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Subtrak(vna sinteza Filtriranje signala bogatog spektra Najčešće su to signali testerastog ili četvrtastog oblika u vremenskom domenu Vrhunac upotrebe u analognim sin(sajzerima 60ih i 70ih godina XX veka Analognom elektronikom simuliran način generisanja zvuka u akus(čnim intstrumen(ma Govorni mehanizam

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Subtrak(vna  sinteza  •  Filtriranje  signala  bogatog  spektra  •  Najčešće  su  to  signali  testerastog  ili  četvrtastog  oblika  u  vremenskom  domenu  

•  Vrhunac  upotrebe  u  analognim  sin(sajzerima  60ih  i  70ih  godina  XX  veka  

•  Analognom  elektronikom  simuliran  način  generisanja  zvuka  u  akus(čnim  intstrumen(ma  

•  Govorni  mehanizam  

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Subtrak(vna  sinteza  •  Analiza  rada  akus(čnih  instrumenata:  sistem  ekscitator-­‐oscilator-­‐rezonator.  

•  Simulacija  ovog  sistema  u  elektroakus(čko  analognoj  izvedbi.  

•  Specifična  vrsta  “fizičkog  modelovanja”  –  termin  sa  kraja  XX  veka  

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Blok  šema  

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•  Oscillators:  Generate  the  basic  signal.  This  is  usually  a  waveform  that  is  rich  in  harmonics  Many  synthesizers  offer  more  than  one  oscillator.  

•  Filter  sec.on:  Used  to  alter  the  basic  signal  by  filtering  out  (removing)  por(ons  of  the  frequency  spectrum.  Many  synthesizers  offer  a  single  filter,  which  is  applied  universally  to  all  oscillator  signals.  Mul(oscillator  synthesizers  can  provide  mul(ple  filters,  allowing  each  oscillator  signal  to  be  filtered  in  a  different  way  

•  Amplifier  sec.on:  Used  to  control  the  level  of  the  signal  over  (me.  The  amplifier  features  a  module  known  as  an  envelope,  which  is  broken  down  into  several  elements  that  provide  level  control  for  the  beginning,  middle,  and  end  por(ons  of  your  sound.  Simple  synthesizers  generally  offer  a  single  envelope,  which  is  used  to  control  the  oscillator  (and  filter)  over  (me.  More  complex  synthesizers  can  feature  mul(ple  envelopes  

•  Modula'on  and  Control  Components  •  Modulators:  Used  to  modulate  the  signal-­‐genera(ng  and  processing  components.  

Modula(ons  can  be  machine-­‐based—automa(cally  generated  by  a  synthesizer  component—or  can  be  manually  ac(vated  by  using  the  modula(on  wheel,  for  example.  Most  synthesizers  provide  a  component  called  an  LFO(low  frequency  oscillator)  to  provide  a  waveform  that  modulates  the  signal.    

•  Global  controls:  Affect  the  overall  characteris(cs  of  your  synthesizer  sound,  such  as  glides  between  notes,  pitch  bend,  monophonic  or  polyphonic  playback,  and  more  

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Subtrak(vna  sinteza  

•  Na  početku  lanca:  Naponski  kontrolisan  oscilator  (VCO  –  Voltage  Controlled  Oscilator)  

•  Generiše  signal  širokog  spektra  

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Sawtooth  –  testeras(  oblik  signala  jasan  i  svetao  zvuk  pogodan  za  generisanje  žičanih,  duvačkih  i  sl.  

zvukova  

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Square  i  Pulse  Waves  •  Square  and  Pulse  Waves  •  Hollow  and  woody-­‐sounding,  a  square  wave  can  contain  a  

wide  range  of  odd  harmonics.  It  is  useful  when  crea(ng  reed  instruments,  pads,  and  basses.  It  can  also  be  used  to  emulate  kick  drums,  congas,  tom-­‐toms,  and  other  percussive  instruments—oaen  blended  with  another  oscillator  waveform,  such  as  noise.  

•  The  square  wave  can  be  reshaped  to  make  the  waveform  cycles—or  pulses—more  rectangular  on  many  synthesizers,  using  a  pulse  width  modula(on  (PWM)  control.  The  more  rectangular  the  wave  becomes,  the  more  nasal  it  sounds.  When  modulated  in  this  way,  the  square  wave  is  known  as  a  pulse  wave,  and  contains  fewer  harmonics.  It  can  be  used  for  reeds,  basses,  and  brass  sounds.    

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Sqare  i  Pulse  Wave  

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Triangle  Like  a  square  wave,  a  triangle  wave  contains  only  odd  harmonics.  Because  a  triangle  wave’s  higher  harmonics  roll  off  faster  than  the  ones  of  a  square  wave,  the  triangle  wave  sounds  soaer.  It  is  ideal  for  crea(ng  flute  sounds,  pads,  and  vocal  “oohs.”  

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Noise  is  useful  for  emula(ng  percussive  sounds,  such  as  snare  drums,  or  wind  and  surf  sounds,  among  others.  White  noise:  The  most  common  noise  waveform  found  on  synthesizers.  White  noise  contains  all  frequencies—at  full  level—around  a  center  frequency.  Pink  and  red  noise:  These  noise  colors  also  contain  all  frequencies,  but  they  are  not  at  full  level  across  the  frequency  spectrum.  Pink  noise  decreases  the  level  by  3  dB  per  octave  (of  higher  frequencies).  Red  noise  decreases  the  level  by  6  dB  per  octave.  Blue  noise:  Blue  noise,  which  is  the  reverse  of  pink  noise,  increases  the  level  of  all  frequencies  in  higher  octaves  by  3  dB.  There  are  other  noise  wave  colors,  but  they  aren’t  commonly  found  in  synthesizers.    

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Square  pulse  

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Četvrtka  –  Square  Pulse  (50%  -­‐  50%)  

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Filtriranje  -­‐  kontrola  boje  tona  

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Filtri  oduzimaju  (subtract)  određeni  deo  kompleksnog  spektra  kako  bi  se  došlo  do  željene  boje  tona  

 

Sawtooth  nefiltriran  Sawtooth  filtriran  lowpass  filtrom,  fc  =  2.5kHz.  Poprima  oblik  sinusoide,  ton  postaje  mekši,  manje  metalan...  

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Realni  filtri  –  rezonansa  (zvonjava)  

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Resonansa  The  resonance  control  emphasizes  or  suppresses  signals  around  the  cutoff  frequency.  The  figure  below  shows  an  ES1  sawtooth  wave  with  a  high  resonance  selng  and  the  cutoff  frequency  set  to  660  Hz,  which  is  about  60%.  This  resonant  filter  selng  results  in  much  brighter  and  harsher  signals  close  to  the  cutoff  frequency.  Frequencies  below  the  cutoff  point  are  unaffected.  Once  again,  the  overall  result  of  using  filter  resonance  is  a  change  in  the  basic  waveform’s  shape  and,  therefore,  its  (mbre.  Very  high  filter  resonance  selngs  can  be  used  to  such  an  extreme  degree  that  the  filter  begins  to  self-­‐oscillate,  resul(ng  in  the  filter  genera(ng  a  sine  wave.    

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Drive  Drive  adds  an  amount  of  gain  to  the  waveform  as  it  enters  the  filter—an  input  gain  control—thus  overdriving  the  filter  and  distor(ng  the  waveform.  This  waveform  distor(on  changes  the  (mbre  of  the  sound,  making  it  much  harsher.  

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Slope  (Strmina  filtra)  filter  will  cut  off  the  signal  at  the  set  cutoff  frequency.  This  cutoff  doesn’t  happen  abruptly  but  rather  at  a  given  slope,  which  is  measured  in  decibels  (dB)  of  gain  reduc(on  per  octave.  Put  another  way,  you  can  define  how  steep  the  “cliff”  is  at  the  cutoff  point  by  choosing  a  rela(vely  severe  or  more  gentle  slope.  

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•  Proces  filtracije  može  bi(  kontrolisan  niskofrekvencijskim  oscilatorom  (Low  Frequency  Oscillator  –  LFO)  ili  generatorom  anvelope  (Envelope  Generator  –  EG)  

•  Modulacija  boje  •  Using  the  Envelope  to  Control  Filters  •  Envelope  generators  are  not  limited  to  controlling  signal  amplitude.  They  can  also  control  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  filter  cutoff  frequency  or  modulate  other  parameters.  In  other  words,  envelope  generators  can  be  used  as  a  modula(on  source—or  as  a  “remote  control”  for  a  given  parameter,  if  you  prefer.  

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ADSR  

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ADSR  The  envelope  generator  usually  features  four  controls—anack,  decay,  sustain  and  release,  commonly  abbreviated  as  ADSR.  A>ack:  Controls  the  (me  it  takes  for  the  ini(al  slide  from  an  amplitude  of  zero  to  100%  (full  amplitude).  Decay:  Determines  the  (me  taken  for  the  subsequent  fall  from  100%  amplitude  to  the  designated  sustain  level.  Sustain:  Sets  the  steady  amplitude  level  produced  when  a  key  is  held  down.  Release:  Sets  the  (me  it  takes  for  the  sound  to  decay  from  the  sustain  level  to  an  amplitude  of  zero  when  the  key  is  released.  If  a  key  is  released  during  the  anack  or  decay  stage,  the  sustain  phase  is  usually  skipped.  A  sustain  level  of  zero  will  produce  a  piano-­‐like—or  percussive—envelope,  with  no  con(nuous  steady  level,  even  when  a  key  is  held.    

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Izlazni  pojačavač  

•  Naponski  kontrolisani  pojačivači  •  Takođe  može  bi(  kontrolisan  niskofrekvencijskim  oscilatorom  (Low  Frequency  Oscillator  –  LFO)  ili  generatorom  anvelope  (Envelope  Generator  –  EG)  –  amplitudska  modulacija  

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Modulacija  •  Modula'on  •  Without  modula(on,  sounds  tend  to  be  boring  and  fa(guing  to  the  ear.  They  also  

sound  synthe(c,  rather  than  natural,  in  the  absence  of  some  type  of  sonic  modula(on.  The  most  obvious  type  of  modula(on  is  vibrato,  which  is  used  by  orchestral  string  players  to  add  anima(on  to  an  instrument’s  pitch.  

•  To  make  sounds  more  interes(ng,  you  can  use  various  synthesizer  controls  to  modulate  basic  sound  parameters.  

•  Modula'on  Rou'ng  •  Many  synthesizers,  including  the  ES1,  ES2,  and  EXS24  mkII  sampler,  feature  a  

modula(on  router.  •  The  router  allows  you  to  direct  one  or  more  modula(on  sources  to  one  or  more  

modula(on  targets—or  des(na(ons,  if  you  prefer.  For  example,  you  can  change  modula(on  targets,  such  as  the  oscillator  pitch  or  filter  cutoff  frequency,  by  using  modula(on  sources  that  include  the  following:  

•  Velocity  modula;on:  The  impact  of  your  keyboard  playing  (harder  or  soaer).  •  Key  scaling:  The  posi(on  you  play  on  the  keyboard.  •  Use  of  controls:  These  can  include  the  modula(on  wheel,  ribbon  controllers,  or  

pedals  anached  to  your  keyboard.  •  Automa;c  modula;on:  You  can  use  envelope  generators  or  LFOs  to  modulate  

signals  automa(cally.  

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•  Modula'on  Controllers  •  Modula(on  sources  can  be—and  oaen  are—triggered  by  something  you’ve  done,  such  as  played  a  note  on  the  keyboard,  or  moved  the  modula(on  wheel.  

•  Thus,  the  modula(on  wheel,  pitch  bend  ribbons,  foot  pedals,  keyboard,  and  other  input  op(ons  are  referred  to  as  modula;on  controllers,  or  simply  controllers.  

•  Perhaps  the  best  example  of  a  modula(on  controller  in  ac(on  would  be  the  use  of  a  velocity-­‐sensi(ve  keyboard,  set  up  to  control  the  filter  and  level  envelopes.  The  harder  you  strike  the  notes,  the  louder  and  brighter  the  sound  is.  

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Using  the  LFO  to  Modulate  Sounds    

•  A  modula(on  source  found  on  nearly  all  synthesizers  is  the  LFO  (low  frequency  oscillator).  This  oscillator  is  used  only  as  a  modula(on  source  and  does  not  generate  any  audible  signals  that  form  part  of  your  actual  synthesizer  sound,  because  it’s  too  low  to  be  heard.  It  can,  however,  affect  the  main  signal  by  adding  vibrato,  filter  sweeps,  and  so  on.  

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LFO  Controls    •  The  LFO  generally  offers  the  following  controls:  

•  Waveform:  Allows  you  to  choose  the  type  of  waveform  (triangle  waves  and  square  waves  are  seen  most  oaen).  Triangle  waves  are  useful  for  filter  sweeps  (slow  changes  to  the  filter  cutoff  frequency)  or  when  simula(ng  an  ambulance  siren  (slow  changes  to  the  oscillator  frequency).  The  square  waveform  is  useful  for  rapid  switches  between  two  different  pitches  (vibratos  or  octaving,  for  example).  

•  Frequency/Rate:  Determines  the  speed  of  the  waveform  cycles  produced  by  the  LFO.  When  set  to  low  values,  very  slow  ramps  are  produced,  making  it  easy  to  create  sounds  such  as  ocean  waves  rolling  in  (when  white  noise  is  chosen  as  the  waveform  in  the  main  oscillator).  

•  Sync  mode:  Allows  you  to  choose  between  free  running  (a  user-­‐defined  LFO  rate)  or  synchroniza(on  with  an  external  tempo  source  (such  as  a  host  applica(on).  

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LFO  Envelopes    •  The  LFO  can  also  be  controlled  with  an  envelope  

generator  in  some  synthesizers.  As  an  example  of  where  this  might  be  useful,  imagine  a  sustained  string  sec(on  sound  where  vibrato  is  introduced  a  second  or  so  into  the  sustained  por(on  of  the  sound.  If  this  can  happen  automa(cally,  it  allows  you  to  keep  both  hands  on  the  keyboard.  

•  In  certain  synthesizers,  a  simple  envelope  generator  is  included  for  this  precise  purpose.  Oaen,  this  envelope  consists  only  of  an  anack  parameter,  or  occasionally  it  includes  decay  or  release  op(ons.  These  parameters  perform  in  the  same  fashion  as  the  amplitude  envelope  parameters,  but  they  are  limited  to  control  of  LFO  modula(ons.  

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Using  Envelopes  for  Modula'on    •  The  main  envelope  generator  of  the  

synthesizer  not  only  controls  levels  over  (me,  but  it  also  is  oaen  used  to  modulate  other  sound  parameters  when  you  press  or  release  keyboard  keys.  

•  The  most  common  use  of  envelope  modula(on  is  to  control  the  filter  cutoff  and  resonance  parameters  with  the  keyboard  velocity  or  keyboard  scaling  modula(on  sources    

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•  Digitalna  tehnologija  znatno  olakšale  i  poboljšala  kontrolu  parametara  u  procesu  subtrak(vne  sinteze  

•  Osnovna  mana  je  limi(ranost  definisana  vrstom  i  kvalitetom  korišćenih  oscilatornih  i  filterskih  kola  

•  Adi(vna  i  subtrak(vna  sinteza  su  linearni  procesi:  kombinovanjem  ova  dva  postupka  i  uvođenjem  nelinearnos(  se  proširuju  mogućnos(  sinteze.  

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Linkovi  

•  hnp://www.synthfe(sh.com/2010/07/subtrac(ve-­‐synthesis-­‐tutorial.html  

•  hnp://documenta(on.apple.com/en/logicexpress/instruments/index.html#chapter=A%26sec(on=3%26tasks=true  

•  hnp://blog.dubspot.com/video-­‐tutorial-­‐building-­‐instruments/