33399995 sug243 history of cartography
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History of CartographyHistory of Cartography
History of Cartography 2
History of CartographyHistory of Cartography
Sequence of development Cartography in China Cartography in Europe Impact of changing ideas Impact of changing technology Information age mapping
History of Cartography 3
Sequence of DevelopmentSequence of Development
Evolution - the ladder concept. “Missing links” - gaps in development.
Revolution - the tree concept. Each revolution leads to a new map type. Map types develop in evolutionary fashion,
until the next revolutionary change occurs.
History of Cartography 4
Cartographic DevelopmentCartographic Development
OriginA
OriginB
Present
Present
Ladder Concept
Tree Concept
History of Cartography 5
Cartographic Revolution Cartographic Revolution and Evolutionand Evolution
30,000 B.C.0 A.D.
200 A.D.
500 A.D.
1200 A.D.
1700 A.D.
1800 A.D.
1900 A.D.
2000 A.D.
The diverse map types we know today emerged through a long process of cartographic revolution and evolution.
(From Robinson, et al., 1995)
History of Cartography 6
Early DevelopmentEarly Development
Nobody knows when the first map was made.
Principles of cartography were understood as early as 2500 BC. When Babylonians drew maps on clay tablets.
History of Cartography 7
Early Early Mesopotamian Mesopotamian Map of the Map of the WorldWorld
The earliest extant world map is a Babylonian clay tablet from the sixth century B.C., on which Earth is shown as a flat circular disc surrounded by ocean and several mythical islands.
(From Wilford, 2000)
History of Cartography 8
A Map From Ancient EgyptA Map From Ancient EgyptAn map made in Ancient Egypt with an estimated date to 3200 B.C. showing the trace of gold workings in Egypt. The map, now in Turin, depicts gold workings around the time of King Seti I (1350-1205 B.C.).
(From GEOEurope, January 2000)
History of Cartography 9
Cartography in ChinaCartography in China Astronomical knowledge existed in Shang (商 )
Dynasty, 11th century B.C. “Fragment on Maps” 480-100 B.C. Three maps made in Han (漢 ) Dynasty (2nd century
B.C.) were discovered. In a tomb (長沙馬王堆漢墓 ). made in silk. one topographic map focused on military matters: streams,
roads, mountain ranges, names, scale and orthogonal view point.
For more details please check web pagehttp://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/geog1150/Chinese
History of Cartography 10
An Over An Over 2000 Year 2000 Year Old MapOld Map
Ancient Chinese topographical map (200 B.C.): A silk map in the ancient tombs.
"Their great significance lies in the fact that they are in part surprisingly accurate and detailed and show that the art of cartography was well advanced at this time".— Bulling, 1978 (cited in Wilford, 2000)
History of Cartography 11
Cartography in China Cartography in China (Cont.)(Cont.)
The first compass was invented in China. 司南 (戰國 , 453-221 B.C.). was not widely used until North Song Dynasty (北宋 ,
960-1126 A.D.) when the artificial magnetisation was invented.
introduced to Europe in 12th century. Paper-making was invented in 105 A.D., East
Han Dynasty (東漢 , 25-220 A.D.). The first printing of map 1155 A.D. (South Song
Dynasty: 南宋 , 1127-1279, 300 years before Europe).
History of Cartography 12
The Ancient CompassThe Ancient Compass
Up: The earliest magnetic compass Si-nan ( 司南 ) made in West Han Dynasty ( 西漢 , 206 B.C. – 8 A.D.). Right: the clay figure made in South Song Dynasty ( 南宋 , 1127-1279 A.D.) showing the rather modern look compass held in the man's hand.
(The National Museum of Chinese History)
History of Cartography 13
Ancient Mechanic DevicesAncient Mechanic DevicesThe compass coach invented in the "Three-Nation" eras ( 三國 , 220-280 A.D.).
The mileage coach invented in the East Han Dynasty.(models made according to historical records, The National Museum of Chinese History)
History of Cartography 14
The Earliest Paper MapThe Earliest Paper MapThe earliest paper map made in the West Han Dynasty, almost at the same time when the paper itself was invented by Chinese. The paper map was discovered in an ancient tomb in Gansu Province ( 甘肅天水放馬灘 5 號漢墓 ), western China.
(The Provincial Museum of Gansu)
History of Cartography 15
The The Earliest Printed MapEarliest Printed MapThe earliest printed map made in the South Song Dynasty showing east part of China in the modern history.
(Beijing Library)
History of Cartography 16
Cartography in EuropeCartography in Europe
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): Earth is a sphere.
Ptolemy (90-160 A.D.): Geographia. Development in medieval period (the
“dark age”) was limited, except the sudden appearance in 13th century of “portolan charts”.
History of Cartography 17
Ancient GreeceAncient Greece
Map of Hecataeus (about 500 B.C.): by an empirical approach, relying on exploration and travel instead of pure geometry alone.
(From Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997)
History of Cartography 18
The Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire
The world-view of the Roman Empire (400 A.D.): A circular earth disc, set in a surrounding ocean, became the dominant interpretation of the Middle Ages cartographer.(From Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997)
History of Cartography 19
Typology of Typology of mappae mappae mundimundi
A S I A
EUROPE
Med
iterra
nean
AFRICA
Ocean River
Don Nile
E
N
W
S
A S I A
EUROPE
Med
iterra
nean
AF
RIC
A
Oce
an
Riv
er
ANTI
PODE
SOce
an
River
Don Nile
E
N
W
S
Ocean River
TORRID
ZONE
TEMPERATEZONE
TEMPERATEZONE
FRIDID ZONE
FRIDID ZONE
Tripartite
Zonal
Quadripartite
Transitional
(From Harley and Woodward, 1987, cited in Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997)
History of Cartography 20
The Ebstorf The Ebstorf MapMap
The Ebstorf map showing Christ's head, hands and feet at the extents of the world (1235 A.D.).(From Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997)
History of Cartography 21
Cartography in Europe Cartography in Europe (Cont.)(Cont.)
The renaissance in western cartography (later half of 1500s) beginning of printing (1450) Great Discovery (e.g. Columbus) led to more accurate
maps topographic survey (France) at 1:86,400 completed in
1800
The introduction of metric system (Napoleon) 1 metre = 1/10,000,000 part of the arc distance from
the equator to the pole
History of Cartography 22
Cartography in Europe Cartography in Europe (Cont.)(Cont.)
The rise of thematic maps Until 18th century, most maps are general
maps and charts From late 17th century, thematic maps began
to appear
The growth of modern cartography since 19th century with the inventions of photography and computers
History of Cartography 23
Impact of Changing IdeasImpact of Changing Ideas
Concept of representation Early maps: more figurative than literal
Geometry Shape and size of the earth Locational reference system
Reconciling conflicting information Church maps
History of Cartography 24
Figurative MapsFigurative Maps
Abstract stick charts helped Polynesians navigate between remote South Sea Islands by somehow representing essential characteristics of prevailing winds and currents.
(From Robinson, et al., 1995)
History of Cartography 25
The Map Based on The Map Based on Ptolemy's DescriptionsPtolemy's Descriptions
The map constructed in the 15th century from Ptolemy's written directions and descriptions, and reflects geographical knowledge of the known world in the 2nd century A.D.(From Robinson, et al., 1995)
History of Cartography 26
Impact of Changing Ideas Impact of Changing Ideas (Cont.)(Cont.)
Science and measurement the concept of order: cause-effect relations chance (or probability) Enlightenment - positional accuracy
Concept of distribution place - general reference maps space - the spatial extent and variation of
features - the idea of distribution thematic maps
History of Cartography 27
Early Survey in FranceEarly Survey in FranceThe perceived shape of France before and after the 1693 survey by Picard and La Hire (revised coastline in bold).(from Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997)
History of Cartography 28
Impact of Changing Ideas Impact of Changing Ideas (Cont.)(Cont.)
Systems/ecological thinking ecological model: view the environment as a
system of interrelated processes systems approach cartographic modelling: environmental
phenomena are selected, weighted by importance, and linked together to form a numerical index
History of Cartography 29
Impact of Changing Impact of Changing TechnologyTechnology Manual: mappae mundi and portolan charts -
hand drawing Magnetic: compass and magnetic media Mechanical: machine process and printing Optical: telescopic sighting instruments and
projection, optical media Photo-chemical: photogrammetry Electronic: computer process
History of Cartography 30
Impact of Changing Impact of Changing TechnologyTechnology
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Manual
Magnetic
Mechanical
Optical
Photo-chemical
Electronic
History of Cartography 31
Manual TechnologyManual Technology
A formschneider (one who carves woodcuts) at work in front of a window. In those days there was no satisfactory substitute for daylight.
"Manual mapping procedures were dominant during the longest period in the recorded history of cartography".
— Robinson, et al., 1995
History of Cartography 32
Mechanical Mechanical TechnologyTechnology
Printing from a copperplate engraving with the rolling press was a hard work.
"Machine power augmented and magnified human muscle power. The result was a major increase in the speed and efficiency of the mapping process, with a commensurate reduction in mapping cost".
— Robinson, et al., 1995
History of Cartography 33
Information Age MappingInformation Age Mapping
Information age. Information. Information systems. Geographical information systems (GIS). Maps play a key role in GIS. GIS are crucial in modern mapping.
History of Cartography 34
Mapping With GISMapping With GIS
Datacollection
EditingStructuringUpdating
DataBase
Map
StatisticalTools
GraphicalTools
DataManipulation