4. large pv system jun hagihara tokyo electric power company – e8 member

4. Large PV System4. Large PV System

Jun HAGIHARATokyo Electric Power Company – e8 Member

Solar PV Design Implementation O&MMarch 31- April 11, 2008

Marshall Islands

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4-1-1. System Configuration4-1-2. Type of grid connection4-1-3. Examples4-1-4. Distribution NW4-1-5. Problems on distributed generation4-1-6. Guide line on distributed generation4-1-7. Voltage fluctuation by reverse flow4-1-8. Voltage fluctuation on disconnection4-1-9. Islanding operation4-1-10. Detection of islanding operation4-1-11. Diversity of grid connected generator

• Contents4-1. Grid Connected (Large PV system)4-1. Grid Connected (Large PV system)

4. Large PV system 4. Large PV system

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4-2-1. System Configuration4-2-2. Examples4-2-3. New components4-2-4. Planning & design4-2-5. Check list on planning4-2-6. One more resource: Energy conservation

• Contents4-2. Grid Connected (Hybrid system)4-2. Grid Connected (Hybrid system)

4. Large PV system 4. Large PV system

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Date Title Sub-title Grid connection

Supplied power

Size Genset Other RNE

Batterysystem

Note

April 1 (Tue)

SHS DC SHS Off DC < 1kW No No Yes By Mr. Wade

AC SHS Off AC < 1kW No No Yes By Mr. Wade

April 2 (Wed)

Mini grid PV Mini grid

Off AC 1 - 50kW No No Yes 50 to 600HouseholdsBattery charge station

PV hybrid systems within mini-grid

Off AC 10 – 500kW Optional (a few hours per day)

Windbiomassmicro-hydroetc.

Optional New components

April 3 (Thu)

Grid connected Large PV system & Hybrid system

Grid connected large PV system

On AC > 40kW No No Optional With reliable grid (24H supply)

Grid connected hybrid system

On AC > 100kW Basically No. Optional(a few hours per day)


Optional With reliable grid (24H supply)

4. Large PV system4. Large PV system

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4-1-1. Grid connected: Large PV system: 4-1-1. Grid connected: Large PV system: System configuration System configuration

PV panel

Inverter

For a for village (> 40kW)

Delivers the power to the households and common equipments through a grid

Grid24 hours power supply by existing generators

Grid-connectedOptional battery

Battery

PCSOptional

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Type of grid connection Type of grid connection

Grid connection - Low voltage - High voltage

Noislanding operation

No reverse

flow

Reverse flow

Islanding operation

No reverse

flow

Reverse flow

• Buy power from gridif load > PV output

• Sell power to gridif load < PV output

• Anytime load > PV output

• Reverse power flow relay

• On reverse flow, same as above

• With battery system, backup power shall be supplied even in power outage

Source: NEDO

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Examples (1) Examples (1)

•Installed in 2008 at Funafuti, Tuvalu by E8 (KEPCO)•Connected with grid•40kW PV•Decrease approx. 50t-Co2/y [100 klbs-Co2/y]

Source: KEPCO

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4-1-3. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-3. Grid connected: Large PV system: Examples (2)Examples (2)

•Installed in 2005 at Beijing, China by NEDO (TEPCO+PVTEC)

•Office use plus connected with 10kV grid•140kW PV•Comparison of various kind of PV modules (crystalline,

amorphous)

Source: NEDO

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Source: NEDO

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•Installed in 2004-2007 at Ohta, Japan by NEDO (Kandenko et al.)

•553 residential houses•Total 140kW PV, connected at 100V with 6.6kV distribution

line •Evaluation of the islanding operation protection

Source: NEDO

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•Installed in 2004-2007 at Ohta, Japan by NEDO (Kandenko et al.)

•553 residential houses•Total 140kW PV, connected at 100V with 6.6kV distribution

line •Evaluation of the islanding operation protection

Source: NEDO

PV

Load

Junction box

Inverter etc.

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LoadGenerator

Grid

Voltage （V ）

Frequency (F)

Balance betweenGeneration and loadTransmission power and

installed capacity

4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-4. Grid connected: Large PV system: Distribution NWDistribution NW

Maintain system voltage and frequency anytime.

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Grid

Distribution substation

Feeder



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き線イメージ張りつけ




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Grid power

G

Reverse power flow from distributed generation

Power flows from generator to tail end of grid

System size suitable to load size

Load

Load

Load

Load

Load



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G

Feeder

Distributed generation

Hard to keep

system voltage

× Disconnected from grid

↓Hard to keep

system frequency

Grid




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Grid

Feeder

Voltage

Distance from substation

Proper voltage

Heavy load

Light load

Control voltage at each bank

Low voltage

Highvoltage


Maintain feeder voltage

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Voltage


Proper voltage

On-load tap-changer at pole transformer

Raise voltage by switching tap-changer



Low voltage

Highvoltage

Secondary side

Primary side

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Voltage

SVR(Step

voltage Regulator)

Raise voltage by SVR



Low voltage

Highvoltage

Proper voltage


Control secondary voltage by monitoring current and changing tap of transformer

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Heavy load

Light load

Deviation from proper voltage

Distributed Generation

Reverse power flow


Maintain feeder voltageDistribution substation

Voltage

Low voltage

Highvoltage

Proper voltage


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Heavy load

Can control voltage by

monitoring reverse flow from

distributed generation, but…

Light load


Voltage

Low voltage

High voltage

Proper voltage



Reverse power flow



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Heavy load

Light load


Voltage

Low voltage

High voltage

Proper voltage



Disconnection

Deviation from proper voltage



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High voltage feeder

Generator

It is necessary for distributed generation to be disconnected in concert with the fault detection of system.

Without disconnection of distributed generation, earth fault continues even by breaking CB at substation.(Threat of equipment damage and electric shock)


Earth fault protection of feeder with distributed generation

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It is necessary to clarify/establish technical rule necessary to orderly dissemination of distributed generation, safety/security, maintaining of reliability and power quality.

・　

4-1-5. Grid connected: Large PV system: 4-1-5. Grid connected: Large PV system: Problems on distributed generationProblems on distributed generation

On grid connection of distributed generation anarchically, the following problems should be investigated.• Power quality

• Possibility of harmful effect to other customers via grid• Become harder to operate grid in maintaining power

quality and/or maintenance• Safety/security (injury, equipment damage)

• Public safety should be assured especially for distribution line which is easily accessible to public.

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4-1-6. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-6. Grid connected: Large PV system: Guide line on distributed generationGuide line on distributed generation

Guide line on grid connection• Electrical system of generator• Power factor• Protection relay• Measures for voltage fluctuation• Short circuit capacity• Communication tree on emergency

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Q

ＧP

Deviation

ＧP

4-1-7. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-7. Grid connected: Large PV system: Voltage fluctuation by reverse flowVoltage fluctuation by reverse flow

•Reactive power control at power receiving end by generator owner

• If not effective, use of exclusive line or reinforcing feeder shall be made by the cost of generator owner.

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4-1-8. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-8. Grid connected: Large PV system: Voltage fluctuation on disconnectionVoltage fluctuation on disconnection

• Automatic load shedding shall be implemented by generator owner

ＧＬ

Voltage

Deviation

Disconnection

Load increase Deviation in voltage

ＧＬ

Maintain voltage

Load shedding Load decrease

Maintain voltage

Voltage

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4-1-9. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-9. Grid connected: Large PV system: Islanding operationIslanding operation

Substation

※PV system is running (islanding operation)

③

③ Threat of electrical shock for worker near crane and public.

① Crane touches feeder.

①

CB break

② Fault detection, then CB break.

②

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Example of detection method

• Active detection• Add disturbance signal from generator to grid

continuously• On power outage, detect increased response to

disturbance signal• Secure detection, but need several seconds

• Passive detection• On power outage, detect phase change of P, Q balance• Possible instant detection• But used as backup of active detection for grid connected

generator in high voltage, because of little change at rotating generator→ Use multiple detection to detect absolutely

4-1-10. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-10. Grid connected: Large PV system: Detection of islanding operationDetection of islanding operation

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ＬＬＬ

ＧＬＧＬ

No reverse flow (G < L)

Load

Transformer

Low voltage

ＧＬＧＬ

High voltage

ＬＬＬ

4-1-11. Grid connected: Large PV system:4-1-11. Grid connected: Large PV system: Diversity of grid connected generator Diversity of grid connected generator

LoadLoad

Load Load Load

Reverse flow (G > L)

No reverse flow (G < L)

Reverse flow (G > L)

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Date Title Sub-title Grid connection

Supplied power

Size Genset Other RNE

Batterysystem

Note

April 1 (Tue)

SHS DC SHS Off DC < 1kW No No Yes By Mr. Wade

AC SHS Off AC < 1kW No No Yes By Mr. Wade

April 2 (Wed)

Mini grid PV Mini grid

Off AC 1 - 50kW No No Yes 50 to 600HouseholdsBattery charge station

PV hybrid systems within mini-grid

Off AC 10 – 500kW Optional (a few hours per day)


Optional New components

April 3 (Thu)

Grid connected Large PV system & Hybrid system

Grid connected large PV system

On AC > 40kW No No Optional With reliable grid (24H supply)

Grid connected hybrid system

On AC > 100kW Basically No. Optional(a few hours per day)


Optional With reliable grid (24H supply)

4-2. Grid connected: 4-2. Grid connected: Hybrid system Hybrid system

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008 4-2-1. Grid connected: Hybrid system:4-2-1. Grid connected: Hybrid system:

System configuration System configuration

PV panel

Inverter

For a for village (> 100kW)

Delivers the power to the households and common equipments through a grid

Biomass

Wind

Micro-hydro

Genset (runs for only a few hours per day)

Grid Grid-connectedOptional battery24 hours power

supply by existing generators

Battery

PCSOptional

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Source: NEDO

Gas engine Battery system PV system

Digestive gas tankDigestive

gas supply

School A

Grid

Separator

Sludge digester

PV system Wind power PV system Wind power

PV system Wind power

School B School C School D

Steam boiler (existing)

Biomass boiler for woody material (1t/h)

Scarp wood

Office A Office B Office C

Buy power from grid

Plant

Independent line (power & comm.) Total 5.4km

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• Installed in 2005 at Hachinohe, Japan by NEDO (Mitsubishi, Hachinohe city)

• For schools and city ofiice• Grid connected microgrid• PV: 50kW, 10kW, 2 * 10kW• Wind: 2 * 2kW, 2 * 8kW• Gas engine: 3 * 170kW• Battery system: 1,440kWh• Woody debris boiler: 1.0t/h

[2.0klbs/h]• Digestion gas boiler: 4.2t/h

[8.4klbs/h]Source: NEDO

Gas engine

Gas tank

Heat/gas pipeBattery system

Woody debris boiler

Power receiving panel

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Source: NEDO

Battery

GE1 + GE2

Load

GE1

PV + Wind

Energy in battery (right axis)

GE1 + GE2GE1BatteryPV + WindPower flow at PCCDemandControl errorEnergy in battery

Power flow at PCC (power purchased) : pinkControl error (difference from plan) : red

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Examples (2) Examples (2) : PV+BESS High Quality Power : PV+BESS High Quality Power Supply Supply

Effective use of

PVPV Output

Stabilization

Utilization of RE

PVPVBESSBESS

Problems of PV - Sudden output

change - Voltage and

frequency fluctuation

Voltage dip High QualityHigh Quality

Power SupplyPower SupplyPS +

PQ

To use PV widelyTo use PV widely To improve Power Quality (PQ)To improve Power Quality (PQ)PV

ou

tput

Time

With BESS

Without BESS

Time

Peak Shaving

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Mitigate• Voltage Fluctuation• Voltage dip• Momentum interruption• Load Leveling

4-2-2. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-2. Grid connected: Hybrid system: Examples (2) Examples (2) : PV+BESS High Quality Power Supply: PV+BESS High Quality Power Supply

Dip Interruption

BESS

力力

Grid

PCS 375kVA (Power Conversion System)

Battery

2000Ah

High Speed SWNormal: closed

Abnormal: OpenedOn Voltage sag,power is supplied by battery.

Critical Load

PV 80kW

Hi-Tech Farm

Max Use

AC433V

DC480V

TR

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Examples (2) Examples (2) : PV+BESS High Quality Power Supply: PV+BESS High Quality Power Supply

PCS (375kVA)PCS (375kVA) - High speed switching - No power interruption

Advanced Battery Advanced Battery SystemSystemCycle-use Lead Acid Battery - Load leveling (100kW, 2.5hr) - PQ protection - EPS (240kW, 10min)

PV (80kW)PV (80kW) - Roof for parking lot - On rooftop of canteen building

Remark:Shown equip. capacity is present targeted value. It will be finalized in detail design stage.

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Examples (2) Examples (2) : PV+BESS High Quality Power : PV+BESS High Quality Power SupplySupply

New s/s building for battery and elec. equip.

PV 70kW

Parking

Office

PV 10kW

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New componentsNew components• NAS battery

– Developed by TEPCO and NGK Insulators Ltd.

– Cycle-use battery– Suitable for load leveling

CELL 50 kW MODULE

Safety Tube

Sodium Flow PathBeta Alumina Electrolyte

Sodium ElectrodeSulfur ElectrodeSafety tubeBeta aluminaElectrolyte

Cell Case

Vacuum ThermalEnclosure (upper)

Main PoleSide Heater

CellPacked Sand Fuse

Vacuum ThermalEnclosure (lower)

Installed underground of an amusement park, Tokyo Dome City LaQua. - Peak shaving - Backup power (10%-720kWh) for selected loads

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New componentsNew components

• Shin-Kobe Electric Machinery, Co., Ltd – Cycle-use lead acid battery– Stationary VRLA batteries for power

storage (LL 1500) – Suitable for load leveling– 1050Ah (25 degree C, 0.23C)– 3,000 cycle (70%DOD)– 10 years lifetime

Source: Shin-Kobe Electric Machinery

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• Kawasaki Heavy Industry– Nickel hydrogen battery– Environment Friendliness

(No usage of rare or hazardous material)

– Suitable for load leveling

Source: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

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• Power systems Co. Ltd.• Wellgeo series• EDLC (Electrical Double Layer Capacitor)

Source: Power systems Co. Ltd.

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New componentsNew components• Advanced PV module

– CIS/CIGS (cupper-indium-gallium- serene)– Thin-film PV (4 micro-meter [1.47 * 10-4 inch])– 125W– Developed by Honda

Type Crystalline silicon

Amorphous silicon

CIGS compound

Energy used in production

Generation cost

Conversion efficiency

Reliability

CIGS type

Si monocrystal type

- electrode

+ electrode

Buffer

N Si

P Si

CIGS

+ electrode

electrode

+ electrode

Source: Honda Soltec

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008 4-2-4. Grid connected: Hybrid system:4-2-4. Grid connected: Hybrid system:

Planning & designPlanning & designSurvey of various REN

Concept design of the system

Investigation of target site

Determination of equipment spec.

Estimate project cost

Determine operation patternEstimate maintenance cost

Estimate total running cost

Analyze cost/benefit

Effect on environmental protection

Effect on energy conservation

Implementation

System, equip. spec., supplier, capacity, supply characteristics, reliability, cost and so on.

Demand characteristics, energy cost, electricity tariffREN main unit, inverter, grid connection, battery, env. measure

Generation cost, distribution cost, cash flow

Estimate supplied power and energy

• Same as shown in before• Economic efficiency is important. • Compare generating cost with electricity

charge.• Investigate optimal (economical)

operational pattern

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Check list on planning (1)Check list on planning (1)

• Concept and purpose– For what?

Purposed should be shared among concerned parties.– Where?

In existing facility or not? Exact location.– What load?

Characteristics and size of load. Enough space for installed equipment?

– Which system? Isolated or grid-connected? With battery or not?

– When and how much? Construction schedule and cost. Can it be available?

• Same as shown in before• Economic efficiency is important. • Compare generating cost with electricity

charge.• Investigate optimal (economical)

operational pattern

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Factories and business establishmentsFactories and business establishments

• Appointment of a qualified person for energy management of type 2 designated factory

• Preparation & Submission of Periodical Reports

Business EstablishmentsBusiness Establishments

Submit periodical reports on the use of energy Prepare and submit mid- and long-term plans for measures to achieve energy conservation targets Appoint energy managers

Energy management at factory (Japanese case)

• Appointment of a qualified person for energy management of type 2 designated factory(Training Required)


• Preparation and Submission of mid- and long-term plans (Participation by a qualified person required)

• Appointment of Energy Manager(Mandatory to possess a license for a qualified person for energy management of type 1 designated factory)


• Formulation & Submission of Mid- and long-term Plans

Factories/business establishments Factories/business establishments with high energy consumptionwith high energy consumption

（（ Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories ））

SchoolsDepartment Store HotelOffice Building

FactoriesFactories

2222

• Annual fuel (thermal) use: 3000 kl [679 kilogallon] in crude oil equivalent or larger

• Annual electricity use: 12 million kwh or larger

• Annual fuel (thermal) use: 1500 kl [339 kilogallon] in crude oil equivalent or larger

• Annual electricity use: 6 million kwh or larger

Factories/business establishments with medium Factories/business establishments with medium energy consumptionenergy consumption

（（ Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories ））

Measures

Factories

Business Establishments

Measures Measures

4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: One more resource: Energy conservationOne more resource: Energy conservation

Source: ECCJ

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8 4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: 4-2-6. Grid connected: Hybrid system: One more resource: Energy conservationOne more resource: Energy conservation

Fuel Economy(km/ )

Energy conservation standard based on the Top Runner Program

Energy conservation effect in comparison with FY2000 (against FY1999 figures for transformers)Energy conservation effect in comparison with FY2000 (against FY1999 figures for transformers)

**Top Runner ProgramTop Runner Program::The concept of the program is that fuel economy standards for vehicles and energy conservation standards for The concept of the program is that fuel economy standards for vehicles and energy conservation standards for electric appliances, etc. shall be set exactly the same as or higher than the best standard value of each product electric appliances, etc. shall be set exactly the same as or higher than the best standard value of each product item currently available in the market. item currently available in the market.

Improving Equipment Efficiency (Japanese case)

2626

Example of Top Runner Program Target

Passenger vehicles (Gasoline and LP gas)

Passenger vehicles (diesel)

Freight vehicles (gasoline)

Freight vehicles (diesel) Air conditioners (cooling

& heating) Air conditioners (cooling

only) TV sets Videocassette recorders Fluorescent lights Copying machines

ComputersMagnetic disc unitsElectric refrigerators/freezersSpace heatersGas cooking appliancesGas water heatersOil water heatersElectric toilet seatsVending machinesTransformers

Source: ECCJ

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Energy-Saving Labeling System (Japanese case) Inform consumers of energy efficiency of home appliances Promote energy-efficient products.

Examples of energy-saving labelingExamples of energy-saving labeling

Label for the product's main unit

As of April 2005, labeling is applied to the following 13 products: air conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, fluorescent lights, TV sets, space heaters, gas cooking appliances, gas water heaters, oil water heaters, electric toilet seats, computers, magnetic disks, and transformers.

Target year FY2005

Energy conservation standard achievement percentage Energy consumption efficiency

Target year FY2005

Energy conservation standard achievement percentage Energy consumption efficiency

Source: ECCJ

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Name of Product

Class name: Cooling Capacity 3.6 kW and Free Dimension

Ranking Manufacture

Model Number

Evaluation

Labeling to be indicated

Label Color

Achievement Rate

Average COP in Both Cooling and Heating

APF (Annual Energy Efficiency): Key Factor for Labeling

Expected Annual Electricity Bill

Cooling Heating

Power Consumption (W)

COP

Consumption in Cooling Period(kWh)

Total Consumptionin a year (kWh)

Ave.Min.

Max.


Energy-Saving Labeling System (Japanese case)

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One more resource: Energy conservationOne more resource: Energy conservation

Compact FluorescentLamp (CFL)

Incandescent Bulb

• Comparison between high efficient Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and normal Incandescent Lamp bulb

4. large pv system jun hagihara tokyo electric power company – e8 member

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