HYGIENE PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH

PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AND

ADOLESCENT

Hygiene of children and

adolescents - preventive medicine

that studies the conditions of the

environment and children's

activities and their impact on the

health and functional status of the

growing organism.

FEATURES OF NORMALIZATION

The specificity of the norms

The inconstancy of the norms

Developing, the training orientation of

norms

Differentiation hygienic norms by

gender and health state of the growing

organism

The growth - the process of quantity increasing the size and weight of body

The development - quality changes associated with the processes of differentiation and morphogenesis

“The growth spurt" of postnatal period

PERIOD OF LIFE

The first year old

5-6 years

13-15 years

INDICATORS

1.5-fold increase in the length of the body,

3-4-fold increase in body weight

(mainly due to the growth of the trunk)

“waist high spurt" – growth of

child reaches 70% of the length of the adult

mainly due to the limb

Pubertal growth spurt

by extension of the trunk and limbs

LAWS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:

The unevenness race of growth

and development

CHANGE THE LENGTH OF THE BODY OF

CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT

Period of life Increasing the length

of the body, %

1-st year 47

2-nd year 13

3-rd year 9

4 - 7 years 5 - 7

8 - 10 years 3

pubescence growth spurt

18 - 20 years growth stops

In the first years of life the body needs in large amounts • proteins - 4 g per 1 kg body weight,

including 65% of animal protein • energy - 100 kcal per 1 kg of body

weight

HORMONAL REGULATION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

STIMULATORS

insulin

thyroid hormones

sex hormones

INHIBITORS

corticosteroids

FORMATION OF BONE MASS

accumulation

of bone mass

endocrine

status

production

of estrogens

calcium

intake

healthy diet

growth

hormone

physical

activity

muscle

tissue

fatty tissue

adequate

body weight

Chronological age - the age of the

individual in years, months and days after birth

Biological age - a set of

morphological and functional characteristics of the organism that characterizes the individual growth and development

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE

The degree of ossification of the

skeleton

Secondary teeth dentitation

(replacement primary teeth to permanent

teeth)

Development of secondary sexual

characteristics

Body length

The annual increase in growth

The degree of ossification of the

skeleton – the definition of ossification

points at X-ray examination

For example, the iInformative indicator of

biological age of the child, 12 years old, is

ossification of the pisiform bone

Criteria for evaluation of

biological age

Child age

• Body length

• The annual increase in

growth

The first year old

• Body length

• The annual increase in

growth

• Secondary teeth dentitation

5 – 6 years

• Development of secondary

gender characteristics

13 – 15 years

LAWS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:

Non-simultaneity of the growth

and development of individual

organs and systems

(heterochrony)

Motor activity

Motor activity - a

natural stimulant

of growth and

development

Motor activity

Morphological and functional development

Contributes to the formation of adaptive mechanisms

Stimulates the activity of the immune system

Enhances mental and physical performance

Affect the development of an active inhibitory process

Contributes to building peak bone mass

Hypokinesia

Lack of physical

activity is

recognized as a

major independent

risk factors. In the

European region it

is associated with

3.5% of the

disease and 10% of deaths.

HYPOKINESIA EFFECTS

Delayed growth and development of the

child's body

Reduced functionality and adaptive

capabilities

Formation of asthenia

The development of excessive neurological

disinhibition

Metabolism disorders and function of the

musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and other

body systems disorders

HYPERKINESIA

HYPERKINESIA - A RISK FACTOR FOR DISORDERS:

CNS (neuroses, phobias, cardioneurosis)

Sympathetic-adrenal and

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system

CVS (border hypertension, hypertension)

The digestive system (gastritis, peptic ulcer, chronic cholecystitis)

Metabolism (protein deficiency)

Resistance of the organism

Physical development (somatic disproportion)

Age for a different sports

Sport Age Sport Age

Gymnastics (girl)

Artistic gymnastics

Figure skating

Gymnastics (boys)

Diving

Synchronized

Swimming

Freestyle

Table tennis

Swimming

6 year

7 year

Tennis

Acrobatics

Jumping on a

trampoline

Rock-and-Roll

Sports Dance

Aerobics

Shaping

Chess

Checkers

Wushu

7 year

Age for a different sports

Sport Age Sport Age

Ski

Basketball

Football

Badminton

Orienteering

Tourism

Golf

Biathlon

Ski jumping

Sailing

Baseball

8 year

9 year

Water Polo

Volleyball

Handball

Track and field

Skating

Cross-country skiing

Short track

Rugby

Bandy, towns

Softball

Lapta

9 year

Sport Age Sport Age

Cycling

Equestrian

Pentathlon

Luge

Shooting sports

Fencing

Boxing

Freestyle Wrestling

Greco-Roman

Rowing

Kayaks and canoes

10 year Tae Kwon Do

Climbing

Ice sailing

Slalom

Triathlon

Arm wrestling

Athleticism

Billiards

Karate-do

Rock climbing

Kickboxing

10 year

Age for a different sports

Sport Age Sport Age

Judo

Heavy athletics

Contact Karate

Sambo

Archery

Trap shooting

10 year

11 year

Bobsled 12 year

Age for a different sports

FUNCTIONAL MATURITY – THE

READY OF GROWING BODY TO

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRAINING

LAWS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:

Conditionality of the growth and

development by gender (gendering

dimorphism)

CHANGE OF BOYS GROWTH AND GIRLS GROWTH, DEPENDING ON AGE

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

лет

возраст, годы

ро

ст, см

мальчики

девочки

age, years

bo

dy l

en

gth

, cm

boys girls

LAWS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:

The biological

reliability of the

functional

systems and the

body in generally

LAWS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:

Genetic

conditionality of the

growth and

development

it’s may a cause of the delay or the increase

of physical development

LAWS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:

Conditionality of the growth and

development by environmental factors

The interaction of biological and environmental factors in the formation of

children's health

Ran

ge

of

ad

ap

tati

on

Environment (-)

Среда (+)

Max

Min

The le

vel of he

alth

0-3 5-6 11-14 age

genotype

environmentally

sensitive period

Environment (+)

CRITICAL PERIODS (environmentally sensitive period)

Early stage of postnatal development (0 – 1 years old)

The age of starting of education (5 – 7 yy)

Puberty (13 – 15 yy)

LAWS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:

Epochal trend and cyclical processes of growth and development of the child population

(acceleration, retardation)

Acceleration – the faster growth

and development

Deceleration = Retardation – the

slowdown of growth, development,

puberty

THEORIES OF ACCELERATION

Heliogenic

Radiowave

Cosmic radiation

Increased concentration of CO2

Alimentary

Enhanced information

Cyclical biological changes

Heterosis (mixed populations)

Urban influence

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENT TODAY

Gracilization of the body

The tendency to short stature

Changing the weighted-growth indicators

Slow down puberty

Disharmony development

Reduced functionality and security

features

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT

“Physical development” - a state of the

morphological and functional properties

and qualities, as well as the level

biological development - the biological

age.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

SOMATOMETRIC: body length and body weight, chest circumference.

PHYSIOMETRIC: vital lung capacity, compression force of a hand.

SOMATOSCOPIC: the state of the musculoskeletal system/ musculature, the degree of fat deposition, secondary signs of puberty, the development of teeth, the form of a chest/ legs/ feets. .

The main purpose of determining

the physical development - to

determine the state of health.

CHILD AND ADOLESCENT HEALTH

- a state of life, corresponding to their

biological age, the harmonious unity of the

physical and intellectual characteristics,

the formation of adaptive and

compensatory reactions in the growth

process.

INDICATORS OF INDIVIDUAL CHILDREN HEALTH

Presence or absence of chronic diseases

The level of functional state of the body systems

The degree of resistance to the adverse effects (number and duration of acute disease per year)

The level of physical development and the degree of harmonicity

GROUPS OF HEALTH

I group - healthy children with normal

physical and mental development

GROUPS OF HEALTH

II group - children with functional and

morphological and functional disorders and

lowered resistance of the body:

• low growth

• backlog of biological development

• underweight or excess of body weight

• if child is often ill (≥4 times per year), or long-

term ill (≥ 25 days in one disease proposal)

It is risk group

GROUPS OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT HEALTH

III group - children with chronic

diseases in clinical remission and the

absence of complications

GROUPS OF HEALTH

IV group - children with chronic

diseases in the active stage with

frequent exacerbations

- children with some chronic diseases in

clinical remission + if child is often ill

(≥4 times per year), or long-term ill (≥

25 days in one disease proposal)

GROUPS OF HEALTH

V group - children with severe chronic

diseases, frequent exacerbations with a

continuously recurrent course

The aim of definition of the health

group - the definition of volume of

medical supervision and care.