4 risk assessment

7/27/2019 4 Risk Assessment

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RISK MANAGEMENT & ASSESSMENT

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To define what is hazard, risk and danger

To explain the risk assessment process

To describe the method of identifying hazard

To use the risk assessment matrix

To explain the hierarchy of control2

Learning Objectives


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Overview of risk and risk assessment

Planning for risk assessment

Risk control

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Scope


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Overview Of Risk And

Risk Assessment

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Hazard: A source or a situation with apotential for harmin terms of human injuryor ill health, damage to property, damage tothe environment or a combination of these.

Danger: Relative exposure to hazard

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Definitions


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Risk: A combination of the likelihoodof anoccurrence of a hazardous event with specifiedperiod or in specified circumstances and theseverityof injury or damage to the health of

people, property, environment or any combinationof these caused by the event.

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Definitions


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What is Risk assessment: The process of

evaluating the risksto safety and health arisingfrom hazards at work.

Risk assessment results is documentedand usedfor:

1. Risk control in OSH management

2. Future reference and review

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Risk Assessment


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1. Integrate Risk Management as part of

planningat all levels of business2. Accept all risks

3. Make risk decisionsappropriately (depending

on level of risk)4. Manage the risk

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Basic Principles OfRisk Management


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Gives organisations a more effective way ofmanaging hazards

Requirement of the lawe.g.

OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 & USECHHRegulations 2000

Requirement of OSH management systemstandards:

MS 1722:2003,

OHSAS 18001 and

ISO 14001, etc.9

Why Carry OutRisk Assessment?


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Routine and non-routine activitiesincludingemergencies;

Activities of all personnel having access to theworkplace (including subcontractors and visitors);

Facilitiesat the workplace, whether provided-bythe organization or others.

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Risk Assessment Should Be Carried OutFor:


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Before OperationDuring Operation

After Operation11

When To Carry OutRisk Assessment


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Types of review:

initial review, andperiodic review.

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When To ReviewRisk Assessment


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Review whenever there are changes:

internal

Before modification, changes or introductionof new

Materials, machinery or processes, workingprocedures,

externalAmendments of national laws and regulations

Developments in OSH knowledge and

technology 13

When To ReviewRisk Assessment


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Person or persons trainedto identify hazard andrisk assessment

In some cases legally competent person, example

: Chemical Health Risk Assessor

Consultation with and involvement of workers

Safety and health committee OR workers andtheir representatives

Involvement of supervisors14

Who Will Carry OutRisk Assessment


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Hazard Identification

Risk Assessment

Risk Control

Review

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Basic Components OfRisk Management


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The Process ofRisk Management

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Classify Activities(Work, Product, Services, Activities)

Determine Risk

Decide if Risk is Tolerable

RiskControlActionPlan

IdentifyHazards

ReviewAdequacyof Risk Control

Start

Risk = Severity X Likelihood


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Hazard Identification

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Man Unsafe acts

Machinery Installation, layout and design of

equipment

Materials Substances such as chemicals andgases use in the workplace

Method The way people carry out their workMedia Workplace condition i.e. air quality,

ventilation, lighting, noise, vibrationetc.

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SOURCES OF HAZARDS


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Classificationof Hazards

Example of Potential Sources ofHazards

Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,overload or force a tool beyond itscapabilities and grinding wheel withoutguard

Electrical Electrical cord insulation damaged,electrical face plate or cover broken ormissing and fan cord insulation pulled

looseBiological Exposed to airborne and blood borne

viruses, bacteria and fungus

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Classification andPotential Sources of Hazards


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Classificationof Hazards

Example of Potential Sources ofHazards

Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,

sensitizers and corrosive chemicals.

Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnaturalpostures and unnatural movement,wrong design of workstation, tools and

task.Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at

work.

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Classification andPotential Sources of Hazards


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Informationon the facilities, processes and

activities of the organization, including: Area Map

Site plan(s); own and neighbor

Process flow-charts

Inventory of materials (raw materials, chemicals,wastes, products, sub-products)

Toxicology and other health and safety data

Monitoring data

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Pre-Assessment Information Gathering


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Geographical areas within/outside thepremises;

Stages in a production process, or in the

provision of a service; Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window

cleaning);

Identify the working groups;

Land use; previous property use, future use.

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Pre-Assessment Classifying Work Activities


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Review of documentsand publications

Inspection and observationat the workplace

Measurementof the atmosphere, monitoringthe environment or medical surveillance of

workers

Hazard Analysis

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Methods OfIdentifying Hazards


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Reportsof accidents, accident investigationand audits

Informationfrom publications

Acts, Regulations and Codes of Practice

Statistics

Handbooks

Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)24

Document Review


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Types of inspections: statutory inspection, periodic

inspection, formal and informal inspection

Documentation- Checklist and inspectionworksheet (standard approach and record)

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Inspection and Observation


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Activities - to involve supervisors, managers andemployees

Inspection outcome- to include actions andtimeframes

Ensure follow up on action- to ensureeffectiveness

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Inspection and Observation


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Types of monitoring: area and personalmonitoring.

Monitoring of:

Noise

Heat Radiation

Air contaminants

Chemicals etc.27

Exposure Monitoring


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Biological monitoring is a regular measuring activity

where selected validated indicators of the uptakeof toxic substances in the human bodyaredetermined in order to prevent health impairment.

This form of monitoring could entail examinationof, for example, blood, urine, saliva and expiredair.

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Biological Monitoring


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Biological monitoring commonly features in the

health or medical surveillanceof personsexposed to hazardous environments especiallycomplying to legal requirement i.e. USECHHRegulations 2000 etc.

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Biological Monitoring


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Health Surveillance is Warranted if:

Substance is used in workplace

Substance is hazardous

Evidence or reason to suspect injury

Atmospheric monitoring insufficient

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Medical Surveillance


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Method use: (example)

Job Safety Analysis(JSA)

Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Fault Tree Analysis etc.

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Hazards Analysis


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Job described in less than 10 steps

Action verbused to describe job

List things that can go wrong

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Job Safety Analysis (JSA)


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Note: The term JSA includes the formulation of

safe work proceduresusing written

instructions for workers

May still require other risk controls

Supervisor and workers assist

Ideally all jobs should have a JSA

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Job Safety Analysis (JSA)


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To identify and evaluatesafety hazard in the processplant

To identify operability problems

New design or process Multidisciplinary brainstorming

What Ifquestionnaire method

Focus on fire, explosion, toxic release etc.

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Hazards And Operability Studies(HAZOP)


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Fault Tree Analysis

To analyse how and whyincident could occur.

Graphic technique - traces branches of events.

To calculate probability of end event.

Example: Water pumping system

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Fault Tree Analysis

Pump failure (A) Pump failure (B)(automatic

standby pump)

Pump failure Control valve (C)failure to regulate

flow of water through

pump

No Flow (T)

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No water flow occurs if both pumps fail or if the control valve fails.

If the individual initiating event probabilities P(A), P(B), and P(C) are known,

then the probability of P(T) the top or end event can be calculated.


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Risk Assessment

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Approach:

Qualitative Risk Assessment

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

Quantitative Risk Assessment

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Types of Risk Assessment


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Severityin terms of:

Harm to health

Damage to property Damage to environment

Or the combination of the above

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Determining Severity


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Determine severity categoriesi.e.:

Fatality

Major injuries(normally irreversibleinjury or

damage to health)

Minor injuries(normally reversibleinjury ordamage to health requiring days off work)

Negligible injuries(first aid)

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Severity


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Based on statistic & data, professional judgement.

Determine likelihood categoriesi.e.:

highly likely,

likely,

highly unlikely.

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Determining Likelihood of Occurrence ofHazard


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Very likely- could happen frequently

Likely- could happen occasionally

Unlikely- could happen, but only rarely

Highly unlikely- could happen, butprobably never will

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Likelihood


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Qualitative Risk Table

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Severity Likelihood

Very Likely Likely Unlikely Highly Unlikely

Fatality High High High MediumMajor Injuries High High Medium Medium

Minor Injuries High Medium Medium Low

Negligible Injuries Medium Medium Low Low


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Determine severity categories i.e. :

4: Fatality & Permanent Disability

3: More than 4 days MC

2: Less than or 4 days MC

1: First aid and near misses

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Semi - QuantitativeRisk Assessment


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Determining Likelihood of Occurrence ofHazard

4: Daily

3: Weekly

2: Monthly

1: Yearly

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Semi - QuantitativeRisk Assessment

Semi Quantitative


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Semi-QuantitativeRisk Assessment

LIKELIHOOD

SEVERITY

Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily

1 2 3 4

First Aidand NearMisses

1 1 2 3 4

Less thanor 4 days

MC2 2 4 6 8

More than4 days MC

3 3 6 9 12

Fatality &PermanentDisability

4 4 8 12 16

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Where the hazards presented by the undertaking arenumerous and complex, and may involve novel processes,for example in the case of large chemicals process plants,

detailed and sophisticated risk assessments will be needed,and it is appropriate to carry out a detailed quantitative riskassessment.

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Quantitative

Risk Assessment


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Quantitative risk assessment involves obtaining a numericalestimateof the risk from a quantitative considerationofevent probabilities and consequences.

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QuantitativeRisk Assessment


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In carrying out quantitative risk assessments, specialquantitative tools and techniqueswill be used for hazard

identification, and to estimate the severity of theconsequences and the likelihood of realisation of thehazards.

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Where such methods and techniques are used it isimportant that they are carried out by suitably qualified andexperience assessors.

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Decision For Action

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LEVE

L

OF

RISK

AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP)PRINCIPLE

Risk cannot be

justified

on any grounds

A

L

AR

P

Risk is undertaken if

a benefit is desired

Reduce risk

No need for detailed

action

TOLERABLE IF:Reduction

Impractical

or

Cost / gain grosslyDisproportionate

Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)

Trivial


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Risk Assessment Form

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Activities / process / facilities/equipment

Hazard EffectCurrent Risk

ControlLegalReqmt

Risk

Action & RecommendationsSeverity. Likelihood.

Risk

Rating


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Risk Control

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Principle of Control

Substitution

Modify process

Enclosure

Local exhaust

Fugitiveemission control

Isolation

Housekeeping

General

ventilation

Continuous area

monitoringDilution

ventilation

Automation or

remote control

Training and

education

Worker rotation

Enclosure of

workerPersonal

monitoring

Personal

protective devices

C id ti I I l ti


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Review measures regularly; modify if necessary

Comply with national laws and regulations

Reflect good management practice; and

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Consideration In ImplementingRisk Control

C id ti I I l ti


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Consider the current state of knowledge

Include information or reportsfrom organizations such as:

DOSH, OSH services, and others.

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Consideration In ImplementingRisk Control

Hi h Of C t l


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Hierarchy Of Control

MOST EFFECTIVEElimination - remove the hazard.

FAIRLY EFFECTIVESubstitution - use less hazardous one.

Isolation isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine inrestricted room

Engineering Control design, isolation at source,

barricade, guarding,

LEAST EFFECTIVEAdministrative Control safe work procedure, isolation

i.e. reduce exposure time and limit, training, signage etc

PPE - last resort.


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The basis of OSH management is the identificationof hazard, risk assessment and control

Ways of identifying hazards varies from inspectionof the workplace to reviewing legislation

Risk assessment allows an organisation to build asound basis for managing hazard

Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination;use PPE as protection is the last resort

Summary

4 risk assessment

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