AKASH R

1ST SEM MCA

CHINTECH

History3G and Its Limitations4G ConceptKey TechnologiesBenefitsApplicationsConclusion

4G, also known as Beyond 3G, is a term used to describe the next step in wireless communications

Provides comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis

4G will be a fully IP based integrated system

1G: were designed to offer a single service, i.e., speech.

2G:were also designed primarily to offer speech with a

limited capability to offer data at low rates.

3G:are expected to offer high-quality multi-media services

and operate in different environments.

At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone network.

In the 1960’s, a system launched by Bell Systems, called, Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s.

0G

1G was an analogue system, and was developed in the 70’s. 1G had two major improvements, this was the invention of the micro-processor, and the digital transform of the control link b/w the phone and the cell site. AMPS was 1st launched by the us and is a 1G mobile system based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in country.

1G

2G

2G devices using GSM were 1st used early of 90’s in Europe. GSM provides voice and limited data service , and uses digital modulation for improved audio quality. The development of 2G cellular system was driven by the need to improve

>transmission quality. >system capacity. >coverage

2G uses the standards such as

>GSM >DAMPS >CDMA

3G3G technology adds multimedia facilities to 2G devices by allowing video, audio, and graphics applications over 3G devices. You can watch streaming video or have video telephony

3G networks provide the ability to transfer voice data and non- voice data over the same network simultaneously

3G networks deliver broadband capacity and support greater numbers of voice and data customers at lower incremental costs than 2G.

Standards: - W-CDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

- EVDO: Evolution-Data Optimized

FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access

Each phone call is allocated one frequency for the entire duration of the call

TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

Each phone call is allocated a spot in the frequency for a small amount of time, and "takes turns" being transmitted

CDMA –Code Division Multiple Access

Form of multiplexing

Does not divide up the channel by time or frequency

Encodes data with a special code associated with each channel

1G DRAWBACKS

Poor voice quality

Poor battery life of devices

Large device size

No security

Frequent call drops

Limited n/w capacity

Poor hand off reliability

2G DRAWBACKS

The GSM is circuit switched, circuit oriented technology,

where the end systems are dedicated for entire call session.

This causes inefficiency in usage of band width and

resources

The GSM enabled systems do not support high data rates

They are unable to handle complex data such as video

3G DRAWBACKS

High band width requirement

High spectrum licensing fee

Huge capital

Power consumption is high

Difficulty of CDMA to provide higher data ratesNeed for continuously increasing data rate and bandwidth to meet the multimedia requirementsLimitation of spectrum and it’s allocationInability to roam between different servicesTo provide a seamless transport end-to-end MechanismTo introduce a better system with reduces cost

Less Complexity, Faster Transmission

Unlike the 3G networks which are a combination of circuit switched and packet switched networks, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will allow low-latency data transmission.

3G Leading U.S. Carrier 3G EVDOnetwork currently averages 400 to 700Kbps with peak rates up to 2 Mbps.

4G International Carrier is testing 4G communication at 100 Mbps while moving, and 1 Gbps while stationary

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4050

6070

8090

100

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3G 4G

substantial growth in overall number of subscribers

massive demand of new data services which can be either data,audio,image or video

Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards hampering global mobility and service portability

These factors are enough to cause a substantial bottle neck in cellular communication system

Through the projected data rate around 2Mbps in 3G. Actual data rate is slower.

Data service like multimedia are going to play modest role and will dominate the cellular traffic instead of voice in future in such scenario the present 1G and 2G system will saturated and will have no room to survive.

Demand for increasing data rate leads to higher band width requirement.

The expected features of 4G are:-

Much higher data rate around 100MbpsHigher bandwidth requirement of an order of hundred of MHzPlenty of service like > mobile web access, > IP telephony, > gaming services, > high-definition mobile TV, > video conferencing, > 3D television,

> cloud computing.

It all will be provided with seamless connectivity and improved quality of services

“The user has freedom and flexibilityto select any desired service withreasonable QoS and affordable price,anytime, anywhere.”

Fourth Generation Communication (4G)4G4G

4G is not one defined technology or standard, but rather a collection of technologies and protocols aimed at creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data.

4G networks are projected to provide speeds of 100 Mbps while moving and 1 Gbps while stationary.

2G2G

3G3G

1G1G

0G0G

The 4G system was originally conceived by the DARPA .The DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP). And believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems

History of 4G

Peer to peer Ad Hoc Networks

4G NETWORK

4G n/w will consist of a set of various network using IP as a

common protocol.

So that the users are in control as they will be able choose every

application and environment. Accessing information anywhere, any

time with seamless connection to a wide range of information.

Obtaining services, receiving a large amount of information , data,

picture, video, and so on are the key of the 4G infrastructure .

High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell

A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world

Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks

High quality of service for next generation multimedia support

How 4G Becomes Faster??

UWB (Ultra Wide Band)

OFDM

Smart Antenna

IPv6.0

UWB (Ultra Wide Band)

Uwb is an advanced transmission technology that can be used in the implementation of 4G network . The secret to uwb is that it is typically detected as noise . This highly kind of noise does not cause interference with current radio frequency devicesBut it can be decoded by another device that recognizes uwb and can reassemble it back to a signal. It uses a frequency b/w 3.1 to 10.6 GHz.Uwb uses frequency from high to low. There by passing

through objects like sea or layers of rocks , nevertheless because of the weakness of the signal

Ultra Wide Band (UWB)

It can use any part of the frequency spectrum. It uses less power, since it transmits pulse instead of

continuous signal. we can get 60Mps band width which is a 6 times

faster than today's network

OFDM is a method of digital modulation in which a signal is split into several narrowband channels at different frequencies .

The technology was 1st conceived in the 60’s and 70’s during research into minimizing interference among channels near each other in frequencyIn some respects OFDM is similar to conventional FDM the difference lies in way in which the signal are modulated and demodulated. Priority is given to minimizing the interference or crosstalk among the channels and symbols comprising the data stream

Preservation of orthogonality in severe multi-path

Efficient FFT based receiver structures

Support for adaptive modulation by subcarrier

Frequency diversity

Robust against narrow-band interference

Used for highest speed applications

Supports dynamic packet access

Smart Antennas

Multiple “smart antennas” can be employed to help find, tune, and turn up signal information. Since the antennas can both “listen” and “talk,” a smart antenna can send signals back in the same direction that they came from. This means that the antenna system cannot only hear many times louder, but can also respond more loudly and directly as well.

There are two types of smart antennas:-

1.SWITCHED BEAM ANTENNA

Switched beam systems have several available fixed beam patterns.A decision is made as to which beam to access, at given point in time, based up on the requirements of system.

2.ADAPTIVE ARRAY ANTENNA

It represent the most advanced smart antenna approach to date using a variety of new signal processing algorithms to locate and track the user, minimize interference, and maximize intended signal reception.

Smart Antennas

Optimize available power

Increase base station range and coverage

Reuse available spectrum

Increase bandwidth

Lengthen battery life of wireless devices.

Antenna can act as both transmitter & receiver

Smart Antennas &UWB

Although UWB and smart antenna

technology may play a large role in a 4G system, advanced

software will be needed to process data on both the sending and

receiving side. This software should be flexible, as the future

wireless world will likely be a heterogeneous mix of

technologies.

MobileIPv6 (MIPv6) is a standardized IP-

based mobility protocol for Ipv6 wireless systems. In this

design, each terminal has an IPv6 home address whenever

the terminal moves outside the local network, the home

address becomes invalid, and the terminal obtain a new

Ipv6 address (called a care-of address) in the visited

network. A binding between the terminal’s home address

and care-of address is updated to its home agent in order to

support continuous communication.

IPv6.0

IPv6.0

IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large number of wireless-enabled devices.

IPv6 removes the need for Network Address Translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices.

It includes 128 bits, which is 4 times more than 32 bits IP address in IPv4.

4G TECHNOLOGY

LTE

WIMAX

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a radio platform technology that will allow operators to achieve even higher peak throughputs than HSPA+ in higher spectrum bandwidth.

The overall objective for LTE is to provide an extremely high performance radio-access technology that offers full vehicular speed mobility and that can readily coexist with HSPA and earlier networks. Because of scalable bandwidth, operators will be able to easily migrate their networks and users from HSPA to LTE over time.

LTE assumes a full Internet Protocol (IP) network architecture and is designed to support voice in the packet domain.

LTE

The Current impact.

Is a wireless communication standard designed to provide 30 to 40Mbps data rates. With the 2011 update providing up to 1Gbps for fixed stations.

The name wimax was created by the wimax forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard

The forum describes wimax as a standard –based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL

World Interoperability for Microwave Access There are two main applications of WiMAX:

1) Fixed WiMAX (IEEE 802.16-2004) - Fixed WiMAX applications are point-to-multipoint enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL for homes and businesses.

2) Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) - Mobile WiMAX offers the full mobility of cellular networks at true broadband speeds.

Fixed WiMAX ArchitectureFixed WiMAX Architecture

Mobile WiMAX ArchitectureMobile WiMAX Architecture

convergence of Cellular Mobile Networks and WLANs Benefits for Operators Higher bandwidths, Lower cost of networks and equipment,The use of licence-exempt spectrum, Higher capacity and Qos enhancement, higher revenue. Users Access to broadband multimedia services with lower cost and here mostly needed, Inter-network roaming. Convergence of Mobile Communication and Broadcasting Benefits for Operators Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of new broadband multi-media services in vehicular environments. Users Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multi- media services with reasonable QoS and lower cost.

Support interactive multimedia

User friendliness

High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit

Higher band widths Terminal Heterogeneity

Network Heterogeneity

Full macro-cellular/metropolitan coverage

Variable bandwidth - 1 to 5 MHz

Smart/adaptive antennas supported

……….

Traffic Control

Telemedicine

Traffic Control during Disaster

……….

Entertainment services

Traffic Control

Some major cities have deployed cameras on traffic

lights and send those images back to a central

command centre . This is generally done by using

fibre . Which limits where the cameras can be hung .

I.e. no fibre no camera. 4g network allows cities to

deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly .

. . . The use of electronic information and communications technologies to provide and support health care when distance separates the participants.

Paramedic assisting a victim of a traffic accident in a remote location could access medical records and establish a video conference that a remotely based surgeon could provide “0n scene “ assistance .

Telemedicine

Telemedicine

Traffic Control during Disaster

If a hurricane hits the coast and cars start

driving south-east, 4g n/w can allow officials to access traffic

control boxes to change inland traffic lanes to green. Instead of

having to send officers to every box on the roads being

overwhelmed by civilians who are evacuating. It can be done

remotely and dynamically.

TRAFFIC CONTROL DURING DISASTER

Although the concept of 4g communications shows much

promise ; there are still limitations that must be addressed.

A major concern is interoperability b/w the signalling

technique that are planned for use in 4g.

Cost is another factor that could hamper the progress of 4G

technology .equipment are still expensive

Challenge facing deployment of 4G technologies is how to

make the network architectures compatible with each other

Both service providers and users want to reduce the cost of wireless systems and the cost of wireless services.

Lesser the expensive of the system, the more people who will want to own it.

4G's flexibility will allow the integration of several different LAN and WAN technologies.

Finally, the 4G wireless system would truly go into a "one size fits all" category, having a feature set that meets the needs of just about everyone.

FUTURE

1G WIRELESS SYSTEM 2G WIRELESS SYSTEMS

MODELS OF WIRELESS SYSTEM

4G WIRELESS SYSTEM3G WIRELESS SYSTEM

Cont….

To migrate current systems to 4G with the features mentioned previously, researchers are facing a number of challenges

These challenges are grouped into the following different aspects:

Accessing Different Networks:Multimode DevicesOverlay Network

Terminal MobilityLocation Management Handoff Management

4G Systems Challenges

4G Wireless Networks ChallengesFirst Challenge: Accessing Different Networks

One of the most challenging problems facing deployment of 4G technology is how to access several and different mobile and wireless networks

There are two possible architecturesMultimode DevicesOverlay Network

First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks 1. Multimode Devices Architecture

A single physical terminal with multiple interfaces to access the different wireless networks

Advantages: Improve call completion Expand coverage area Reliable coverage in case of network,

link or switch failure Disadvantages:

Complexity in the hardware of the device

Handoff Mechanism:

Performed by the user, device or network

First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks 2. Overlay Network Architecture A user accesses an overlay network

consisting of several UAPs UAPs Functions:

Select a wireless network based on availability and user choices

Store IPs of user, network and devices Advantages:

Simplify hardware of device Supports single billing

Disadvantages: More network devices

Handoff Mechanism between UAPs:

Performed by overlay network rather than the user or device

In order to provide wireless services at any time and anywhere, terminal mobility is a must in 4G infrastructure

Terminal mobility allows mobile clients to roam across geographical boundaries of the wireless networks

There are two main issues in terminal mobility:

location management handoff management

4G Wireless Networks Challenges Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility

Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility 1. Location Management

The system tracks and locates a mobile terminal for possible connection

Location management involves handing all the information about

Roaming terminals such as original and current location cells Authentication information QoS capabilities

Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility2. Handoff Management

Maintain ongoing communication when the terminal roams

IP changes during handoff :

IPv6 within the same cell:

216.37.129.9, 79.23.178.229, 65.198.2.10, 192.168.5.120

home address mobile IP address local network address

Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility2. Handoff Management

216.37.129.9,

care-of address mobile IP address local network address

79.23.178.229,

IPv6 when the terminal roams to another cell:

65.198.2.10, 192.168.5.120

• Horizontal handoff is performed when the terminal moves from one cell to another within the same wireless system.

• Vertical handoff is performed when the terminal moves between two different wireless systems (e.g., from WLAN to GSM) .

Handoff Management (cont.)

Handoff Management Challenges

• Vertical & Horizontal handoff will increase– System load (increasing control packets)– Packet losses– Handover latency

Challenges in Handoff Management

As the history of mobile communications shows,

attempts have been made to reduce a number of

technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G

systems offer this promise of a standard that can be

embraced worldwide through its key concept of

integration. Future wireless networks will need to support

diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of

resources among multiple users..

CONCLUSION

There must be a low complexity of implementation

and an efficient means of negotiation between the end

users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth

generation promises to fulfil the goal of PCC (personal

computing and communication)—a vision that

affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a

wireless network.

CONCLUSION

Thank You ... any queries please...

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