41258772 rhino level 1 training manual

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Rhinoceros

NURBS modeling for Windows

Training Manual

Level 1


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Rhinoceros Level 1 Training Manual v3.0

Robert McNeel & Associates 2002

All Rights Reserved.Printed in U.S.A.

Copyright by Robert McNeel & Associates. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is grantedwithout fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or toredistribute to lists requires prior specific permission. Request permission to republish from: Publications, Robert McNeel & Associates, 3670 WoodlandPark Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98103; FAX ( 206 ) 545-7321; e-mail [email protected].


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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Robert McNeel & Associates iii

Table of Contents

List of Exercises v

Part One: Introduction ......................................................................1

Before You Start ................................................................................1

Course Objectives 1

Rhino Basics......................................................................................3

The Rhino for Windows Interface 3

The Rhino Screen 4

Menus 5

Toolbars 5

Graphics Area 6

Command Area 8

The Mouse 8

Entering Commands 8

Help 9

View the Command Line History 10

View Recent Commands 10

Navigating Around the Model 16

Move Objects 18

Copy Objects 20

Changing the View of Your Model 21

Panning and Zooming 22

Resetting Your View 22

Part Two: Creating Geometry.........................................................27

Creating Two-Dimensional Objects ...............................................29

Drawing Lines 29Drawing Free-form Curves 32

Modeling Aids 33

Model Setup 34

Saving Your Work 36

Layers 37

Deleting Objects 42

Precision Modeling .........................................................................45

Absolute Coordinates 46

Relative Coordinates 47

Polar Coordinates 48

Distance and Angle Constraint Entry 49

Viewports 53

Object Snaps 60

Analysis Commands 64

Drawing Circles 67

Drawing Arcs 75Drawing Ellipses and Polygons 80

Modeling Free-Form Curves 87

Modeling Helix and Spiral 90

Editing Objects................................................................................95

Fillet 95

Chamfer 100

Move 104

Copy 106

Undo and Redo 107

Rotate 108

Group 109

Mirror 110

Join 111

Scale 111

Array 114

Trim 118

Split 120

Extend 122

Offset 125

Point Editing ..................................................................................135

Nudge Controls 139


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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T

Robert McNeel & Associates iv

Part Three: 3-D Modeling and Editing..........................................145

Creating Deformable Shapes .......................................................147

Modeling with Solids.....................................................................165

Creating Surfaces..........................................................................176

Importing and Exporting Models .................................................231

Importing and Exporting Rhino File Information 231

Rendering.......................................................................................235

Rendering with Flamingo 245

Dimensions....................................................................................247

Dimensions 247

Making a 2-D Drawing from a 3-D Model 250

Printing...........................................................................................253

Part Four: Customizing Workspaces and Toolbars ...................257

Rhino Settings...............................................................................258

Options 258Document Properties 262

Custom Toolbar Layouts ..............................................................263


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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Robert McNeel & Associates vi


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Part One:

Introduction


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Notes :


1 Before You StartThis course guide accompanies the Level 1 training sessions. Level 1 shows you how to produce 3-Dmodels using NURBS geometry.

In class, you will receive information at an accelerated pace. For best results, practice at a Rhinoworkstation between class sessions, and consult your Rhino reference manual and the Help file foradditional information.

Duration:

3 days

Course Objectives

In Level 1, you learn how to:

Utilize the features of the Rhino user interface

Customize your modeling environment

Create basic graphic objectslines, circles, arcs, curves, solids, and surfaces Model with precision using coordinate input and object snaps

Modify curves and surfaces with edit commands

Use control point editing to modify curves and surfaces

Analyze your model

Display any portion of the model

Export and import models to and from different file formats

Render the model

Rhino uses NURBS for all curveand surface geometry.


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2 Rhino BasicsThe Rhino for Windows Interface

Before learning individual tools, we will get acquainted with the Rhino interface. The following

exercises examine the interface elements used in Rhino: the Rhino window, viewports, menus,toolbars, and dialog boxes.

There are many ways to access the commands in Rhinothe keyboard, menus, and toolbars. We willfocus on the toolbars in this class.

To open Rh ino :

Double-click the Rhino icon from the Windows desktop.


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The Rhino Screen

Rhino divides its window into six areas that supply information or prompt you for input.

Screen Area Description

Menu Bar Access commands, options, and help.

Command area Lists prompts, commands you enter, and information displayed by the command.

Toolbars Access shortcuts to commands and options.

Graphics area Displays the open model. Several viewports can be displayed. The default viewport layoutdisplays four viewports ( Top, Front, Right, Perspective ).

Viewports Displays different views of the model within the graphics area.

Status bar Displays the coordinates of the pointer, the status of the model, options, and toggles.

Rhino screen

Watch the command line to findout what is happening.Menu bar

Commandhistory window

Command

prompt

Standardtoolbar

Graphics area

World axes icon

Viewport title

Main1 and

Main2 toolbars

Status Bar


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Menus

Most of the Rhino commands can be found in the menus.

Rhino View m enu

ToolbarsRhino toolbars contain buttons that provide shortcuts to commands. You can float a toolbar anywhereon the screen, or dock it at the edge of the graphics area

Rhino starts up with the Standard toolbar docked above the graphics area and the Main1 and Main2toolbars docked on the left.


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Tooltips

Tooltips tell what each button does. Move your pointer over a button without clicking it. A small yellow

tag with the name of the command appears. In Rhino, many buttons can execute two commands. Thetooltip indicates which buttons have dual functions.

Flyouts

A button on a toolbar may include other command buttons in a flyout toolbar. Usually the flyout

toolbar contains variations on the base command. After you select a button on the flyout, the flyout

disappears.

Buttons with flyouts are marked with a small white triangle in the lower right corner. To open theflyout toolbar, hold down the left button for a moment or press both buttons at the same time.

The Lines toolbar is linked to the Main1 toolbar.

If you hold the left mouse down over the Line button of the Main1 toolbar, the flyout Lines toolbaropens.

Graphics Area

The Rhino graphics area holding the viewports can be customized to suit your preferences. The

position of viewports can be arranged in different configurations.


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Viewports

Viewports are windows in the display area that show you views of your model. To move and resize

viewports, drag the viewport title or borders. You can create new viewports, rename viewports, anduse predefined viewport configurations. Each viewport has its own construction plane that the cursormoves on and a projection mode.

To toggle between a small viewport and one that fills the graphics area, double-click the viewport title.

Rearranged Rhino screen. Comm and line at the bott om, single maximized viewport, and t oolbarsdocked in different locations.


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Command Area

The command area displays commands and command prompts. It can be docked at the top or the

bottom of the screen or it can float anywhere. The command window shows three lines by default. Toopen a window that displays the command history, press F2. The text in the Command History windowcan be selected and copied to the Windows clipboard.

The Mouse

In a Rhino viewport, the left mouse button selects objects and picks locations. The right mouse buttonhas several functions including panning and zooming, popping up a context-sensitive menu, andacting the same as pressing the Enter key. Use the left mouse button to select objects in the model,commands or options on the menus, and buttons in the toolbars. Use the right mouse button to

complete a command, to move between stages of commands, and to repeat the previous command.The right mouse button is used to initiate commands from some toolbar buttons.

Drag with the right mouse button to pan and rotate in viewports. Use the mouse wheel or hold downthe Ctr l key and drag with the right mouse button to zoom in and out in a viewport. You must pressand hold the right mouse button down to activate this feature.

Entering Commands

Use the command line to type commands, pick command options, type coordinates, type distances,

angles, or radii, type shortcuts, and view command prompts.

To enter information typed at the command line, press Enter , Spacebar , or right mouse button overa viewport.

Not e: Enter and Spacebar perform the same function.

Shortcuts are customizable key combinations. You can program the function keys and Ctr l key

combinations to perform Rhino commands.

Clickable options

To use command options, click the option on the command line or type the underlined letter of the

option and press Enter. (The interior capitalization is meaningless.)


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Autocomplete command name

Type the first few letters of a command name to activate the autocomplete command list. When

enough letters of the command are typed so that it is unique, the command name completes on thecommand line. Press Enter to activate the command once the full command name appears. As youtype command names, the autocomplete command list appears. As you type more letters, the list isnarrowed down to the possible commands. Left click on the command in the list to start it.

Repeating commands

To repeat the last command, right-click in a viewport, or press Enter or spacebar . To repeat previous

commands, right-click in the command line window and select from a list.

Canceling commands

To cancel a command, press Esc or enter a new command from a button or a menu.

Help

Press F1 at any time to access Rhino Help. In addition to finding information about each command,Rhino help has conceptual information as well as many examples and graphics to help you complete

your model. When you are stalled for any reason, the first place you should look is the help file. Youcan also access help for a specific command by starting the command and then press F1 .


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View the Command Line History

The command line history window lists the last 500 command lines from the current Rhino session.

Press F2 to view the command history.

View Recent Commands

Right-click the command line to view recently used commands. To repeat the command, select it fromthe popup menu.


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Exercise 1Rhino basics

1 From the File menu, click Open .

2 In the Open dialog box, select Fi rs t Mode l .3 dm .You will find this model in the Training folder. If you havent copied the files to your hard drivefrom the Training folder on the Rhino CD, you should do this before you proceed.

Two parallel viewports and one perspective viewport.

This model contains five objects: a cube, a cone, a cylinder, a sphere, and a rectangular plane.

You will not be able to select or move the plane. You will learn about how to do this later. It is justthere to provide you with a floor underneath the objects.

Open


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3 From the View menu, click Vi ew po r t Layou t , then click 4 V i e w p o r t s.

Three parallel viewports and one perspective viewport

4 In the Sta tus Bar , click Snap to turn on the grid snap.

Grid snap may already be on in your system. Be careful that you do not turn it off instead of on. Ifgrid snap is on, the word Snap will be black in the status bar. If it is off, the word Snap will be

gray.

Not e: This is an important step. Grid snap only lets your cursor move in certain intervals. In this

model, by default grid snap is set to one half of a grid line. Grid snap helps you line up yourobjects as if you were building with LEGO blocks.

5 Click the mouse in the Perspect i ve viewport to make it active.

The viewport title highlights when it is active. The active viewport is the viewport where all your

commands and actions take place.


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6 Click with the Righ t Mouse Bu t t on (RMB) on the Perspect i ve viewport title, then click Shaded

Disp lay.

The objects appear shaded. Shaded display lets you preview the shapes. The viewport will remain

shaded until you change it back to a wireframe view. You can change any viewport to shadedmode. Later we will discuss the other shaded display options.

Shaded display.


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7 From the Render menu, click Render .

Rendering the model opens a separate render window. The model displays in render colorspreviously assigned to the objects. You can also set lights and a background color. You will learn

about doing this later. You cannot manipulate the view in the render display window but the imagecan be saved to a file.

Render.

8 Close the render window.

9 In the Perspect i ve viewport, click and drag with your right mouse button held down to rotate theview.

The plane helps you stay oriented. If the objects disappear, you are looking at the bottom of theplane.

Rotate the view in shaded display.

10 Right click on the Perspect i ve viewport title, then click Ghosted D isp lay.

Ghosted shade display.

Render


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11 Right click on the Perspect i ve viewport title, then click X-ray D isp lay .

X-Ray shaded display.

12 Right click on the Perspect i ve viewport title, then click Rendered D isp lay .

Rendered display.

13 Change to a Wi re f ram e D i sp lay mode.

14 To rotate your view, drag from the bottom of the view toward the top.

Looking at the objects from the bott om in wireframe m ode.

You are now under the objects looking up.


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15 Change to a Shaded D isp lay mode.

The plane obscures the objects.

Looking at the objects from t he bottom in shaded mode.

In shaded mode, the plane helps you see when your viewpoint is below the objects.

T o ge t back t o you r o r i g i na l v i ew :

Press the H o m e key to undo your view changes.

I f you a re l os t i n space i n t he pe rspec t i ve v i ew :

From the View menu, click Vi ew po r t Layou t , and then click 4 V i e w p o r t s.

This takes you back to the default viewport settings.

Navigating Around the Model

You have used the right mouse button to rotate in the Perspect i ve viewport. You can hold Shi f t anddrag with the right mouse button to pan. Dragging the right mouse button to move around does notinterrupt any commands in progress.

To pan in a viewport:

1 In the To p viewport, hold Shi f t and drag with the right mouse button to pan the view.

Panning with Shift and the right mouse butt on.

2 Pa n the view in the other viewports.

What if

Instead of panning or rotating,something funny happened.

If you right-click quickly once inviewport, the last command

starts again. You must hold theright mouse button down while

panning or rotating.


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Zooming in and out

Sometimes you want to get closer to your objects or move back so you can see more. This is calledzoomi ng . As with many things in Rhino, there are several ways to do this. The easiest way is to holddown the Ctr l key and drag up and down in a viewport with the right mouse button. If you have amouse with a scroll button, turn the mouse wheel to zoom in and out.

T o zoom i n and ou t :

In the To p viewport, hold the Ctr l key, click and hold the right mouse button, and drag the mouse

up and down.

Drag up to zoom in.

Drag down to zoom out.

Zooming with ctrl and the right m ouse butt on.

Zooming extents

The Zoom Extents command zooms a viewport so the objects fill up the viewport as much as possible.

You can use this command to make everything visible.

T o zoom ex t en t s i n a v i ewpo r t :

From the View menu, click Zoom , and then click Ex t en t s.

If you get lost, it is often handy to zoom extents in all your viewports at once, so there is acommand to do just that.

T o zoom ex t en t s i n a l l v i ewpo r t s :

From the View menu, click Zoom , and then click Ext en ts A l l .

Zoom Extents

Left click this button.

Zoom Extents All ViewportsRight click this button


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Move Objects

Dragging follows the construction plane of the current viewport.

Now drag the objects around. You can drag in any viewport. In this model, Snap is set to one-half of agrid line. Using this snap, you should be able to line objects up with each other.

T o move ob j ec t s:

1 Click the cone and drag it.

The cone highlights to show it is selected.

The selected cone highlight s.

2 Drag the cone in the Perspect i ve viewport until it lines up with the cylinder.

It will be inside the cylinder.

The cone moves on the base that is represented by the grid. This base is called a cons t ruc t i on p l ane . Each viewport has its own construction plane. When you start Rhino, the Perspect i ve viewport has the same construction plane as the To p viewport. You will learn more about usingconstruction planes later.

Drag the cone to move it.


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3 In the Front viewport, drag the cone to the top of the cylinder.

Watch what happens in the Perspect i ve viewport.

There are many times when you have to watch what is happening in other viewports to accuratelyplace your objects.

Move the cone in the Front viewport.

4 Click in the Perspect i ve viewport.

5 Change the viewport to a Rendered D isp lay .

Rendered Display.

T ry on You r Ow n

1 Re-open the model. Do not save changes.

2 Drag the objects around.

Use the Front viewport to move the objects vertically and the To p or Perspect i ve viewport tomove them horizontally.


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Copy Objects

To create more objects, copy the shapes.

To s t a r t w i t h a n e w m o d el :


2 Do not save the changes.

3 In the Open dialog box, select Fi rs t Mode l .3 dm .

To copy ob j ec ts :

1 Click the box to select it.

2 From the Transform menu, click Copy .

3 At the Po in t t o copy f rom ( Vertical=No InPlace ) prompt, click somewhere in the To p viewport.

It usually helps to click a spot that relates to the object like the middle.

Select and copy the box.

4 At the Po in t t o copy t o prompt, click where you want the first copy.

Zoom in closer if you like.

5 At the next Po in t t o copy t o prompts, click other places to make more copies of the box.

Make three copies

Copy


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6 When you have enough copies, press Enter .

Shaded display.

T ry on You r Ow n

Make copies of more objects and move them around. See if you can build something.

Changing the View of Your Model

When you add detail to your models, you will need to see different parts of your model with differentmagnifications. You can use the view commands, the mouse, and the keyboard to change the view ina viewport.

Each view corresponds to the view through a camera lens. The invisible target of the camera is locatedin the middle of the viewport.

Viewports

With Rhino, you can open an unlimited number of viewports. Each viewport has its own projection,view, construction plane, and grid. If a command is active, a viewport becomes active when you movethe mouse over it. If a command is not active, you must click in the viewport to activate it.

Parallel vs. Perspective Projection

Unlike other modelers, Rhino lets you work in both parallel and perspective views.

T o t ogg l e a v i ew po r t be t w een pa ra l le l and pe rspec t i ve v i ew :

1 Right-click the viewport title, click Vi ewpo r t P rope r t i es.

2 In the Vi ew po r t P rope r t i es dialog box, click Para l le l or Perspect i ve, and then click OK .


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Panning and Zooming

The simplest way to change the view is to hold down the Shi f t key and drag the mouse with rightmouse button held down. This pans the view. To zoom in and out, hold down the Ctr l key and drag upand down or use the mouse wheel.

You can also use the keyboard to move around:

Key Action + Ctrl

Left Arrow Rotate left Pan left

Right Arrow Rotate right Pan right

Up Arrow Rotate up Pan up

Down Arrow Rotate down Pan downPage Up Zoom in

Page Down Zoom out

Home Zoom previous

End Zoom next

You can change your view in the middle of a command to see precisely where you want to select an

object or select a point.

Resetting Your View

If you get lost, four view techniques can help you get back to a starting place.

T o undo and redo v i ew changes :

Click in a viewport, then press your H o m e or En d key on your keyboard to undo and redo view

changes.

T o se t you r v i ew so you a re l ook i ng s t ra i gh t dow n on t h e const ruc t i on p l ane : From the View menu, click Set View , and then click Plan .

T o b r i ng a l l you r ob j ec t s i n t o v i ew :

From the View menu, click Zoom , and then click Z oom Ex t en t s.

T o br i ng a l l you r ob j ec t s i n t o v i ew i n a l l v i ew po r t s :

From the View menu, click Zoom , and then click Ext en ts A l l .


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Exercise 2Display options

Open the model Camera .3dm .

You will use this to practice changing views. You will create views from six directions including theoblique perspective view.


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T o change t he number o f v i ew po r t s :

1 Make the To p viewport active.

2 From the View menu, click Vi ewpo r t Layout, and then click Spl i t Ver t i ca l .3 Repeat this step for the other parallel views.

4 Right click on the To p viewport title on the left, click Set View , then click Bo t t om .

5 Right click on the Front viewport title on the left, click Set View , then click Lef t .

6 Right click on the Right viewport title on the right, click Set View , then click Back .

7 From the View menu, click Zoom , and then click Ext en ts A l l .

T o synch ron i ze t he v i ew po r t s :

1 Right click on the Front viewport title, click Zoom , and then click Synch ron i ze V i ew s.

All the views are sized to the same scale as the active viewport and aligned with each other.

Split Vertical

Bottom View

Left View

Back View

Zoom Extents All

Synchronize Views


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T o change t he shape o f v i ew po r t s :

1 Move your cursor to the edge of a viewport until you see the resizing or cursor, hold the left

mouse button down, and drag the bar. If two viewports share the edge, both resize.

2 Move your cursor to the corner of a viewport until you see the resizing cursor, hold the left

mouse, and drag the intersection in any direction. If several viewports touch at that corner, allresize.

To z o om t o a w i n d o w :

1 From the View menu, click Zoom , and then click Wi ndow .

2 At the D r a g a w i n d o w t o z o om ( All Dynamic Extents Factor In Out Selected Target ) prompt,

drag a window around a portion of the model.

To zoom a se lec ted ob jec t :

1 Select the shutter release.

2 From the View menu, click Zoom , and then click Selected .

The view zooms to the selected object.

T o ro t a t e t he v i ew :

In a perspective viewport, drag with right mouse button.

In a parallel viewport, use the arrow keys.

Zoom Window

Zoom Selected


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T o max i m i ze and rest o re a v i ewpo r t :

1 Double-click the viewport title to maximize it.

2 Double-click the title of the maximized viewport to restore it to its smaller size and reveal theother viewports.


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Part Two:

Creating Geometry


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3Creating Two-DimensionalObjects

Drawing Lines

The L ine, L ines, and Poly l ine commands draw straight lines. The L ine command draws a single line

segment. The L ines command draws multiple end-to-end line segments. The Poly l ine commanddraws a series of straight segments joined together (a single linear curve with multiple segments).

Exercise 3Drawing lines

1 From the File menu, click New .

Do not save changes.

2 In the Templa te F i le dialog box, click Mi l l i me t e rs.3 dm .

3 From the File menu, click Save As.

4 In the Save As dialog box, type L ines, and then click Save.

T o d raw l i ne segmen t s :

1 From the Curve menu, click L ines, and then click L ine Segments to begin the L ines command.

2 At the St a r t o f l i ne prompt, pick a point in a viewport.

3 At the End o f l i ne ( Undo ) prompt pick another point in a viewport.

A line segment appears between the two points.

4 At the End o f l i n e . Press Enter w hen don e ( Undo ) prompt, pick another point.

You can press the right button instead of pressing the Enter key on your keyboard to terminatethe command.

Line Segments

Right-click for Line Segments


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5 At the End o f l i n e . Press Enter w hen don e ( Close Undo ) prompt, continue to pick points.

Additional segments appear.

Each segment meets but is not joined to the previous segment.

Option Description

Close Closes the shape by drawing a segment from the last point picked to the first point picked. Thisends the command.

Undo Deletes the last point picked.

6 At the End o f l i n e . Press Enter w hen don e ( Close Undo ) prompt, press Enter to end thecommand.

To use the Close op t ion :

1 From the Curve menu, click L ines, and then click L ine Segments to begin the L ines command.

2 At the St a r t o f l i ne prompt, pick a point.

3 At the End o f l i ne ( Undo ) prompt pick another point.

4 At the End o f l i ne . ( Undo ) prompt, pick another point.

5 At the End o f l i ne . ( Close Undo ) prompt, click Close.

The last line will end at the original start point.

T o d raw a po l y l i ne :

1 From the Curve menu, click L ines, and then click Poly l ine to begin the Poly l ine command.

2 At the St a r t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick a point.

3 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne ( Undo ) prompt pick another point.

4 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . ( Undo ) prompt, pick another point.

5 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . ( Close Undo ) prompt, continue to pick points.

To use the Undo op t ion :

1 From the Curve menu, click L ines, and then click Poly l ine to begin the Poly l ine command.

2 At the St a r t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick a point.

3 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne ( Undo ) prompt pick another point.


5 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . ( Close Undo ) prompt, click Undo .

One segment of the polyline is removed.

Polyline

Left click for Polyline.


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7 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . ( Close Undo )prompt, press Enter to end the command.

T o d raw a s i ng l e l ine segmen t :

1 From the Curve menu, click L ines, and then click Sing le L ine to begin the L ine command.

2 At the St a r t o f l i ne ( Normal Angled Vertical FourPoint Bisector Perpendicular Tangent ExtendBothSides ) prompt, pick a point.

3 At the End o f l i ne ( BothSides )prompt, pick another point.

The command ends after one segment is drawn.

To use the BothSides op t ion :1 From the Curve menu, click L ines, and then click Sing le L ine to begin the L ine command.

2 At the St a r t o f l i ne ( Normal Angled Vertical FourPoint Bisector Perpendicular Tangent ExtendBothSides ) prompt, click BothSides.

3 At the Midd le o f l i ne (Normal Angled Vertical FourPoint Bisector Perpendicular Tangent Extend )prompt, pick a point.

4 At the End o f l i n e prompt, pick another point.

A segment is drawn with equal length on both sides of the start point.

Single Line


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Drawing Free-form Curves

The I n t e r p C r v and Curve commands draw free-form curves. The I n t e r p C r v command draws a curvethrough the points you pick. The Curve command uses control points to create a curve.

Exercise 4Drawing interpolated curves

1 From the Curve menu, click Free- fo rm , and then click I n t e rpo l a t e Po i n t s.

2 At the St a r t o f cu rve ( Degree=3 Knots=SqrtChordStartTangent )prompt, pick a point.

3 At the Nex t po i n t o f cu rve ( Degree=3 Knots=SqrtChordEndTangent Undo )prompt, pickanother point.

4 At the next several Nex t po i n t o f cu rve ( Degree=3Knots=SqrtChordEndTangent Close

Sharp=NoUndo )prompts, pick more points.Or, click an option, and press Enter .

Option Description

Close Closes the shape by drawing a segment from the last point picked to the first point picked.This ends the command.

EndTangent After choosing a point on another curve, the next segment will be tangent to the point youpicked and end the command.

Undo Deletes the last point picked.Degree You can set the degree of the curve.

Knots Determines how the interpolated curve is parameterized.

When you draw an interpolated curve, the points you pick are converted into knot values onthe curve. The parameterization means how the intervals between knots are chosen:

Sharp When you make a closed curve, it will come to a point instead of making a smooth closure asit normally does.

Exercise 5Drawing curves from control points1 From the Curve menu, click Free- fo rm , and then click Cont r o l Po in ts.

2 At the St a r t o f cu rve ( Degree=3 ) prompt, pick a point.

3 At the Nex t po i n t ( Degree=3Undo )prompt, pick another point.

4 At the Nex t po i n t ( Degree=3Close Sharp=NoUndo )prompts, pick more points.

Or, click an option, and press Enter .

Interpolated Points

Control Point Curve

Notice that most of the points youpick are off the curve as controlpoints.

N


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Notes :


Modeling Aids

Modes are modeling aids that you can toggle on or off by pressing shortcut keys, a function key,

typing a single letter command, or clicking a button.

ModeFunctionKey Description

Ortho F8 or Shift Ortho on restricts cursor movement to the points at a specified angle from the last pointcreated. The default angle is 90 degrees.

Pressing and holding the Shift key down toggles Ortho. If Ortho is set to on, hold downthe Shift key to toggle Ortho off. If Ortho is off, hold down the Shift key to toggle Ortho on.

Grid F7 Hides or shows a reference grid in the current viewport of the graphics screen at theconstruction plane.

Snap F9 or S Forces the marker to snap on grid intersections.

Planar P This is a modeling aid similar to Ortho. This helps you model planar objects by forcinginput to be on a plane parallel to the construction plane that passes through the last pointthat you picked.

Click the Snap , Or t ho , and Planar panes on the status bar to toggle these modeling aids on and off.

Exercise 6Drawing lines and curves using mode functions

1 Toggle Snap on and draw some lines.

The marker snaps to each grid intersection.

2 Toggle Snap off, toggle Or t ho on and draw some lines and curves.

You can only input points that are at 90 degree intervals from the last point. Using Snap andOrtho toggles you can draw with precision. We will discuss other ways to get precision in a latersession.

Notes


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Notes :


Model Setup

In Rhino you can create full-size models using precise measurements. You might need to change the

modeling environment depending on the type of model you are creating; the default options may notalways work.

To change th e op t ions :

1 From the File menu, click Prope r t i es.

2 In the Docum en t P rope r t i es dialog box, under Rhino Opt ion s, click Model ing A ids.

Model ing A ids lets you control Or t ho , Object Snap , Grid Snap , and other mode options.

3 Change the Or t ho option to snap every 3 0 degrees.

Document Properties

Notes :


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Notes :


4 In the Docum en t P rope r t i es dialog box, click Grid .

5 In Grid properties, change the following settings.

You can change the appearance of the modeling environment by changing the grid elements. Thegrid spacing, the frequency of the major lines, and the number of grid elements can be changed.The Grid dialog box lets you configure grid settings.

6 Change the Gr id Exten t s setting to 1 0 .

7 Change the Mi no r g r i d l i nes eve ry setting to 1 .

8 Change the Maj o r l i nes eve ry setting to 4 .

9 Change the Snap Spacing setting to .2 5 , and click OK .

10 Draw some more lines and curves with Snap and Or t ho on.

Notice that the marker now snaps between the grid intersections and that Or t ho snaps at every30 degrees.

The value for Grid extents is foreach quadrant.

Notes :


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Notes :


11 Try to draw the closed polyline below with Snap and Or t ho turned on.

12 From the Tools menu, click Opt i ons.

13 In the Docum en t P rope r t i es dialog box, click Model ing A ids.

14 Change the Or t ho options to snap every 90 degrees.

Saving Your Work

Save your work periodically during a session to keep it from getting accidentally deleted.

T o save you r m ode l :

From the File menu, click Save.

Or, click one of the other options. You will have an opportunity to save your work.

Command Description

Save Saves your model and keeps it open.

SaveSmall Save your model without render or analysis meshes and preview image to minimize filesize.

IncrementalSave Save sequentially numbered versions of your model.

SaveAs Saves your model to a specified file name, location, and format.

SaveAsTemplate Save as a template.

Save

It is good practice to save yourmodel in stages under differentnames, using the Save Ascommand. This lets you go backto an earlier version of yourmodel for modifications ifnecessary.

Notes :


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Notes :


Layers

Rhino layers work like CAD layering systems. By creating objects on different layers, you can edit andview related portions of a model separately or as a composite. You can create as many layers as you

like.

You can display all layers simultaneously or turn any of them off. You can lock layers so they are

displayed but cannot be selected. Each layer has a color. You can assign a name to each layer (forexample, Base, Body, Top) to organize the model or you can use preset layer names (Default,Layer 01, Layer 02, Layer 03).

The Layers window manages layers. Use it to set up layers for your model.

Exercise 7Layers

T o crea t e a new l aye r :

1 From the Edit menu, click Layers, and then click Layers.

The Defau l t layer is created automatically when you start a new model with no template. If youuse a standard Rhino template, a few additional layers are also created.

2 In the Layers window, click New .

3 The new Laye r 06 appears in the list, type L ine and press Enter .

4 Click New .

Layers

Notes :


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5 The new Layer 0 6 appears in the list, type Curve and press Enter .

To ass ign a co lo r to a layer :

1 Click the Color patch on the L ine row in the list.

2 In the Select Color dialog box, click Re d from the list.

The right half of the sample rectangle turns red.

Hue, Sat, Val are the hue, saturation and value components of the color.

R, G, and B are the red, green and blue components of the color.

3 Click OK .

4 In the Layers window, the new color appears in the color bar on the Line row of the layer list.

5 Repeat steps 13 to make the Curve layer Blue.

6 Click OK to close the dialog box.

T o make a l aye r cu r ren t :

1 In the Sta tus Bar , click the Layer pane.

2 In the Layer popup, click L ine.

Clicking the name or the checkbox sets the current layer.

3 Draw some lines.

The lines are on the Line layer and they are colored red.

Hue is controlled by moving theline around the circular portion ofthe color wheel.

Hue is the color that is referred toas a scale ranging from redthrough yellow, green and blueand then circularly back to red.

Saturation and Value arecontrolled by moving the smallcircle around in the square

portion in the middle of the colorwheel.

Saturation is the vividness ofhue. Value is the relativelightness or darkness of a color.

Notes :


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4 To make a different layer current, click the Layer pane of the status bar.

5 Click Curve.

6 Draw some curves.

They are on the Curve layer and are colored blue.

7 Draw more lines and curves on each layer.

To lock a layer :


2 In the Layers window, click the Lock icon in the row for L ine, and click OK .

Locking a layer turns it into a reference only layer. You can see and snap to objects on lockedlayers. You cannot select any objects on locked layers. You cannot make a locked layer currentwithout unlocking it.

T o t u rn a l aye r o f f :


2 In the Layers window, click the On / Of f icon (light bulb) in the row for Curve, and click OK .

Turning a layer off makes all objects on it invisible.

Exercise 8Selecting objects

To se lec t a s ing le ob j ec t :

Move your pointer arrow over the object and left-click.

The object turns yellow, which is the default highlight color.

T o se l ect m o re t han one ob j ec t :

1 Move your pointer arrow over the first object and left-click.

2 While holding the Shi f t key down, move your pointer over another object and left click.

Notes :


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T o se l ect m o re t han one ob j ec t us i ng a w i ndow :

1 Move your pointer arrow into an open area to the left of the objects you want to select.

2 Hold your left mouse button down and drag diagonally to the right until you have several objects

inside the selection box.

The window selection box is a solid rectangle

3 Release your mouse button.

All objects completely inside the selection box will be selected.

4 To add to your selection set, hold the Shi f t key down while making another selection.

T o se l ect m o re t han one ob j ec t us i ng a c ross i ng w i ndow :

1 Move your pointer arrow into an open area to right of the objects you want to select.Hold your left mouse button down and drag diagonally to the left until you have several objectsinside or touching the box.

The crossing selection box is a dotted rectangle.

2 Release your mouse button.

All objects inside or touching the box will be selected.

3 To add to your selection set, hold the Shi f t key down while making another selection.

To h ide an ob jec t :

1 Select an object.

2 From the Edit menu, click Vis ib i l i t y , and then click Hide .

The object becomes invisible.

T o show h i dden ob j ec t s :

From the Edit menu, click Vis ib i l i t y , and then click Show .

The Show command redisplays all hidden objects.

To lock an ob j ec t :

1 Select an object.

2 From the Edit menu, click Vis ib i l i t y , and then click Lock .

The object becomes shaded gray. You can see the locked object, you can snap to it, but youcannot select it.

Hide

Left click for hide.

Show

Right click this button.

Lock

Notes :


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To un lock locked ob jec ts :

From the Edit menu, click Vis ib i l i t y , and then click Unlock .

The Unlock command redisplays all locked objects.

T o change an ob j ec t f r om one l aye r t o ano t he r :

1 Select an object.

2 From the Edit menu, click Layers, and then click Change Ob jec t Layer .

3 In the Laye r f o r ob j ec t dialog box, select the new layer for the object, and click OK .

Unlock

Right-click for unlock.

Change Layer

Notes :


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Deleting Objects

Delete removes selected objects from the model. Use Dele te to practice selection.

Exercise 9Practice using delete and selection options


2 In the Open dialog box click Dele te .3 dm and click Open ,or double-click Dele te.3 dm to openthe model.

3 Select the square and the circle.

4 From the Edit menu, click Dele te or press the Dele te key.

The objects disappear.

T o s t a r t t he f i r s t p rac t i ce :

1 Select one of the lines on the hexagon in the To p viewport.

Because there are several curves superimposed on each other, the selection menu appears,allowing you to select one of the curves.

2 Select the top curve from the list.

Notes :


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3 From the Edit menu, click Dele te.

Observe one disappear in the Perspect i ve viewport.

4 In the Top viewport, use a crossing box to select the surface and the polyline in the top right part

of the drawing.Both objects are selected.


6 Make a window to select the polyline and the cylinder in the lower right part of the drawing.

Only those objects that are completely inside the window are selected.


8 Continue deleting objects in the drawing.

Practice using different selection methods to select and deselect objects. Use crossing andwindow. The Shi f t key while selecting will let you add to your selection set. The Ctr l key whileselecting will let you to remove objects from your selection set.

Undo

Left click for undo.

Notes :

T d d l t i


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To undo de le t ions :

From the Edit menu, click Undo .

Each time you click, Undo takes you back one command.

To redo:

From the Edit menu, click Redo.

Each time you click, the previous Undo is reinstated.

Redo

Right-click for redo.

Notes :


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4 Precision ModelingSo far you have been drawing imprecise lines. Now you will try drawing lines at specific places. To dothis you will use coo rd i na t es .

Whenever you draw a curve, or create a solid primitive, Rhino asks you for a series of points. You cantell that Rhino is asking for point input two ways: the command prompt has a prompt like St a r t o fl i ne, St a r t o f po l y l i ne, St a r t o f cu rv e, or Nex t po i n t and the arrow-shaped cursor turns into across-shaped cursor.

You can enter a point two ways: pick a point in a viewport with the mouse, or type coordinates at thecommand line.

Rhino uses a fixed Cartesian coordinate system called the world coordinate system (WCS), based onthree axes (the x-, y-, and z-axes) that define locations in three-dimensional space.

Each viewport has a construction plane that defines coordinates for that viewport. We will work in theTo p and Perspect i ve viewports where the two coordinate systems are the same.

Set the units and tolerance of themodel before you begin.

You can change the toleranceafter you start, but objectscreated before the change stillhave the old tolerance value.

Cross-shaped cursor

Notes :

Absolute Coordinates


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Absolute Coordinates

The first forms of coordinates you will use are called abso lu te coordinates. Absolute coordinates areexact locations relative to the x-, y-, and z-axes.

Exercise 10Setting up a model

1 From the File menu, click New .

2 Click Mi l l i me t e rs.3 dm , and then click Open .

3 From the File menu, click Save As.

Name the model BOXES.

Use the BOXES.3 dm model to learn how to draw with absolute coordinates.

Exercise 11Entering absolute coordinates

1 Double-click the viewport title to maximize the To p viewport,.

2 From the Curve menu, click L ines, and then click Poly l ine .

3 At the St a r t o f po l y l i ne prompt, type 0 ,0 and press Enter .

4 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne ( Undo )prompt, type 5 ,0 and press Enter .

5 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . Press Enter when done ( Undo )prompt, type 5 ,5 and press

Enter .

6 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . Press Enter when done ( CloseUndo )prompt, type 0 ,5 and pressEnter .

7 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . Press Enter when done ( CloseUndo )prompt, click Close to closethe polyline.

Polyline

Left click for Polyline.

Notes :

Relative Coordinates


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Relative Coordinates

Absolute coordinates can be slow and cumbersome, but they do work. Most of the time, r e l a t i ve coordinates are easier to use. Every time you select a point, Rhino saves that point as the l as t po in t .

Relative coordinates are based on the last point entered, instead of on the origin (0,0,0) of theconstruction plane.

Precede the x,y,z coordinates with a single R to enter relative coordinates.

Exercise 12Entering relative coordinates



3 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne ( Undo ) prompt, type R5,0 and press Enter .These are absolute coordinates.

4 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . Press Enter when done ( Undo )prompt, type R0,5 and pressEnter .

These are relative coordinates.

5 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . Press Enter when done ( Close Undo )prompt, type R-5,0 andpress Enter .

6 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . Press Enter when done ( Close Undo ) prompt, click Close to close

the polyline.

Notes :

Polar Coordinates


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Polar Coordinates

Polar coord ina tes specify a point that is a distance and direction away from 0,0 in the currentconstruction plane. For example, if you want a point four units away from the construction plane

origin, at a 45 angle clockwise from the construction plane x-axis, type 4


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Distance and Angle Constraint Entry

Using distance constraint entry, you can specify a point by typing a distance and pressing Enter . Thenas you move your cursor in any direction, the distance from the last point will be constrained. This is a

good way to specify a line length quickly.

Using angle constraint entry, you can specify an angle by typing < followed by a value and pressingEn ter . The next point is constrained to lines at multiples of the angle relative to the x-axis youspecified.

Usi ng t he Sh i f t key t o t ogg l e Or t ho on and o f f :

When Ortho is off you can hold the Shi f t key down to toggle it on. This method is an efficient way todraw perpendicular lines. In the following example, draw a line 5 units long using distance constraints.

Exercise 14Distance constraint entry



3 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne ( Undo ) prompt, type 5 and press Enter .

4 Hold the Shi f t key down and pick a point to the right.

Ortho constrains the cursor to 0 degrees.

Distance constraining v alue 5

5 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . Press Enter when done ( Undo )prompt, type 5 and press Enter .6 Hold the Shi f t key down and pick a point up.

Ortho constrains the cursor to 90 degrees

7 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . Press Enter when done ( Close Undo )prompt, type 5 and pressEnter .

8 Hold the Shi f t key down and pick a point to the left.

Ortho constrains the cursor to 180 degrees.

Notes :

9 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . Press Enter when done ( Close Undo )prompt, click Close to close


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the polyline.

Exercise 15Distance and angle constraint entry1 From the Curve menu, click L ines, and then click Poly l ine .

2 At the St a r t o f po l y l i ne prompt, type 16,5 and press Enter .

3 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne ( Undo ) prompt, type 5 and press Enter , then type < 4 5 andpress Enter .

As you drag your cursor around the marker snaps to a distance of 5 and an angle of 45 degrees.

4 Pick a point down and to the right.

The angle constraint sets the angle.

Angle constraint value 30

5 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . Press Enter when done ( Undo )prompt, type 5 and press Enter ,then type < 4 5 and press Enter .

6 Pick a point up and to the right.

The angle constraint sets the angle.

7 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne . Press Enter when done ( Close Undo )prompt, type 5 and pressEnter , then type


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1 Start a new model. Save as Ar row .

2 Draw the arrow with a polyline, using a combination of absolute coordinates (x,y), relativecoordinates (Rx,y), polar coordinates (Rdistance


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1 Select the polyline (1).

2 From the Sur face menu and click Revo lve.

3 Toggle Snap on.

4 At the St a r t o f r evo l ve ax i s prompt, select the end of the arrow along the centerline (2).5 At the End o f revo lv e ax is prompt, select the other end of the arrow (3) along the centerline.

6 In the Revo lve Opt ion s dialog box, click OK .

Your arrow is now a three-dimensional model.

Revolve

Notes :

Viewports


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Viewports are windows in the Rhino graphics area that show you a view of your model. To move andresize viewports, drag the viewport title or borders. The cursor moves along a construction plane,

which is defined for each viewport. You can create new viewports, rename viewports, and usepredefined viewport configurations. To activate a viewport click anywhere in the viewport and the titlehighlights. If you are in a command sequence, you simply have to move your cursor into a viewport toactivate it.

Notes :

Construction planes


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The construction plane is the guide used for modeling Rhino objects. Points you pick are always on theconstruction plane unless you use coordinate input, elevator mode, or object snaps.

Each construction plane has its own axes, a grid, and an orientation relative to the world coordinatesystem.

Default construction planes are provided with the default viewports.

The To p construction plane x- and y-axes align with the world x- and y-axes.

The Right construction plane x- and y-axes align with the world y- and z-axes.

The Front construction plane x- and y-axes align with the world x- and z-axes.

The Perspect i ve viewport uses the To p construction plane.

Each construction plane has a grid. The grid is a plane of perpendicular lines lying on the constructionplane. On default grids, every fifth line is slightly thicker. The red line represents the constructionplane x-axis. The green line represents the construction plane y-axis. The red and green lines meet at

the construction plane origin.

The red and green axes on the grid are the x- and y-axes of that viewports construction plane. Theconstruction plane axes happen to be lined up with world axes when you first start Rhino, so it isconfusing in the front and side viewports where the y-axis of the construction plane happens to bepointing up in the world z- direction. The icon in the left hand corner always shows world coordinates,which are different from the construction plane axes.

Exercise 17Modeling in 3-D space

Rhino makes it easy to draw in 3-D space. You can draw on a different construction plane by simplymoving your cursor into a different viewport. Another useful tool for modeling in 3-D space ise leva t o r mode .

In the following exercise we will draw in different viewports and use elevator mode to move some

points in 3-D space.

Notes :

You will use Snap and Ortho to draw in different viewports.

1 Open the model Chair 3dm


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1 Open the model Chair .3dm .

The model units are centimeters.

2 Toggle Planar and Snap on. Toggle Or t ho on as needed.3 From the Curve menu, click L ines, and then click Poly l ine .

4 Move your cursor into the Front viewport.


6 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, use coordinate input to draw the first part of the chairframe.

7 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, move your cursor to the Right viewport to draw ahorizontal line.

8 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, move your cursor to the Front viewport hold down theCtr l key, and pick the point at the lower end of the diagonal line.

Notes :

Holding the Ctr l key while clicking with the left mouse button activates elevator mode

Eleva t o r m ode lets you pick points that are off the construction plane Elevator mode requires


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Eleva t o r m ode lets you pick points that are off the construction plane. Elevator mode requirestwo point picks to completely define the point. The first specifies the base point. The secondspecifies how far the final point is above or below the base point.

After the base point is specified, the marker is constrained to a tracking line perpendicular to theconstruction plane that passes through the base point.

Pick a second point to specify the coordinate of the desired point. You can pick a point with themouse, or type a single number to specify the height above the construction plane. Positive

numbers are above the construction plane; negative numbers are below.

9 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, release the Ctr l key, move your cursor to the Right viewport and adjust the point until it lines up with the other part of the chair, and pick.

10 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, continue drawing the rest of the chair frame.

11 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, on the next to the last segment you will have to useelevator mode again.

Notes :

12 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, click Close.


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We now want to draw along the chair back, so we will change the construction plane.

To change the const ruc t io n p lane :

1 On the Sta tus Bar , click Osnap , and check En d .

2 From the View menu, click Set CPlane , then click 3 Po i n t s.

3 At the CPlane or ig in prompt, move your cursor to the Perspect i ve viewport, and pick the vertex(1) at the back of the chair.

4 At the X ax is d i rec t ion prompt, pick the vertex (2) at the other side of the back.

5 At the CPlane or ien ta t ion prompt, pick the vertex (3) at the top of the chair.

The construction plane is now aligned with the back of the chair.

Set CPlane: 3 Points

Notes :

6 Draw some lines on the new construction plane.


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To make i t so l id :

1 Select the chair frame.

2 From the Sol id menu, click Pipe.3 At the Rad i us f o r c losed p i pe < 1> ( D i am e t e r ) prompt, type 3 and press Enter .

The chair has a solid frame.

4 Save the model.

O n y ou r o w n :

Try some variations and add some features.

Pipe

Notes :

Exercise 18Practice using distance and angle constraints

1 Start a new model using the Mi l l i me t e rs template. Save as V-Block .


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g p

2 Double-click the viewport title in the Front viewport to maximize it.

Create the following model in the front construction plane.3 Draw the object below using a combination of absolute coordinates (x,y), relative coordinates

(rx,y), and relative polar coordinates (rdistance ( Direction Cap=Yes BothSides Tapered ) prompt, type 6 0 andpress Enter .

You can view the model as a three-dimensional object in the Perspect i ve viewport.

9 Save your model.

Extrude Planar Curve

Notes :

Object Snaps

Object Snaps are tools for specifying points on existing objects. Use them for precision modeling and


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Object Snapsare tools for specifying points on existing objects. Use them for precision modeling andto get accurate data. Object snaps are often referred to as osnaps. In Rhino, reliable modeling and

easy editing depends on objects actually meeting at specified points. Objects snaps give you precisionyou cannot get using the eyeball method

To open the Osnap too lbar

Click the Osnap pane in the status bar.

This toolbar controls persistent object snaps.Use persistent objects snaps to maintain an object snapthrough choosing several points without having to reactivate the object snap.

When an object snap is active, moving the cursor near an eligible point on an object causes the

marker to jump to that point and a tooltip to appear.

Check a box to turn on the object snap.You can place the toolbar anywhere on your desktop.

Command Button Description

End End snaps to the end of a curve, surface edge or polyline segment.

Near Near snaps to the nearest point on an existing curve or surface edge.

Point Point snaps to a control point or point object.

Mid Midpoint snaps to the midpoint of a curve or surface edge.

Cen Center snaps to the center point of a curve. This works best with circles and arcs. Withother curves, you will snap to the center points of circles based on the curvature at anygiven point.

Int Intersection snaps to the intersection of two curves.

Perp Perpendicular To snaps to the point on a curve that makes a perpendicular to the lastselected point. Works only when you are selecting a series of points.

Tan Tangent To snaps to the point on a curve that makes a tangent to the last selectedpoint. This only works when you are selecting a series of points.

Quad Quad snaps to the quadrant point. The quadrant point is the maximum or minimumdirection on a curve in the x or y construction plane direction.

Knot Knot snaps to knot points on curves or surface edges.


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Notes :

8 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, snap to the endat the upper left corner of the first box.

The marker snaps to the end of the line.


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9 Pick to draw the polyline, and press Enter .

Using Near and Perpend icu la r t o ob jec t snaps:

1 In the Osnap too lbar check Near and Perp , clear En d and Mid .


3 At the St a r t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick on the lower edge the circle at the top right.

The marker snaps to the point on the circle nearest to where the cursor is positioned.

4 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick the top horizontal edge of the second square.

The marker snaps to a point making a perpendicular to the previous point.

5 Pick to draw the polyline, and press Enter .

Usi ng I n t e rsect i on and T angen t t o ob j ec t snaps :

1 In the Osnap too lbar check I n t and Ta n ; clear Near and Perp .


3 At the St a r t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick the intersection where the diagonal line crosses the verticalline on the first square.

The marker snaps to the intersection between the two lines.

Notes :

4 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick the top, left edge of the circle on the right.

The marker snaps to a point tangent to the circle.

5 Pi k t d th l li t d E


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5 Pick to draw the polyline segment, and press Enter .

Using Center o f ob j ec t snap:

1 In the Osnap too lbar check Cen , clear I n t and Ta n .


3 At the St a r t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick on the edge of a circle.

The marker snaps to the center of the circle.

4 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick on the edge of the other circle.

The marker snaps to the center of the circle.

5 Pick to draw the polyline segment, and press Enter .

Using Quadran t o f ob j ec t snap:

1 In the Osnap too lbar check Quad , clear Cen .


3 At the St a r t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick a point on the top edge of the first circle.

The marker snaps to the quadrant point of the circle.

4 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick the left edge of the circle.

The marker snaps to the quadrant point of the circle.

Notes :

5 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick the bottom edge of the circle.

6 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt, pick the right edge of the circle.

7 At the Nex t po i n t o f po l y l i ne prompt click Close


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Analysis Commands

Rhino provides analysis tools for finding lengths, angles, areas, distances, and the volume andcentroid of solids. Additional commands let you analyze curve curvature, determine continuitybetween curves, and find unjoined edges.

Command Description

Distance Displays the distance between two points.

Length Displays the length of an object.Angle Displays the angle between two lines.

Radius Measures the radius of curvature of a curve, circle, or arc at the point where you pick the curveand displays it on the command line.

EvaluatePt The Cartesian coordinates of the point, in both world and construction plane coordinates aredisplayed on the command line in x,y,z format.

T o f ind t he d i s t ance be t w een t w o po i n t s :

1 From the Ana lyze menu, click Measure D is tance.2 At the Fi r s t po i n t f o r d i s t ance prompt, pick the intersection where a diagonal line intersects a

vertical line.

3 At the Second po in t fo r d i s tance prompt, pick the intersection where the other diagonal lineintersects the same vertical line.

Use object snaps.

Distance


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Notes :

5 At the End o f second l i ne prompt, select a point that defines the end of the second angle line.


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The angle displays on the command line in the following format:

Angle is 21.7711 degrees

To measure th e rad ius o f a c i rc le :1 From the Ana lyze menu, click Measure Rad ius.

2 At the Se l ect po i n t on cu rve f o r r ad i us measu remen t prompt, select one of the circles.

This also measures a radius on a curve.

The radius displays on the command line in the following format:

Radius at pick point is 2.5

Radius


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Notes :

Circle options

Option Description


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Deformable Draws an approximation of a circle with a defined number of control points..

Vertical Draw a circle perpendicular to the construction plane.

Exercise 20Drawing circles

To draw a cen ter , rad ius c i rc le :

1 From the Curve menu, click Circle .

2 At the Center o f c i rc le ( Deformable Vertical 2Point 3Point Tangent AroundCurve ) prompt, type

20 , 10 and press Enter .

3 At the Rad i us < 1> ( Diameter ) prompt, type 3 and press Enter .

A circle is created.

T o d raw a cen t e r , d i ame t e r c i r c l e :


2 At the Center o f c i rc le ( Deformable Vertical 2Point 3Point Tangent AroundCurve ) prompt, type20,3 and press Enter .

3 At the Rad i us < 3> ( Diameter ) prompt, click Di ame t e r .

4 At the D i am e t e r < 6 .0 0 > ( Radius )prompt, type 5 and press Enter .

A circle is created that is based on a center point and a diameter. The Diameter option will be thedefault until you change it.

Circle

Notes :

T o d raw a 3 -po i n t c i r c l e :


2 At the Center o f c i rc le ( Deformable Vertical 2Point 3Point Tangent AroundCurve ) prompt, click


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( g ) p p ,3Po in t .

3 At the F i rs t po in t on c i rc le prompt, snap to an En d on one of the squares.

4 At the Second po in t on c i rc le prompt, snap to another vertex on the same square.

5 At the T h i rd po i n t on c i r c le prompt, snap to a third vertex on the other square.

A circle is created with a circumference that intersects the three ends you picked.

T o d raw a d i ame t e r c i r c l e :



2Po in t .

3 At the F i rs t po in t on c i rc le prompt, pick a point on the screen.

4 At the Second po in t on c i rc le prompt, type 3 and press Enter , then turn Or t ho on and pick tothe right.

A circle is created with the two points you picked as the diameter, and the diameter wasconstrained to a value of 3.

Circle 3Pt

Circle Diameter

Notes :

T o d raw a t angen t , t angen t , r ad i us c i r c l e :




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Tangent .

3 At the F i rs t po in t ( Point )prompt, select the circle you just created near the top edge.

4 At the Second po i n t o r r ad i us < 5> ( Point FromFirstPoint ) prompt, type 2 and press Enter .

5 At the Second po i n t o r r ad i us < 2> ( Point FromFirstPoint )prompt, pick the other circle.

A circle is created that is tangent to the two circles you selected with a radius of 2.

T o d raw a t angen t , t angen t , t angen t c i r c l e :



Tangent .

3 At the F i rs t po in t ( Point )prompt, select a circle you created.

4 At the Second po i n t o r r ad i us < 2> ( Point FromFirstPoint )prompt, select another circle or line.

5 At the T h i rd po i n t ( Point )prompt, pick another piece of geometry.

A circle is created that is tangent to the three pieces of geometry that you selected.

T o d raw a c i r cl e ve r t i ca l t o t he cons t ruc t i on p l ane :


Circle Tangent, Tangent, Radius

Circle Tangent to 3 Curves

Notes :

2 At the Center o f c i rc le ( Deformable Vertical 2Point 3Point Tangent AroundCurve ) prompt, clickVer t i ca l .

3 At the Center o f c i rc le ( 2Point ) prompt, pick a point.

4 At the R d i 4 ( Diameter ) prompt type 3 and press E t


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4 At the Rad i us < 4> ( Diameter )prompt, type 3 and press Enter .

The circle is drawn perpendicular to the construction plane. You will be able to see it in the one ofthe other viewports.

T o d raw a c i r c le a round a cu rve :


2 At the Center o f c i rc le ( Deformable Vertical 2Point 3Point Tangent AroundCurve ) prompt, clickAroundCurve.

3 At the Center o f c i rc le prompt, pick a point.

4 At the Rad i us < 2> ( Radius )prompt, click Radius.5 At the Radius ( Diameter ) prompt, type 1 and press Enter .

The circle is drawn perpendicular to the curve at the point you picked. You will be able to see it inthe Perspect i ve viewport.

Notes :

Exercise 21Practice drawing circles

1 Start a new model. Save as Circ les.

2 From the Edit menu, click Layers, and then click Edit .


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3 In the Layers window, click the New icon three times.4 Rename the new layers Box , L ine, Circ le.

5 Change the color of the Box layer to g reen , L ine to cyan , and Circ le to r ed .

6 Draw the lines and circles on the appropriate layers.

Use L ine Segments for the box and Sing le L ine for the centerlines. You will use several of the

circle options and object snaps to complete this model.

Circle

Circle TTR

Circle 2P

All circles R2.0

15.00

7.50

20.0010.00

T o make i t 3 -D :

1 Select the lines that form the rectangle.

2 From the Sur face menu, click Ex t rude.

3 At the Dis tance ( Direction BothSides=No Cap=No Mode=Straight )prompt, click Cap .

4 At the Dis tance ( Direction BothSides=No Cap=Yes Mode=Straight )prompt, type 2 and pressEnter .

The rectangle generates a box.


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Notes :

T o d raw t h e t angen t l i nes:

1 From the Curve menu, click L ines, and then click Sing le L ine .

2 At the St a r t o f l i ne ( Normal Angled Vertical FourPoint Bisector Perpendicular Tangent ExtendBothSides ) prompt click Tangent


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BothSides )prompt, click Tangent .

3 At the St a r t o f l i ne prompt, pick on the edge of one of the circles near where you want thetangent line to attach.

4 At the End o f l i ne prompt, pick on the edge of another circle it will find the tangent points foryou.

5 Continue to use this command to complete the model.

6 Save your model.

Line Tangent to 2 Curves

Notes :

Drawing Arcs

You can create arcs using various points on the arc and construction geometry.

You can continue an existing curve with an arc to an existing curve to a point or by an angle.


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Button Command Description

Arc Draw an arc from the center, start, and angle.

Arc 3Points Draw an arc from three points.

Arc Start, End, Direction Draw an arc from start point, end point, and the direction from thestart point. The direction can be entered after the start point is

entered or after the end point is entered.Arc Tangent, Tangent,ThroughPoint

Creates an arc from tangents and radius.

Arc Start End Radius Creates an arc from start point, end point, and radius.

Convert Output=arcs Converts a curve to arc segments that are joined together.

CurveThroughPt

Convert Output=arcs

Creates an interpolated curve through selected points and then

converts the curve to arc segments.

Arc options

Option Description

Deformable Creates uniform cubic splines. You can enter the number of control points..

Extension Extend a curve with an arc.

Notes :

Exercise 23Practice drawing arcs (1)

Open the model Arc1 .3dm .


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ARC: EXTENSION

ARC: EXTENSION

T o d raw a cen t e r , s t a r t , end o r ang l e a rc :

1 From the Curve menu, click Ar c.

2 At the Center o f a rc ( Deformable StartPoint Tangent Extension )prompt, snap to the center ofthe circle at the lower left.

3 At the St a r t o r a r c prompt, snap to the end of the line.

4 At the End o f a rc prompt, snap to the end of the other line.

T o d raw a s t a r t , end , d i r ec t i on a rc :

1 From the Curve menu, click Ar c, and then click Star t , End, D i rec t ion .

2 At the St a r t o f a r c ( Deformable ) prompt, pick a start point.

3 At the End o f a rc ( Direction ThroughPoint )prompt, pick an end point.

Arc

Direction Arc

Notes :

4 At the Di rect i on a t s t a r t prompt, toggle Ortho on and drag straight up for the tangent at thestart point and pick.


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5 Make another Di rect i on A rc at the upper right.

T o add m ore a rc segm en t s :


2 At the Center o f a rc ( Deformable StartPoint Tangent Extension ) prompt, type E and pressEnter .

3 At the Selec t curve near en d prompt, pick near the end of the arc you just made.

4 At the End o f a r c ( Center ) prompt, type and press Enter .

5 At the End o f a r c ( Center ) prompt, with Ortho on pick a point below the first point.

The arc will be tangent to the curve you chose.


Notes :

7 At the Center o f a rc (Deformable StartPoint Tangent Extension ) prompt, type E and pressEnter .

8 At the Selec t curve near en d prompt, pick near the end of the arc you just made.

9 At the End o f a r c ( Center ) prompt, snap to the end of the line.


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T o d raw a t angen t , t angen t , r ad i us a rc :

1 From the Curve menu, click Ar c, and then click Tangent , Tangent , Rad ius.

2 At the Fi r s t t angen t cu rve ( Point )prompt, pick the lower right side of the top circle.

3 At the Second t angen t cu rve o r rad i us < 1> ( Point FromFirstPoint )prompt, type 3 and pressEnter .

4 At the Second t angen t cu rve o r rad i us < 3> ( Point FromFirstPoint )prompt, pick the upperright side of the lower circle.

5 At the Choose ar c prompt, move your cursor and pick when the correct arc is displayed.

6 From the Curve menu, click Ar c, and then click Tangent , Tangent , Rad ius.7 At the Fi r s t t angen t cu rve ( Point )prompt, pick the upper left side of the top circle.

8 At the Second t angen t cu rve o r rad i us < 1> ( Point FromFirstPoint )prompt, type 6 and pressEnter .

9 At the Second t angen t cu rve o r rad i us < 6> ( Point FromFirstPoint )prompt, pick the lower leftside of the lower circle.

Arc Tangent, Tangent, Radius


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Notes :

To make i t so l id :

1 Select the curves.

2 From the Sur face menu, click Ex t rude.

3 At th Di t ( Di ti B thSid N C N M d St i ht ) t li k C


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3 At the Dis tance ( Direction BothSides=No Cap=No Mode=Straight )prompt, click Cap .4 At the Dis tance ( Direction BothSides=No Cap=Yes Mode=Straight )prompt, type 1 and press

Enter .

The curves have been extruded and capped.

Drawing Ellipses and Polygons

You can draw ellipses from the center or by the ends. You can draw polygons from a center point oran edge. You can draw a rectangle from diagonal corners or by choosing three points.

EllipsesButton Command Description

Ellipse Draw an ellipse by specifying the center point and axis ends.

Ellipse Diameter Draw an ellipse by specifying the axis ends.

Ellipse FromFoci Draw the ellipse from the focus points

AroundCurve Draw an ellipse whose axis is perpendicular to a curve.


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Notes :

Exercise 25Practice drawing ellipses and polygons

Start a new model. Save as To y .

10.0 R0.5R1.0


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5.0

8.0

20.0

19.0

18.0

14.0

RADIUS 1.5 FORALL POLYGONS

10.0 9.0 8.0

T o d raw a rec t ang l e f r om d i agona l co rne rs :

1 From the Curve menu, click Rectang le.

2 At the F i rs t corner o f rec tan g le ( 3Point Vertical Center Rounded ) prompt, type - 10 , -5 andpress Enter .

3 At the O t he r co rne r o r l eng t h prompt, type 2 0 and press Enter .

4 At the W i d t h prompt, type 1 0 and press Enter .

Draw rec t ang l es f r om a cen t e r po i n t w i t h a l eng t h and w i d t h , and rounded co rne rs :

1 From the Curve menu, click Rectang le, and then click Center, Corner .

2 At the Center o f rec tan g le ( Rounded ) prompt, type R, and press Enter to give the rectanglerounded corners.

3 At the Center o f r ec tang le prompt, type 0 ,0 and press Enter .

4 At the Corne r o r l eng t h prompt, type 1 9 and press Enter .

5 At the W i d t h prompt, type 9 and press Enter .

Rectangle

Centered Rectangle

Notes :

6 At the Rho o r po i n t f o r con i c co rne r t o pass t h rough < 1> ( Corner=Arc) prompt type 1 , andpress Enter .

If you are creating a rounded rectangle, select a point in the corner to set its curvature.

Or, type C, and press Enter to toggle from circular rounded corners to conic rounded corners.

7 Repeat these steps for a second rounded rectangle with a lengt

41258772 rhino level 1 training manual

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