333: discuss the fundamentals of networking. 1. discuss networking concepts (20 hrs) 2. discuss...
TRANSCRIPT
333: DISCUSS THE FUNDAMENTALS OF NETWORKING
1. Discuss networking concepts (20 hrs)
2. Discuss hardware & software requirement to setup a Local Area Network (20 hrs)
333.1: Discuss networking concepts PERFORMANCE STANDARD
◦ Given a scenario, identify correctly the hardware and services required for a Network
Objectives:◦ Define a Node/Host ◦ Discuss functional & geographical relationship among
nodes◦ Discuss services provided by a common carrier such as
Leased line Switched line
◦ Describe switching techniques Circuit Message Packet
◦ Discuss ISO/OSl reference model◦ Explain network communication protocols
5
Carriers You can only install wires on your own property
◦ Called your customer premises
To send signals between sites or to customers, you must use a carrier
Carriers transport data and voice traffic between customer premises, charging a price for their services
Receive rights of way from the government to lay wires and radio links
CarrierCustomerPremises
Computer network nodes
In data communication, a physical network node may either be a data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) such as a modem, hub, bridge or switch or a data terminal equipment (DTE) such as a digital telephone handset, a printer or a host computer, for example a router, a workstation or a server.
7
Types of Traditional Telephone Circuits
Dial-Up Service (Any-to-Any) Leased Lines
◦ Point-to-point only◦ Cheaper for high volumes of use
Leased Line
SwitchedDial-UpService
Brunei
Miri
Uses POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) Dial up networking technology provides PCs and
other network devices access to a LAN or WAN via standard telephone lines.
Dial up Internet service providers offer subscription plans for home computer users.
Provides a low cost need based access. Bandwidth 33.6 /56 Kbps. Types of dial up services include V.34 and
V.90 modem as well as Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). Dial up systems utilize special-purpose network protocols like Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).
Dial-up
To use a dial up Internet connection, a client modem calls another modem located at the Internet Service Provider (ISP). The modems transfer network information over the telephone until one modem or the other disconnects.
When the popularity of the Internet exploded in the 1990s, dial up was the most common form of Internet access due mainly to its low cost to setup. However, the performance of dial up networking is relatively poor due to the limitations of traditional modem technology. V.90 modem dial up supports less than 56 Kbps bandwidth and ISDN handles approximately 128Kbps.
Many home users are currently replacing their dial up services with high-speed broadband technologies that operate at much higher speeds.
Dial-up
A leased line connects two locations for private voice and/or data telecommunication service.
It is not a dedicated cable, a leased line is actually a reserved circuit between two points.
Permanent telephone connection between two points Organization ‘owns’ the leased line – not shared with
anyone else. Leased lines can span short or long distances. Quality of service is assured Line access is assured Line is always active Fixed monthly fee Fees based on distance and speed of connection
Leased Lines
12
Leased Line Service
Customer Premises A Customer Premises B
SwitchingOffice
SwitchingOffice
SwitchingOffice
TrunkLine
TrunkLine
LocalLoop Local
Loop
Leased LinesMay Pass ThroughMultiple Switches,Even MultipleCarriers
13
Leased Lines Leased Lines are Circuits
◦ Often goes through multiple switches and trunk lines
◦ Looks to user like a simple direct link
◦ Limited to point-to-point communication Limits who you can talk to
◦ Carriers offer leased lines at an attractive price per bit sent to keep high-volume customers
Switch Trunk Line
Leased Line
14
Leased Line Meshes If you have several sites, you need a mesh
of leased lines among sites
Leased Line
Mesh
15
Leased Line Speeds Largest Demand is 56 kbps to a few Mbps
56 kbps (sometimes 64 kbps) digital leased lines◦ DS0 signaling
T1 (1.544 Mbps) digital leased lines◦ 24 times effective capacity of 56 kbps◦ Only about 3-5 times cost of 56 kbps◦ DS1 signaling
16
Leased Line Speeds Fractional T1
◦ Fraction of T1’s speed and price◦ Often 128, 256, 384 kbps
T3: is the next step◦ 44.7 Mbps in U.S.
Europe has E Series◦ E1: 2.048 Mbps◦ E3: 34 Mbps
SONET/SDH lines offer very high speeds◦ 156 Mbps, 622 Mbps, 2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps
Advantages of Leased Line Flexible level of connection based upon
your business requirements Synchronous service where upstream and
downstream speeds are the same Private network offers reduced security
risks as it does not use the public network
Service Level Agreement provides peace of mind
Managed service
Firewalls on Leased Lines Increased threats of Internet misuse has
prompted companies to add firewalls to private leased lines to filter traffic coming into their network
The firewall filters traffic based on rules Can block several types of attacks Can monitor network traffic Can not protect against virus attacks
Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs) Can Use Instead of Traditional Leased Lines
◦ Less expensive
HDSL (High-Speed DSL)◦ Symmetrical: Same speed in each direction
◦ HDSL: 768 kbps (Half a T1) on a single twisted pair
◦ HDSL2: 1.544 Mbps (T1) on a single twisted pair
Digital Subscriber Line Normal Leased Lines Used Data Grade
Wires◦ High-quality, high-cost◦ Two pairs (one in each direction)
DSLs Normally Use Voice Grade Copper◦ Not designed for high-speed data◦ So sometimes works poorly◦ Usually one pair (ADSL, HDSL)◦ Sometimes two pairs (HDSL2)
Problems of Leased Lines With many sites, meshes are expensive and
difficult to manage
With N sites, N*(N-1)/2 leased lines for a mesh◦ May not need all links, but usually use many
User firm must handle switching and ongoing management
◦ Expensive because this requires planning and the hiring, training, and retention of a WAN staff
Sites Lines
5 1010 4525 300
22
T1 Leased Lines Voice Requirements
◦ Analog voice signal is encoded as a 64 kbps data stream
◦ 8 bits per sample
◦ 8,000 samples per second
23
T1 Leased Lines T1 lines are designed to multiplex 24 voice
channels of 64 kbps each
T1 lines use time division multiplexing (TDM)◦ Time is divided into 8,000 frames per second
One frame for each sampling period
◦ Each frame is divided into 24 8-bit slots One for each channel’s sample in that time period (24 x 8) 192 bits Plus one framing bit for 193 bits per frame
24
T1 Leased Lines Speed Calculation
◦ 193 bits per frame◦ 8,000 frames per second◦ 1.544 Mbps
Framing Bit◦ One per frame◦ 8,000 per second◦ Used to carry supervisory information (in groups
of 12 or 24 framing bits)
25
PSDNs Public Switched Data Networks
◦ Designed for data rather than voice
◦ Site-to-site switching is handled for you
◦ You merely connect each site to the PSDN “cloud” (No need to know internal details)
PSDN
26
PSDNs Connect each site to the PSDN using one
leased line◦ Only one leased line per site◦ With N sites, you only need N leased lines, not N*
(N-1)/2 as with a full mesh
1 LeasedLine
PSDN
27
PSDNs Access Device Needed at Each Site
◦ Connects each site to access line◦ Often a router◦ Sometimes a device specific to a particular PSDN
Technology
PSDN
AccessDevice
28
PSDNs Point of Presence (POP)
◦ Place where you connect to the cloud◦ May be several in a city◦ May not have any POP close◦ Need leased line to POP◦ Separate from PSDN charges
LeasedLine
PSDN
POP
29
PSDNs in Perspective Simpler than Networks of Leased Lines
◦ Less staffing◦ Fewer leased lines to support
Less Expensive than Networks of Leased Lines◦ Less staffing◦ PSDN prices are very low◦ PSDN is less expensive overall◦ PSDNs are replacing many leased line mesh
networks
30
Circuit-Switched PSDNs End-to-End Capacity is Guaranteed
◦ If you need it, it is always there◦ When you don’t need it, you still pay for it◦ Expensive for data traffic, which usually has short
bursts and long silences
A bcd efg
PSDN
31
Packet-Switched PSDNs Messages are divided into small units
called packets
◦ Short packets load switches more effectively than fewer long messages
32
Packet-Switched PSDNs Packet-Switched PSDNs Usually Operate at
Layer 2 (Data Link Layer for Single Subnets)
◦ Should be called frame-switched networks
◦ Still called packet-switched networks
33
Packet Switched PSDNs Packets are multiplexed on trunk lines
◦ Cost of trunk lines is shared◦ Packet switching lowers transmission costs◦ Dominates PSDN service today
MultiplexedTrunk Line
34
Packet Switched PSDNs: Virtual Circuits All commercial packet switched PSDNs use
virtual circuits◦ Eliminates forwarding decisions for individual packets◦ Reduces switching load, so reduces switching costs
VirtualCircuit
35
Unreliable PSDNs Most commercial PSDNs are Unreliable
◦ (Only obsolete X.25 PSDN technology was reliable)
◦ No error correction at each hop between switches
◦ Reduces costs of switching
◦ Note that both virtual circuits and unreliable service reduce switching costs
36
PSDN Cost Savings Packet Switching
◦ Reduces costs of transmission lines through multiplexing
Virtual Circuits◦ Reduces costs of switches because they do not
have to make decisions for each frame
Unreliability◦ Reduces costs of switches because they do not
have to do error correction