3g umts wcdma

Readings related to the subject

• General readings

– WCDMA for UMTS – Harri Holma, Antti Toskala

– HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS – Harri Holma, Antti Toskala

• Network planning oriented

– Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS – Janna Laiho, Achim

Wacker, Tomás Novosad

– UMTS Radio Network Planning, Optimization and QoS Management For

Practical Engineering Tasks – Jukka Lempiäinen, Matti Manninen

Outline

• Background

• Key concepts

– Code multiplexing

– Spreading

• Introduction to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)

• WCDMA Performance Enhancements

– High Speed Packet Access (HSDPA/HSUPA)

– Advanced features for HSDPA

Why new radio access system

• Need for universal standard (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)

• Support for packet data services – IP data in core network

– Wireless IP

• New services in mobile multimedia need faster data transmission and flexible utilization of the spectrum

• FDMA and TDMA are not efficient enough– TDMA wastes time resources

– FDMA wastes frequency resources

• CDMA can exploit the whole bandwidth constantly

• Wideband CDMA was selected for a radio access system for UMTS (1997)– (Actually the superiority of OFDM was not fully understood by then)

Frequency allocations for UMTS

• Frequency plans of Europe, Japan and Korea are harmonized

• US plan is incompatible, the spectrum reserved for 3G elsewhere is

currently used for the US 2G standards

• IMT-2000 band in Europe:

– FDD 2x60MHz

Expected air interfaces and spectrums, source: “WCDMA for UMTS”

Standardization

• WCDMA was studied in various research programs in the industry and

universities

• WCDMA was chosen besides ETSI also in other forums like ARIB

(Japan) as 3G technology in late 1997/early 1998.

• During 1998 parallel work proceeded in ETSI and ARIB (mainly), with

commonalities but also differences

– Work was also on-going in USA and Korea

Standardization

• At end of 1998 different standardization organizations got together and created 3GPP, 3rd Generation Partnership Project.

– 5 Founding members: ETSI, ARIB+TTC (Japan), TTA (Korea), T1P1 (USA)

– CWTS (China) joined later.

• Different companies are members through their respective standardization organization.

ETSI Members

ETSI

ARIB Members

ARIB

TTA Members

TTA

T1P1 Members

T1P1

TTC Members

TTC

CWTS Members

CWTS

3GPP

WCDMA Background and Evolution

• First major milestone was Release ‘99, 12/99– Full set of specifications by 3GPP– Targeted mainly on access part of the network

• Release 4, 03/01 – Core network was extended– markets jumped over Rel 4

• Release 5, 03/02– High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

• Release 6, end of 04/beginning of 05– High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

• Release 7, 06/07– Continuous Packet connectivity (improvement for e.g. VoIP), advanced features for HSDPA

(MIMO, higher order modulation)

WCDMA Background and Evolution

2000 2002 2004 2006 2007200520032001

3GPP Rel -9912/99

3GPP Rel 4

03/01

3GPP Rel 5 (HSDPA)

03/02

3GPP Rel 6(HSUPA)

2H/04

3GPP Rel 7

HSPA+

06/07Further Releases

JapanEurope

(pre-commercial)Europe

(commercial)

HSDPA (commercial)

HSUPA (commercial)

Evolution of Mobile standards

EDGE

GPRSGSM

HSCSD

cdmaOne(IS-95)

WCDMA FDD

HSDPA/HSUPA

cdma2000

TD-SCDMA TDD LCR

cdma20001XEV - DO

cdma20001XEV - DV

TD-CDMATDD HCR

HSDPA/HSUPA

LTE

Current WCDMA markets• Graph of the technologies adopted by the wireless users worldwide:

• Over 3.5 billion wireless users worldwide

• GSM+WCDMA share currently over 88 % (www.umts-forum.org)

• CDMA share is decreasing every year

GSM (80.9%)

CDMA (12%)

WCDMA (4.6%)

iDEN (0.9%)

PDC (0.8%)

US TDMA (0.8%)

Current WCDMA markets

• Over 200 million WCDMA subscribers globally (04/08) (www.umts-forum.org)

– 10 % HSDPA/HSUPA users

• Number of subscribers is constantly increasing

Mil

lio

n s

ub

scri

bers

Key concepts

• CDMA

• Spread Spectrum

• Direct Sequence spreading

• Spreading and Processing gain

Multiple Access Schemes

• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different users– example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems

• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots for different users, – example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)– GSM also uses FDMA

• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are separated from each other with orthogonal codes

Code

Frequency

Time

1

2

N

…

TDMAFDMA CDMA

Spread Spectrum

• Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the information

bandwidth i.e. transmitted signal is spread to a wider bandwidth

– Bandwidth is not dependent on the information signal

• Benefits

– More secure communication

– Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due to processing gain

• Classification

– Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence)

– Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency)

– Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)

• Direct Sequence is currently commercially most viable

Spread Spectrum

• Where does spread spectrum come from

– First publications, late 40s

– First applications: Military from the 50s

– Rake receiver patent 1956

– Cellular applications proposed late 70s

– Investigations for cellular use 80s

– IS-95 standard 1993 (2G)

– 1997/1998 3G technology choice

– 2001/2002 Commercial launch of WCDMA technology

Direct Sequence

• In direct sequence (DS) user bits are coded with unique binary

sequence i.e. with spreading/channelization code

– The bits of the channelization code are called chips

– Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R)

– Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each other (cocktail party

effect)

• Length of a channelization code

– defines how many chips are used to spread a single information bit and thus

determines the end bit rate

– Shorter code equals to higher bit rate but better Signal to Interference and

Noise Ratio (SINR) is required

• Also the shorter the code, the fewer number of codes are available

– Different bit rates have different geographical areas covered based on the

interference levels

Direct Sequence

• Transmission (Tx) side with DS

– Information signal is multiplied with channelization code => spread signal

• Receiving (Rx) side with DS

– Spread signal is multiplied with channelization code

– Multiplied signal (spread signal x code) is then integrated (i.e. summed

together)

• If the integration results in adequately high (or low) values, the signal is meant for the receiver

Direct Sequence

Processing gain and Spreading

Frequency

Despread narrowband signal

Spread wideband signal

W

R

Po

we

r d

en

sit

y (

Wa

tts

/Hz)

Po

we

r d

en

sit

y (

Wa

tts

/Hz)

Frequency

Transmitted signalbefore spreading

Received signalbefore despreading

Interference for the part we are interested in


Frequency

Po

we

r d

en

sit

y (

Wa

tts

/Hz)

Po

we

r d

en

sit

y (

Wa

tts

/Hz)

Frequency

Received signalafter despreading butbefore filtering

Received signalafter despreading andafter filtering

Transmitted signal

Interference


• Spread spectrum systems reduce the effect of interference due to processing gain

• Processing gain is generally defined as follows:

– G[dB]=10*log10(W/R), where ’W’ is the chip rate and ’R’ is the user bit rate

• The number of users takes negative effect on the processing gain. The loss is defined as:

– Lp = 10*log10k, where ’k’ is the amount of users

• Processing gain when the processing loss is taken into account is

– Gtot=10*log10(W/kR)

• High bit rate means lower processing gain and higher power OR smaller coverage

• The processing gain is different for different services over 3G mobile network (voice, web browsing, videophone) due to different bit rates

– Thus, the coverage area and capacity might be different for different services depending on the radio network planning issues


• Processing gain is what gives CDMA systems the robustness against

self-interference that is necessary in order to reuse the available 5

MHz carrier frequency over geographically close distances.

• Examples: Speech service with a bit rate of 12.2 kbps

– processing gain 10 log10(3.84e6/12.2e3) = 25 dB

– For speech service the required SINR is typically in the order of 5.0 dB, so

the required wideband signal-to-interference ratio (also called “carrier-to-

interference ratio, C/I ) is therefore “5.0 dB minus the processing” = -20.0

dB.

– In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under the interference or

thermal noise power, and the WCDMA receiver can still detect the signal.

– Notice: in GSM, a good quality speech connection requires C/I = 9–12 dB.

Introduction to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)

• Overview

• Codes in WCDMA

• QoS support

• Network Architecture

• Radio propagation and fading

• RAKE receiver

• Power Control in WCDMA

• Diversity

• Capacity and coverage

WCDMA System

• WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS systems

• Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)

– Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands between the

carriers

• Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time

– UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands

• High bit rates

– With Release ’99 theoretically 2 Mbps both UL and DL

– 384 kbps highest implemented

• Fast power control (PC)

=> Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes the interference

WCDMA System

• Soft handover

– Improves coverage, decreases interference

• Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver

– Introduces multipath diversity

• Variable spreading factor

– Support for flexible bit rates

• Multiplexing of different services on a single physical connection

– Simultaneous support of services with different QoS requirements:• real-time

– E.g. voice, video telephony

• streaming

– streaming video and audio

• interactive

– web-browsing

• background

– e-mail download

Codes in WCDMA

• Channelization Codes (=short code)

– Codes from different branches of the code tree are orthogonal

– Length is dependent on the spreading factor

– Used for

• channel separation from the single source in downlink

• separation of data and control channels from each other in the uplink

– Same channelization codes in every cell / mobiles and therefore the additional scrambling code is needed

• Scrambling codes (=long code)

– Very long (38400 chips = 10 ms =1 radio frame), many codes available

– Does not spread the signal

– Uplink: to separate different mobiles

– Downlink: to separate different cells

– The correlation between two codes (two mobiles/NodeBs) is low

• Not fully orthogonal

Codes in WCDMA

• For instance, the relation between downlink physical layer bit rates and codes

SpreadingFactor (SF)

Channelsymbol

rate(ksps)

Channelbit rate(kbps)

DPDCHchannel bitrate range

(kbps)

Maximum userdata rate with ½-

rate coding(approx.)

512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps256 15 30 12–24 6–12 kbps128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps64 60 120 90 45 kbps

32 120 240 210 105 kbps

16 240 480 432 215 kbps

8 480 960 912 456 kbps

4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps

4, with 3

parallel

codes

2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps

Half rate speech

Full rate speech

144 kbps

384 kbps

2 Mbps

Symbol_rate =

Chip_rate/SFBit_rate =

Symbol_rate*2

Control channel

(DPCCH) overheadUser bit rate with coding = Channel_bit_rate/2

QoS Support

• Key Factors:

– Simultaneous support of services with different QoS

requirements:

• up to 210 Transport Format Combinations, selectable individually

for every radio frame (10 ms)

• going towards IP core networks greatly increases the usage of

simultaneous applications requiring different quality, e.g. real time

vs. non-real time

– Optimized usage of different transport channels for

supporting different QoS

QoS support

Example:

DownlinkShared Channel

DownlinkDedicated Channels

USER 1

....

10 ms

USER 2 USER 3 USER 1 USER 1

USER 4

Data Rate

2 Mbps

Code 5

Code 4

Code 3

Code 2

Code 1USER 1

USER 2

USER 3

USER 4

USER 2

Time

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Architecture

• New Radio Access network needed mainly due to new radio access technology

• Core Network (CN) is based on GSM/GPRS

• Radio Network Controller (RNC) corresponds roughly to the Base Station Controller (BSC) in GSM

• Node B corresponds roughly to the Base Station in GSM

– Term “Node B” is a relic from the first 3GPP releases

RNC

NodeB

NodeB

NodeB

UE

CN

RNC

UE

Uu interface Iub interface

Iur interface

UTRAN


• Radio network controller (RNC)

– Owns and controls the radio resources in its domain

– Radio resource management (RRM) tasks include e.g. the following

• Mapping of QoS Parameters into the air interface

• Air interface scheduling

• Handover control

• Outer loop power control

• Call Admission Control

• Setting of initial powers and SIR targets

• Radio resource reservation

• Code allocation

• Load Control


• Node B

– Main function to convert the data flow between Uu and Iub interfaces

– Some RRM tasks:

• Measurements

• Inner loop power control

Radio propagation and fading

• A transmitted radio signal goes

through several changes while

traveling via air interface to the

receiver

– reflections, diffractions, phase

shifts and attenuation

• Due to length difference of the

signal paths, multipath

components of the signal arrive

at different times to the receiver

and can be combined either

destructively or constructively

– Depends on the phases of the

multipath components

Radio propagation and fading

• Example of the fast fading

channel of a function of time

• Opposite phases of two

random multipath components

arriving at the same time

cancel each other out

– Results in a fade

• Coherent phases are

combined constructively

RAKE receiver

• Every multipath component arriving at the receiver more than one chip

time (0.26 µs) apart can be distinguished by the RAKE receiver

– 0.26 µs corresponds to 78 m in path length difference

• RAKE assigns a “finger” to each received component (tap) and alters

their phases based on a channel estimate so that the components can

be combined constructively

Finger #1

Finger #2

Finger #3

Transmitted

symbol

Received

symbol at

each time

slot

Phase

modified using

the channel

estimate

Combined

symbol

Power Control in WCDMA

• The purpose of power control (PC) is to ensure that each user

receives and transmits just enough energy to have service but to

prevent:

– Blocking of distant users (near-far-effect)

– Exceeding reasonable interference levels

UE1UE2

UE3

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE1 UE2 UE3

Without PC received

power levels would

be unequal

With ideal PC

received power levels

are equal


1. Open loop power control

• Only for the initial power setting of the MS

• Based on distance attenuation estimation from the downlink pilot signal

2. Inner loop transmitter power control (CL TPC) at a rate of 1500 Hz

• Mitigates fading processes (fast and slow fading)

• Tx power is adjusted up/down to reach SIR target

• Both in UL and DL

• Uses quality targets in MS / BS

3. Outer loop PC at the rate of 100 Hz

• Sets the quality target used by the inner loop PC

• Compensates the changes in the propagation conditions

• Adjusts the quality target

• Both in UL and DL


• Inner loop power control in the uplink

– Outer loop PC (running in the radio network controller, RNC) defines SIR

target for the BS.

– If the measured SIR at BS is lower than the SIR-target, the MS is

commanded to increases its transmit power. Otherwise MS is commanded

to decrease its power

– Power control dynamics at the MS is 70 dB


• Inner loop power control in downlink:

– Outer loop PC (running in the MS) defines SIR target for the MS

– If the measured SIR at the MS is lower than the SIR-target, the BS is

commanded to increases its transmit power for that MS. Otherwise, BS is

commanded to decrease its power.

– Power control rate 1500 Hz

– Power control dynamics is dependent on the service

– There’s no near-far problem in DL due to one-to-many scenario. However, it

is desirable to provide a marginal amount of additional power to mobile

stations at the cell edge, as they suffer from increased other-cell

interference.


• Example of inner loop power

control behavior:

• With higher velocities channel

fading is more rapid and 1500 Hz

power control may not be sufficient


• Inner loop power control tries to keep the received SIR as close to the target

SIR as possible.

• However, the constant SIR alone does not actually guarantee the required

frame error rate (FER) which can be considered as the quality criteria of the

link/service.

– There’s no unique SIR that automatically gives a certain FER

– FER is a function of SIR, but also depends on mobility and propagation environment.

• Therefore, the frame reliability information has to be delivered to outer loop

control, which can tune the SIR target if necessary.

Diversity

• Transmitting on a single path only can lead to serious performance

degradation due to fading

• As fading is independent between different times and spaces it is reasonable

to use the available diversity of them to decrease the probability of a deep

fade

– The more there are paths to choose from, the less likely it is that all of them have a poor energy level

• There exists different types of diversity which can be used to improve the

quality, e.g.:

– Multipath

• RAKE receiver exploits taps arriving at different times

– Macro

• Different Node Bs send the same information

– Site Selection Transmit Diversity (SSTD)

• Maintain a list of available base stations and choose the best one, from which the transmission

is received and tell the others not to transmit

Diversity

– Time

• Same information is transmitted in different times

– Receive antenna

• Transmission is received with multiple antennas

• Power gain and diversity gain

– Transmit antenna

• Transmission is sent with multiple antennas

WCDMA Handovers

• WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three different types

• Intra-frequency handover

– WCDMA handover within the same frequency and system. Soft, softer and

hard handover supported

• Inter-frequency handover

– Handover between different frequencies (carriers) but within the same

system

– E.g. from one WCDMA operator to another

– Only hard handover supported

• Inter-system handover

– Handover between WCDMA and another system, e.g. from WCDMA to

GSM

– Only hard handover supported

WCDMA Handovers

• Soft handover

– Handover between different Node Bs

– Several Node Bs transmit the same signal to the UE which combines the transmissions

• Advantages: lower Tx power needed for each Node B and UE

– lower interference, battery saving for UE

• Disadvantage: resources (code, power) need to be reserved for the UE in each Node B

– Excess soft handovers limit the capacity

– No interruption in data transmission

– Needs RNC duplicating frame transmissions to two Node Bs

WCDMA Handovers

• Softer handover

– Handover between two sectors of the

same Node B

• Special case of a soft handover

• No need for duplicate frames

• Hard handover

– The source is released first and then new

one is added

– Short interruption in data flow

WCDMA Handovers

• Some terminology

– Active set (AS), represents the Node Bs to which the UE is in soft handover

– Neighbor set (NS), represents the links that UE monitors but which are not

already in active set

Received

signal

strength

BS1

BS2

Threshold_1

Triggering time_1

Threshold_2

Triggering time_2

BS2 from the NS reaches

the threshold to be added

to the ASBS2 is still after the

triggering time above

threshold and thus added

to the AS

BS1 from the AS reaches

the threshold to be

dropped from the AS

BS1 dropped from the AS

Capacity and coverage

• In WCDMA coverage and capacity are tight together:

– When the load increases, the interference levels increases, too, and

therefore also increased transmit powers are needed in order to keep

constant quality.

– Due to finite power resources, the more users Node B serves the less

power it has for each UE � coverage will decrease

• This leads to cell breathing: the coverage area changes as the load of

the cell changes.• Therefore, the coverage and

the capacity have to be

planned simultaneously

• Radio resource management

(RRM) is needed in WCDMA to

effectively control cell

breathing.

Capacity and coverage

• Received power of one user as a function of users per cell

• Due to finite maximum Tx power of the UE coverage is usually limited by the uplink

• Node B does not have this problem

– There is enough Tx power to transmit very far to a single user if necessary

– However, downlink Tx power is divided between all users and thus capacity is limited by the downlink

WCDMA evolution

•High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

•High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

•Advanced receivers with HSDPA

•Advanced HSDPA scheduling

•Femto cells with HSDPA

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

• The High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) concept was

added to Release 5 to support higher downlink data rates

• It is mainly intended for non-real time traffic, but can also be used for

traffic with tighter delay requirements.

• Peak data rates up to 10 Mbit/s (theoretical data rate 14.4 Mbit/s)

• Reduced retransmission delays

• Improved QoS control (Node B based packet scheduler)

• Spectrally and code efficient solution

HSDPA features

• Agreed features in Release 5– Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

• QPSK or 16QAM

– Multicode operation

• Support of 1-15 code channels (SF=16)

– Short frame size (TTI = 2 ms)

– Fast retransmissions using Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)

• Chase Combining

• Incremental Redundancy

– Fast packet scheduling at Node B

• E.g. Round robin, Proportional fair

• Features agreed in Release 7– Higher order modulation (64QAM)

– Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

HSDPA - general principle

• Fast scheduling is done directly in Node-B based on feedback information from UE and knowledge of current traffic state.

Channel quality(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)

Data

Users may be time and/or code multiplexedPacket data scheduling (short TTI)

New base station functions

• HARQ retransmissions

• Modulation/coding selection

• Packet data scheduling (short TTI)

UE

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160-2

02468

10121416

Time [number of TTIs]

QPSK1/4

QPSK2/4

QPSK3/4

16QAM2/4

16QAM3/4

Inst

anta

neo

us

EsN

o [d

B]

HSDPA functionality

• Scheduling responsibility has been moved from RNC to Node B

• Due to this and the short TTI length (2 ms) the scheduling is dynamic

and fast

• Support for several parallel transmissions

– When packet A is sent it starts to wait for an acknowledgement from the

receiver, during which other packets can be sent via a parallel SAW (stop-

and-wait) channels

Pkt A

Pkt B

Pkt C

Pkt D

Pkt E

Pkt F

Ack B

HSDPA functionality• UE informs the Node B regularly of its channel quality by CQI messages

(Channel Quality Indicator)

HSDPA functionality

• Node B can use channel state information for several purposes

– In transport format (TFRC) selection

• Modulation and coding scheme

– Scheduling decisions

• Non-blind scheduling algorithms can be utilized

– HS-SCCH power control

HSDPA channels

• User data is sent on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-

DSCH)

• Control information is sent on High Speed Common Control Channel

(HS-SCCH)

• HS-SCCH is sent two slot before HS-DSCH to inform the scheduled

UE of the transport format of the incoming transmission on HS-DSCH

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

• Peak data rates increased to significantly higher than 2 Mbps; Theoretically reaching 5.8 Mbps

• Packet data throughput increased, though not as high throughput as with HSDPA

• Reduced delay from retransmissions.

• Solutions

– Layer1 hybrid ARQ

– NodeB based scheduling for uplink

– Frame sizes 2ms & 10 ms

• Schedule in 3GPP

– Part of Release 6

– First specifications version completed 12/04

– In 3GPP specs with the name Enhanced uplink DCH (E-DCH)

5 codes QPSK

# of codes Modulation

5 codes 16-QAM

10 codes 16-QAM

15 codes 16-QAM

15 codes 16-QAM

1.8 Mbps

Maxdata rate

3.6 Mbps

7.2 Mbps

10.1 Mbps

14.4 Mbps

2 x SF42 ms10 ms

# of codes TTI

2 x SF2 10 ms

2 x SF2 2 ms

2 x SF2 +2 x SF4

2 ms

1.46 Mbps

Maxdata rate

2.0 Mbps

2.9 Mbps

5.76 Mbps

Downlink HSDPA

• Theoretical up to 14.4 Mbps

• Initial capability 1.8 – 3.6 Mbps

Uplink HSUPA

• Theoretical up to 5.76 Mbps

• Initial capability 1.46 Mbps

HSPA Peak Data Rates

Performance of advanced HSDPA features

Advanced receivers with HSDPA

• UE receiver experiences significant interference from different sources

– In a reflective environment the signal interferes itself

– Neigboring base station signals interfere each other

– One solution to decrease mainly own base station signal interference is to

use an equalizer before despreading

Own cell interference

Other cell interference

Own signal


• In a frequency-selective channel there is a significant amount of

interfering multipaths

• Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) equalizer can be used

to make an estimate of the original transmitted chip sequence before

despreading

– The interfering multipath components are removed

– The channel becomes flat again


• LMMSE equalizer (Equ in the

figure) offers a very good

performance for the user

especially near the base station

• Using antenna diversity (1x2) the

throughput can be doubled

compared to a single antenna

• Both techniques increase the

cost of a mobile unit

Advanced HSDPA scheduling

• Node B has a limited amount of scheduling opportunities

• The amount of data transmitted by the network must be maximized

whilst offering the best possible quality of service to all users

– The scheduling can be improved by an advanced algorithm

Advanced HSDPA scheduling

• An improved scheduling

algorithm (Proportional Fair,

PF) offers significant gain over

a conventional algorithm

(Round Robin, RR)

• PF has a very good price-

quality ratio

– User equipment needs no

changes

– Node B’s need only minor

changes

Femtocells

• More and more consumers want to use their mobile devices at home,

even when there’s a fixed line available

– Providing full or even adequate mobile residential coverage is a significant

challenge for operators

– Mobile operators need to seize residential minutes from fixed line providers,

and compete with fixed and emerging VoIP and WiFi services

=> There is trend in discussing very small indoor, home and campus NodeB

layouts

• Femtocells are cellular access points (for limited access group) that

connect to a mobile operator’s network using residential DSL or cable

broadband connections

• Femtocells enable capacity equivalent to a full 3G network sector at

very low transmit powers, dramatically increasing battery life of

existing phones, without needing to introduce WiFi enabled handsets

Femtocells• The study considers the system performance of an HSDPA network consisting of macro cells and

very low transmit power (femto) cells

• The impact of using 64QAM in addition to QPSK and 16QAM in order to benefit from the high SINR is studied

• The network performance is investigated with different portions of users created in the buildings (0-100%)

Femtocells

• Femtocells provide maximum of 15-

17 % gain to network throughput

already without dedicated indoor

users

• The gain is visible with high load in

the network and comes directly from

the increased number of access

points in the network

• Average load of a cell is decreased

and users can be scheduled more

often

SchemeOffered load

Medium High Congested

Rake 1x1 3 % 8 % 15 %

Rake 1x2 -1 % 19 % 13 %

Equ 1x1 -2 % 18 % 15 %

Equ 1x2 -1 % 3 % 17 %

Table: Network throughput gain of

femto cells to macro users

Femtocells

• When the amount of dedicated indoor

users increase, the gain of femto cells

explodes

• Gain is in the range of hundreds of

percents even with small portion of

indoor users