPRussian

1 TBSPThousand Island

1TBSP

The following fats contain protein, phosphorus or potassium. Limit choice to oneper day.cream:half and half

2TBSP

light

2 TBSP

cream cheese1

TBSPpowdered nondairy creamer

2 TBSPsour cream

2 TBSP

AVOIDavocado

bacon, bacon fat, ham fat and salt porkgravy mixes and salted gravynuts, seeds and olives

18.

Condiments

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

28/36

Allowed herbs, spices and condiments:

allspice macearrowroot marjoram

basil mintbayleaf mustard (limit to 1

TBSP per day)caraway seed nutmegcardamon onion powder cayenne pepper oreganocelery powder paprikacelery seed parsleychili powder parsley flakes

chives pepper cinnamon poppy seedscloves poultry

seasoningcoriander rosemarycumin saffroncurry sagedill sesame

seedsdry tapioca sugar substitute

(like Equal or Sweet&Low)fennel tarragongarlic powder thymeginger tumericketchup (limit to 1 TBSP per day) vinegar

Allowed flavorings and extracts:

almond peppermint

lemon rummaple vanillamint walnut

19.

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

29/36

Avoid All Of The Following Condiments:

anise nutsbaking soda onion flakes

salt free baking powder onion saltbouillon or broth picklesbarbeque sauce relishescelery salt salt (including lite salt, seasoned salt, seachili sauce salt, vegetable salt)cooking wine salt substitutegarlic salt soybeans

prepared horseradish soy saucekitchen bouquet steak saucelemon pepper seasoning sunflower seeds

meat tenderizer tabasco sauceMSG (monosodium glutamate) wheat germ

worcestershire sauce

Soup is an item that is difficult to fit into the renal diet unless you are makinghomemade soup from fresh stock such as chicken or vegetables with only thepermitted seasonings. You can use low sodium canned soups, but read the labelto be sure of the sodium content. Also check for added potassium in the lowsodium canned soups. Regardless, all soup counts as a fluid and must becalculated into your fluid allowance. Please avoid all regular canned soups,

those made with bouillon and any soup from a restaurant since these can bevery high in sodium.

One cup of broth based soup counts as one starch serving.Avoid creamed soup and bean soups due to potassium and phosphorus content.

20.

Concentrated sugars to use for extra calories.

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

30/36

Not recommended for diabetics.

Candy:butterscotchcandy corngumdropshard candy

jelly beanslollipopsmarshmallowsmints (no chocolate)

Desserts:fruit ice

popsicles

Sweeteners/Accompanimentscranberry saucehoney

pancake syrup (imitation, not real maple syrup)jam or jellymarmalademolassessugar of any kind

AVOID

apple butter licoricecaramel malted milk

powdercarob Ovaltinechocolate real maple syrupcocoa powder

21.

Fluid Restriction

You are allowed ___________ccs (milliliters) or ______ cups of fluid per day.

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

31/36

Anything that is liquid at room temperature counts as a fluid. This includesfoods like soup, jello, ice cream, sherbet, popsicles, fruit ice and ice cubes. All

beverages including milk, juice, coffee, tea, soft drinks, alcohol and water formedications count as a fluid.

Measure out your fluid restriction at the beginning of the day and place it in asee-through container in your refrigerator. Use this water to make your coffee andtake your pills. If you drink other beverages, measure the amount and pour the sameamount out of your pitcher of water. This way you can see how much fluid you haveleft for your day. When the water in the pitcher is gone, then you are done drinkingfluids for the day.

Common measurements

1 1/4 quarts = 5 cups =40 ounces =1200 ccs

1 quart = 4 cups =32 ounces =960 ccs

1 pint = 2 cups= 16 ounces= 480 ccs

pint = 1 cup

= 8 ounces= 240 ccs

cup = 4 ounces= 120 ccs

1/4 cup = 2 ounces =60 ccs

2 TBSP = 1/8 cup =1 ounce =30 ccs

Ways to stick to fluid restriction:Drink only when thirsty.Try not to drink to be social or out of habit.Use small glasses or cups.Drain all canned fruits and vegetables.Try to be active so you dont think about drinking.

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

32/36

Put drinks in refrigerator to be chilled instead of adding ice.Take medication with applesauce or other soft food instead of water.

22.

Fluid Restriction (continued)

Tricks to control thirst:Keep blood sugar under control if you are diabetic.Brush your teeth more often or use mouth wash.Follow low sodium diet.Avoid being out in the sun if being in the sun makes you thirsty.

Suck on lemon wedge. Wedges may be frozen first.Eat sour candy or chew gum to moisten your mouth.Suck on a few ice chips. Ice stays in the mouth longer than water, butremember that ice counts as a fluid too.Eat frozen fruit such as grapes, peaches or pineapple chunks.Try eating something like bread with margarine or jelly.

Allowed beverages:If diabetic, use sugar free, low calorie versions of these beverages.

alcohol as permitted by physicianClear carbonated beverages such as ginger ale, Sprite, 7-Upcoffee (limit to 1 cup per day due to potassium content)Hi-C (no orange)Kool-Aidlemonaderoot beertea, brewed or instant (limit to less than 2 cups per day due to potassium content)

AVOIDbeer, alecarbonated cola beverages such as Coke, Pepsi, Dr Pepperclub sodafruit punch and commercial fruit juice beveragesGatoradeKava coffee and specially flavored coffee drinksorange flavored drinks

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

33/36

orange carbonated beverageswater treated with water softener

Also refer to milk list for additional dairy beverages to avoid.

23.

Sample Meal Plan

Your total allowance for the day: Milk:_______servingsMeat:_______servingsStarch:______servingsVeg: _______servingsFruit:_______servingsFat: _______servingsFluid restriction: _______cups per day

Breakfast Milk ______serving_________________________

Meat ______serving_________________________

Starch______serving _________________________ Fruit ______serving

_________________________Fat ______serving

_________________________

Lunch Milk ______serving_________________________

Meat ______serving_________________________

Starch______serving _________________________ Veg ______serving

_________________________

Fruit ______serving_________________________

Fat ______serving_________________________

Dinner Milk ______serving

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

34/36

_________________________Meat ______serving

_________________________Starch______serving _________________________ Veg ______serving

_________________________Fruit ______serving

_________________________Fat ______serving

_________________________

Snack ______serving_________________________

______serving _______________________________serving _________________________

Fluid Restricted Diet

You are allowed ___________mL (milliliters) or ______ cups of fluid per day.

Anything that is liquid at room temperature counts as a fluid. This includesfoods like soup, jello, ice cream, sherbet, popsicles, fruit ice and ice cubes. All

beverages including milk, juice, coffee, tea, soft drinks, alcohol and water formedications count as a fluid.

Measure out your fluid restriction at the beginning of the day and place it in asee-through container in your refrigerator. Use this water to make your coffee andtake your pills. If you drink other beverages, measure the amount and pour the sameamount out of your pitcher of water. This way you can see how much fluid you haveleft for your day. When the water in the pitcher is gone, then you are done drinkingfluids for the day.

Common measurements

1 1/4 quarts = 5 cups =40 ounces =1200 mL

1 quart = 4 cups =32 ounces =960 mL

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

35/36

1 pint = 2 cups= 16 ounces= 480 mL

pint = 1 cup= 8 ounces= 240 mL

cup = 4 ounces= 120 mL

1/4 cup = 2 ounces =60 mL

2 TBSP = 1/8 cup =1 ounce =30 mL

Ways to stick to fluid restriction:

Drink only when thirsty. Try not to drink to be social or out of habit. Use small glasses or cups. Drain all canned fruits and vegetables. Try to be active so you dont think about drinking. Put drinks in refrigerator to be chilled instead of adding ice. Take medication with applesauce or other soft food instead of

water.

7/29/2019 416.Renal Diet[2]

36/36

Fluid Restricted Diet (continued)

Tricks to control thirst:

Keep blood sugar under control if you are diabetic. Brush your teeth more often or use mouth wash. Follow low sodium diet. Avoid being out in the sun if being in the sun makes you thirsty. Suck on lemon wedge. Wedges may be frozen first.

Eat sour candy or chew gum to moisten your mouth. Suck on a few ice chips. Ice stays in the mouth longer than

water, but remember that ice counts as a fluid too. Eat frozen fruit such as grapes, peaches or pineapple chunks. Try eating something like bread with margarine or jelly.

Jefferson Hospital Nutrition Services (412) 469-5797

1/00