4-1 intermediate financial accounting earl k. stice james d. stice © 2012 cengage learning...
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4-1
Intermediate Financial Accounting
Earl K. Stice James D. Stice
© 2012 Cengage Learning
PowerPoint presented by Douglas Cloud Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Pepperdine University
The Income Statement
Chapter 4Chapter 4
18th Edition
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What It Is and What It Isn’t
• Income is not equal to the amount of cash generated from the successful operation of the business.
• Income is a return over and above the investment.
• It is the amount that an entity could return to its investors and still leave the entity as well-off at the end of the period as it was at the beginning.
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Financial Capital Maintenance Concept of Income Determination
The financial capital maintenance concept assumes that a company has income “only if the dollar amount of an enterprise’s net assets at the end of the period exceeds the dollar amount of net assets at the beginning of the period after excluding the effects of transactions with owners.
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Beginning of Period
End of Period
Total assets $510,000 $560,000
Total liabilities 430,000 390,000
Net assets (owners’ equity) $ 80,000 $170,000
Income is $90,000Income is $90,000
Kreidler, Inc. had the following assets and liabilities at the beginning and at the end of a period.
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Financial Capital Maintenance Concept of Income Determination
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Net assets, end of period $170,000 Net assets, beginning of period 80,000 Change (increase) in net assets $ 90,000 Deduct investment by owners (40,000)Add dividends to owners 15,000 Income $ 65,000
If the owners invested $40,000 in the business and received dividends of $15,000, what would be the income?
Financial Capital Maintenance Concept of Income Determination
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• Income per physical capital maintenance occurs only if physical production capacity at the end of the period exceeds the physical production capacity at the beginning of the period.
• This concept requires that productive assets be valued at fair market value.
• Productive capital is maintained only if the current costs of these capital assets are maintained.
Physical Capital Maintenance Concept of Income Determination
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Practical DifficultiesPractical DifficultiesPractical DifficultiesPractical Difficulties
a) Difficulty in estimating depreciation lives
b) Difficulty in implementing internal control procedures
c) Difficulty in providing cash flow information
d) Difficulty in obtaining fair market values of assets and liabilitiesThe FASB adopted the financial capital maintenance The FASB adopted the financial capital maintenance
concept as part of the conceptual framework.concept as part of the conceptual framework.
Physical Capital Maintenance Concept of Income Determination
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Why is a Measure of Income Important?
The recognition, measurement, and reporting (display) of business income and its components are considered by many to be the most important tasks of accountants. For example:• Has the activity been profitable?
• What is the trend of profitability?• Is it increasing profitable, or is there a
downward trend?
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In the United States, the FASB has specified that financial accounting information is designed with investors and creditors in mind, while at the same time recognizing that many other groups will find the resulting information useful as well.
Accrual-based financial Accrual-based financial accounting information is not accounting information is not suited for every possible use.suited for every possible use.
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Why is a Measure of Income Important?
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• In code law countries, such as Germany and Japan, accounting standards have historically been set by legal processes.
• In a common law country, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, accounting standards are set in response to market forces.
Why is a Measure of Income Important?
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Transaction Approach
• To provide detail concerning the components of income, accountants have adopted a transaction approach to measuring income that stresses the direct computation of revenues and expenses.
• The transaction approach, sometimes referred to as the matching method, focuses on business events that effect certain elements of the financial statements.
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Revenue and Gain Recognition
• Under GAAP of accrual accounting, revenue recognition does not necessarily occur when cash is received.
• Revenues and gains are recognized when:1. they are realized or realizable, and
2. they have been earned through substantial completion of the activities involved in the earnings process.
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Revenue and Gain Recognition
• Revenues are recognized when the company generating the revenue has provided the bulk of the goods or services it promised for the customer and when the customer has provided payment or at least a valid promise of payment to the company.
• In order for revenue to be recognized, inventory or other assets must be exchanged for cash or claims to cash, such as accounts receivable.
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Direct MatchingDirect MatchingDirect MatchingDirect Matching
• Relating expenses to specific revenues is often referred to as the matching process.
• For example, shipping costs and sales commissions usually relate directly to revenues.
• Certain expenses have to be estimated to be matched against recognized revenue for the period.
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Expense and Loss Recognition
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Systematic and Systematic and Rational AllocationRational Allocation
Systematic and Systematic and Rational AllocationRational Allocation
The cost of assets that benefit more than one period, such as buildings, equipment, patents, and prepaid insurance, are spread across the periods of expected benefit in some systematic and rational way.
Expense and Loss Recognition
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Immediate RecognitionImmediate RecognitionImmediate RecognitionImmediate Recognition
• Many expenses are not related to specific revenues but are incurred to obtain goods and services that indirectly help to generate revenues.
• Examples include office salaries, utilities, and general advertising. These are recognized as expenses in the period in which they are incurred.
Expense and Loss Recognition
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Gains and Losses from Changes in Market Values
• An exception to the transaction approach in the recognition of gains and losses arises when gains or loss are recognized in the wake of changes in market value.
• When a long-term asset, such as a building, has decreased substantially in value (an impairment), a loss is recognized even though the building has not been sold and no transaction has occurred.
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Form of the Income Statement
• Traditionally, the income from the continuing operations category has been presented in multiple-step form.
• Using this format, the income statement is divided into separate sections, and various subtotals reflect different levels of profitability.
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Form of the Income Statement
• Comparative financial statements present several years’ financial statements side by side. This enables users to analyze performance over multiple periods and identify significant trends.
• Consolidated financial statements combine the financial results of the “parent company” with other companies that it owns, called subsidiaries.
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Income from Continuing Operations
1.Revenue
2.Cost of goods sold
3.Operating expenses
4.Other revenues and gains
5.Other expenses and losses
6. Income taxes on continuing operations
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Gross profit =(Revenue – Cost of goods sold)
Operating income =(Gross profit – Operating expenses)
Determining SubtotalsDetermining SubtotalsDetermining SubtotalsDetermining Subtotals
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Income from Continuing Operations
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Income from continuing operations before taxes (Operating income + Other revenues and gains – Other expenses and losses)
Income from continuing operations (Income from continuing operations before income taxes – Income taxes on continuing operations)
Determining SubtotalsDetermining SubtotalsDetermining SubtotalsDetermining Subtotals
(continued)
Income from Continuing Operations
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RevenueRevenueRevenueRevenue
• Revenue reports the total sales to customers for the period less any sales returns and allowances or discounts.
• Sales returns and allowances and sales discounts should be subtracted from gross sales revenue in arriving at net sales revenue.
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Income from Continuing Operations
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Cost of Goods SoldCost of Goods SoldCost of Goods SoldCost of Goods Sold
Beginning inventory+ Net purchases+ Freight-in+ Other inventory acquisition costs= Cost of goods available for sale– Ending inventory= Cost of goods sold
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Income from Continuing Operations
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• Cost of goods sold is a significant item on merchandising and manufacturing companies’ income statements.
• A manufacturing company has three inventories rather than one: raw materials, goods in process, and finished goods.
Cost of Goods SoldCost of Goods SoldCost of Goods SoldCost of Goods Sold
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Income from Continuing Operations
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• Revenue from net sales – Cost of goods sold = Gross profit
• Gross profit percentage is computed by dividing gross profit by revenue from net sales.
• The gross profit percentage provides a measure of profitability that allows comparisons for a firm from year to year.
Gross ProfitGross ProfitGross ProfitGross Profit
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Income from Continuing Operations
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Operating ExpensesOperating ExpensesOperating ExpensesOperating Expenses
Operating expenses may be reported in two parts:
• Selling expenses Sales salaries and commissions Related payroll taxes Advertising and store displays Store supplies used Depreciation on store furniture
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Income from Continuing Operations
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• General and administrative expenses Officers’ and office salaries Related payroll taxes Office supplies used Telephone, business licenses, etc. Depreciation on office furniture
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Income from Continuing Operations
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Operating income measures the performance of the fundamental business operations conducted by a company.
Operating IncomeOperating IncomeOperating IncomeOperating Income
Gross profit– Operating expenses= Operating income
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Income from Continuing Operations
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This section usually includes items identified with the peripheral activities of the company:
• Rent revenue• Interest revenue• Dividend revenue• Gains from the sale of assets
Other Revenues and GainsOther Revenues and GainsOther Revenues and GainsOther Revenues and Gains
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Income from Continuing Operations
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This section parallels “Other Revenues and Gains” except the items result in deductions from operating income:
• Interest expense• Losses from the sale of assets
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Other Expenses and LossesOther Expenses and LossesOther Expenses and LossesOther Expenses and Losses
Income from Continuing Operations
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Income Taxes on Income Taxes on Continuing OperationsContinuing Operations
Income Taxes on Income Taxes on Continuing OperationsContinuing Operations
• Income tax expense is the sum of all the income tax consequences of all transactions undertaken by a company during a year.
• The separation of income taxes into different sections of the income statement is referred to as intraperiod income tax allocation.
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Income from Continuing Operations
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Transitory, Irregular, and Transitory, Irregular, and Extraordinary ItemsExtraordinary Items
Transitory, Irregular, and Transitory, Irregular, and Extraordinary ItemsExtraordinary Items
• These items arise from transactions and events that are not expected to continue to impact reported results in future years.
• Two types of transactions and events are reported in this manner: (1) discontinued operations and (2) extraordinary items.
Income from Continuing Operations
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Discontinued Operations
• The operations and cash flows of the component must be clearly distinguishable from other operations and cash flows of the company, both physically and operationally, as well as for financial reporting purposes.
• For example, discontinued operations would result if a company closed one of five product lines in a plant which tracks its cash flows and income separately.
To report discontinued operations:
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• Thom Beard Company has two divisions, A and B. The operations and cash flows of these two divisions are clearly distinguishable, and so they both qualify as business components.
• On June 20, 2013, Thom Beard decides to dispose of the assets and liabilities of Division B. The revenues and expenses for Thom Beard for 2013 and for the preceding two years are shown in Slide 4-58.
(continued)
Reporting Requirements for Discontinued Operations
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Discontinued Operations
• The reporting requirements for discontinued operations are contained in FASB ASC Subtopic 205.
• On the balance sheet, assets and liabilities associated with discontinued components that have not been completely disposed of as of the balance sheet date are to be listed separately in the asset and liability sections of the balance sheet.
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International Accounting for Discontinued Operations
According to IFRS 5, companies with discontinued operations must disclose the following:
• The amount of revenue, expenses, and pretax profit or loss attributed to the discontinued operations and related income tax expense.
• A separate disclosure of the assets, liabilities, and cash flows of the discontinued operations.
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Extraordinary Items
Extraordinary items are events and transactions that are both unusual in nature and infrequent in occurrence. Thus, they must contain “a high degree of abnormality and be of a type clearly unrelated to, or only incidentally related to, the ordinary and typical activities of the entity . . . [and] be of a type that would not reasonably be expected to recur in the foreseeable future. . .”¹ ¹Opinions of the Accounting Principles Board No. 30, “Reporting the Results of Operations (NY: AICPA, 1973), par. 20.
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Not Extraordinary
• The write-down or write-off of receivables, inventories, equipment leased to others, etc.
• The gains or losses from exchange or remeasurement of foreign currencies
• The gains or losses on disposal of business segment
• Other gains or losses from sale or abandonment of productive assets
• The effects of a strike• Adjustment of accruals on long-term contracts
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Changes in Accounting Principles
• The conditions of some occasions justify a change from one accounting principle to another.
• Occasionally a company will change an accounting principle because a change in economic conditions suggests that an accounting change will provide better information.
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• More frequently, a change in accounting principle occurs because the FASB issues a new pronouncement requiring a change in principle.
• To improve compatibility, income statements for all years presented must be restated using the new accounting method.
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Changes in Accounting Principles
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Changes in Estimate
• In reporting periodic revenues and in attempting to properly match those expenses incurred to generate current-period revenues, accountants must continually make judgments.
• Estimates are required for such factors as the number of years of useful life for depreciable assets, the amount of uncollectible accounts expected, and the amount of warrant liability to be recorded on the books.
• No retroactive adjustments.(continued)
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Net Income or Loss
Income or loss from continuing operations combined with the results of discontinued operations and extraordinary items provides a summary measure of the firm’s performance for a period: net income or net loss.
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Earnings per share =
Income from continuing operations
Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding
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Earnings Per Share
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• Earnings per share amounts are computed for income from continuing operations and for each unusual or extraordinary item.
• If necessary, companies display basic and diluted earnings per share.
When presenting earnings-per-share figures:
Earnings Per Share
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The price-earnings (P/E) ratio expresses the market value of common stock as a multiple of earnings and allows investors to evaluate the attractiveness of a firm’s common stock.
Market value per share
Earnings per shareP/E ratio =
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Price-Earnings (P/E) Ratio
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In general, the following types of firms have higher than average P/E ratios:• Firms with strong future growth
possibilities
• Firms with earnings for the year lower than average because of a nonrecurring event
• Firms with substantial unrecorded assets
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Price-Earnings (P/E) Ratio
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Price-Earnings (P/E) Ratio
In general, the following types of firms have lower than average P/E ratios:• Firms with earnings for the year higher
than average because of a nonrecurring event
• Firms perceived as being very risky
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Comprehensive Income
• Comprehensive income is the number used to reflect an overall measure of the change in a company’s wealth during the period.
• In addition to net income, it includes items that arise from changes in market conditions unrelated to the business operations of a company.
• Most companies include a report of comprehensive income as part of the statement of stockholders’ equity.
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Forecasting Future Performance
• Financial statements report the past, but are used to predict the future.
• Key to a good forecast involves identifying factors that determine a certain level of revenue or expense.
• Forecasting starts with a forecast for sales.
• It indicates how fast the company is expected to grow and represents the general volume of activity expected in the company.
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
The EndThe EndThe EndThe End
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