4.000 Thut Ng Ting Anh Trong Kinh T Quan Trng V Thng Dng Nht (P1) 4.000 thut ng Ting Anh kinh t quan trng v hu ch i vi nhng ai nghin cu v kinh t v ting anh kinh t

4.000 Thut Ng Ting Anh Trong Kinh T Quan Trng V Thng Dng Nht (P1)1 Abatement cost Chi ph kim sot; chi ph chng ( nhim) Chi ph lm gim s kh chu nh nhim hay tc ng. Thc o v kh nng v trnh (hc vn) c tng quan cht ch vi nhau, lm tng kh nng l phn ln li tc c c tnh do gio dc trn thc t cng chnh l li tc do nng lc

2 3

Ability and earnings Ability to pay

Nng lc v thu nhp Kh nng chi tr.

4 5 6 7

Ability to pay theory Abnormal profits Abscissa Absenteeism

L thuyt v kh nng chi tr Li nhun d thng Honh Trn vic, s ngh lm khng c l do a ch (ch bt ng sn) cch bit Li th tuyt i. Li th nh ph tn tuyt i. Gi thuyt thu nhp tuyt i. c quyn tuyt i. Gi tuyt i. Khan him tuyt i . Gi tr tuyt i. Phng php hp thu. Nhn chi tiu. Khu hao nhanh, khu hao gia tc.

Mt l thuyt v cch nh thu theo gnh nng v thu nn c phn b theo kh nng chi tr; v mt h thng thu kiu lu tin, t l hay lu thoi, tu thuc vo thc o c s dng v dc gi nh ca th tho dng bin ca thu nhp. Xem SUPER-NORMAL PROFITS Gi tr trn trc honh (trc X) ca mt im trn th hai chiu. S ngh lm, mc d cc iu khon ca hp ng lao ng yu cu ngi lao ng phi i lm v hp ng vn cn gi tr. Ngi ch s hu t hoc nh sng mt ni xa bt ng sn ca mnh, thu tin thu v qun l vic kinh doanh ca mnh thng qua trung gian hay ngi i din. Xem Comparative Advantage. Mt khi nim cp ti nhng li th ca cc hng thit lp, v th cc hng ny c th duy tr chi ph trung bnh thp hn so vi cc hng mi nhp ngnh khng ph thuc vo mc sn lng. (Xem Barriers to entry) Gi thuyt ny cho rng cc chi ph cho tiu dng (C) l mt hm s ca thu nhp kh dng ca c nhn (Yd): C = C (Yd). Xem Monopoly. Gi o bng tin ngc vi vi gi tng i. l gi ca cc hng ho, dch v c biu din trc tip di dng s lng ca n v tin t. Xem Price Xem Scarcity Gi tr ca mt bin b qua du ca n. Phng php phn tch tc ng ca s ph gi hoc gim t gi hi oi ca mt nc i vi cn cn thng mi. Mt thut ng miu t s cn thit gim bt tiu dng hin ti tch lu t bn. Xem DEPRECIATION

8 9

Absentee landlord Absolute advantage

10 11 12

Absolute cost advantage Absolute income hypothesis Absolute monopoly

13 14 15 16 17 18

Absolute prices Absolute scarcity Absolute value Absorption approach Abstinence Accelerated depreciation

19 20 21 22 23

Accelerating inflation Accelerator Accelerator coefficient Accelerator effect Accelerator principle

Lm pht gia tc. Gia s H s gia tc. Hiu ng gia tc. Nguyn l gia tc. chp nhn thanh ton.

S tng vt t l lm pht. Nu chnh ph c gi t l tht nghip di mc t l tht nghip t nhin th vic s dn ti lm pht gia tc. Xem Accelerator principle. Mt bi s theo u t mi s tng ln khi c s thay i v sn lng. Nguyn l cho rng mc u t rng ph thuc vo mc thay i d kin v sn lng. Hnh vi chp nhn mt hi phiu do c nhn hay c quan nhn hi phiu thc hin, bao gm k hi phiu v thng k trn mt hi phiu. Mt trong s cc NGN HNG THNG MI c tr s ti London, vi mc ch thu tin hoa hng ngn hng ny nhn tr cc hi phiu, ngha l chp nhn thanh ton chng khi o hn. S lng nhng ngi thu mi mi thng tnh theo t l phn trm tng s vic lm do B lao ng M thng k. Thu nh vo qu tng v ti sn tha k. Mt m hnh l thuyt c s dng (ch yu) trong phn tch a im dn c cc vng th, gii thch cc hnh thi v tr do nh i gia kh nng tip cn ca mt a im ti trung tm ca vng v khng gian ca a im . Xem VALIDATED INFLATION Trong CN CN THANH TON, mt loi giao dch t bn do CC C QUAN TIN T p dng hoc iu hnh lm i trng li tnh trng tn dng hoc tnh trng n nn ny sinh trong cc GIAO DCH T NH. 1.Mt ghi chp giao dch gia hai bn giao dch c th l hai b phn ca mt doanh nghip v l yu t c bn trong tt c cc h thng giao dch kinh doanh. 2.Cc giai on, thng l hai tun, theo nm kinh doanh ca S CHNG KHON LONDON c chia ra v qua cc giai on ny, vic thanh ton cc giao dch tr giao dch chng khon vin vng c tin hnh. Thng mc trong ti khon ca mt cng ty c ghi nh mt khon n ca cc dch v s dng nhng cha c thanh ton. y l tiu ca mt cun sch do gio s David C. Mc. Clelland ca trng i hc Harvard (Princeton, NJ, 1962) xut bn, trong ng nh ngha khi nim ng c thnh t o ngh tng tng v mc ca cc tng mi m ng coi l nhn cch cn thit i vi cc CH DOANH NGHIP v v vy c ngha i vi S PHT TRIN KINH T. Mt tnh hung khi tt c thu quan ca mt nc c tng hoc gim theo t l phn trm ngang bng. Mc tr gia vic quyt nh mt chnh sch (c bit trong kinh t hc v m) v vic thc hin chnh sch . Trong l thuyt tin t, mt vi m hnh gi thit chia mt cung ng tin t thnh D NGHCH, l tin d tr c a vo quay vng trong cc thi k c xc nh bi cc khong thi gian gia cc k thanh ton, v NGHCH NHN RI l tin d tr khng c s dng thanh ton thng xuyn.

24

Acceptance

25 26 27

Accepting house Accesion rate Accesions tax

Ngn hng nhn tr. T l gia tng lao ng. Thu qu tng. M hnh nh i khng gian hay m hnh tip cn. Chnh sch tin t iu tit.

28 29

Access/space trade off model Accommodating monetary policy

30

Accommodation transactions

Cc giao dch iu tit.

31

Account

Ti khon. Chi ph pht sinh tnh trc

32

Accrued expenses

33

Achieving Society, the. Across-the-board tariff changes

X hi thnh t. Thay i thu quan ng lot.

34

35

Action lag

tr ca hnh ng.

36

Active balance

D nghch.

37

Activity analysis

Phn tch hot ng.

Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING.

38

Activity rate

T l lao ng. K vng thch nghi; k vng phng theo

Xem LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE. S hnh thnh k vng v gi tr tng lai ca mt bin s ch da trn cc gi tr trc ca bin lin quan.

39

Adaptive expectation

40

Adding up problem Additional worker hypothesis

Vn cng tng. Gi thuyt cng nhn thm vo.

Xem EULER'S THEREM Theo lp lun ny, thu nhp thc t ca gia nh gim trong thi k suy thoi theo chu k s gy ra HIU NG THU NHP. Mt quy tc xc nh O HM ca mt hm i vi mt bin s, trong hm ny bao gm php cng tuyn tnh ca 2 hm ring bit hoc nhiu hn tr ln ca cc bin. Mt dng hm tho dng : U=Ua +Ub+Uc . Trong U l tho dng a,b,c ;a hng ho thay th trong cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh, cc nhm hng ho ny khng th thay th cho nhau. Trong nn kinh t K HOCH HO nh Lin X trc y, mi mc tiu chin lc u c mt t chc hoc "a ch" chu trch nhim thc hin mc tiu

41

42

Addition rule

Quy tc cng.

43

Additive utility function

Hm tho dng ph tr.

44

Address principle

Nguyn l a ch. Ch iu chnh hn ch. H thng neo t gi hi oi c th iu chnh. Chi ph iu chnh sn xut.

45

Adjustable peg regime

46

Adjustable peg system

H thng ny c qu tin t quc t (IMF) a ra ti hi ngh Bretton Woods v cp n mt b T GI HI OI C NH hay c "neo" m v c bn l c nh nhng cho php iu chnh hoc thay i vi lng nh theo c 2 hng.

47

Adjustment cost

48

Adjustment lag

tr iu chnh.

49

Adjustment process

Qu trnh iu chnh

Thi gian cn thit mt bin, v d nh DUNG LNG VN, iu chnh theo nhng thay i trong cc yu t quyt nh ca n. (Xem PARTIAL ADJUSTMENT, CAPITAL STOCK ADJUSTMENT PRINCIPLE). Thut ng chung ch cc c ch iu chnh hot ng trong nn kinh t th gii nhm loi b nhng mt cn i trong thanh ton vi nc ngoi. Nhng c ch lin quan n BN V VNG, CH BN V HI OI, THA S NGOI THNG, T GI HI OI TH NI. Cc mc gi c hnh thnh do quyt nh c thc ca c nhn hay hng no ch khng phi do cc yu t tc ng ca th trng. Mt trong nhng tr v thi gian nh hng n hiu lc ca mt CHNH SCH TIN T. l khong thi gian t lc cc c quan c thm quyn nhn thy cn c hnh ng n khi tin hnh thc s hnh ng .

50

Administered prices

Cc mc gi b qun ch.

51

Administrative lag

tr do hnh chnh

52

Advalorem tax

Thu theo gi tr.

Mt loi thu da trn gi tr giao dch. thng l t l phn trm khi gi bn l, s, hay qu trnh sn xut, v l dng ph bin ca THU DOANH THU. Mt khon vay hoc da vo lung tin xc nh hoc d kin. (Xem BANK LOAN). L mt khon ng trc THU DOANH NGHIP v c ghi vo ti khon bn n ca doanh nghip i vi loi thu ny. l mt phng tin c th thu thu doanh nghip sm hn. K THUT QUN L CNG N mi c chnh ph lin bang, cc chnh quyn a phng v tiu bang ca M s dng.

53

Advance Advance Corporation Tax (ACT)

Tin ng trc. Thu doanh nghip ng trc.

54

55

Advance refunding

Hon tr trc. Cc nc pht trin, cc nc i u.

56

Advanced countries

57

Adverse balance

Cn cn thm ht. La chn tri ; La chn theo hng bt li.

THM HT CN CN THANH TON.

58

Adverse selection

Vn gp phi trong nghnh bo him. Hot ng ca mt hng nhm thc y vic bn sn phm ca mnh, mc tiu chnh l tng s lng ngi tiu dng thch nhng sn phm ca hng hn nhng hng khc. T l chi ph qung co ca cc hng trn tng doanh thu bn hng.

59

Advertising

Qung co. T l doanh s-qung co. Xem AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR. Biu quan h thu nhp theo tui C quan pht trin quc t.

60

Advertising - sale ratio

61

AFL-CIO

62

Age-earning profile Agency for International Development

Mi quan h gia thu nhp v tui. Biu din qu trnh thu nhp theo tui n gin nht l mt ng nm ngang i t s 0 n tui ri trng hc, khong cch ca cc bc c quyt nh bi trnh hc vn. Xem INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION AGENCY Yu cu cng nhn tham gia tuyn dng khng phi gia nhp cng on nhng phi ng cng on ph. Cc khon tit kim chi ph trong mt hot ng kinh t do cc x nghip hay cc hot ng gn v tr ca nhau. Biu chi tit v S LNG CA SN PHM QUC GIA RNG c th c mua mi mc gi chung.

63

64

Agency shop Agglomeration economies Aggregate concentration

Nghip on.

65

Tnh kinh t nh kt khi.

66

S tp trung gp.

67

Adverse supply shock

C sc cung bt li.

68

Aggregate demand Aggregate demand curve Aggregate demand shedule

Cu gp; Tng cu ng cu gp; ng tng cu Biu cu gp; Biu tng cu L tng s chi tiu danh ngha cho hng ho v dch v trong mt nn kinh t.

69

70

71

Aggregate expenditure

Chi tiu gp. Thu nhp gp; Tng thu nhp

72

Aggregate income

Xem INTERNATION INCOME

73

Aggregate output

Sn lng gp.

74

Aggregate production function Aggregate supply curve

Hm sn xut gp. ng cung gp; ng tng cung.

Xem INTERNATION INCOME Mi quan h gia lu lng sn lng trong ton nn kinh t (Y), tng lc lng lao ng (L) v tng lng vn (K), cc u vo tham gia trc tip vo sn xut. Hm ny c th c m rng bao hm c T AI v CNG NGH VI danh ngha l u vo.

75

76

Aggregation problem

Vn v php gp.

Vn xc nh hnh vi kinh t v m c th t d bo t hnh vi ca cc n v kinh t vi m ni bt. Tnh hung trong sn lng nng nghip tng ln r rt nh nhng thay i v t chc v k thut. Khon thu t nng nghip thng kh nh lng, c bit trong nn nng nghip t tc hoc nhng ni thu nhp pc tr bng hin vt ngha l nng sn. Cc sn phm nng nghip lm ra xut khu ch khng phi cho mc ch t cung t cp hay cho th trng trong nc L thi gian gia sn xut nng nghip thc t v sn xut nng nghip tim nng CC NC ANG PHT TRIN.

77

Agrarian revolution

Cch mng nng nghip. Cc khon thu t nng nghp.

78

Agricultural earnings

79

Agricultural exports

Nng sn xut khu

80

Agricultural lag

tr ca nng nghip

81

Agricultural livies

Thu nng nghip.

82

Agricultural reform

Ci cch nng nghip.

Xem EC Agricultural levies. Mt trong nhng hn ch i vi PHT TRIN KINH T l vic s dng cc bin php s khai, khng hiu qu trong nng nghip. Cc ngnh nng thn nhng nc km pht trin cung cp thc phm ngy ngy cng tng cho dn c thnh ph. Cc phng php c, th s th km hiu qu , cn k thut c gii ho hin i th khng thch hp. V vy mt dng ci cch l p dng loi cng ngh nng nghip thch hp.

83

Agricultural sector Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service

Khu vc nng nghip. ASCS - Nha n nh v bo tn nng nghip. Khon tr cp nng nghip. Cc hi ng tin cng trong nng nghip.

Khu vc hoc mt b phn dn s tham gia vo ngh nng, cung cp lng thc, nguyn liu th nh bng, g cho tiu dng trong nc v xut khu. C quan qun l a phng ca CNG TY TN DNG HNG HO CA M Khon tin tr cho nng dn vi mc ch khuyn khch sn xut lng thc thc phm v tr gip thu nhp ca nng dn. Cc c quan do php lut quy nh mc lng ti thiu i vi nhng ngi lm nng nghip Anh, x Wales v Scotland cng mt cch chnh thc nh cc hi ng tin cng.

84

85

Agricultural subsidies Agricultural Wage Boards

86

87

Aid

Vin tr

Xem FOREIGN AID.

88

Aitken estimator

c lng s Aitken.

Xem Generalized Least Squares. Thut ng c C.MC s dng miu t tnh trng tinh thn ca cng nhn trong mt x hi t bn. Nh kinh t hc ngi Php c nhn gii thng Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1988. Allais l mt k s, bng cch t hc v kinh t ch yu trong thi k c xm chim Php sut Chin tranh th gii th 2, khi ng t c tip cn vi cc n phm nc ngoi. Mc d vy, ng thnh cng trong vic t xy dng c nhng nn tng to ln v l thuyt CN BNG TNG TH HIN I v KINH T HC PHC LI. ng c coi l ngi cha v ngi dn u tr tu ca trng phi bin hc Php, sn sinh ra nhiu nh kinh t hc ni ting nh Debreu. Mc cho xu hng thin v l thuyt mnh m, Allais vn cho rng cc m hnh l thuyt c xy dng tr li nhng cu hi thc tin v nn c kim nghim qua thc t. Thnh tch ca ng c nhn gii Nobel ch yu l thnh tu nghin cu s bn v kinh t hc v ng gp c bn ca ng l cc cng thc ton hc v i v cn bng th trng v tnh cht hiu qu ca cc th trng. Nghin cu ca ng v phn tch ng thi v m tin t v l thuyt ri ro cng rt ni bt. Mi n khi kim tra thc nghim v hc thuyt tho dng k vng ca VON NEUMANN-MORGENSTERN ng mi c ni ting, thc nghim c tiu l nghch l Allais. ng ch ra rng s la chn ca cc c nhn khi c yu cu sp xp mt cp d n ri ro u sp xp mt cch h thng v lp li (nh cc nghin cu khc la chn) mu thun vi d on ti a ho tho dng d kin. Cc cng trnh ca ng l Nghin cu v nguyn l Kinh t -1943 (sau cn c ti bn vi tiu X l Kinh t n thun-1952) v Kinh t v li nhun(1947). ng dy trng kinh t London t nm 1928, lm vic b Ti Chnh Anh v nm 1944 c phong l gio s thng k hc ti trng i hc London. Cc n phm ch yu ca ng bao gm: Phn tch ton hc cho cc nh kinh t hc(1938); Thng k hc cho cc nh kinh t hc(1949); Kinh t hc thuc ton (1956); Hc thuyt kinh t v m - X l bng ton hc (1967). Nm 1934 ng c ng gp to ln cho hc thuyt ngi tiu dng khi ng cho xut bn mt bi bo cng vi J.R.HICKS,

89

Alienation

S tha ho

90

Allais Maurice (1911)

91

Allen , Sir roy George Douglas(1906-1983)

1906-1983

bng cch s dng cc ng bng quan, bi bo ch ra rng gii thch s dc xung di ca ng cu s l vic gi nh y rng hng ho c th c phn loi theo th t.

92

Allocate

Phn b, n nh Mt b phn ca chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph lin quan ti vic chi phi cung cp hng ho v dch trong mt nn kinh t. Vi sn xut ra t hp sn phm tt nht hay ti u cc sn phm bng cc kt hp hiu qa nht cc u vo. Nhng chi ph cho php nht nh khi c khu tr t doanh thu ca cng ty l phn thu nhp b nh thu. H thng thu thu nhp bao gm h thng cc khon khu tr v chi ph. Chng c tr t tng thu nhp xc nh chu thu. Mt kiu tr phn phi trong trng s cc gi tr lin tc ca bin s tr theo sau mt do mt a thc gy ra.

93

Allocation funtion

Chc nng phn b

94

Allocative efficiency Allowances and expences for corporation tax Allowances and expencess for income tax

Hiu qu phn b. Khu tr v chi ph vi thu cng ty. Khu tr v chi ph vi thu thu nhp.

95

96

97

Almon lag

tr Almon.

98

Alpha coeficient

H s Alpha

99

Alternative technology

Cng ngh thay th.

Xem CAPITAL ASSET PRINCING MODEL. Thut ng dng ch kiu cng ngh c mt vi hoc tt c thuc tnh sau: s dng ti thiu ti nguyn khng ti to c, gy nhim thp nht i vi mi trng, t cp t tc theo vng hoc theo a phng khng c s bc lt hoc c lp cc c nhn. (Xem INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY, APPROPIATE TECHNOLOGY, INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP).

100

Altruism

Lng v tha.

S quan tm ti phc li ca ngi khc.

101

Amalgamation

S hp nht.

102

America Depository Receipt America Federation of Labuor

ADR - Phiu gi tin M. ALF - Lin on lao ng M.

Xem MERGER. Chng khon m mt ngn hng M thng pht hnh cho cc c dn M, da vo vic c quan NM GI CC C PHIU thng ca mt cng ty ngoi quc. Ngi gi ADR c quyn hng c tc ca cng ty ngoi quc. Bn thn ADR c th trao i c. u im ca vic lm ny l TH TRNG VN c m rng i vi cc cng ty khng phi ca M trong khi c th p ng c mong mun ca ngi M v mt loi c phiu "nng" trao i. (Mt ADR c th c ng trn gi c quyn vi nhiu chng khon thng). c thnh lp trong thi k t nm 1881 n 1886, lin on ny tp trung cc cng on ln M li vi nhau. y l mt h thng trong thu quan ca M i vi mt s mt hng nhp khu c tnh trn c s gi tr ca mt hng thay th trong nc so vi gi tr ca hng nhp khu. (Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE).

103

104

America selling price

Gi bn kiu M.

105

American Stock Exchange

S giao dch chng khon M (ASE hay AMEX).

S GIAO DCH c t chc ln th hai M, tin hnh mua bn gn 1/10 tng s c phiu c mua bn M. S giao dch l c s vt cht cho cc giao dch CHNG KHON din ra. S giao dch chng khon M c t lu v bt u t khi nhng ngi mi gii gp nhau ngoi ph mua bn cc c phn chng khon. l ngun gc ca mt ci tn khc ca n :"S giao dch l ng". Tn hiu bng tay c dng thng bo cho nhn vin giao dch. n tn th k XX, S giao dch chng khon M mi chuyn vo phng.(Xem STOCK MARKET). Phng thc thanh ton n trn c s tr dn. Thnh thong chi tr tng k c s dng nh thut ng thay th cho khu hao. Thut ng s dng trong mt CHU K KINH DOANH miu t khong cch gia im cc i v cc tiu ca bt k chu k no. C quan ngoi thng ca Lin X trc y. C c quan chi nhnh ti nhiu nc. Phn chia bin ng tng th trong mt bin s ph thuc (vi bin ng tng th c nh ngha l tng ca bnh phng ca cc lch so vi trung bnh ca bin) thnh cc cu thnh c tnh cho bin ng ca cc bin s ring hay NHM BIn GII THCH v nhng bin khng c gii thch hay bin ng D/ Hc thuyt cho rng cc s kin chnh tr v x hi ca cc c nhn khng nn b km hm bi bt c s can thip no ca chnh ph. l mt quan im cc oan hn quan im ch ngha t do, vn cn cho php s dng quyn lc c ti iu hnh cc hot ng m cc c nhn khng th t hon thnh mt cch c hiu qu c.

106

Amortization

Chi tr tng k.

107

Amplitude

Bin C quan mu dch thng tr ca Lin X.

108

Amtorg

109

Analysis of variance

ANOVA - Phn tch phng sai

110

Anarchy

Tnh trng v chnh ph.

111

Allowance

Phn tin tr cp. Mt trong cc vn lin quan n bin ng t do ca T GI HI OI l lun im cho rng t gi hi oi t do s lm gim thm ht vi bn ngoi v v vy tc ot ca cc c quan tin t ci neo (chnh tr) nhm hn ch tin t m rng. i lp vi lun im ny l vic b chic neo tin t ca t gi hi oi c nh l mt vic tt v n ch cc tr nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch mi c bu bng cch khng cho h hon ton t do vi CHNH SCH TIN T. Mt cch k gii cho U T phn bc cc m hnh ton hc v chng t tc dng. Thay vo l phn tch u t bt ngun t thuc tnh lm theo ca cc ch doanh nghip. Cm thut ng ny c J.M.Keynes s dng ln u tin trong L THUYT TNG QUT V VIC LM, LI SUT V TIN (1936). Nhng t c Joan Robinson ph bin rng ri. Risk analysis: phn tch ri ro. Scenario analysis:Phn tch kch bn. Sensitivity analysis: Phn tch nhy. Vng th hai (1949) ca cuc m phn thng mi theo HIP C CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH (GATT).

113

Anchor argument

Lun im v ci neo.

114

Animal spirits

Tinh thn by n; Tm l ha theo

115

Analysis (stats)

Phn tch.

116

Annecy Round

Vng m phn Annecy.

117

Annual allowances

Min thu hng nm.

Xem CAPITAL ALLOWANCE.

118

Annual capital charge

Chi ph vn hng nm.

Mt k thut thm nh d n vn c s dng chit khu v cng nhn rng vic s dng vn i hi tr tin li i vi lng vn s dng v khu hao. Li ha tr mt khon no mi thi k trong mt s cc thi k m khon tr cho mi thi k l c nh.

119

Annuity

Nin kim.

120

Annuity market

Th trng nin kim. S ngt qung trong mi lin kt chnh thc gia mc lng ca cc nhm thng lng khc nhau nh p dng CHNH SCH THU NHP.

121

Anomaliess pay

Tin tr cng bt thng.

123

Anticipated inflation

Lm pht c d tnh.

124

Anti-trust

Chng lng on.

125

Appreciation

S tng gi tr.

Xem EXPECTED INFLATION. Mt cm thut ng ca M ch h thng php lut nhm kim sot s tng trng quyn lc i vi th trng ca cc hng. Cm thut ng ny khng ch lin quan ti chnh sch chng c quyn m c cc hot ng km hm ca cc hng ring l, cc nhm cng ty hp nht (Trt) v nhm cc cng ty cng tc (Catel). Tng v gi tr ca ti sn, i lp li l s mt gi tr. Mt ti sn c th tng gi tr bi v gi ca n (v do gi th trng ca n) tng do lm pht hay thay i v cu ti sn dn ti mc khan him. (Xem MONEY APPRECIATION).

126

Apprenticeship

Hc vic. Thin lch / nh kin chng xut khu.

Xem GENERAL TRAINING.

127

Anti-export bias

128

Appropriate products

Cc sn phm thch hp.

129

Appropriate technology

Cng ngh thch hp.

130

Appropriation account

Ti khon phn phi li. B phiu tn thnh; b phiu ph chun.

131

Approval voting

132

Apriori

Tin nghim.

133

Aquinas St Thomas

(1225-1274)

Ni chung c dng ch nhng sn phm thch hp cho s dng cc nc ang pht trin. Vic ng dng mt cng ngh thch hp vi yu t sn c. (Xem ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY. INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY, INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP). Cc doanh nghip duy tr cc ti khon ny cho thy li nhun sau khi tr thu c phn phi hay s dng nh th no. (Xem ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES CORPORATION TAX, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES INCOME TAX, TAXABLE INCOME. Mt dng ra quyt nh trong mi c nhn b phiu cho mt nhm phng n m ngi tn thnh. (Xem BORDA COUNT, CONDORCET CRITERION, SOCIAL DECISION RULE. SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION). Mt cm thut ng miu t qu trnh suy lun phn on t gi thuyt ban u cho n kt lun. Phng php ny c th i lp vi cch tip cn da trn nhng c liu rt ra t thc t quan st. Mt hc gi ngi , ng l ngi c ng gp chnh vo t tng kinh t ca hn lm vin. Xt v kinh t hc, ng tha nhn phn ln hc thuyt ca Aristotle, bao gm khi nim v gi cng bng. ng cng phn bit GI C v GI TR, i

tng ca rt nhi cch din gii khc nhau. tng v gi tr hay gi cng bng khng khc hn gi thng thng (cnh tranh) vn c mt mt hng v gi c a ra vt qu mc gi ny l s vi phm quy tc o c. Thng mi vn xu xa nhng c bo cha bi HNG HA CNG CNG. Tng t, ca ci ti sn v hnh ng ca chnh ph c bin h bi hng ho cng cng. Cho vay nng li b ch trch l khon thu cho vic s dng tin m khng c gi tr s dng. Nhng ng gp ch yu ca ng i vi lch s t tng kinh t c bao qut trong cun SUMMA THEOLOGICA ca ng. Kinh doanh da vo chnh lch gi; bun chng khon Mt nghip v bao gm vic mua bn mt ti sn, v d mt hng ho hay tin t hai hay nhiu th trng, gia chng c s khc nhau hay chnh lch v gi. S can thip ca mt bn th ba vo mt TRANH CHP V CNG NGHIP theo yu cu ca cc bn tranh ci v a ra nhng gi cho vic gii quyt tranh chp, sau s rng buc c hai bn (Xem CONCILI-ATION, FINAL OFFER ARBITRATION).

134

Arbitrage

135

Arbitration Arc elasticity of demand

Trng ti co gin hnh cung ca cu

136

137

ARCH

Kim nghim ARCH.

Xem ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ch phng sai ca sai s thay i iu kin t nhin gim, l mt trc nghim phn bit gia tng quan chui trong iu kin xo trn v hiu ng ny sinh t s bin i ca xo ng c gi l hiu ng ARCH.

138

ARCH effect

Hiu ng ARCH. (384-322 BC)-Aristotle (384-322 trc cng nguyn)

139

Aristotle

Xem ARCH. Nh trit hc HY LP, cc cng trnh ca ng bao gm c cc vn kinh t v trong nhng bi vit ca ng c th thy nhng phn tch v sn xut, phn phi v trao i. Trong phn tch v trao i, ng phn bit gia gi tr s dng v gi tr trao i

140

Arithmetic mean

Trung bnh s hc.

Xem MEAN. Mt dy s hay nhng biu thc i s trong mi thn phn mang mt mi lin h cng thm i vi mi thnh phn ng trc v sau n. Nh kinh t hc ngi M ng gii Nobel v kinh t hc vi hun tc John Hicks nm 1972. ng c bit n nhiu nht do cng trnh v cc h thng CN BNG TNG QUT v trnh by v cc iu kin ton hc cn thit cho mt h thng nh vy c nghim c ngha v kinh t. ng cng c cng trnh tin phong v vic ra quyt nh trong nhng iu kin khng chc chn. Trong cun S LA CHN X HI V CC GI TR C NHN (1951), ng trnh by kinh t hc phc li vi mt tnh trng tin thoi lng nan, khi da trn c s nhng gi nh m bo s t ch ca ngi tiu dng cng thm s hp l, ng chng minh rng khng th xc nh c s xp hng x hi v cc phng n la chn tng ng vi s xp hng ca cc c nhn, v nh vy cng khng th a ra c CHC NNG PHC LI X HI . Chc nng ny lin quan mt cch tch cc ti la chn c nhn, x hi khng th quyt nh n mun g. Arrow cng c cng trong vic a vo hc thuyt tng trng gi thuyt hc qua hnh vi t cch l mt ngun tng nng sut. Cc n phm chnh ca ng l : Nghin cu trong l thuyt ton hc v d tr v sn xut (1958); S la chn x hi v cc gi tr c nhn (1951); Cc tiu lun v l

141

Arithmetic progression

Cp s cng.

142

Arrow.KennethJ

(1921-).

thuyt chu ri ro (1970); Phn tch da trn tng hp (vi F.H.Hahn) (1971).

143

"A" shares

C phiu "A".(C phiu hng li sau).

144

Asiab Development Bank Assessable Income or profit

Ngn hng pht trin chu . Thu nhp hoc li nhun chu thu.

Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL. U ban kinh t chu v Vin ng ca Lin hp quc khuyn co thnh lp ngn hng ny khuyn khch tng trng kinh t v hp tc chu v Vin ng, thc y kinh t cc nc ang pht trin trong vng. Ngn hng pht trin chu c thnh lp nm 1966. Ngun vn ban u l nh ng gp ca cc nc trong khu vc vi s gip ca M, CHLB c, Anh v Canada. Xem TAXABLE INCOME, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES FOR CORPORATION TAX, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES FOR INCOME TAX.

145

146

Assessable profit

Li nhun chu thu.

Xem TAXABLE INCOME. Mt thc th c gi tr th trng hoc gi tr trao i, v l b phn cu thnh CA CI hay ti sn ca ch s hu. Vic mt cng ty thn tnh bn nhng ti sn ca CNG TY NN NHN sau khi thu mua. iu ny c th thc hin c mc li nhun ng k khi ti sn b nh gi thp S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON. Tn c t cho cu hi liu vic kt ni mt bin chnh sch, v d CHNH SCH TIN T mt cch duy nht t c mt mc tiu chnh sch, v d cn cn thanh ton quc t di cc ch v t gi HI OI c th c hay khng. Kt lun l khng th lm c nh vy. Cc vng trong nc m hot ng kinh t hot ng kinh t c h tr bi chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph. Xem DEPRESSED AREAS, REGIONAL EMPLOYMENT PREMIUM, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT GRANT. C quan thnh lp nm 1969, thu thp v cho nim yt li nhun v bo gi th trng hin hnh vi cc loi pht hnh ca TRI KHON CHU U. Hip hi c cc B trng ngoi giao Indonesia, Malaysia, Phillipines, Singapore v Thi Lan thnh lp nm 1967. Mc ch chung ca hip hi l thc y tng trng kinh t, tin b x hi v pht trin vn ho khu vc ng Nam . Mt loi bo him lin quan n tnh hung trong bo him cho s kin khng th trnh khi. iu ny c th do hp ng lin quan ti vic tr mt khon xc nh vo mt ngy no hoc l v "ci cht" ca ngi c bo him.

147

Asset

Ti sn.

148

Asset stripping

Tc ot ti sn.

149

Assignment problem

Bi ton kt ni.

150

Assisted areas Association of International Bond Dealers Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Cc vng c h tr Hip hi nhng ngi bun bn tri khon quc t. Hip hi cc nc ng nam .

152

153

154

Assurance Asset stocks and services flows

Bo him xc nh D tr ti sn v lung dch v. Thng tin bt i xng; Thng tin khng tng xng.

155

156

Asymmetric infornation

S khc nhau v thng tin m cc bn tham gia giao dch trn th trng c c. Xem INSIDER - OUTSIDER MODELS.

157

Asymptote

ng tim cn.

Gi tr m bin ph thuc ca mt hm tin n khi bin t do tr nn rt ln hoc rt nh. PHN PHI XC XUT m mt bin THNG K hng ti khi kch thc ca mu tin ti v cng. Khi nim rt hu ch trong nh gi cc c th ca chn mu trong kinh t lng. Mt c cu th trng trong s lng cc hng rt ln, do mi hng cnh tranh mt cch c lp. (Xem PERFECT COMPETITION). Mt nt c trng hay thuc tnh ca hng ho. Xem CHARACTERISICS THEORY. Mt thut ng chung ch nhn vin bn u gi, ti nhng ngi mua tng lai u vi nhau bng cch t gi, vt u gi s thuc v ngi no t gi cao nht. Mt th trng c t chc ti gi c c iu chnh lin tc theo bin i ca cung v cu. Nt c trng c bn ca cc th trng u gi l cc hng mc hng ho c chun ho, mua bn v danh v s lng m bo hnh vi cnh tranh. Mt kiu th trng trong ngi mua tim tng t gi cho hng ho ch khng phi n thun tr theo. Kim nh ny l mt phin bn ca kim nh Dickey Fuller i vi mt n v gc khi tiu thc xo ng l tng quan theo chui sau khi xem xt s khc nhau trong qu trnh tnh khc (DSP). Vic a bin gi c vo ng Phillips gc dch chuyn hc thuyt mt cc hiu qu t mt gii thch v tin cng bng tin thnh cch gii thch theo ngha thc t. Tn trng phi ny c s dng ch cc nh kinh t hc t Menger, Wieser v Bohm-Bawerk tr i, h phn ln nghin cu Vin v theo mt kiu phn tch ring bit. Tnh trng trong mt nc t tch khi thng mi quc t bng nhng hn ch nh thu quan nhm t tc, thng do nguyn nhn lm vic hoc chnh tr.

158

Asymptotic distribution

Phn phi tim cn.

159

Atomistic competition

Cnh tranh c lp.

160

Attribute

Thuc tnh.

161

Auctioneer

Ngi bn u gi.

162

Auction markets

Cc th trng u gi.

163

Auctions

u gi. ADF - Kim nh Dickey Fuller b sung.

164

Augmented Dickey Fuller test Augmented Phillips curve

165

ng Phillips b sung.

166

Austrian school

Trng phi kinh t o.

167

Autarky

T cung t cp. Nn kinh t t cung t cp

168

Autarky economy

169

Autocorrelation

S t tng quan. Cc bin php n nh t ng.

Xem SERIAL CORRELATION. Cc mi quan h lm gim bin ca bin ng chu k trong mt nn kinh t m khng cn hnh ng trc tip ca chnh ph. Trong khi c s dng theo nhiu cch, cm thut ng "t ng ho" ni chung c coi l ng ngha vi vic thay th lao ng bng qu trnh t ng.

170

Automatic stabilizers

171

Automation Autonomous expenditure

T ng ho.

172

Khon chi tiu t nh.

Cc khon chi tiu c coi l c lp vi mc thu nhp.

173

Induced expenditure Autonomous consumption Autonomous investment Autonomous investment demand

Khon chi tiu ph thuc (vo mc thu nhp).

174

Tiu dng t nh.

175

u t t nh.

176

Nhu cu u t t nh. Cm thut ng ny c dng trong hc thuyt v CN CN THANH TON xc nh nhng loi giao dch din ra t pht v l do li nhun t pha cc hng hoc tho dng c tng t pha cc c nhn .

177

Autonomous transactions

Giao dch t nh

178

Autonomous variables

Cc bin t nh

Xem EXOGENOUS VARIABLES. S HI QUY ca mt bin s trn gi tr hay cc gi tr tr ca n. Xem SERIAL CORRELATION AND ARIMA. Cc tc ng ca nhng thay i v s lng tn dng c sn, ch khng phi tc ng thng qua gi, ngha l li sut.

179

Autoregression

T hi quy. Cc hiu ng ca s sn c.

180

Availability effects

181

Average

S trung bnh.

Xem MEAN. Chi ph trn mt n v sn lng trong bao gm chi ph ca tt c u vo (cc yu t sn xut). Quy tc nh gi cng nhn rng cc hng cng chi ph kh bin vo chi ph trung bnh trang tri tng chi ph trung bnh ca n.

182

Average cost

Chi ph bnh qun. nh gi theo chi ph bnh qun. Thu nhp k vng bnh qun; Thu nhp bnh qun d kin. Chi ph c nh bnh qun.

183

Average cost pricing Average expected income

184

Xem PERMANENT INCOME.

185

Average fixed costs

Chi ph c nh trn mi n v sn lng. Tng sn lng c c t vic s dng mt tp hp u vo chia cho s lng ca bt c mt loi u vo no c dng.

186

Average product

Sn phm bnh qun.

187

Average productivity Average propensity to consume

Nng sut bnh qun. Khuynh hng tiu dng bnh qun.

Xem PRODUCTIVITY. Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c chi cho tiu dng hng ho hoc dch v C, thay v u t I.

188

189

Average propensity to save

Khuynh hng tit kim bnh qun. Sut thu bnh qun (sut thu thc t).

Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c a vo tit kim S, tc khng c s dng cho mc ch tiu dng. Khuynh hng tit kim bnh qun bng S/Y. Xem SAVING FUNCTION, MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO SAVE. c s dng khi ni v THU THU NHP C NHN nhng cng c th p dng vi cc loi thu khc. Thng c dng ch tng thu thu nhp di dng mt phn ca thu nhp.

190

Average rate of tax

191

Average revenue Average revenue product

Doanh thu bnh qun. Sn phm doanh thu bnh qun.

Doanh thu trn mt n v sn lng. Sn phm doanh thu trung bnh ca mt u vo (yu t sn xut) nhn vi doanh thu bnh qun.

192

193

Average total cost

Tng chi ph bnh qun AVC-Chi ph kh bin bnh qun. Hiu ng AverchJohnson.

Xem AVERAGE COST.

194

Average variable cost

195

Averch-Johnson Effect

CHI PH KH BN trn mt n v sn lng. ch s phn ng ti a ho li nhun ca cc hng b kim sot, khi phi t c t l li tc xc nh v vn c ng lc la chn kt hp u vo nng v vn hn c th khng c s dng khi khng phi t t l li tc xc nh .

196

Axiom of completeness

Tin v tnh y .

Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.

197

Axiom of continuity

Tin v tnh lin tc.

Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.

198

Axiom of convexity

Tin v tnh li. Tin v tnh thch nhiu hn thch t.

Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.

199

Axiom of dominance

Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.

200

Axiom of

Tin v s la chn.

Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE. Trong l thuyt CU CA NGI TIU DNG, cc c nhn c gi nh l tun th cc nguyn tc v hnh vi duy l v cc tin khc v hnh vi. L tp qun theo c quan chnh ph M vay b Ti chnh M ch khng yu cu biu quyt ngn sch ca quc hi. Cc ph hay vn chuyn thp hn i vi vn chuyn theo mt hng ny so vi hng khc. Mt cng ngh thay th tr nn kh thi v mt kinh t khi gi ca ti nguyn THIN NHIN KHNG TH TI TO tng n mt mc no do s khai thc tng dn.

201

Axiom of prefence

Tin v s thch.

202

Backdoor fancing

Cp tin qua ca sau.

203

Back-haul rates

Cc vn ti ngc.

204

Backstop technology

Cng ngh chng cui.

205

Backward bending supply curve of labour

ng cung lao ng cong v pha sau.

Quan h gia cung lao ng, bt lun c xc nh bng cch no, v tin lng lao ng.

206

Backward intergration

Lin hp thng ngun.

Xem VERTICAL INTERGRATION. Mi lin h gia mt nghnh hay mt hng vi nhng nh cung cp u vo ca h. Hiu ng ngc xy ra khi tng trng kinh t mt vng ca mt nn kinh t c nhng tc ng ngc ti tng trng ca cc vng khc. Mt mt hng hay sn phm gy ra PHN THO DNG i vi ngi tiu dng. (Xem EXTERNALITY).

207

Backward linkage

Lin kt thng ngun.

208

Backwash effects

Hiu ng ngc.

209

Bad Bad money drive out good

Hng xu. "ng tin xu ui ng tin tt".

210

211

Bagehot, Walter

(1826-1877).

Xem GRESHAM'S LAW. L bin tp vin v ng bin tp vin ca t The Economist t 1860-1877. ng l nh bnh lun c nh hng ln ng thi v tc phm ca ng hin vn c trch dn rng ri. Tc phm ni ting nht ca ng l Ph Lombard: Miu t v th trng tin t(1873).

212

Balanced budget Balanced-budget multiplier Balanced economic development

Ngn sch cn i. S nhn ngn sch cn i.

Thu nhp hin ti ng bng chi tiu hin ti ca CHNH PH. T s bin ng thu nhp ca thu nhp thc t so vi bin ng chi tiu chnh ph khi chi tiu ca chnh ph thu t thu thay i mt lng bng nhau. Quan nim cho rng tt c cc thnh phn ca nn kinh t nn c pht trin mt cch ng thi t c mt dng pht trin cn i. Xem BALANCED GROWTH, BIG PUSH. Trong HC THUYT TNG TRNG, iu kin nng ng ca nn kinh t trong tt c cc bin thc t tng ln lin tc cng mt t l (c th bng 0, hay m). Xem STAEDY GROWTH. Cm thut ng ny c s dng vi hn mt ngha, hai cch din gii ph bin nht l: "Cn cn thanh ton th trng" v "Cn cn thanh ton k ton". Thng ch cn cn mu dch "hu hnh", l bun bn hng ho trong mt giai on nht nh. Trn thc t cn cn mu dch ch l mt yu t, cc yu t khc l v hnh trong "Cn cn thanh ton vng lai" m n ch l mt phn ca ton b CN CN THANH TON ca mt nc. Mt phng php c bn ca k hoch X Vit l k ton s kp bng gi c hay vt cht.Mc ch ca cn i l m bo s ng b trong cc k hoch. Cc cn i ny t phc tp hn trong bng cn i LIN NGNH thc hin vai tr tng t trong lp k k hoch. V ngha ring xem MATERIALS BALANCE PRINCIPLE. Mt bng bo co ti sn ca mt thng nhn hoc mt cng ty vo mt ngy nht nh.

213

214

Pht trin kinh t cn i.

215

Balanced growth

Tng trng cn i.

216

Balance of payment

Cn cn thanh ton.

217

Balance of trade

Cn cn thng mi.

218

Balance principle

Nguyn l cn i.

219

Balance sheet

Bng cn i ti sn.

220

Bancor

ng tin bancor (ng tin quc t).

Mt ci tn c Keynes a ra ch tin t quc t m ng cho rng nn c to bi mt ngn hng quc t, c s dng thanh ton cc khon n quc t v mt phn to nn nng lc chuyn ho quc t nhng b phn i.

221

Balanced GDP

GDP c cn i Hiu ng nh khi gi c hng ho gim v cu ca mt vi b phn hay cc c nhn trong cng ng tng, cc c nhn hoc b phn "bt chc" cch phn ng ny v cng tng cu ca h. Mt trung gian ti chnh huy ng qu gc v c bn thng qua nhng khon tin c th hon tr theo yu cu hay trong thi gian ngn v dng ng trc bng khu chi v cc khon vay v bng cc hi phiu chit khu, nn gi cc khon khc ch yu l tch ti sn ti chnh nh chng khon khng bun bn c. Mt chc nng quan trng ca ngn hng l duy tr h thng chuyn i tin bng cch chp nhn tin gi vo ti khon vng lai v iu hnh h thng chuyn qu bng chuyn sc, chuyn khon hay chuyn tin in t.Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CNTL, RETAIL BANKING, WHOLE SALE BANKING. Mt cm thut ng chung dng cho bt k mt loi vay ngn hng no. Xem BANK LOAN. Theo truyn thng, trn th trng hi phiu London, mt HI PHIU c chp nhn bi mt NGN HNG NHN THANH TON, MT NGN HNG THANH TON B TR hay mt nhm cc ngn hng ca Anh hoc cc ngn hng Dominions hp thnh, thay mt khch hng m tn dng chp nhn. Xem ACCEPTANCE, DISCOUNT HOUSE. Thng ch o lut ngn hng nm 1844 do chnh quyn ca hun tc Robert Peel thng qua. Vic cho vay t h thng ngn hng bng bt k phng thc no:TIN CHO VAY CA NGN HNG, HI PHIU CHIT KHU hay chng khon mua. Xem MONEY MULTIPLIER, MONEY SUPPLY, "NEW VIEW". Theo ngi gin n, l cc khon tin gi trong ti khon ngn hng. Trong thc t chng n gin l nhng ghi chp v tnh trng n ca mt ngn hng i vi nhng ngi gi, v chng ny sinh t tnh cht ca ngn hng vi vai tr l TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH. Mt nh ch ti chnh lin chnh ph thnh lp u tin vo nm 1930 h tr v iu phi vic chuyn khon thanh ton bi thng chin tranh th gii th nht gia cc ngn hng quc gia trung ng. Ngn hng ny cng tp hp v ph bin thng tin v cc ch kinh t v m v cc vn tin t quc t. Mt tnh hung trong c s mt t tin ca mt hay nhiu ngn hng gy nn s " x" bt ng v lan rng ca cng chng ti cc ngn hng ni chung rt tin gi hoc vo nhng lc khi pht hnh lnh phiu t nhn l ph bin yu cu thanh ton cc hi phiu ny bng phng tin khc. Mt tp hp cc kin lin quan n cuc tranh lun v quy tc iu tit pht hnh giy bc ca ngn hng Anh trong na u th k XIX.

223

Bandwagon effect

Hiu ng on tu

224

Bank

Ngn hng

225

Bank advance

Khon vay ngn hng.

226

Bank bill

Hi phiu ngn hng.

227

Bank Charter Act

o lut Ngn hng.

228

Bank credit

Tn dng ngn hng.

229

Bank deposite

Tin gi ngn hng.

230

Bank for international Settlements

Ngn hng thanh ton quc t.

231

Banking panic

Cn hong lon ngn hng.

232

Banking school

Trng phi ngn hng

233

Bank loan

Khon vay ngn hng.

234

Bank note

Giy bc ca ngn hng.

ch bt c khon ng trc no ca ngn hng, nhung c s phn bit trong vic cho vay ca ngn hng gia iu kin MC THU CHI v iu kin cho vay. Mt dng tin t pht hnh bi mt ngn hng v v bn cht lm bng chng "c th thng lng" (ngha l c th chuyn i n gin bng cp pht) v tnh trng n ca ngn hng i vi mnh gi ca giy bc. Giy bc ca ngn hng c pht trin t HI PHIU, v v nguyn tc l hi phiu c th tr "trc tip" (theo yu cu) bng phng tin khc. L ngn hng TRUNG NG ca Anh. Do thng nhn London xng nh mt ngn hng thng mi v c thnh lp theo o lut ca Quc hi nm 1694. T nm 1791-1811 v t nm 1816-1836 mt s chc nng ngn hng trung ng M c ln lt do ngn hng th nht th hai thc hin. Trong mt thi gian khong 30 nm (n khi c o lut ngn hng quc gia nm 1864) hu nh khng c chc nng ngn hng trung ng M. Trn thc t, phi n lc c o lut d tr lin bang nm 1913 m mi c mt ngn hng trung ng thc s. Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL, MONETARY POLICY. Mt th tc php l trong ti sn ca con n khng tr c n b tch thu v li ch ca cc ch n ni chung. Thu c p t bi mt nc cng c v tr ca n trong m phn thng mi vi cc nc khc, khi cc nc ny s dng li ha chit khu thu t c s nhng b trong thng mi. Tin cng c c nh trong mt qu trnh thng lng tp th, mt s dn xp v mt c ch so vi qu trnh iu chnh cung cu chnh thng. L thuyt thng lng v tin cng ch nhng m hnh ca qu trnh thng lng p dng cho mi quan h ca s qun l ca cng on vt ra ngoi m hnh C QUYN SONG PHNG, trong kt qu cui cng ca thng lng vn cn m h, rt ra mt gii php r rng.Xem STRIKES, WAGE THEORY. Mt n v i din cho quyn li ca ngi lao ng trong thng lng v qun l lao ng M. Cc n v ny c th l rt nh, l cc nhn vin c tuyn trong mt hng n l hay rt ln, tt c nhng ngi c tuyn dng trong mt ngnh trn khp t nc. Cc n v thng lng khc nhau v quy m v c cu.

235

Bank of England

Ngn hng Anh

236

Bank of United State

Ngn hng Hoa K. T l chit khu chnh thc ca ngn hng ANH.

237

Bank rate

238

Bankruptcy

S ph sn. Thu quan mc c; Thu quan thng lng.

239

Bargaining tariff

240

Bargaining theory of wages

L thuyt thng lng v tin cng; L thuyt mc c v tin cng.

241

Bargaining unit Banks' cash-deposit ratio

n v thng lng; n v mc c. T s gia tin mt v tin gi ca ngn hng.

242

243

Barlow Report Barometric price leadership

Bo co Barlow. S ch o theo k p gi c.

Nhng kt qu phn tch ca mt u ban hong gia Anh v s phn b a l ca ngnh cng nghip Anh v c nh hng mnh m n s pht trin ca chnh sch khu vc hu cng nghip Chin tranh Anh.

244

245

Barriers to entry

Ro cn nhp ngnh

Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP. Cc yu t y nhng ngi mi nhp ngnh vo mt mc gi khng thun li so vi cc hng thit lp trong mt ngnh. Chng no cc hng thit lp t gi mt mc di im ti thiu ca chi ph trung bnh di hn ca hng tim tng hiu

qu nht, cc hng thit lp c th t c mc siu li nhun v lu di m khng phi lo s v s gia nhp ngnh mi.

246

Barter

Hng i hng.

Phng php trao i hng ho v dch v trc tip ly cc hng ho v dch v khc, khng s dng mt n v k ton hay phng tin trao i no c. Hip nh gia cc quc gia, thng gp kh khn v CN CN THANH TON, id vi vic trao i trc tip cc lng hng ho Nn kinh t m hng ho v dch v c thc hin thng qua vic I HNG, iu dn ti rt t chuyn mn ho hoc phn cng lc lng lao ng do yu cu ca s trng lp mun. Mt thi im c dng tham kho khi so snh vi giai on sau. Sau khi bi b nhng hip nh v tin gi v tin vay nm 1971, CC NGN HNG THANH TON B TR CA ANH p dng tp qun xc nh v thng bo "li sut gc".Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL.

247

Barter agreements

Hip nh trao i hng. Nn kinh t hng i hng

248

Barter economy

249

Base period

Giai on gc.

250

Base rate

Li sut gc.

251

Basic activities

Cc hot ng c bn.

Xem ECONOMIC BASE. Tn gi ca cc hng xut khu s ch ca cc nc km pht trin.

252

Basic exports

Hng xut khu c bn

253

Basic industries

Nhng ngnh c bn.

254

Basic need philosophy

Trit l nhu cu c bn. Mc tin cng c bn; mc lng c bn.

Xem ECONOMIC BASE. L chin lc pht trin c tho lun nhiu trong nhng nm gn y. Khc vi cc l thuyt tch lu c in, n nhn mnh rng c mt s mc cn phi u tin. l (1) cung cp cc hng tiu dng c bn nh thc n, qun o v ch , (2) cc dch v cn thit nh nc, gio dc, y t, (3) quyn c vic lm vi thu nhp m bo cc nhu cu c bn, (4) c s h tng p ng cho nhu cu c bn v hng ho v dch v v (5) tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh. Chin lc ny hng vo sn xut. Trit l ny c c cc trit gia bo th v cc trit gia cp tin ng h. N cng vp phi cc ch trch l khng y v khng c g thc s l mi m.

255

Basic wage rates

256

Basing-point system

H thng im nh v c s.

257

Bayesian techniques

K thut Bayes.

Xem Wage Rate. Mt cch nh gi trong nhng ngi bn hng khc nhau trong mt th trng thng nht rng mc gi i vi mt hng ho s c tnh bng tng gi c nh v mc ph vn chuyn c thng nht lin quan n khong cch gia ngi tiu dng v im gn nht trong mt s cc a im c tho thun gi l "cc im nh v c s". Cc phng php phn tch thng k (bao gm C LNG v SUY LUN THNG K) trong thng tin trc y c kt hp vi s liu mu a ra nhng c tnh hay cc gi thuyt kim nghim.

258

Bearer bonds

Tri khon khng ghi tn.

Mt loi tri khon khng yu cu c chng th chuyn nhng v ngi gi c quyn s hu hp php. Nhng c nhn tin rng gi chng khon hoc tri khon s gim v do bn nhng chng khon hy vng rng c th mua li mc gi thp hn. Nhng bin php kinh t m mt nc thc hin nhm ci thin tnh hnh trong nc, thng l gim tht nghip v c nhng tc ng bt li vi cc nn kinh t khc. Mt mi quan h ton hc trong mt m hnh kinh t hay kinh t lng, phn nh s phn ng ca mt c nhn hay mt tp hp cc c nhn i vi cc khuyn khch kinh t (v d HM TIU DNG). Mt quan im v s hnh thnh cc k vng da trn cc yu t tm l v x hi. Mt nhm cc l thuyt coi hng nh mt lin minh ca cc phn nhm m mc ch ca chng vn d mu thun nhau. Xem XEFFICIENCY.

259

Bears Beggar-my neighbour policies

Ngi u c gi xung. Chnh sch lm ngho nc lng ging

260

261

Behavioural equation Behavioural expectations Behavioural theories of the firm

Phng trnh v hnh vi

262

K vng da trn hnh vi. Cc l thuyt da trn hnh vi v hng; l thuyt v hng da trn hnh vi.

263

264

Base year

Nm gc, nm c s.

265

Benefit-cost ratio

T s chi ph-li ch.

Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS.

266

Benefit-cost analysis

Phn tch li ch chi ph. Nguyn tc nh thu theo li ch. Lin minh kinh t Benelux.

Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS. Mt l thuyt truyn thng v NH THU cho rng gnh nng v thu nn c phn b gia nhng ngi tr thu theo li ch m h nhn c t vic cung cp hng ho cng cng. Mt lin minh v hi quan ban u c thit lp do cng c vo nm 1932 gia chnh ph B,Luch Xm Bua v H Lan. T chc hin ti c thnh lp theo hip nh lin minh kinh t Benelux vo nm 1958.

267

Benefit principle

268

Benelux Economic Union

269

Bentham,Jeremy

1748-1832 Hm phc li x hi Bergson

270

Bergsonnian Social Walfare Funtion

271

Bernoulli Hypothesis Bertrand's duopoly Model

Gi thuyt Bernoulli. M hnh lng quyn ca Bertrand. (BLUE)-on s trng tuyn tnh p nht; (c lng tuyn tnh khng chch tt nht)

Mt nh khoa hc x hi ngi anh HM PHC LI X HI Bergson l mt hm gi tr thc m bin s ca n bao gm cc i lng th hin cc mt khc nhau ca tnh trng x hi, thng l o tho dng ca mi c nhn hay mi h gia nh. Daniel Bernoulli l mt nh ton hc th k XIX a ra mt li gii cho mt nghch l c ca ngi. Bi ton ny l mt trong s cc bi ton gii thch ti sao cc c nhn s khng tr mt khon cc ln chi tr chi xp nga ca mt ng xu. M hnh v mt th trng c hai hng do J.Bertrand a ra nm 1883. ON S (C LNG S) ny c PHNG SAI nh nht trong tt c cc c lng TUYN TNH v cng khng chch (ngha l gi tr k vng ca n bng vi gi tr tham s thc). Xem GAUSS-MARKOV THEOREM, ORDINARY LEAST

272

273

Best Linear Unbiased Estimator

SQUARES.

274

Beta

Ch s Beta

275

Beveridge Report

Bo co Beveridge.

Ch s tnh s bin ng li tc ca mt c phiu cng vi s bin ng li tc ca ton b th trng chng khon. Bn bo co v chnh sch x hi ca Anh c nhan "Bo him x hi v cc dch v lin kt" do Hun tc William Beveridge chun b cho chnh quyn lin minh thi chin nm 1942. Mc m gi tr k vng ca mt ON S (C LNG S) khc so vi gi tr tham s thc ca n. Xem (BEST LINEAR UNBIASED ESTIMATOR). Mt ngh tr m mt c nhn hay t chc a ra s hu hoc kim sot ti sn, cc u vo, hng ho hay dch v. Mi quan h ch ra khon tin m mt gia nh hoc hng c th tr s dng mt mnh t nht nh vi cc khong khc nhau so vi trung tm ca mt vng th trong khi vn duy tr mc khng i THO DNG hay L NHUN. Gi thuyt cho rng trong khi mc di do v chi ph TI CHNH NGOI HI l yu t quyt nh quan trng ti u t trong thi k bng n tng trng, cn thu nhp gi vai tr quan trng nht khi suy thoi. Mt cm thut ng ph bin dng miu t nhng thay i v cc quy ch London- trung tm ti chnh ca Anh vo thng 10/1986. mt ng gp vo cuc tranh lun din ra vo thp k 1950 v 1960 v vic tng trng cn i hay khng cn i l ph hp nht cho cc nc ang pht trin. S tr gip hay vin tr da trn mt tho thun trc tip gia hai nc; khc vi vin tr a phng n t mt nhm cc nc hay t mt t chc quc t. Xem FOREING AID, TIED AID. Th trng trong mt ngi mua n c i mt vi ngi bn n c. Mu dch, thng l cc ch m phn chnh ph gia hai nc, bng cch mt nc xut khu mt lng hay gi tr hng ho nht nh sang cc nc i tc i ly mt lng hay gi tr hng nhp khu tho thun t nc i tc.

276

Bias

lch.

277

Bid

u thu.

278

Bid-rent function

Hm gi thu thu t.

279

Bifurcation Hypothesis

Gi thuyt lng cc.

280

Big bang

V o ln ln.

281

Big push

C y mnh.

282

Bilateral assistance

Tr gip song phng.

283

Bilateral monopoly

c quyn song phng.

284

Bilateral trade

Mu dch song phng

285

Bill

Hi phiu.

Cng c ngn hn di dng lnh tr yu cu ngi b k Ngi chuyn chp ni ngi mua v ngi bn hi phiu li vi nhau ly tin hoa hng. Xem DISCUONT HOUSE.

286

Bill broker

Ngi mi gii hi phiu.

287

Bill of exchange

Hi phiu i ngoi. Ch c nghip v hi phiu.

Hi phiu c rt cp tin cho giao dch ngoi thng. Ch thuyt thnh hnh M nhng nm 1950, cho rng khi tham gia vo CC NGHIP V TH TRNG M, H THNG D TR LIN BANG ch tin hnh cc nghip v mua bn hi

288

Bills only

phiu. iu ny da trn quan im rng bng cc tp trung vo th trng vn ngn hn, nhng nghip v ny s t c nh hng d tnh trc i vi kh nng chuyn hon ca ngn hng vi t xo trn nht i vi th trng ti chnh ni chung. ng thi nhng thay i din ra vi li sut ngn hn s nh hng n cc th trng khc thng qua phng tin "thng thng" ca cc iu chnh danh mc u t ca ngi nc ngoi nm gi. Mt bin s ch c th c 2 gi tr (v d 0 v 1), thng s dng xc nh nhng nh hng mang tnh nh tnh hay nh lng trong phn tch HI QUY. Xem DUMMY VARIABLE. Mt gi tr cho li sut trong thuyt tng trng, trong gia tt c ng TNG TRNG CN I, th TIU DNG theo u ngi co nht t c v duy tr c bng mt ng trn nng sut vn bin (bng T L LI NHUN trong CNH TRANH HON HO) bng t l tng trng khng i ca lc lng lao ng c xc nh bng cch ngoi sinh. Xem GOLDEN RULE OF ACCUMULATION. c nh ngha l s ngi sinh sng st trung bnh trn 1000 dn mi nm.

289

Binary variable

Bin nh phn.

290

Biological interest rate

Li sut sinh hc.

291

Birth rate

T sut sinh Ngn hng thanh ton quc t

292

BIS

Xem BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS

293

Bivariate analysis

Phn tch hai bin s

Phn tch ch lin quan n hai bin s Bt c th trng bt hp php no c thnh lp trong mt hon cnh m thng c chnh ph c nh gi mc ti a hoc ti thiu. Thng ch CN BNG TIU DNG trong ngi tiu dng hon ton tho mn i vi hng ho c tiu dng v im ny nm trong GII HN NGN SCH ca anh ta. Ni chung l mt khon tr cp khng t cc ca chnh ph cp cho chnh quyn a phng Mt cm thut ng ch C PHN hng nht c t ri ro v mt vn. Mt ci tn quen thuc cho n phm ca Cc thng k trung ng bao gm ng ti nhng ti khon chi tiu v thu nhp quc dn hng nm ca Anh. Ngi lao ng tham gia vo cng vic no m v bn cht l lao ng chn tay, v cng khc vi cng nhn c trng.(Xem MANUAL WORKERS) Cc s d khng chch, tuyn tnh, tt nht v vi mt ma trn hip phng sai v hng Mt nh kinh t hc v chnh khch ngi o. ng l ngi c hoan nghnh nht trong trng phi o. ng b sung mt phn nh hc thuyt ca Menger v Wieser v gi tr v gi c, nhng ng pht trin ton din din bin kinh t trong cng trnh ca mnh v vn v tin li, t tc phm ny ng c ngi ta

294

Black market

Ch en im cc mn; im hon ton tho mn

295

Bliss point

296

Block grant

Tr cp c gi

297

Blue chip

C phn xanh

298

Blue Book

Sch xanh

299

Blue-collar workers

Cng nhn c xanh

300

BLUS residuals

S d BLUS

301

Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen Von (1851-1914)

302

Bond

Tri khon

gi l "nh t sn C.Mc". Trong cng trnh ny ng ng thi xc nh lng hng ho, giai on sn xut, tin lng v tin li. S quan tm c tp trung ch yu vo vn v li. ng gii thch rng, li sut l s tng tc gia S A THCH THEO THI GIAN v HIU SUT U T VT CHT. ng a ra 2 l do: mi ngi mong mun c kh gi hn trong tng lai v h cng nh gi qu thp nhng nhu cu trong tng lai. C hai iu trn lm gim tho dng bin ca hng ho tng lai.Bohm-Bawerk gii thch hiu sut u t vt cht di dng tnh u vit ca phng php sn xut vng trn, v d bt c th dng cn cu hu hiu hn l bt trc tip bng tay. ng cho rng, S VNG VO l hiu qa nhng phi chu mc li tc gim dn. S vng vo c m rng n khi nng sut bin t s ko di cho php cui cng ca qu trnh sn xut bng li phi tr t c cc khon cho hng ho lng ca ngi lao ng ko di qu trnh sn xut. Khi nin s vnh vo l c tnh ca hc thuyt trng phi o v vn, chu rt nhiu tranh ci, v khng c thc o no r rng v n. Mc d n c mt s ngha hp hn v chnh xc hn v mt php l, cm thut ng ny c dng chung hn v lng lo hn ch bt c chng khon li sut c nh (n) no, v d: chng khon VIN VNG hay TRI KHON CNG TY. Cm thut ng ny miu t bt c ni no hoc s giao dch no, trong bt k loi tri khon no c chuyn qua tay: v d r nht l S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON ch c phiu pht hnh bi mt cng ty cho cc c ng hin ti khng phi dui dng mua vn mi m l VN HO d tr. Cm thut ng ny dng trong k ton. xc nh gi tr trn s sch ca mt c phiu, tt c tqi sn ca cng ty c cng li, tt c cng n v n c tr i, bao gm gi pht mi ca c phiu u i GIAI ON M RNG ca CHU K KINH DOANH. Cm thut ng ny ch p dng vi tc i hng i ln nhanh chng no so vi CHIU HNG TRNG K. Mt h thng v s LA CHN TP TH trong mi c tri xp hng tng v tr trong nhm.(Xem APPROVAL VOTING, CONDORCET CRITERION, SOCIAL DECISION RULE, SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION) Qu trnh thng lng tp th v cc iu khon v iu kin tuyn dng thng l tho hip v nhng b. Mt khi nim c H.A.SIMON a ra cho rng mc du cc c nhn c x theo l tr theo s sp t s thch cho d l hon chnh, nht qun v kn k, nhng kh nng thu nhp v x l thng tin ca h li b hn ch, ngha l n b gii hn bi kh nng tnh ton ca tr c con ngi. Cm thut ng ny c s dng ch mt b phn ca x hi cng nghip thng th trong cuc cch mng Cng nghip nh ch hng v cc nh chuyn mn. Mt phng php d bo da trn m hnh CHUI THI GIAN ARIMA. S di c ca nhng ngui lao ng c trnh v tay ngh t cc nc ngho sang cc nc giu hn.

303

Bond market

Th trng tri phiu

304

Bonus issue

C phiu thng

305

Book value

Gi tr trn s sch

306

Boom

S bng n tng trng

307

Borda Count

Con tnh Borda

308

Boulwarism

Ch ngha Boulware

309

Bounded rationality

Tnh duy l b hn ch. Tng lp trng gi; Tng lp t sn Phng php BoxJenkins. (Hin tng) chy mu cht xm

310

Bourgeoisie

311

Box-Jenkins

312

Brain drain

313

Branch banking

Nhip v ngn hng chi nhnh S trung thnh vi nhn hiu

Vic cung cp cc dch v ngn hng thng qua mng li ngn hng chi nhnh s hu bi mt cng ty ngn hng. S trung thnh v tm l i vi s kt hp biu tng ca mt sn phm c nhn hiu. Chi ph sn xut mt hng ho c th chia thnh hai phn chnh: CHI PH C NH v CHI PH KH BIN. t quan im ca ngi k ton v chi ph, s lng doanh thu ti im ho vn l s lng m bo rng tt c chi ph c nh v kh bin u c trang tri mc gi bn c th. Mt im ti chi tiu cho tiu dng ng bng thu nhp nh c minh ho ti im m HM TIU DNG ct ng 45 trong M HNH THU NHP CHI TIU. (Xem CONSUMPTION FUNCTION) Khu du lch New Hampshire M, ti y Hi ngh ti chnh ca Lin hp quc c t chc vo nm 1944 tho lun vn thanh ton quc t sau chin tranh.

314

Brand loyalty

315

Break-even analysis

Phn tch im ho vn Mc ho vn ca thu nhp

316

Break-even level of income

317

Bretton Woods

318

Bretton Woods system

H thng Bretton Woods.

319

Brooker

Ngi mi gii.

Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. mt ngha hp l ngi trung gian chp ni ngi bn v ngi mua vi nhau, hoc ngi hot ng nh mt i in cho ngi ny hay cho ngi kia, tin hnh mt giao dch mua bn v nhn tin th lao hoa hng hay mi gii. Tuy nhin, my s trng phi khi nim ny ch ngi mua hoc ngi bn gc, d cch dng ny xut pht t giai on ban u ca ngi mi gii thc s. Mt khon tin c yu cu bi mt ngi mi gii v thc hin vic mua bn thay mt mt khch hng. M hnh ny c s dng phn tch cu trc ca CHU K KINH DOANH v cho nh gi CHNH SCH TIN T, TI CHNH v TNG TRNG KINH T. M hnh nh du mt bc quan trng trong vic thng nht nhiu thnh phn khc nhau ca nn kinh t thnh mt quy m ln nhng qun l c, y l mt ct mc trong vic pht trin cc m hnh kinh t lng. Mt hip c h tr ln nhau gia Anh, php v cc nc Benelux k nm 1948. Hip c c xem nh mt bc tin trong nh hng hi nhp ca chu U i trc Hip nh Roma (1957) v s khi u ca CNG NG KINH T CHU U (EEC), ngy nay l cng ng CHU U (EC).

320

Brokerage

Hoa hng mi gii.

321

Brookings model

M hnh Brookings

322

Brussels, Treaty of

Hip c Brussels Hip c Brussels (c bit n nh hip c B sung)

323

Brussels, Treaty of

Xem EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY Hi ngh tin t quc t c t chc Brussel nm 1920 di s bo tr ca cc nc ng minh, nu ln vn n nh ngoi hi. Xem GENEVA CONFERENCE. S phn loi tiu chun hng ho, c chp nhn bi a s cc nc trn th gii, v nhng mc ch v thu quan.

324

Brussels conference Brussels Tariff Nomenclature

Hi ngh Brussels. Biu thu quan theo Hip nh Brussels

325

326

Buchanan, James M.

(1919-)

327

Budget

Ngn sch.

328

Budget deficit

Thm ht ngn sch.

Nh kinh t hc ngi M t gii Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1986 v nhng ng gp ca ng i vi l thuyt ra quyt nh chnh tr v S LA CHN CNG CNG. Trong khi l thuyt kinh t truyn thng c th l gia cch thc NHNG NGI TIU DNG v cc nh sn xut ra quyt nh v mua hng ho v CC YU T SN XUT,l thuyt ny li khng cp ti vic a ra quyt nh kinh t trong KHU VC CNG CNG. B nh hng bi M HNH TRAO I T NGUYN CA WICKSELL, Buchanan coi din bin chnh tr nh mt phng tin hp tc t c nhng li th c i c li. ng thi v kt qu ca qu trnh ny s ph thuc vo "lut chi", do Buchanan nhn mnh tm quan trng ca s la chn nhng quy tc t chc ny: Kt qu c th ca cc chnh sch u c th on c v c nh trc bi chnh cc quy tc trn. Buchanan c hn 20 cun sch v 300 bi bo c xut bn. Mt ngn sch c 3 b phn l B PHN PHN B, B PHN PHN PHI v B PHN T N NH. Chng c kt thnh mt ngn sch v nhng l do v phng din qun l. Mi b phn i hi c phng php qun l ring ca n. Chi tiu hin ti vt thu nhp hin ti. Thng c s dng nhiu nht c miu t tnh trng trong thu nhp ca chnh ph, thu t thu khng trang tri chi tiu ca chnh ph. Mt ng trong Khng gian hng ho ch ra nhng t hp m ngi tiu dng c th mua c mc thu nhp nht nh. Thu nhp hin ti vt chi tiu hin ti. Thng c s dng nhiu nht c miu t tnh trng trong thu nhp ca chnh ph, thu t thu vt chi tiu ca chnh ph. Mt h thng qua kim tra c tin hnh i vi cc ngun thu v chi cho cc mc tiu c nh ra trong ngn sch. Mc ch l khm ph xem kt qu chch hng mc tiu mc no c nhng hnh ng vo thi gian thch hp nhm a cc lung ph hp vi mc tiu mong mun.

329

Budget line

ng ngn sch

330

Budget surplus

Thng d ngn sch.

331

Budgetary control

Kim sot ngn sch

332

Budget shares

T phn ngn sch. Cc lng hng ho c d tr khc phc bin ng gi c i vi cc mt hng c bn. Mt nh ch ti cnh chp nhn cc qu di dng "c phn" v tin gi cho ch s hu vay li hu nh ton b mua nh hoc cn h.

333

Buffer stocks

Kho m, d tr bnh n Ngn hng pht trin gia c Cc chnh sch, cng c n nh ni to.

334

Building society

335

Built-in stabililizers

Xem AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS Kim loi qu nh vng hoc bc c gi vi s lng ln di dng thi hay thanh. Thoi vng c dng giao dch tin t gia cc quc t gia cc ngn hng v chnh ph. Cc c nhn tin rng chng khon hoc tri khon s tng gi v do mua chng v hy vng c th bn vi gi cao hn sau . Ngi u c gi xung gi l NGI BN KHNG.

336

Bullion

Thoi

337

Bulls

Ngi u c gi ln.

338

Bureaucracy, economic theory of

L thuyt kinh t v h thng cng chc.

339

Bureaux

Vn phng

M hnh ny gi nh rng cc c quan nh nc s c x nh nhng tc nhn ti a ho ngn sch. Ngn sch ln hn cho php cc cng chc tho mn thch ca mnh v lng, chc tc, bo m vic lm v nhng li ch phi tin t nh quyn lc, danh ting v c hi phn b cc hp ng. Trong HC THUYT KINH T V S QUAN LIU, nhng t chc phi li nhun c ti tr, t nht mt phn t tr cp nh k v cung ng mt tng sn lng i ly mt ngn sch ch khng phi nhng n v sn phm theo gi.

340

Business cycle

Chu k kinh doanh.

Xem TRADE CYCLE. Mc ti mt nghnh t c kt qu hay mc tiu m cc hng thnh vin theo ui. Xem STRUCTURE - CONDUCT PERFORMANCE - FRAMEWORK).

341

Business performance

Kt qu kinh doanh.

342

Business risk

Ri ro kinh doanh

Xem CORPORATE RISK. ch mc m tng giao dch trn mt th trng b thng tr bi mt vi ngi mua ln nht. Mt th trng c c trng l d cung, trong ngi bn v vy phi gp kh khn khi bn tt c sn phm ca h theo gi d kin. Mt php tnh ca nghnh ton hc lin quan n vic tnh ton cc o hm hay tch phn. Cc khon tin m cc NGN HNG CHIT KHU vay t cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr v ngn hng khc London v chng c s dng gi cc danh mc u t ti sn. Rt nhiu khon tin gi ca cc ng tin Chu u cng dng ny. Mt hp ng cho php la chn mua c phiu vo mt ngy trong tng lai gii hn c nh trc. Xem PUT OPTION, OPTION.

343

Buyer concertration

S tp trung ngi mua. Th trng ca ngi mua.

344

Buyers' market

345

Caculus

Gii tch.

346

Call money

Khon vay khng k hn.

347

Call option

Hp ng mua trc.

348

Cambridge Equation Cambridge school of Economics Cambridge theory of Money

Phng trnh Cambridge Trng phi kinh t hc Cambridge L thuyt tin t ca trng phi Cambridge.

Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY. Mt nhm cc nh kinh t hc b nh hng ca nhng bi vit v mi lin h vi A.MARSHALL.

349

350

Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.

351

CAP

Xem COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY. M hnh gii thch s t l u t c quan h mt thit vi m hnh GIA TC v c bit vi m hnh IU CHNH LNG VN.

352

Capacity model

M hnh cng nng.

353

Capacity untilization

Mc s dng cng nng

354

Capital

T bn/ vn.

L t l sn lng thc t so vi sn lng tin nng. Xem EXCESS CAPACITY. 1)Mt t dng ch mt yu t sn xut do h thng kinh t to ra. 2)Mt t cng c s dng lm thut ng ch cc ti sn TI CHNH. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL, CAPITAL CONTROVERSY, FINANCE.

355

Capital account

Ti khon vn.

Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENT. Qu trnh tch lu vn qua u t rng dng. Xem GOLDEN RULE OF ACCUMULATION Min thu i vi thu cng ty lin quan n chi tiu cho vn ca hng. Mt ti sn khng c mua bn nh mt phn ca cng vic kinh doanh hng ngy. V d: nh xng, my mc, t ai hoc chng khon. M hnh ra i vo nhng nm 1960 v a ra mt dng c th ca khi nim chung v s nh i gia ri ro v li tc.

356

Capital accumulation

Tch l vn. Cc khon min thu cho vn.

357

Capital allowances

358

Capital asset Capital asset pricing model

Ti sn vn. M hnh nh gi Ti sn vn.

359

360

Capital budgeting

Phn b vn ngn sch.

Qu trnh phn b vn c th u t cho cc vn d n. Cc chi ph m cc cng ty v c nhn a vo ti khon ca h tr li vn vay, khu hao ti sn v tr n vay. Xem ANNUAL CAPITAL CHARGE.

361

Capital charges

Cc ph tn cho vn

362

Capital coefficients Capital Consumption Allowance

Cc h s vn. Khon khu tr cho s dng t bn.

Xem CAPITAL - OUTPUT RATIO Mc chnh lch gia tng sn phm quc dn (GNP) v sn phm quc dn rng trong khun kh hch ton thu nhp quc dn M. Xem NATION IMCOME Mt cuc tranh lun gia trng phi Cambridge (c trung tm ti trng i hc Cambridge, Anh ) v trng phi tn c in ca vin Cng ngh Massachusetts (MIT), Cambridge v tnh xc ng ca cc quan im tn c in v kinh t hc. Qu trnh tch lu vn vi tc nhanh hn so vi mc tng trng ca lc lng lao ng. Xem CAPITAL WIDENING.

363

364

Capital Controversy

Tranh ci v yu t vn.

365

Capital deepening

Tng cng vn. Thit b sn xut, thit b vn.

366

Capital equipment

Xem CAPITAL Chi tiu cho t liu sn xut ca cc hng, chnh ph, cc c quan chnh ph hay h gia nh, nhm mc ch thay th vn khu hao hay to vn mi. Xem CAPITAL INVESTMENT. Lng b sung vo DUNG LNG VN sau khi khu hao. Xem INVESMENT.

367

Capital expenditure Capital information (capital formation?)

Chi tiu cho vn.

368

S hnh thnh vn.

369

Capital gain

Khon li vn.

Chnh lc gia gi mua mt ti sn v gi bn li vo mt ngy no m chnh lch ny l dng.

370

Capital gains tax

Thu li vn.

Thu nh vo s tng thm ca ti sn

371

Capital gearing

T trng vn vay T liu sn xut, hng t liu sn xut.

Xem GEARING.

372

Capital goods

Xem CAPITAL. T s vn so vi lao ng c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut. Xem PRODUCTION FUNCTION. Mt k thut sn xut A c coi l s dng nhiu vn hn so vi k thut tng ng B nu t s vn so vi CC YU T SN XUT khc ca A ln hn B. Mt nn kinh t trong a s cc k thut sn xut l s dng NHIU VN.(Xem CAPITAL INTENSITY) Mt ngnh kinh t trong cc k thut sn xut ch yu BAO HM NHIU VN (Xem CAPITAL INTENSITY, CAPITAL INTENSIVE TECHNIQUES, APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY). Mt phng php sn xut c t trng VN cao hn bt c yu t sn xut no khc. (Xem CAPITAL, FACTORS OF PRODUCTION).

373

Capital intensity

Cng vn. (ngnh) da nhiu vo vn; s dng nhiu vn. Nn kinh t da nhiu vo vn. Ngnh bao hm nhiu vn Cc k thut da nhiu vo vn

374

Capital - intensive Capital - intensive economy Capital-intensive sector Capital-intensive techniques Capital, marginal efficiency of

375

376

377

378

Vn, hiu qu bin ca

379

Capitalism

Ch ngha t bn

Xem MARGINAL EFFICIENCY OF CAPITAL Mt h thng chnh tr, x hi v kinh t, trong phn ln l ti sn bao gm ti sn vn c s hu v kim sot bi cc c nhn.(Xem MARKET ECONOMY, MIXED MARKET ECONOMY AND FREE ENTERPRISE).

380

Capitalization

T bn ho, vn ha

Tng s v c cu VN c phiu ca mt cng ty

381

Capitalization issue

C phiu khng mt tin

Xem BONUS ISSUE Mt khi nim lin quan n t trng ca mi loi c phiu hay vn n trong mt cng ty so vi tng VN C PHN trn th trng ca n. Tr gi c nh cho mt ti sn theo mc li nhun hin ti v li sut th trng hin hnh. T s m LAO NG v VN c kt hp trong qu trnh sn xut.(Xem INVESTMENT).

382

Capitalization rates

T l vn ho

383

Capitalized value

Gi tr c vn ho

384

Capital-labour ratio

T s vn/ lao ng

385

Capital loss

Khon l vn

386

Capital market

Th trng vn

Xem CAPITAL GAIN L th trng, hay ng hn l mt nhm cc th trng lin quan ti nhau, trong , vn dng ti chnh (tin t) c em cho vay, vay hoc "huy ng" vi cc iu kin khc nhau v trong thi hn khc nhau.(Xem TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES). Cc lung vn quc t c th c c nhn hay chnh ph tin hnh T l ca lng vn trn sn lng m vn to ra. (Xem INCREMENTAL CAPITAL- OUTPUT RATIO). c dng xc nh mt tnh hung, trong s hn hp ngn sch v lng tin sn c cho u t v cc d n trn mc rng buc th trng thng thng c quyt nh bi mi lin h gia chi ph vn v li tc d kin. Vic c tnh cc yu cu v vn l cn thit xc nh T S VN GIA TNG SN LNG, tc l mi lin h gia u t v tng thu nhp nh u t . Vic p dng mt phng php sn xut khi gi tr ca lng vn lin quan v t sut li nhun cng tng ln. Lung dch v qua thi gian bt ngun t dung lng vn thit b (Xem CAPITAL). Tng s T LIU SN XUT trong mt nn kinh t.(Xem CAPITAL CONTROVERSY) Mt l thuyt cho rng mc U T RNG l mt phn chnh lch gia DUNG LNG VN mong mun v dung lng vn thc t, n phn nh kh nng iu chnh khng hon ho ti mt mc ti u trong bt c khong thi gian c hn no . (Xem ACCELERATOR PRINCIPLE).

387

Capital movements

Cc lung di chuyn vn

388

Capital-output ratio

T s vn-sn lng

389

Capital rationing

nh mc vn

390

Capital requirements

Cc yu cu v vn Thay i k thut sn xut

391

Capital- reversing

392

Capital services

Cc dch v vn

393

Capital stock

Dung lng vn

394

Capital Stock Adjustment Principle

Nguyn l iu chnh dung lng vn

395

Capital structure

Cu trc vn

Thnh phn VN ca mt cng ty (Xem COST OF CAPITAL)

396

Captital tax Capital theoretic approach

Thu vn Phng php l thuyt qui v vn

Xem WEALTH TAX Mt cch tip cn kinh t hc xem tt c cc ngun lc nh VN , ngha l gi tr hin ti rng ca lung thu nhp tng lai ca chng.

397

398

Capital theory

L thuyt v vn

399

Capital transfer tax

Thu chuyn giao vn

Xem CAPITAL CONTROVERSY Thu nh vo vic chuyn giao TI SN p dng Anh t nm 1974 thay th THU BT NG SN v c t tn li l thu tha k nm 1986.Thu chuyn giao vn bao gm thu qu tng cho sut i v thu tha k.

400

Capital turnover criterion

Tiu chun quay vng vn u t chiu rng (m rng vn)

Mt tiu chun u t c xut t lu s dng CC NC ANG PHT TRIN. xut ny cho rng cc d n c la chn ph hp vi T S VN GIA TNG - SN LNG ca chng v nhng d n c t s thp nht s c u tin. Qu trnh tch lu VN tng cng vi tc gia tng LC LNG LAO NG T S VN- LAO NG khng i (Xem CAPITAL DEEPENING)

401

Capital widening

402

Capitation tax

Thu thn

Xem POOL TAX. L thuyt v iu tit do Geogre Stigler a ra. V c bn, mt ngnh b iu tit c th thu li t s iu tit bng cch "nm gi" c quan iu tit c lin quan.

403

Capture theory

404

Captive buyer

L thuyt nm gi. Ngi / Ngn hng b buc phi mua mt s chng khon va pht hnh. (Nh nc quy nh).

405

Carbon tax

Thu Carbon Trng phi im ho; trng phi chia . tho dng im ho; tho dng, khong cch gia cc mc tho dng.

Thu nh vo cc nhin liu ho thch nhm gim lng thi CO2 gim s nng ln ca ton cu. Xem EXTERNALITIES, INTERNALIZATION. Trng phi cho rng THO DNG c th o lng c bng cc n v s m. Xem CARDINAL UNTILITY. C th phn bit hai ngha ca cm thut ng ny.1)t c s dng hn l tho dng gn vi mt nhm hng ho c th o c mt cch tuyt i bng n v nh 'util' (mt thut ng c Jevons dng trong thuyt kinh t chnh tr ca ng nm 1871). 2)c s dng rng ri hn, lin quan ch n khong cch gia cc mc tho dng. Tho thun chnh thc gia cc hng trong mt th trng c quyn nhm kt hp cc th tc c thng nht v cc bin nh gi c v sn lng. Xem OLIGOPOLY. Cc hnh pht p t bi cc thnh vin ca Cartel nhm t c s kt dnh vi mc tiu chung ca c nhm. Theo ngha chung nht, thut ng ch tin bao gm TIN MT v TIN GI NGN HNG.

406

Cardinalism

407

Cardinal utility

408

Cartel

Cartel

409

Cartel sanctions

S trng pht ca Cartel

410

Cash Cash balance approach

Tin mt. Cch tip cn tn qu. (S d tin mt). Nng sn thng mi; Hoa mu hng ho/ hoa mu thng mi.

411

Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY. Cm thut ng ny ch cc loi hoa mu c nng dn trng bn trn th trng ch khng phi tiu dng trc tip CHO CC MC CH T CUNG T CP.

412

Cash crops

413

Cash drainage

Tht thot / ht tin mt. Lung tin, ngn lu, dng kim lu.

414

Cash flow

Tng thu nhp gi li v khon khu hao cn li ca mt hng.

415

Cash flow statement

Bn bo co lung tin / ngn lu. Hn mc chi tiu, hn mc tin mt.

416

Cash limit

Mt dng kim sot CHI TIU CNG CNG thc hin Anh. T s m cc ngn hng duy tr gia s tin mt v tng s tin gi ca chng, v thnh thong c gi l t l d tr tin mt. Tnh trng c vic lm tm thi m khng c gi lm u dn hay hp ng lng.

417

Cash ratio

T sut tin mt.

418

Casual employment

Cng vic tm thi.

419

Categorical

Tr cp chn lc.

Xem GRANT Mt khi nim ny sinh t vic xem xt cc gi nh ni bt ca m hnh kinh t lng c lng t s hiu chui thi gian m bn cht l khng th nghim.

420

Causality

Phng php nhn qu.

421

CBI

Xem CONFEDERATION OF BRITISH INDUSTRY. Gii hn tng sn lng trong thuyt CHU K KINH DOANH. Trn t c khi tt c cc yu t sn xut t ti mc ton nng. Ban hnh M nm 1950 vi t cch l mt sa i O LUT CLAYTON. Mc ch ca o lut ny l tng cng php lut chng li s st nhp phn cnh tranh. Mt c quan c trch nhim kim sot h thng ngn hng v tin t ca mt nc, mc d c chc ng khc ph thuc vo mi trng v c cu ti chnh. Xem BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS v INTERNATIONAL MONETATY FUND. Mt khu vc trung tm cc thnh ph v a s th trn ln c s dng cho cc hot ng thng mi. Xem ACCESS/SPACE TRADE - OFF MODEL. nh l ni rng tng (v trung bnh) ca mt nhm cc bin ngu nhin s tun theo phn phi chun nu mu chn ln, khng ph thuc vo dng phn phi m cc bin ring bit c.

423

Ceiling

Mc trn o lut Celler Kefauver.

424

Celler - Kefauver Act

425

Central Bank Central Bank of Central Banks Central business district

Ngn hng trung ng Ngn hng trung ng ca cc ngn hng trung ng. Khu kinh doanh trung tm. nh l gii hn trung tm.

426

427

428

Central Limit Theorem.

429

Central Place Theory

L thuyt V tr Trung tm.

Xem LOCATION THEORY.

430

Central planing Central policy Review Staff

K hoch ho tp trung. Ban xet duyt chnh sch trung ng (CPRS).

Xem PLANNED ECONOMY. Mt vn phng c thnh lp Anh nm 1970 chu trch nhim tin hnh cc vn chnh sch kinh t chnh cho vn phng ni cc.

431

432

Central Statical office

Cc thng k trung ng

Mt cc ca chnh ph Anh c trch nhim thu thp, tng hp xut bn cc s liu thng k do vn phng chnh ph v cc c quan khng chnh thc v bn chnh thc Anh cung cp. Trong nhng bi cnh RI RO hay khng chc chn, cc bin s s mang cc gi tr vi t nht 2 c tnh: Mt chng t do mt ngn hng pht hnh chng nhn khon tin gi ngn hng v l mt li ha tr li khon tin cho ngi cm phiu vo mt ngy xc nh trong tng lai. Xem CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF SUBTITUTION PRODUCTION FUNCTION. Mt cm thut ng la tinh ngha l "mi th khc khng i". Phn tch kinh t thng tin hnh bng cch xem xt nh hng ca mt vi bin c lp trong khi cc yu t khc khng i. Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm vi mt bin s, trong hm l hm ca mt bin s.

433

Certainty equivalence

Mc qui i v tt nh. Giy chng nhn tin gi. hm sn xut c co gin thay th c nh. iu kin khc gi nguyn Quy tc dy chuyn. (Quy tc hm ca hm). Xu hng hng tm; Hng tm. Mc trn v mc sn; Mc nh v mc y.

434

Certificate of deposit CES production function

435

436

Ceteris paribus

437

Chain rule

438

Central tendency

439

Ceilings and floors

440

Causation

Quan h nhn qu. Mt nh kinh t ngi M ni ting vi L thuyt cnh tranh c quyn (1933). Trong l thuyt ny, ng phn tch tnh hnh th trng gia cnh tranh HON HO v C QUYN c lp vi cng trnh Anh ca Joaobinson. ng cho rng cc hng cnh tranh vi nhau v cu ni vi sn phm ca h b tc ng bi s tn ti ca cc hng khc, nhng mi hng li c mc c quyn no v chng c cc sn phm ring mnh. Cnh tranh c th di dng cnh tranh sn phm, trong qung co rt quan trng cng nh i vi cnh tranh bng gi vy. Chanberlin nhn mnh tnh bin d sn phm i lp vi s khng hon ho ca th trng, bao gm yu t nh tn nhn mc, cht lng c bit, mu, bao b v dch v bn hng. Mt trong nhng kt lun ni ln t s phn tch ca ng l cnh tranh c quyn c th c c trng tha nng lc, mt kt qu b thch thc v n c v ph thuc vo gi nh rng tt c thnh vin ca mt nhm hot ng di nhng iu kin chi ph ging nhau. L thuyt ny lin quan ti l thuyt cu tiu dng v cng trnh ca K.lancaster. tng chnh l nhng ngi tiu dng khng yu cu sn phm m l c tnh ca sn phm. Xem HEDONIC PRICES.

441

Chamberlin, Edward

(1899-1967) L thuyt v c tnh sn phm.

442

Characteristics theory

443

Charge account

Ti khon tn dng.

Mt phng tin tn dng ngi bn l dnh cho khch hng. Ch mt giai on trong cc khon vay sn c li sut thp hay mt chnh sch to nn tnh hung ny.

444

Cheap money

Tin r.

445

Check off

Tr cng on ph trc tip.

Vic ch thu tr trc tip ph cng on t lng nhn vin. Ph ny sau c tr cho cng on. Th do cc ngn hng cp cho cc khch hng c TI KHON vng lai m bo vic thanh ton sc c rt bi cc khch hng ny theo nhng gii hn nht nh. Mt loi chng t thng c cp di dng in sn bi mt ngn hng, yu cu ngn hng chuyn t ti khon VNG LAI ca ngi rt sang ngi nh danh c tr. Tn ch cc nh kinh t hc c chung 4 nim tin c bn sau. Th nht, h tin rng kinh t hc l (hoc c th l ) khng gi tr theo cch tng t nh cc ngnh khoa hc vt l. Th hai, h tin rng l thuyt gi c Tn c in l mt l gii chnh xc v cch thc hot ng ca cc h thng kinh t. Th ba, h tin rng s hot ng ca th trng cnh tranh, t do l gii php kh d nht cho vn phn b cc ngun lc. Cui cng, h l nhng ngi trung thnh vng vng vi CH NGHA TRNG TIN. Tt c nhng iu ny a h n ch ng h s can thip hn ch ca chnh ph vo h tng kinh t. Tn gi ny bt ngun t thc t l nhiu thnh vin ni bt ca "trng phi" ny (v d FRIEDMAN, KNIGHT, SCHULTZ v STIGLER) gn b vi trng i hc Chicago. Trong hu ht cc h thng THU THU NHP u tr cp cho tr em n theo. tng ny l gim nh gnh nng chi ph nui dy con ci m gia nh phi gnh chu. Mt phn b xc sut vi tham s n bc t do ca tham s. Xem CONTINGENCY TABLES.

446

Cheque card

Th sc.

447

Cheque

Sc

448

Chicago School

Trng phi (kinh t) Chicago.

449

Child allowance

Tr cp tr em. Phn phI Kai bnh phng (Phn phi khi bnh phng)

450

Chi-square distribution

451

Choice of technology

S la chn cng ngh.

Xem TECHNOLOGY, CHOICE OF. Mt bin trong bi ton ti u m gi tr ca bin c "chn" ti u ho gi tr ca HM MC TIU. Cc bin la chn thng l bin c lp ca hm mc tiu.

452

Choice variable

Bin la chn. Gi, ph bo him, cc vn chuyn , hay gi y ca hng ho.

453

CIF

454

CIO Lung lun chuyn thu nhp. S la chn k thut sn xut. Dng thanh ton lun chuyn.

Xem AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOUR.

455

Circular flow of income Choice of production technique Circular flow of payments

Lung tin thu v chi gia cc hng v h gia nh trong nc.

456

457

458

Circulating capital

Vn lu ng.

Xem WORRKING CAPITAL.

459

Clark, John Bates

(1847-1938) Thuyt lng phn c in

c phong gio s ti trng i hc Columbia nm 1895. Nhng n phm chnh ca ng bao gm Trit l v ca ci (1885), Phn phi ca ci (1899),Cc yu t ct yu ca thuyt kinh t (1897), v Cc vn c quyn (1904). ng c ng gp trong vic khm ph c lp v nguyn l phn tch bin v c coi l ngi sng lp ra HC THUYT NNG SUT BIN M. Con ng ring ca ng tin ti l thuyt nng sut bin l i t vic khi qut ho khi nim ca RICARDO v gi thu. ng tin xa hn VON THUNEN, JEVONS, MENGER v WALRAS bng vic tuyn b rng phn phi thu nhp theo quy lut nng sut bin l "cng bng". Vic xc nh ring bit v c lp gi tng i v tuyt i trong KINH T HC C IN v TN C IN.(Xem NEOCLASSICAL SYNTHESIS). Mt t tng kinh t t gia th k XVIII n gia th k XIX, m phn ln t tng ny ni ln t Anh.

460

Classical dichotomy

461

Classical economics

Kinh t hc c in

462

Classical school Classical system of company taxation

Trng phi c in H thng c in v thu cng ty

Xem Classical economics.

463

Xem CORPORATION TAX Mt cm thut ng dng miu t k thut thng k chun nhm phn bit chng c th vi cc k thut BAYES.

464

Classical techniques Classical and Keynesian unemployment

Cc k thut c in Tht nghip theo l thuyt c in v theo l thuyt Keynes

465

466

Classical model

M hnh c in Mt kha cnh ca HM SN XUT trong THUYT TNG TRNG khng cho php t l vn - lao ng bin i trc hoc sau khi thc hin u t. Cm thut ng "t st" dng ch vn, do t st c cho l km tnh cn mng hn so vi "mt tt" (Xem PUTTY-CLAY and PUTTY- PUTTY). c thng qua M nm 1914. Mc ch ca o lut l xc nh c th nhng vi phm chng c quyn nhm lm cho o lut Sherman r rng hn. (Xem CELLER- KEFAUVER ACT and ROB INSON- PATMEN ATC). Khi T GI TH NI c bin i mt cch t do khi bt c nh hng can thip no cc CO QUAN QUN L TIN T. (Xem DIRTY FLOAT) Anh, cm thut ng ny dng ch cc NGN HNG THNG MI theo truyn thng iu hnh v c th tip cn vi mt PHNG THANH TON B TR hay cc c quan tng ng vi mc ch thanh ton b tr cc t SC ca nhau. Mt a danh ca London m cc NGN HNG THANH TON B TR LONDON, NGN HNG ANH v Edinburgh, ngn hng c phn Scotland tin hnh thanh ton b tr sc v cc khiu n khc vi nhau

467

Clay-clay

clay-clay; t st- t st

468

Clayton Act

o lut Clayton

469

Clean float

Th ni t do

470

Clearing banks

Cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr

471

Clearing house

Phng thanh ton b tr

472

Cliometrics

S lng

Tn mn lch s kinh t "mi", s dng KINH T LNG nghin cu v cc vn c cc nh s hc cp Khi nim s dng ch yu trong cc m hnh l thuyt ch mt nn kinh t khng c quan h ngoi thng m hon ton t tc v tch bit vi cc tc nhn bn ngoi. Theo ngha s dng M, cm thut ng ny ch mt tho thun yu cu cc cng nhn tr thnh thnh vin ca cng on trc khi c mt hng thu lm vic. Anh, mt khc, cm thut ng ny thng phn bit gia cc hnh thc ca hng ng trc khi vo lm v sau khi vo lm li. c s dng ph bin cng vi TH TRNG CHNG KHON ch gi CHNG KHON v C PHIU ti thi im kt thc bun bn ca mt ngy. Mt dng trung gian gia HNG HO CNG CNG thun tu v hng ho t nhn (Xem CLUBS, THEORY OF) Thuyt cu lc b l mt phn ca thuyt HNG HO CNG CNG KHNG THUN TU Mt nh kinh t hc sinh ti Anh c tng gi thng Nobel kinh t hc nm 1991 cho cng trnh chuyn ca ng v L THUYT V HNG v kinh t hc v NGOI NG. Coase, ngi c dy trong mt thi gian ti Trng kinh t London, lm vic ti trng i hc Chicago trong hu ht qung i ca ng. Nm 1937 trong bi bo "Bn cht ca hn" (tp ch Economica s IV), ng nu ra cu hi ti sao cc hot ng kinh t nht nh b ph mc cho s trao i ca th trng, cn s khc li c tin hnh bn trong hng. Khi th trng v cc hng l cc cch t chc c th thay th nhau, th ci g s quyt nh cch no c s dng? Coase tr li cu hi ny bng cch cho rng hng s m rng ti mt im ti chi ph tin hnh hot ng trong hng bng vi chi ph thc hin qua giao dch th trng. y chnh l xut pht im xem mt t chc cng nghip t gc chi ph giao dch, tc l kiu t chc c chn l kiu t chc lm ti a ho chi ph ca mt giao dch kinh t. Nm 1906, trong bi bo "Vn la chn x hi", Tp ch Php lut v Kinh t hc s 3, Coase lp lun ci tr thnh NH L COASE rng tnh ti u Pareto vn c th c khi c cc ngoi ng v khng c can thip ca nh nc, nu c th thng lng c gia nh sn xut v ngi tip nhn tc ng ngoi ng QUYN S HU TI SN c xc nh r. nh l ny da trn lp lun rng cc NGOI NG khng gy ra s phn b sai cc ngun lc khi khng c CHI PH GIAO DCH v khi quyn s hu ti sn c s hu r rng v c hiu lc.

473

Closed economy

Nn kinh t ng

474

Closed shop

Ca hng ng;Cng ty c t chc cng on.

475

Closing prices

Gi lc ng ca. Hng ho club; Hng ho bn cng cng. Thuyt club; Thuyt cu lc b, thuyt hng ho bn cng cng.

476

Club good

477

Clubs, theory of

478

Coase, Ronald H.

(1910- ).

479

Coase's theorem Cobb-Douglas production function

nh l Coase. Hm sn xut CobbDouglas.

480

481

Cobweb theorem

nh l mng nhn.

Dng n gin nht ca M HNH NG trong , cung ca mt hng ho trong nm t l mt hm ca gi hng ho trong nm t-1 v trong bt k giai on no th gi c u c iu chnh "cn i th trng".

482

Cochrane-Orcutt

Cochrane-Orcutt

Tn dng ph bin cho th tc c thit k c tnh cc thng s ca mt phng trnh m s d ca n tun theo TNG QUAN CHUI. Xem PRAIS-WINSTEN. S tham gia ca cng nhn vo qu trnh a ra quyt nh chnh sch trong cc hng.

483

Co-determination Coefficient of determination

ng quyt nh. H s xc nh (H s tng quan bi s R bnh phng). H s phn tn ( phn tn tng i).

484

Mt thng k tm tt nng lc gii thch ca mt phng trnh. Thng dng o mc phn tn ca cc bin xung quanh gi tr trung bnh ca n. S so snh gia cc mc lng ca nhng nhm cng nhn khc nhau v c ngi i din ca ca cc nhn vin s dng nh l s kim chng v tng lng. Xem COMPARABILITY. ng h s ca mt phn t trong mt ma trn l NH THC ca ma trn mi c to nn bng cch xo hng v ct ca ma trn gc c cha phn t .

485

Coefficient of variation

486

Coercive comparisons

So snh p buc.

487

Cofactor

ng h s.

488

Coinage

Tin c.

Mt phn ca tin trao tay gm cc ng tin kim loi. Mt dy s liu kinh t bin ng theo cng chu k kinh doanh, ngha l tng ln cng mt lc vi giai on tng ln ca chu k kinh doanh v tt xung khi chu k kinh doanh tt xun. y l mt phng php xc nh mi quan h di hn gia mt nhm cc bin CHUI THI GIAN.

489

Coincident indicator

Ch s bo trng hp.

490

Cointegration

ng lin kt iu chnh theo gi sinh hot.

491

COLA

492

Collateral security

Vt th chp.

493

Collective bargaining

Thng lng tp th.

Xem ESCALATORS. Khi c ngha rng, c dng ch bt c vt th chp no (nhng khng phi m bo c nhn nh bo lnh) m mt ngn hng nhn khi n cho mt khch hng vay v ngn hng c quyn i trong trng hp v n. m phn gia ch v cc cng nhn v vic hnh thnh cc th tc v lut l bao hm cc iu kin v lm vic v lng. Xem NATIONAL BARGAINING, COMPANY BARGAINING v PLANT BARGAINING. i khi c gi l s la chn x hi. Mt quyt nh do mt nhm hay nhng ngi thay mt cho mt nhm a ra. Hng ho hay dch v mang tnh cht KHNG LOI TR. Xem PUBLIC GOODS

494

Collective choise

S la chn tp th.

495

Collective goods

Hng ho tp th.

496

Collective exhaustive

Hon ton.

497

Collinearity

Cng tuyn.

Xem MULTICOLLINEARITY, LINEAR DEPENDENCE.

498

Multi-Collinearity

a cng tuyn. Tho thun gia cc hng trnh cnh tranh phng hi ln nhau. Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP.

499

Collusion

Kt cu. c quyn nhm c kt cu.

500

Collusive oligopoly

Xem COLLUSION.