31january2011 globalupdate - documents.wfp.org · kasenga, kalemie, pweto and kolwezi. g...

Global UpdateFood Security MonitoringJuly - December 2010 • Issue no. 4

The Global Update provides food security information in terms of trends in food access and utilization. The main food accessindicators reported are food consumption, coping strategies and terms of trade: these indicators reflect food security status andso enable early identification of potential increases in food insecurity.

This update provides information on 35 countries for the period July–December 2010.

Three categories are used to classify food security trends: Improved, No Change and Deteriorated. A summary of the food securitysituation is presented below:

31 January 2011

See attached Table for more detailed analysis by country and food security indicator.

35 countries covered by the Global Update

Improved:Burundi, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Namibia, Niger, Sudan (Darfur), Southern Sudan, Zambia.

No Change:Afghanistan, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana (Northern Region), Guinea Conakry, Haiti, Kenya,Madagascar, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Zimbabwe.

Deteriorated:Bangladesh, Benin, Cameroon, Djibouti, Honduras, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar,Occupied Palestinian Territory, Pakistan, Somalia.

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Table: Food security trends in selected countries • July - December 2010The table presents information on the countries where WFP participates in a Food Security Monitoring System • Based on reports dated June to December 2010

Between September andDecember, the price ofbeans at the national levelfell by 2%, the price ofsweet potatoes rose by 2%and the price of maize roseby 6% compared with theprevious quarter.Compared with the five-year average, the price ofmaize has risen by 26%and the price of sweetpotatoes has risen by 70%.

In the north, wherechronic food insecuritypersists, householdsreduced their foodconsumption to one ortwo meals per day. Thiswas attributed to poorcassava productioncoupled with the need torepay in-kind debts.

As a result of an extended dryperiod in the last quarter of2010, the start of the 2011Aseason was delayed and therewas a consequent reduction inthe planted area, particularly inthe northeast.Harvesting of the main 2010Bseason crops was completed inJuly. Overall cereal productionfor 2010 was estimated to be2% higher than in 2009.Increases were recorded forcereals, tubers and bananas,which offset the decline in theproduction of beans. Coffeeproduction significantlyincreased to an estimated30,000 mt compared with6,500 mt in 2009.

Overall food securityimproved as a result ofincreased food productionin 2010 and an annualdecline in food prices.

NB: The situation wasreported as stable duringthe first half of 2010.Monitoring of food pricesand the food security ofreturnees and IDPs isrecommended, particularlyin the northeast.

Food Consumption(B)

Countries(A)

Prices(C)

Purchasing Power(D)

Malnutrition(E)

Coping Strategies(F)

Rainfall & Production(G)

Food security trend overthe last six months (H)

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BURUNDI

In Katanga, foodconsumption improved inthe areas surveyed in Julyexcept for Bukama,Lubudi, Kalemie andPweto. Only 9.1% of thehouseholds surveyed hadpoor consumption.The proportion ofhouseholds withacceptable foodconsumption hasincreased by 0.3% amongHIV and AIDS beneficiariesand by 6.9% among foodfor work beneficiariescompared with thesituation in 2008. Thetrend remains downward,however, forsupplementary feedingbeneficiaries.

At the national level, theprice of cassava productsfell by 1%. The price ofmaize rose by 2% in thelast quarter of the yearcompared with the previousquarter.

There was an 80%increase in cases of acutemalnutrition at Kirundohospital in Novembercompared with October,which may be linked to thehigh incidence of measlesin Vumbi health district.Food distributionprogrammes targetingvulnerable children andlactating mothers werescaled up, especially inareas where there are highconcentrations ofreturnees.

Preliminary results of amultiple indicator clustersurvey released inSeptember 2010 indicatedthat acute malnutritionremains a serious concernin the provinces ofBandundu, Equateur,Oriental, Kasai-Occidentaland Bas Congo, whereglobal acute malnutritionrates are 10% or more.

In the October-Decemberlean season, poor peoplemigrated from the northernand eastern depressions insearch of daily labouropportunities. Othercommon coping strategiesincluded limiting thenumber and quality ofmeals for adults andchildren.

NB: About 500,000returnees continue to havelimited access to arableland: this has resulted indisputes and difficultiesthat affect resettlement,re-integration andproduction.

In Katanga region,households are utilizing lesssevere coping strategiesless frequently. This isreflected in the steadydecline of the copingstrategy index sinceNovember 2009. The trendis increasing, however, inBukama, Kambove,Kasenga, Kalemie, Pwetoand Kolwezi.

The purchasing power ofagricultural labourersdeclined because theupward trend in food priceswas not matched by anincrease in wages.Renewed violence limitedaccess to areas with morelucrative labouropportunities, affecting the80% of poorer householdswhose income is largelydependent on agriculturallabour.

The area planted hasdecreased between 15%and 20% since 2008, withnegative impacts onhousehold production,incomes and purchasingpower. Not all householdsmay be affected, however,particularly those withsources of income otherthan agriculture.

Cereal production in 2010fell by 5% compared withprevious years, butremained well above thefive-year average.

Despite improvements insome territories, the overallfood security and nutritionsituation remains fragile formost of the population. Insome areas, isolation andpoor access to food as aresult of conflict is a majorfactor affecting agriculture,which is the main livelihoodstrategy in rural areas: 32territories in most of theprovinces have moved fromIPC phase 2 to phase 3,which reflects adeterioration of the foodsecurity.

DRC

TRENDS OF THE FOOD SECURITY SITUATION OVER THE LAST SIX MONTHS:

No Change: Afghanistan, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo,Ghana (Northern Region), Guinea Conakry, Haiti, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritania,Mozambique, Nepal, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Zimbabwe.

Improved: Burundi, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Liberia,Malawi, Namibia, Niger, Sudan (Darfur),Southern Sudan, Zambia.

Deteriorated: Bangladesh, Benin, Cameroon, Djibouti, Honduras,Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar,Occupied Palestinian Territory, Pakistan, Somalia.

See Annex for detailed information on the indicators. MaizeMain staple: Cassava Millet WheatRice Sorghum

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At the national level, theprices of wheat flour andrice fell by 7% betweenSeptember and Decembercompared with theprevious quarter.Compared with thefive-year average, theprice of wheat flourincreased by 20% and theprice of rice by 73%.

In towns, poor andmiddle-wealth groups havereduced the number ofmeals consumed per dayfrom three to two.In rural areas, thepercentage of householdswith a poor foodconsumption scoreincreased from the 32% inthe May 2010 emergencyfood security assessment to50% in the December 2010food security monitoringsystem survey.

The la Niñawas theprobable cause of drier-than-normal conditionsduring the October-December rainy season.In the north-western andsouth-eastern pastoralareas, grazing resourcesare being depleted rapidly:they may not last until thebeginning of the next rainyseason in March 2011.In coastal pastoral areas,poor heys/dada (October-March) rains reduced theavailability of pasture andwater, with a consequentfall in milk production.

The food security situationhas progressively deterioratedas a result of drought, highstaple food prices, decliningremittances and reducedpurchasing power amongwage earners.Since 2005, pastoralists havebeen affected by successiveyears of drought that havecaused a substantial declinein livestock holdings.In November 2010, TheOffice for the Coordination ofHumanitarian Affairs issuedan appeal on behalf of120,000 vulnerablepastoralists in need ofhumanitarian assistance.The situation in towns is alsocritical: about 60,000people arefood-insecure.

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DJIBOUTI

ETHIOPIA

At the national level,wholesale prices increasedby 4% for maize and 2%for wheat in December2010 compared withSeptember 2010. The priceof wheat was 13% higherand the price of sorghum17% higher than the long-term average.

Food consumption hasimproved as a result ofgood livestock conditionsand increased availability ofmilk, particularly in Afarand two northern zones inthe Somali region.Households in food-producing areas haveincreased access to foodfollowing the good meher(main season) harvest. Buthouseholds experiencedfood access problems inareas where harvests werepoor because of floods,hailstorms, waterloggingand crop pests.

The 2010 meher (June-September) and belg(March-April) seasons wereproductive, and the keremtlong rains from June toSeptember were aboveaverage. Productionprospects for the meher,which provides up to 95% ofannual crop production, arepositive; coarse grainproduction is expected toincrease by 25% comparedwith 2010. The good keremtrains in 2010 also helped toimprove conditions forlivestock and the availability ofmilk. In view of the abundantdomestic cereal supplies,import requirements for 2011are about 50% less thanprevious years.Abnormal keremt rains inmany parts of the countrycaused severe floods thataffected 900,000 people inAmhara, Tigray, Gambella,Afar and Somali regions.

The food security situationimproved during the secondhalf of 2010 in most parts ofEthiopia, with lower marketprices, improved livestockconditions and favourablecrop production. The situationwas further stabilized bycontinuing humanitarianassistance programmessupporting the mostvulnerable households, whichare concentrated in theSomali, Tigray and Oromiaregions. The number ofpeople in need of emergencyfood assistance continued todecline: the figure wasestimated at 2.3 million in thelast part of the year, a declineof 50%.

NB:The food security situationwas reported as stablein the first halfof the year.

Food Consumption(B)

Countries(A)

Prices(C)

Purchasing Power(D)

A survey by Médecins sansfrontières in August 2010 inthe Balbala area of Djibouticity showed critical levels ofmalnutrition: global acutemalnutrition was 19.5%and severe acutemalnutrition was 3.6%.These figures areattributable to poverty, poordietary habits and poorhygiene.

Overall, the nutritionsituation remained stable:this was reflected insignificant declines inadmission rates tooutpatient therapeuticcentres and therapeuticfeeding programmes. Therewere, however, increasedlevels of malnutrition in theisolated administrativedivisions of Degabur andGode in Somali region andEbinat in Amhara.

Malnutrition(E)

Households are reportingsevere coping strategiesmore frequently. The CSIin 2010 almost doubledin three regions, with anoverall score of 24.Poorer households arecoping by increasingsales of firewood andcharcoal; wealthierhouseholds depend onremittance to buffereffects of rising prices,but the remittances aredeclining.To mitigate the effects ofdrought, the Governmenthas abolished taxes onfood and someagricultural inputs.

Poor and very poorhouseholds in mostlivelihoods usuallyexperience significantdeficits and rely on foodassistance for their basicneeds. Food assistancedeters households fromemploying distress copingmechanisms, butstrategies such asmigration to findtemporary employment,increased sales ofruminants, charcoalproduction and firewoodcollection were employedby some households.


Terms of trade arefavourable for pastoralistsin the southern provincesof Dikhil and Arta and inwestern parts of Tadjourahand Ali Sabieh as a resultof improving livestockconditions.The purchasing power ofwage earners hasdecreased becauseopportunities for casuallabour are few andremittances have declined.

In Gode market in Somaliregion, the terms of tradebetween shoats andcereals in December 2010was 20% below the 2009level. This deterioration inpurchasing power amongpastoralists was a result ofa rise in maize prices anda slight decline in theprices for young animals.Improvements in terms oftrade were observed inJijiga and Dire Dawamarkets. Where terms oftrade declined pastoralistswere forced to increasesales of livestock topurchase food.



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MaizeMain staple: Cassava Millet WheatRice Sorghum

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At the national level, theprice of maize rose by 3%between September andDecember 2010 comparedwith the previous quarterand by 16% compared withthe five-year average.

Most pastoralist householdsin northeastern andnorthwestern regionsreported improved dietarydiversity, with householdsconsuming at least four foodgroups. This was attributedto increased levels ofdisposable income. But poorhouseholds in slums havebeen reducing the size andfrequency of meals.

NB: The good harvests in2010 and the currentdecline in maize prices haveimproved food access,especially for low-incomemarket-dependenthouseholds in urban andpastoral areas.

2010 long-rains cerealproduction is expected tobe favourable due toabundant and welldistributed precipitations,especially in Central,Western and Nyanzaprovinces as well as in keyproducing areas of the RiftValley highlands.Maize production isestimated at 2.75 milliontonnes, well above the5-year average and about30% more than theprevious long-rains seasonthat was severely affectedby drought.In Eastern and Northernpastoral areas, however,perennial droughtconditions combined withthe poor 2010 rains, areaffecting pastoralists andthreatening more than 22million livestock.

Overall good maizeproduction and decline inprices resulted in improvedfood availability, access andnutritional status.However, the situation innorth and eastern parts ofthe country remains fairlycritical as thousands ofpastoralist households areat risk of being foodinsecure.The overall food securitysituation remained stablewhen compared to the lastreporting period. Thesituation may howeverdeteriorate as droughtworsens in the pastoralistareas.

NB. First half of last yearreported an improvingsituation.

At the national level, theprice of maize fell by 1%between September andDecember compared withthe previous quarter.Compared with the five-yearaverage, maize pricesincreased by 28%.

Information on foodconsumption was notavailable for this reportingperiod.

Moderate rainfall inOctober was followed byincreased levels inNovember and December,which led to somewaterlogging. Favourablerainfall and access toinputs contributed to anincrease in maize andsorghum production:cereal production for the2009/10 season isestimated at 59% abovethe previous year, withincreases in maize,sorghum and wheat.

The food-security situationhas continued to improveas a result of the increasein cereal production andthe decline in the price ofmaize.The number of food-insecure people fell by50% in 2010, with200,000 people in need offood assistance comparedwith the 400,000 in 2009.

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O

Food Consumption(B)

Countries(A)

Prices(C)

Purchasing Power(D)

Improvements in nutritionalstatus have been reportedcountry-wide but a closewatch is maintained in aridand semi-arid areas, whereglobal acute malnutritionrates range from 5.8% to32.2%. Eight districtsrecorded very highmalnutrition rates duringthe last quarter of 2010, upfrom six in the previousquarter.The nutritional status ofchildren under 5 hasimproved, with mid-upperarm circumferencerecorded at 20% to 30%lower than the five-yearaverage in Laikipia, TanaRiver, Turkana, north-eastern Mandera andBaringo.

Lesotho continues to havethe third highest HIVprevalence rate in theworld, after Swaziland andBotswana.

Malnutrition(E)

Poor households in slumsspend up to 75% of theirincome on staple foods;many families cope byreducing the size andfrequency of meals.Thousands of familiesmigrated in search ofwater, pasture and foragefrom northern regions.Abnormal and distressmigration was reportedlylower than usual and alsostarted later in manyareas.

There has been asignificant decrease in thenumber of people andhouseholds requiring foodassistance, reflecting morefavourable food-securityconditions.


Terms of trade forpastoralists haveimproved: livestock pricesare up to 80% higher thannormal across the country,a reflection of thecontinued availability ofpasture, fodder and waterand a general absence ofserious livestock diseases.The current high livestockprices are, however,moderated but not offsetby cereal prices that areup to 45% above averagein some north-eastern andnorth-western areas.

There were reducedincome-earningopportunities as a result ofthe economic downturn,but factors such as thedecline in the food inflationrate from 3.8% inSeptember to 3.7% inOctober are likely to have apositive impact on thepurchasing power of poorhouseholds.

NB: In September fuelprices decreased by 5%compared with the sameperiod in 2009. Theconsumer price indexmaintained a downwardtrend from 3.3% inSeptember to 3.1% perannum in October.




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At the national level, the priceof domestic rice rose by 4%between September andDecember compared with theprevious quarter.Compared with the five-yearaverage, domestic rice priceshave increased by 14%.

Food consumption hasimproved in rice-producingareas compared with lastyear. But the situation hasworsened in areas prone tonatural disasters, with a14% to 29% increase inthe proportion ofhouseholds with poor foodconsumption comparedwith last year. Householdsheaded by women are morelikely to have poor foodconsumption than thoseheaded by men.

High rainfall in the drought-prone areas during the fourthquarter was beneficial forcrop production. Food cropswere generally good in 2010:production of rice was 4%higher than in 2009. Erraticrains in the south and westregions, however, resulted inpoor production levels; therewas a 40% loss of rice inAnosy. There are fears of alocust outbreak, which wouldthreaten the livelihoods of460,000 rural households,so monitoring will continue.

The food-security situationimproved after the deteriorationreported during the first half of2010 and remained stable duringthe second half of the year.Food is reported as availableacross the country, with pockets ofpersistent insecurity in areasaffected by droughts and cyclones.

NB: Up to 52 communes in thesouth were food-insecure at theend of 2010, with tenreported as acutelyfood-insecure.

At the national level, maizeprices decreased by 22 percentcompared to the previousquarter. In Lilongwe, the price ofmaize rose by 25% comparedwith the same month in 2009.Maize prices are still 33% abovetheir long-term average. Insouthern markets, pricesremained low.

Many households havealready reduced the numberof daily meals from three toone. Typically, 70% ofhousehold consumptioncomes from homeproduction.

The maize crop for 2010 wasabove average, though lowerthan the record output of 2009,as a result of good rainsbetween October andDecember in southern andcentral regions. The Octoberharvest of sweet potatoesimproved the availability offood, especially in the lowershire livelihood zone.Planting of the main maize cropfor the 2010/11 season iscomplete in most parts of thecountry.

Malawi's food-security situation isimproving as a result of thebumper maize harvest, decliningmaize prices and decreasing levelsof malnutrition. An assessmentcarried in November 2010estimated that 508,088 people willrequire food assistance, 50%fewer than in June, when foodsecurity was declining.

NB: In the first half of 2010 thefood-security situationwas reported asdeclining.

At the national level, the price ofmaize fell by 7% and the priceof imported rice rose by 3%between September andDecember compared with theprevious quarter.Compared with the five-yearaverage, the price of maize roseby 83% and the price ofimported rice by 134%.

A Vulnerability AssessmentCommittee survey in Augustreported 66% ofhouseholds with anacceptable diet and 11%with poor diet, most ofwhich were in the centralprovinces of Tete andManica.

The 2009/10 rains were delayedin much of the country andrainfall distribution was irregular.National maize productiondeclined by 3% from theprevious year's record but wasabove the five-year average.Rice production fell by 30%compared with the previous year.Production of beans, groundnutsand cassava was satisfactory.Normal and above-normal rainfallfell in most parts of the countrybetween October and December,the start of the 2010/11agriculture season. Thesefavourable conditions resulted inmore land preparation and anincreased harvest.

The food-security situation remainssteady as a result of stable cropproduction and declining maizeprices. Pockets of food insecurityremain, however: 350,000 peoplefrom poor households living in aridand semi-arid regions require foodassistance until the next majorharvest in March 2011.

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CAR

MAL

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MOZA

MBIQUE

Food Consumption(B)

Countries(A)

Prices(C)

Purchasing Power(D)

Morbidity among childrenunder 5 in urban areas ofAntananarivo remains highat 7.5%; the rate amongadults is 18%.Most households inAntananarivo and Tulear usewater from improvedsources, and the use oflatrines is universal in bothcities, resulting in fewerwater-borne diseases.

Malnutrition (wasting)remains low in general,ranging from 2.6% in thenorth to 3.6% in the southand 3.9% in the centralregion. On the other hand,the prevalence ofunderweight ranged from10.7% to 12.2%.

High levels of acutemalnutrition - 8.9% - werereported in Nampula province,but prevalence in the otherprovinces is less than 5%,which is consideredacceptable.

NB:Water shortages in Chiguboin the northern part of the Gazaprovince is forcing people toshare water with animals andto obtain it from marginallyportable sources. Outbreaks ofcholera and diarrhoea arefeared.

Malnutrition(E)

To augment incomes, manyhouseholds are seeking todiversify income sources byengaging in informalemployment.

Households in the south arecoping by reducing thenumber of daily meals fromthree to one, selling smalllivestock such as goats andconsuming water lilies.Poorer households arerelying much more on foodaid from WFP, theGovernment and non-governmental organizations.

More households in thesemi-arid areas are at riskof food insecurity. To copewith deficits thesehouseholds are sellingfirewood, charcoal andtraditional alcohol products.These are typical low risk-coping strategies.Monitoring is required toflag the adoption ofdistress-related copingstrategies.


The terms of tradebetween livestock andcereals started to decreasein September, adverselyaffecting pastoralists. InAntananarivo a further lossof purchasing power in realterms was noted in 2010compared with 2006. Theaverage monthlyremuneration of labour hasfallen by 3.8% per year.

A bumper harvest of maize, thestaple food, helped to holddown food prices, whichaccount for more than 50% ofinflation. Food price inflationwas 3.2% in Novembercompared with 6.3% in thesame month the previous year.In southern regions, householdincomes were affected by lowermarket price and a downturn incotton production.

NB: Consumer price inflationslowed to 6.4% year-on-year inNovember, the lowest in 20 years.

Favourable agro-climaticconditions increased theavailability of paidagricultural labour, with aconsequent increase inpurchasing power.However, the purchasingpower of most market-dependent households willprobably be reduced as aresult of high food prices.




G lobalUpdate-Food

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At the national level, cerealprices rose in Novemberby 4.5% compared withthe previous year and wereslightly higher than inOctober.

Farmers consume morefrom home production thanfrom purchases.Access to food remains aconcern in the northeast,which was recently affectedby floods.

Cereal production in 2009/10was 40% higher than theprevious season. Milletproduction increasedsignificantly relative to the poorharvest the previous year; maizeproduction was unchangedbecause the increase inirrigated areas offset poor cropproduction in the dry land areasof Caprivi and Kavango in thenortheast, where planting washampered by floods for the thirdconsecutive year.

NB: Heavy rains in Decembercaused flooding along theOrange River border with SouthAfrica.

The food-security situationhas improved as a result ofa good harvest and lowerfood prices; the situationwas reported as stableduring the first half of2010.The Government isproviding farmers withvouchers to buy subsidizedinputs. In the north, theGovernment will alsoprovide food assistance.

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NAM

IBIA

At the national level, theretail price of maize mealrose by 29% comparedwith the previous quarter.

Food consumption is likelyto have improved in 20constituencies as a result ofthe Government'sdistribution of food aid.

Maize production, whichwas 25% above theprevious five-year average,will cover 50% of nationalrequirement. Rainfall in lateNovember and earlyDecember improved after amid-season dry spell.Production of sugar cane,an important cash crop, isforecast to increase in thecurrent season.

The food security situationremained stable as a result ofgood food production, despiteincreasing food prices, reducedremittances and declining labouropportunities. The number ofpeople in need of foodassistance has fallen: 161,000people require foodassistance untilthe next harvestin April 2011.

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Low cereal production in the2010 deyr (January andFebruary) season and consequenthoarding by farmers and tradersresulted in a sharp increase in theprices of sorghum and maize insouthern and central Somalia.Compared with December 2009,sorghum prices increased by80% in the sorghum producingregions; maize prices are 57percent higher in maizeproducing regions.The terms of trade betweenlabour and cereals in December2010 fell in all crop-producingareas compared with December2009. The largest decline - 80%- in the same period wasobserved in central regions.

According to the FoodSecurity and NutritionAnalysis Unit quarterly briefof November 2010,households in Northeastregion consumed on average6.5 food groups.Consumption of cereals,sugar, oil and milk was high;most households in thenortheast pastoral zone had agood diet.Food access among poorhouseholds in the south is amajor concern as a result ofincreased cereal prices andreduced labour activity.Support is urgently needed toprovide incomes or food forthese households.

Following the poorperformance of the deyrrains in November andDecember, the availabilityof pasture and water hasbeen significantly reducedin southern and centralregions, with consequentabnormal migrations oflivestock in search ofgrazing.The physical condition oflivestock is generally poor,and animals are likely todeteriorate further duringthe coming dry season.

The country is facing a severeand increasingly acute droughtfollowing the complete failure ofthe 2010/11 deyr rains: 2.4million Somalis are in need ofhumanitarian assistance orlivelihood support. This 20%increase over the situation sixmonths ago is partly attributableto food insecurity caused by poorrains, insecurity anddisplacement. The impact of thefailed deyr season is feltthroughout the country: watersupplies have declined, cerealprices are increasing andlivestock deathsare beingreported inmany areas.

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Food Consumption(B)

Countries(A)

Prices(C)

Purchasing Power(D)

The northern region, where77% of the childrensurveyed were acutelymalnourished, remains aconcern. Monitoring will berequired in the comingmonths.

There was an outbreak ofsuspected h1n1 swine fluthat affected schoolchildrenand some adults inMatabeleland province inthe north.

Malnutrition rates haveincreased during the pastsix months in southernregions, especially Juba,Gedo and Middle Shabelle.Of the estimated 241,000malnourished children inthe country, 75% are in theconflict-stricken southernregions.WFP is operational in thecentral region of Somalia,where the food-securitysituation has remainedrelatively stable since lastseason; the nutritionsituation showed majorimprovements.

Malnutrition(E)

All households, with theexception of those inCaprivi and Kavangoregions, reported foodstocks that would last untilthe next harvest. Floodsand consequent poorharvests affected somehouseholds, particularly inthe lowlands: thesecommunities remainlargely dependent ongovernment foodassistance.

More households arecoping by relying ongovernment food aid,which has beendistributed in 20constituencies across thecountry.

Poor households in mostregions of Somalia employsevere coping strategies:70-80% in South, 63% inCentral and up to 45% inNorth.Poor pastoral populationsare severely affectedbecause they have limitedopportunities for migration,few assets and erodedcoping capacity afterconsecutive seasons ofdrought.


Purchasing power amongfarmers improved becauseprofit margins increased asa result of input pricesubsidies. The Governmentcontinued to subsidize seedsand fertilizer by 50% andthe Ministry of Agricultureprovided governmenttractors at a subsidized rateto increase productivity inthe northern communalagricultural areas.

Remittances from SouthAfrica have decreased andunemployment hasincreased following theclosure of several textileand clothing factories. Thishas led to a decline in thepurchasing power of thehouseholds concerned.

There has beendeterioration in the termsof trade between bothsorghum and wage labourand sorghum and goat(favouring pastoralists) dueto an increase in the priceof sorghum over theobserved period.Low agricultural activitydeprived poor householdsof on-farm labouropportunities and led to adecrease in wages andpurchasing power.



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At the national level, theprice of maize fell by 6%between September andDecember compared withthe previous quarter.Compared with the five-yearaverage, maize prices haveincreased by 39%.

In the western and southernprovinces, poorerhouseholds are consumingsmaller portions and fewerpreferred foods.

Maize production was48% more than theprevious year's harvest:the national surplus isestimated at 1 million mtfor the 2010/11 marketingyear.Planting for the 2010/11season is complete inmost areas, with sufficientrainfall in November andearly December.

The food security situationcontinues to improve acrossthe country as a result of asurplus in crop production.But pockets of foodinsecurity remain: 54,000people are vulnerable in thedrought-prone areas ofLuangwa, Lukulu, Namwalaand Sesheke.

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ZAMBIA

At the national level, theprice of maize increased by15% between Septemberand December comparedwith the previous quarter.Whilst maize prices haveincreased by 349%compared with the five-year average.

In 62% of surveyed ruralwards, most householdsreported that they hadexhausted stocks from theirown production in earlyOctober, an increase fromthe 51% reported theprevious month.

Good rains supportedplanting during Novemberand early December,particularly in the southernprovinces of Matabelelandand Masvingo.National maize production is7% more than the previousyear's output.The liberalization of thegrain market has helped toimprove the availability ofcereal products.

The food security situationremains stable as a result ofhumanitarian work by theGovernment, WFP and non-governmental organizations.Although the price for maizeproduced in-country washigher this year, householdstocks are beginning todecline. Zimbabwe’s economycontinues to grow after adecade of decline.

NB: Policy reforms such as theuse of multiple convertiblecurrencies and the removal ofprice controls have helped tostabilize theeconomy.

ZIMBAB

WE

At the national level, theprice of maize rose by16%, the price of cassavaproducts by 2% and theprice of rice by 7%between September andDecember compared withthe previous quarter.Compared with the five-year average, maize priceshave increased by 81%and rice prices by 105%.

Food consumption is low asa result of poor harvestsand reduced food suppliesin markets. Households areincreasingly resorting to theconsumption of crops suchas beans and corn insteadof maize, the main staple.

Harvest prospects weremixed following below-normal rains duringplanting and subsequenterratic rainfall in mostparts of the country. Foodproduction in 2010 waslower than last year’srecord crop.

The food security situation hasdeteriorated as a result of thedamage to crops caused byflooding; food production waslower compared with the sameperiod last year.Maize prices have declined, butthe purchasing power of mosthouseholds was also eroded;any gains were thus offset.

NB: The decline follows astable trendreported duringthe first halfof 2010.

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Food Consumption(B)

Countries(A)

Prices(C)

Purchasing Power(D)

Outbreaks of water-bornediseases and cholera areincreasing as a result offlooding and poor drainage.

Water-borne diseases suchas cholera and livestock-related diseases havedecreased dramatically,even with the onset of therains.

Malnutrition levels werereportedly highest in thenorth as a result of severepoverty. Actual figures werenot available.

Malnutrition(E)

In the lean season that beganin November, households areemploying moderately severecoping strategies such asincreasing paid labour, barter,increasing consumption ofless preferred foods, fishingand livestock sales. Poorhouseholds will rely on labouropportunities, which areexpected to remain goodduring the land preparationand planting periods.

Reports indicate thathouseholds' access to foodis becoming more difficult.Coping strategies includeconsumption of wild foods,firewood sales and reducingthe number and size ofmeals. Some householdsare coping by relying ongovernment food aid, whichhas been distributed to221,000 individuals. WFP'ssafety-net programmes arereaching more people thanin the first half of the year.

Following the floods, whichcaused considerabledamage, many householdsresorted to relying on non-governmental organizationsand humanitarian agenciesto provide food assistance.


Large numbers of livestockand high storage costs areposing a challenge tofarmers. Damage causedby animal pests and heavyrains may havesignificantly reduced theirearnings and consequentlytheir purchasing power.

Terms of trade arefavourable for livestocktraders because the pricesof cattle have risen fasterthan the prices of grains.They are particularlyfavourable in Chiredzi,where livestock isexchanged forapproximately 1,000 kg ofmaize grain; as morehouseholds run out ofstock, the terms of tradebecame even morefavourable for livestocktraders.

The terms of tradebetween daily casuallabour and wheatdeteriorated by 3% inNovember 2010 comparedwith October: wages forcasual labour could beexchanged in Novemberfor 18 kg of wheatcompared with 18.6 kg inOctober. Compared withNovember 2009, terms oftrade improved by anaverage 13%.




G lobalUpdate-Food

SecurityMonitoring

8

At the national level, theprice of maize rose by 26%and the price of rice by 7%between September andDecember compared withthe previous quarter.Compared with the five-yearaverage, maize prices haveincreased by 56% and riceprices by 39%.

A significant 24% ofhouseholds have poor foodconsumption.

Maize production hasincreased following anincrease in the areacultivated. Refugees fromthe Central AfricanRepublic do not have easyaccess to land foragriculture and housing orlack the financial means tohire labour, which reducespotential crop production.

The food security situationhas deteriorated as a resultof declining maizeproduction, increasedinflation, lack ofemployment opportunities,poor access to water andlack of access to land forsubsistence cultivation.

WestAfrica

CAM

EROON

At the national level, theprice of sorghum fell by7%, the price of millet by14% and the price ofmaize by 20% betweenSeptember and Decembercompared with the previousquarter.Compared with the five-year average, the price ofmaize has fallen by 6% andthe price of millet by 15%.

There were reports at theend of August of acontinued decline in foodintake in 25% ofhouseholds compared withMay and July.

Rainfall has been adequatesince the start of thegrowing season and cropshave grown satisfactorilyacross the country. Wildgrasses and hencelivestock products aremore widely available.The forecast for cerealproduction in 2010/11 isestimated at 2.6 millionmt, a record for thedecade. Pastoralconditions are alsofavourable.

The food security situationremains stable after thedeterioration reportedduring the first half of 2010.Food availability and accesshave improved as result ofabove-average cerealproduction and downwardprice trends. Pockets ofcritical malnutrition arereported, however, in thewestern agro-pastoral zone.

CHAD

At the national level, theprice of imported rice roseby 1% and the price ofmaize by 23% betweenSeptember and Decembercompared with theprevious quarter.Compared with the five-year average, the price ofmaize has increased by6% and the price of riceby 32%.

In the western region ofBafing and the northernregion of Savanes, 79% ofchildren aged 6-23months consumed poorlydiversified diets. Half ofthe households surveyedhave reduced the numberof daily meals.

Inadequate rainfall andconsequent poor yieldsand have reducedagricultural production,especially in Bafing.Recent assessments haveestimated that the rice andmaize harvests will beabove average and betterthan last year.

The food security situationhas remained stable as aresult of moderateincreases in food prices andthe value of cash crops, andimproved nutritional status.Current crop production isestimated to be aboveaverage.

CO

TED

’IVO

IRE

Food Consumption(B)

Countries(A)

Prices(C)

Purchasing Power(D)

The nutritional situation wascritical during the July-August lean season. Therewas high prevalence ofglobal acute malnutrition,which reached alarmingrates of 24.9% in Bahr-el-Gazal and 24.9% inWadi-Fira according to asurvey in July/August 2010by the United NationsChildren's Fund, Actioncontre la faim and theMinistry of Heath. Sustainedfood and nutritionalassistance in November andDecember is reducing themalnutrition rates.

The prevalence of globalacute malnutrition amongchildren aged 6-59 monthsincreased by 1.9% inBanfing and Savanes, from8.3% in June to 9.6% inSeptember.

The coping strategy indexfell in Savanes by 0.4 fromJune to September; inBafing there was a 7.6decrease over the sameperiod. Access to food hasimproved as fewerhouseholds adopted high-risk coping strategies.

Malnutrition(E)

Households employedcoping strategies such asmigration at the expenseof cultivating fields,selling of productiveassets and reliance onfood aid and government-subsidized marketingprogrammes.In November andDecember, newlyharvested products wereavailable everywhere.Poor households are ableto access basic foodswithout stress.


Declining employmentopportunities and income-generating activities haveled to a decline inhousehold purchasingpower.

Only 2.9% of nativehouseholds in Adamawa,excluding refugees fromthe Central AfricanRepublic, have access topotable water. Thiscontributes to the highincidence of water-bornediseases.

To cope with foodinsecurity, 52% ofhouseholds reduced thesize of meals, 46%reduced the number ofdaily meals and 40%consumed less preferredand cheaper foods.

Livestock prices peakedbetween November andDecember, which improvedthe terms of trade forpastoralists exchanginglivestock for grain.An increase in the numberof transhumancepastoralists is creatingopportunities for localemployment; barterprovides for in-kind wages,often in the form of milk.This accounts for 50% ofthe annual food supply and20% of the income of poorhouseholds.

The purchasing power offarmers has decreasedbecause of conflicts withpastoralists. Farmersdownsized their operationsto save their crops frompartial or completedestruction bytranshumant herds.The value of cacao hasbeen increasing in the lasttwo years: in 2010, 1 kg ofcacao was exchanged for3.3 kg of rice, a 100%increase over the 2009rate of 1 kg of cacao to1.4 kg of rice.




9

At the national level, theprice of cassava increasedby 12% percent, the priceof yams increased by 2%and the price of maizeremained stable betweenSeptember and Decembercompared with the previousquarter.Compared with the five-yearaverage, maize pricesincreased by 114% andcassava prices by 125%.

In Upper-West region, mostagricultural householdssignificantly improved theiraccess to food from theirown production or throughincreased on-farm labour.The proportion of sentinelsites reporting consumptionof three meals per dayincreased from 10% inAugust 2010 to 63% inSeptember.In Northern region,increasing prices causedhouseholds to substitutemaize for millet andsorghum.

There was a slight increasein cereal production despiteerratic rainfall betweenMarch and August.Rainfall in southern regionswas erratic and below the30-year average,particularly in Volta andEastern regions. Maizeproduction in Upper Eastand Upper West regionswas 36% higher than lastyear.The estimated production ofmillet is 32% less than lastyear, rice production isexpected to be 30% lessthan last year andgroundnut production 15%less.

The food security situationis stable following therecent good harvests ofcereals, tubers andlegumes.Northern Region is the areamost affected bymalnutrition.

NB: During the first half of2010 the nutrition situationwas reported as declining.W

estAfrica

GHAN

A

At the national level, theprice of local rice rose by55% and the price of palmoil by 16% betweenSeptember and Decembercompared with the previousquarter.Compared with the five-yearaverage, the price of localrice has risen by 72% andthe price of palm oil by54%.

The proportion ofhouseholds consumingfewer than 12 differentfoods in 24 hours declinedfrom 73.3% to 62% inAugust.Household foodconsumption has declinedby 21.2% since 2009 as aresult of deterioratingincomes.

The 2010/11 crop yearwas marked by earlyrainfall over much of theterritory and gooddistribution during Augustin various parts of thecountry.Gross output of paddy riceis 7% higher than in2009.

The food security situationhas remained stable. Cropyields have beenfavourable, but macro-economic factors such asper capita income havedecreased as staple foodprices have risen, withconsequent poor foodconsumption levels.

GUINEA

CONAK

RY

At the national level, theprice of millet fell by 11%and the price of sorghumby 9% between Septemberand December comparedwith the previous quarter.Compared with the five-year average, the price ofmillet has risen by 17%and the price of sorghumby 18%.

Households are consumingtheir own produce. Greateravailability of water has ledto an increase in productionfrom vegetable gardens,with a consequentimprovement in householddiets.

Crop production in themost recent harvest wasestimated at 5.5 millionmt, 41% above the 5-yearaverage; cowpeaproduction was 1.9 millionmt.

The food situation hasimproved as a result ofexcellent agro-pastoralproduction; downwardtrends in food prices haveimproved nutrition andhousehold access to food.This improvement followsthe deteriorating situationreported during the first halfof 2010.

NIGER

Food Consumption(B)

Countries(A)

Prices(C)

Purchasing Power(D)

Malnutrition increased inNorthern region in 2010following floods and aconsequent reduction inhousehold access to food;in November, acutemalnutrition was criticalamong 30% of children.By December, lower ratesof child malnutrition wereobserved: 15% in UpperEast region, and 19.3% inUpper West regioncompared with December2009.

The number of householdsreporting the presence of asick child went down from32% to 22%.Acute malnutrition rates arerising as a result ofdeteriorating macro-economicsituation. According to a surveyby the Monitoring of Children,Women and Families and FoodNutrition organization in thefirst nine months of this year,malnutrition has deterioratedmonth on month.

Acute malnutrition affected17% of children under 5, a36% increase over thesame period last year andwell above the WorldHealth Organization criticalthreshold.There was a 13% declinein the number ofmalnourished childrenadmitted to feeding centresin October compared withSeptember.

Malnutrition(E)

Food reserves haveincreased in 80% ofhouseholds after the recentharvest, and households canmeet their daily food needs.The risk of food insecurityremains high in flood-affected communitiesbecause many householdshave lost crops andlivelihood assets.In the north, the deficit ingroundnut production couldreduce household incomesand as a result somefarming areas could see anincrease in the number ofyoung people migrating tosouthern areas for on-farmemployment.

More households are relyingon food aid to cope during theIvorian crisis and 3,500refugees are being assistedby the Office of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Refugees and other UnitedNations agencies. Thedistribution of food for floodvictims took place inDecember in collaborationwith the Service National del'Action Humanitaire and theMission Aviation Fellowship.

Members of poorhouseholds are takingjobs as herders or sellingstraw and firewood; poorhouseholds areincreasingly dependent oncommunity assistancesuch as gifts of milk.Flood-affected families arereliant on food aid.


The labour-for-maize termsof trade increased from5.8 kg to 8.8 kg in Northregion, 11 kg to 14 kg inUpper East region and 4kg to 17 kg in Upper Westregion in October andNovember as a result of afall in retail pricescombined with an increasein the cost of labour overthe reference period.

Average per capita incomehas continued to fall, fromUS$439.8 in 2008 toUS$436.8 in 2009 and toUS$410.9 in 2010, with aconsequent decline indisposable income.

In pastoral areas, fodderproduction has fosteredgood animal health andimproved terms of tradefor pastoralists.The terms of trade formale goats exchanged formillet increased by 162%in Tanout and 41% inDakoro compared with theprevious year.The harvest period forvegetable crops along theNiger river produced gooddemand for labour ingardening.



J uly-

December2010

•Issue

no.4


GlobalUpdate-Food

SecurityMonitoring

10

In South Darfur, the price ofsorghum decreased by25% between Septemberand December comparedwith the previous quarter.Compared with the five-yearaverage, sorghum priceshave increased by 110%.In West Darfur sorghumprices decreased by 8%compared with the previousquarter but remained 50%above the five-yearaverage. In North Darfursorghum prices fell by 5%compared with the previousquarter but were 132%higher than the five-yearaverage.

In north Darfur, a negligibleproportion of households -resident, internallydisplaced and mixed -reported poor foodconsumption; none of theresident population fall intothe poor consumptioncategory.In western Darfur, thesituation of residentchildren deteriorated, with53% having low dietdiversity. In south Darfur,most households haveacceptable foodconsumption; the proportionof households with poorconsumption has fallen to2%.

Exceptionally good rainfallthis year and a relativelycalm security situation inNorth Darfur havecontributed to increasedcrop production.Unusually good rains inWest Darfur led to a highproportion of householdsengaging in cultivation,and high cereal priceshave resulted in anincrease in the areacultivated for sorghum andmillet compared with lastyear.

The overall food-securitysituation in Darfur hasimproved. In North Darfurand West Darfur, there hasbeen an improvement infood security as a result ofgood rainfall and a relativelycalm security situation. InSouth Darfur the situationhas remained stable, withno significant food-securitychanges.

NB: In the first half of 2010a stable food-securitysituation was reported.

WestAfrica

Sudan

SUDAN

(DAR

FURONLY)

At the national level, theprice of butter rice remainsthe same but the price ofpalm oil rose by 19%between September andDecember compared withthe previous quarter.

Food consumption amongbeneficiaries - 250,000primary schoolchildren and12,000 vulnerable people -increased as WFP provideddaily cooked meals andtake-home rations for girlsin rural primary schools andsupported vulnerablepregnant and lactatingwomen and their infants.

Following above-averagerains throughout thegrowing season, paddyrice production wasfavourable. Goodproduction in central areasattributed to the timelydistribution of improvedseed varieties and tofavourable weather.

The food-security situationimproved again during thisreporting period as a resultof a balance of goodproduction, food availabilityand effective humanitarianassistance targeting thevulnerable poor.

LIBER

IA

At the national level, theprice of wheat remains thesame but the price ofimported rice rose by 9%between September andDecember compared withthe previous quarter.Compared with the five-year average, wheat priceshave increased by 28%and imported rice pricesby 43%.

Between October andDecember many poorhouseholds were unable tomeet their basic foodneeds, reducing dailyintake and omitting meals.In rain-fed farming areasthere were improvementsin food access for poorhouseholds as a result ofthe availability of milk,cowpeas, grains,watermelons and squash.

Good rains from July toSeptember in mostsouthern and central areasresulted in satisfactorycrops in the main producingzones. The last cropassessment estimatedrecord gross cerealproduction up to 42%higher than in 2008/09 and33% higher than in theprevious five years. Short-cycle crops are still beingharvested; long-cycle cropsare promising.

The food security situationremains stable as a resultof adequate rainfall andgood pastoral andagricultural performance,offsetting the effects of foodprice increases.

MAU

RITAN

IA

Food Consumption(B)

Countries(A)

Prices(C)

Purchasing Power(D)

In North Darfur, 15% ofresident children have lowmid-upper armcircumference and areregarded as malnourished.In South Darfur, 2% ofchildren have a mid-upperarm circumference of 115mm, equivalent to severemalnutrition.In West Darfur, mid-upperarm circumference amongwomen is relatively stable,but in August 59% ofchildren had contracteddiarrhoea.

In North Darfur, theproportion of householdsusing high-risk strategieshas decreased significantlycompared with November2009.In South Darfur, theproportion of householdsusing high-risk strategiesremains low and stable.

High food and fuel pricesexacerbated food insecurityand increased theprevalence of malnutrition;both were already critical inmany places.

Acute malnutrition washigher than usual duringmost of the fourth quarter of2010, but it stabilized inDecember when poorhouseholds began toincrease consumption ofwild foods and river fish andobtain extra food from thefirst harvests of flood-recession crops.

Malnutrition(E)

Households continue tocomplement incomes withremittances, even thoughflows have declined, anddepend on food assistanceto meet their foodrequirements.

Poor households coped byselling livestock, which is ahigh-risk strategy. Themoney generated fromlivestock sales was used tobuy seeds and pay debts.


In North Darfur, terms oftrade increased in favourof pastoralists andlivestock herders: theamount of food aidsorghum purchased byselling a male goat inNovember was more thanthe previous year as aresult of a temporaryincrease in livestock pricesfor the Eid El Adha festival.In South Darfur, the termsof trade between a goatand a bag of sorghum inNyala market increased inNovember 2010 comparedwith August, and is infavour of livestock owners.

Many households dependon overseas remittances,but flows have declined as aresult of the USA recessionand job cuts.Compared with the previousyear, terms of traderemained stable or improvedbetween 2009 and 2010 inall markets. The terms oftrade between wage labourand butter rice deterioratedslightly inSeptember/October 2010.

Terms of trade favourhouseholds sellinganimals, despite higherprices for some importedbasic foods. Prices forsmall animals are still high.In north-western agro-pastoral areas, the price ofa sheep is 15% above theSeptember/October 2010average and still rising.




In Central Equatoria, maize prices fellby 3% compared with the previousquarter but decreased by 14%compared with the same period in2009. In Central Equatoria, maizeprices increased by 3% comparedwith the previous quarter andremained 35% above the long-termaverage. In Upper Nile, sorghumprices rose by 6% compared withthe previous quarter; compared tothe five-year average, sorghumprices have increased by 80%.

The proportion ofhouseholds with poor foodconsumption fell from 26%to 19%, an indication thatafter the recent harvesthouseholds improved theirfood consumptioncompared with the previousyear, which was seriouslyaffected by drought.

With generally favourablerains and relatively few pestand disease outbreaks,cereal production wasabout 30% higher than in2009.The availability of water andpasture has increased,reducing trekking distancesand improving animalhealth and milk production.

The food-security situation hasimproved in southern Sudan as aresult of good cereal production,better livestock conditions andlower prices. The positive trend isreflected in improved foodconsumption, increased relianceon home production and areduced share of incomespent on food.

Sudan

Asia,M

iddleEast

&Com

monwealth

ofIndependentStates

SOUTH

ERNSU

DAN

11

The average price of wheat inDecember 2010 was 17%higher than in June 2010 and27.4% above prices prevalentbefore the 2007/08 food pricecrisis. WFP uses the January-October 2007 average forcomparison.Wheat flour prices increasedby 31% between June andDecember 2010, and were47% higher than the pre-crisislevel.Rice prices remainedunchanged between June andDecember 2010 at AFN31 perkg. Rice consumption isgenerally very low becausewheat accounts for 90% ofcereal consumption.

Dietary diversity ischronically poor, especiallyin the agro-pastoralist andlabour livelihood zones, as aresult of depletion ofhousehold wheat stocks.The country is not self-sufficient in food, andaccess to food is verylimited. The growingnumber of urban poor facethe same access problem.

The June-September rain-fed andirrigated wheat harvest was 11%below the record high in 2009;the food deficit was estimated at700,000 mt. Sowing and plantingfor the 2010/11 crop started inOctober. The winter dry spell thatusually lasts from October to midMarch lasted until mid-January in2011. The extent of damage toearly-irrigated wheat is yet to beevaluated. Late planted cropscould produce good yields, and ifspring rainfall is normal rain-fedwheat could do well, but itaccounts for only 25% of totalproduction. Monitoring is ongoingbecause the effects of the dryspell could exacerbate flooddamage if snow melts early andquickly.

In general food availability did notdeteriorate during the first half of2010 as a result of the twoabove-average production years,but during the second part of theyear there were sustainedincreases in the costs of energyand food, increasing insecurity,limited job opportunities andrestrictions to normal livelihoods,especially in areas of insurgentactivities. Combined with the startof the spring lean season, thesefactors will have an impact onfood insecurity. Internal conflictmay also increase the caseload ofpeople in need of humanitarianassistance.

The domestic price of coarserice increased by 14% and theprice of atta (wheat flour) roseby 27 percent between Julyand December 2010. The priceof rice during the last quarterof 2010 almost reached thepeak of 2008.Compared with the five-yearaverage, the price of Boro-HYV-Coarse increased by 75%and the price of Ata-Packet by69%.

About 40% of the populationconsume less than theminimum 2,122kcal/person/day, and a quarterof households consumenutritionally inadequate diets ofstarchy staples. Rice contributesto 63% of the caloric intake ofurban consumers and 70% ofthe consumption of the ruralpopulation.The diet of food-insecurehouseholds is highly deficient inprotein and micronutrients.

Cereal prices declined in thethird quarter of 2010 butlivestock prices were rising,making the terms of trademore favourable forpastoralists.In Central Equatoria therewas a 3% increase in favourof bull owners againstsorghum; in Upper Nile,grain traders have gained10% against the value oflivestock in the last quarter.

The terms of trade betweendaily casual labour wagesand wheat deteriorated by24% between June andDecember 2010 as a resultof increase in wheat prices.Incomes among pastoralistsimproved because ofincreased demand duringthe Eid festival in November.The terms of trade forlivestock/wheatconsequently improved by7.5% between June andDecember 2010, but theydeteriorated by 67.6%compared with the sameperiod last year and by142% relative to the sameperiod two years ago.

Despite the increase in agriculturalwage rates, the purchasing powerof agricultural labourers declinedby 22% with respect to theprevious year. Because wageshave increased, current ricepurchasing power is significantlyhigher than in the shock period of2008. The benefits of increasedwages are seasonal: during leanseasons, when there are fewerearning opportunities, poor peoplefind it difficult to cope with highfood prices. Low-salaried fixed-income groups in rural and urbanareas are also affected by thecurrent rise in food prices.

Monsoon rainfall was 20% lessthan normal, which affected theplanting of Aman crops andgrowing of Aus crops. Thewinter weather was favourableduring November andDecember 2010, however,which had a positive impact onthe planting of Boro rice andwheat.Rice production in the currentyear has been satisfactory.Food-grain production in2009/10 increased by 3.1percent, rice productionincreased by 3.0% and wheatproduction by 5.9%.

The food security situation hasdeteriorated slightly as a result ofthe increase in food prices. Duringlean seasons, when there are fewerearning opportunities, pooragricultural labourers cannot affordhigh food prices, especially for rice.High food prices will also affectlow-salaried fixed-income groupsin towns, who have no possibility ofwage adjustments. Despitegovernment efforts to offset highfood prices through public fooddistributions, many poor and food-insecure peopleremain outside thecoverage of suchtargeted safety nets.

BAN

GLA

DES

HAF

GHAN

ISTAN

Food Consumption(B)

Countries(A)

Prices(C)

Purchasing Power(D)

The prevalence ofmalnutrition was expectedto be less than the usualacute malnutrition peakfrom April to June, whichcoincides with the dryseason. It is estimated thatfewer than 10% ofmoderately malnourishedchildren are currentlycovered by supplementaryfeeding programmes.

Afghanistan continues toexperience highmalnutrition. According tothe Ministry of PublicHealth, in 2010 the globalacute malnutrition rate was8.7%, with severe acutemalnutrition at 1.5% andchronic malnutrition at61%. The proportion ofunderweight for childrenaged 0-59 months is 34%.

The country-wide prevalence ofchronic under nutrition in childrenunder 5 indicates an alarmingsituation: 6 million children areunderweight, and 50% of childrenare stunted; 13.5% of children areestimated to be undernourished,which is close to the emergencythreshold of 15 percent.Iron-deficiency anaemia amongchildren, women and girls is a majornutrition challenge; the prevalenceof anaemia in infants aged 6 to 11months is 92%. In slums, there is a17% prevalence of wasting and56% of stunting; anaemia iscommon in vulnerable groups.

Malnutrition(E)

Among households, 57%rely on less expensive andless preferred foodscompared with 30% in late2009.The size of portions and thefrequency of daily mealswere reduced in 65% ofhouseholds compared with26% in 2009.

About 50% of poorhouseholds reported somekind of shock; the highestpercentages were in thesouth-eastern and easternregions.The main coping mechanismsare reduction of expenditureon food, borrowing, reducingthe quality of food, spendingfamily savings and sellinglivestock. Other copingstrategies include asking forsupport from relatives orneighbours, migration forwork and reducing foodintake. About 20% of peoplestated that they had fewmeans of coping and soutilized high-risk strategies.

The coping strategies mostcommonly adopted byhouseholds to meet basicfood needs are borrowing ofmoney, reduction ofexpenditures on healthcareand removal of children fromschool.The coping strategy index forhouseholds headed bywomen are high comparedwith households headed bymen and with the nationalaverage. Rural householdshad higher coping strategyindex scores than urbanhouseholds.




J uly-

December2010

•Issue

no.4


GlobalUpdate-Food

SecurityMonitoring

12

The country has been affected bythe global rise in food prices, inparticular cereals.

Many low-income non-farming households faced aconsumption gap becausethe cereals from the publicdistribution system did notprovide a full ration.

The effects of heavy rainsand a harsh winter arebeing evaluated.

The food-consumptionsituation has deterioratedas a result of the increasein global food prices, andthere is a consumption gapin many non-farminghouseholds.

Asia,M

iddleEast

&Com

monwealth

ofIndependentStates

DPR

KKYR

GYZ

STAN

Global food price increaseshave affected Kyrgyzstanmore than other centralAsian nations. According toWFP food price monitoring,the cost of a staple foodbasket of 19 items hasrisen by 40% in one year;the World Bank estimatesthe increase at 54%. Thesharpest increase in pricesoccurred in July/August2010, reflecting increasedfood and fuel prices andthe disruption of theagricultural cycle andmarkets after the violentevents of June 2010 andborder closures.

In six out of sevenprovinces, 17% of WFPbeneficiary householdshave poor foodconsumption. The daily dietof WFP beneficiaries,excluding the conflict-affected population,consists of bread withsweet tea, oil products andsome potatoes; 20% ofhouseholds can afford dairyproducts on a daily basisand between 4% and 7%eat meat depending on theseason.A quarter of hostedinternally displaced peopleconsumed an inadequatediet because host families’resources were insufficient.

Weather conditions werefavourable for the 2010crops, though planting wasinterrupted by socialunrest. Production in 2010was below the 2009record but above the five-year average.

The food-security situationdeclined as a result ofsocial unrest in 2010,which caused productionlevels to decline, and anincrease in the prices ofbasic foods.

MYA

NMAR

Rice prices in the lastquarter of 2010 increasedby 14% compared with thesame period in 2009, butrose by 2% relative to thethird quarter.

Of the sampledhouseholds, 2% inTaunggyi , 22% in Chin,8% in Dry Zone, 9% inNorth Rakhine State and8% in areas affected bycyclone Giri have poor foodconsumption. Cyclone Girihit western Myanmar on 22October and causeddamage to crops, livestock,homes, livelihoods andproduction capacities inKyaukpyu, Myebon, Minbyaand Pauktaw, furtherundermining foodconsumption in theseareas.

Rains that should havestarted in May actually fellin July, resulting inreduced food availability inOctober and November,especially in Dry Zone.

The food security situationhas deteriorated slightly as aresult of late and erraticrains, upward trends in riceprices, reduced householdpurchasing power androdent infestation.Assessments conductedsince August indicatesevere levels of foodinsecurity: 19% in Dry Zone, 30% in North RakhineState and 20% in areasaffected by cyclone Giri.

Food Consumption(B)

Countries(A)

Prices(C)

Purchasing Power(D)

Stunting and under-nutritionremain high compared withother countries in theregion.

In Dry Zone, 11% ofhouseholds stated that theywere boiling their drinkingwater, which is a potentialsign of undetectedmalnutrition and sickness,especially among children.Based on mid-upper armcircumferencemeasurements in NorthernRakhine state, 28% ofchildren were at high risk ofbecoming malnourished,13% were moderatelymalnourished, and 3% wereseverely malnourished.

Malnutrition(E)

Because opportunities toearn extra income arelimited, households resortto kitchen gardens, smalllivestock production andgathering of wild foods.

Debts were incurred to buyfood in 37% of sampledhouseholds in Taunggyi ,47% in Dry Zone , 47% inNRS, 48% in Chin and 40%in areas affected by cycloneGiri.


Purchasing power hasdecreased since theincrease in the prices ofbasic foods.

In conflict-affected areas,many food-securehouseholds were hostinginternally displaced peoplewith their own resources.This resulted in smallerstocks for the winter andreduced purchasing power.The purchasing power ofpoor and vulnerablehouseholds was severelyaffected by rising foodprices and decliningwages.Wheat production was18% lower than in 2009,maize production fell by14%, barley production fellby 12% and potatoproduction is estimated tohave declined by 5%.

Among children under 5,18% are suffering frommoderate or severestunting. The rate amongthe conflict affectedpopulation in Osh andJalalabad was 26% inOctober 2010; the averagein 2006 was 14.2%according to the UnitedNations Children's Fund.However, the populationhad access to relativelysafe potable water fromsources such as privateand public taps, tanks,bottled products, rain andprotected wells, as theyhad before the conflict.

A significant number ofconflict-affected people inthe south had to rely onhumanitarian assistancefor their staple foodsfollowing the crisis; thenumber of vulnerablepeople receivingassistance also increased.Before food distributionsfor vulnerable people, 81%had become indebted toobtain food, 60% hadborrowed food from friendsor relatives, 41% hadreduced adult meals tobenefit children and 18%had limited the number ofdaily meals or omittedthem altogether for a day.

About 87% of householdsin Chin, 86% in Dry Zone ,82% in North RakhineState and 85% in areasaffected by cyclone Girireported that they were indebt and needed to repaytheir loans. This probablyresulted in a loss ofpurchasing power becauseof the amounts of moneythat had to be directed torepaying debts.




13

July-

December2010

•Issue

no.4

At the national level, theprice of rice has risen by13% in the last six months.Year-on-year food priceinflation remained between12% and 14% during thesame period.Compared with the five-yearaverage, the price of ricerose by 109% and the priceof wheat flour by 141%.

According to the Nepal FoodSecurity Monitoring System,household food consumption inrural areas has gradually improvedin the past six months. The meanaverage score of 45 in January-March 2010, when 40% of ruralhouseholds had poor or borderlineconsumption, increased to 54 inOctober-December 2010, when24% of rural households had pooror borderline consumption.However, in some areas foodconsumption is not enough toprovide the required calories andmicronutrients for a healthy activelife; this is particularly the case inthe far and mid-western hill andmountain areas, where diets aredominated by staple cereals.

Preliminary productionestimates for theNovember/December paddyrice harvest, the main summercrop, are 11% higher than theprevious year. This is not a highfigure, however, consideringthat last year's production was11% lower than the yearbefore. The winter wheat cropharvested in April-June 2010was estimated to be 16%higher than the previous year,but 1% less than in 2008.

The food security situationhas remained stable as aresult of good winterwheat production inApril/May 2010 and animproved harvest ofsummer maize and paddy.

In the West Bank, the price ofwheat flour decreased by 5% inthe second half of 2010compared with the first half; theprice of rice decreased by 20%in the same period.In the Gaza Strip, the price ofwheat flour increased by 21%in the second half of 2010compared with the first half; theprice of rice decreased by 7%in the same period.

Food consumption patternshave improved slightly as aresult of humanitarianinterventions. Poor foodconsumption was recordedin 10% of Gaza householdsin the second half of 2010.In area C of the West Bank38% of the surveyedhouseholds had poor foodconsumption in the secondhalf of 2010; in the WestBank 11% had poor foodconsumption in the sameperiod.

There is a rainfall shortage duringthe current September 2010-March 2011 rainy season, andthe distribution of rainfall over timehas been unusual in that no rainwas recorded during October andNovember 2010. This has led toincomplete sowing of the maintraditional rain-fed crops such aswheat and barley. Farmers whohave planted are expecting below-normal harvest; some householdsare considering converting theirfields to pasture. Concerns alsoexist in the fruit-growing sectorbecause premature blossoming ofsome stone-fruit trees, particularlyalmonds, is expected to lead topoor harvests in 2011.

Between 2009 and 2010there was a 3% decline infood insecurity, but theprevalence of household foodinsecurity in the Gaza Stripremains very high at 52%,with an additional 13%percent of householdsvulnerable to food insecurity.An estimated 821,000 peoplein the Gaza Strip are food-insecure.

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Half of children under 5 arechronically undernourished; theacute malnutrition rate is 13%.Hidden in the nationalaverages are extremevariations, and in manycommunities acutemalnutrition rates exceed theemergency threshold of 15%.Malnutrition is not measuredon a six-monthly basis, butacute malnutrition amongchildren probably increasedduring the middle of the periodas a result of the lean seasonand the spike in water-bornediseases, which become moreprevalent during the monsoon.

Acute malnutrition is recordedin 5.9% of children, moderateacute malnutrition is found in4.5% of children, and 1.4% ofchildren have severe acutemalnutrition.

Malnutrition(E)

During the lean seasonbetween June/July andAugust/September, vulnerablehouseholds were reportedlycoping by adopting severestrategies such as reducingthe number of meals andselling agricultural assets; themost common copingstrategies were borrowing,buying food on credit andeating less preferred and lessexpensive foods. But theproportion of householdsadopting severe copingstrategies decreased in thelast quarter of 2010, reflectingthe gradual improvement offood security and normalsummer crop production.

As short-term copingstrategies, 32% ofhouseholds consume foodof lower quality, 42% ofhouseholds purchase foodon credit, 29% ofhouseholds consume lessfood, and 11% ofhouseholds restrictconsumption amongadults so that children caneat.


Purchasing power isgenerally weak. Officiallabour wages and salaryrates have steadilyincreased in recent years,but this has not translatedinto significantly higherwages for poor people. Inthe most food-insecureareas in the hills andmountains, where peoplemainly rely on markets forbasic food, purchasingpower has decreasedduring the reporting periodas a result of increasingfood prices.

The purchasing power ofthe US dollar in the WestBank decreased by 0.5%in the second half of2010; it increased by0.9% in the Gaza Strip. Asa result, the consumerprice index in the WestBank increased by 2.4%in the second half of2010 compared with thefirst half; in the Gaza Stripthe increase was 1%.



At the national level, the priceof wheat flour rose by 4% andthe price of rice by 7%between September andDecember compared with theprevious quarter.Compared with the five-yearaverage, the price of wheat hasincreased by 99% and theprice of rice by 98%.

Food consumption hasdeteriorated, particularly inthe flooded areas, where27% of households havepoor food consumption.The proportion ofhouseholds with poor foodconsumption has increasedfrom 10% to 45% inPunjab and from 13% to76% in Sindh.

Consumer purchasing powercontinues to deteriorate; dailyagricultural labourers are the mostaffected. In September 2010, withone day of wages labourers inLahore could obtain 12 kg ofaverage quality wheat flour, downfrom 18kg in September 2006.The terms of trade between thewage rate and wheat flour andbetween the wage rate and ricedeteriorated significantly inSeptember/October 2010.

There were significantlosses from the 2009/10rice and other crops as aresult of the floods in majorcrop-producing areas inJuly and August. FAOestimated that farmers lostbetween 500,000 mt and600,000 mt of wheat seed.

The food-security situationdeteriorated as a result ofthe recent flood. Priceshave risen sharply, foodcrops were lost andconsumer purchasingpower has been reduced.An estimated 10.1 millionpeople are in need ofimmediateassistance.

PAKISTAN

Global acute malnutritionaffected 13% of childrenunder 5. After the floods,the number of children atrisk rose significantly, 5% ofmothers have stoppedbreast feeding and 16% ofmothers stated that theyhad reduced breastfeeding.

Flood-affected householdshave shifted consumption toless preferred foods. A thirdof households practiseborrowing,36% of households rely onless preferred foods, 34%purchase food on credit,33% borrow food and relyon others, 26% limit portionsizes and 19% havereduced the number ofmeals.


GlobalUpdate-Food

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At the national level, theprice of wheat rose by 17%between September andDecember compared withthe previous quarter.The price of fuel continuesto increase, withconsequent effects on foodprice rises.

The diet of mosthouseholds remains poorlydiversified: meat, fruit andbeans are rarely eatenmore than once a week.The percentage ofhouseholds consuming fiveor more food groupsdeclined from 20% in July2009 to 16% in August2010. Food intake amongchildren showed similardietary patterns.

Cereal production declinedby 5% in 2010 from theprevious year’s record as aresult of earthquake andflood damage in severalareas, but remained wellabove the five-yearaverage.Low rainfall in the lastquarter provoked fears ofdrought, but there wasabove-average rain thefollowing February.

The food security situationwas stable despite lowerproduction and high foodprices as householdsbenefited from the goodharvest in 2009, betterlivestock health andbreeding, higherremittances and seasonaljobs.NB. In the first half of 2010the situation was reportedas deteriorating. Chronicfood insecurityis still high.

At the national level betweenSeptember and December, theprice of imported rice rose by9%, the price of wheat flour fellby 4% and the price of domesticmaize fell by 11% comparedwith the previous quarter.Compared with the five-yearaverage, the price of importedrice has increased by 46% andthe price of maize by 20%.

Information on foodconsumption was notavailable for this reportingperiod.

Production of summer rice, themain crop, increased by 15%compared with the previousyear.

The food-security situationremained stable as a result ofmarginal increases in productionand food aid. According to theNational Office for theCoordination of Food Security,the situation deterioratedbetween October and November2010 as a result of the choleraoutbreak and hurricane Thomas.NB: The food-security situationin the first half of 2010 wasreported asdeteriorating.

At the national level, theprice of maize fell by 7% andthe price of sweet rice roseby 11% between Septemberand December comparedwith the previous quarter.

Of the householdssurveyed, 5.5% reportedpoor food consumption and8.8% reported limitedconsumption. These figuresare similar to those reportedin July 2010.

Both of the 2010 crop cycleswere affected by erraticrainfall. The first harvest,primarily maize, ended inSeptember with considerablelosses, mainly in thelowlands. An estimated25,000 mt of beans and35,000 mt of maize were notharvested in the first cropcycle; the loss of beans was18% of expected production.In the second season therainfall deficitnegatively affected theproduction of crops,particularly beans.

The food security situationhas been declining steadilyas a result of dwindlingemployment opportunitiesand the effects of tropicalstorms, which severelydamaged crops.Humanitarian interventionsreached only a fraction ofthe targeted population.

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Malnutrition is slightlyhigher than in July 2009,which is largely a seasonalphenomenon: 10% ofchildren are wasted and33% are stunted. The maincauses are lack of diversediet, poor care practices,disease, poor quality ofdrinking water andinadequate hygiene.

Haiti is currently facing acholera outbreak: officialsources estimate the death tollin the hundreds and thenumber of new cases in thethousands.Close monitoring of thesituation is recommendedbecause the death toll isexpected to increase.

Acute malnutrition amongchildren under 5 is 1.8%nationally, but levels above5% are reported in food-insecure areas in the drycorridor.The incidence of acutemalnutrition in children under5 in the drought zone is 4.9%- 0.5% severe and 4.4%moderate. Even though thesevalues are not high, theyrepresent a risk because theywere recorded at a time ofhigh food availability at thebeginning of the February-May 2011 dry season.

Malnutrition(E)

Approximately 50% ofhouseholds were reliant onless preferred and lesscostly foods in response tochronic and seasonal foodrequirements.Alternative employmentwas sought by 40% ofhouseholds.

In the Anse-Rouge, Terre-Neuve and Baie de Hennemunicipalities residentsare resorting to a varietyof coping strategies ofwhich the most commonis charcoal production.

Information relating tocoping strategies was notavailable for this reportingperiod.


Between February andAugust 2010, the numberof households receivingremittances increasedfrom 12% to 22%. Suchseasonal increases inincome were offset by therecent increase in fuel andtransport costs, but 50%of interviewees reportedthat their economicsituation was worse thanlast year.

The hiring of labour duringharvesting and plantingperiods and job creation underlabour-intensive public worksprogrammes helped improvepurchasing power for the poorduring August. However, therecent 25% increase in theprice of rice in Port au Princebetween September andDecember 2010 resulted in a20% decrease in thepurchasing power of casuallabourers.

The purchasing power offarmers was reduced as aresult of storm damage tocrops. The purchasingpower of wage earnerswas also relatively lowbecause of reducedemployment as a result ofthe damage to crops.Remittances were 4.5%higher in October 2010compared with October2009. At the householdlevel, remittances fundnutritional, health andeducational needs.




15

Annex: Selected set of food security monitoring indicators and their application

i. Food consumption (column B)1 denotes the quality and quantity of food consumed in households. The Food ConsumptionScore, also used in this context, is a composite score that is a good proxy of food consumption because it takes into accountdietary diversity, food frequency and relative nutritional importance of different food groups. Using standard cut off points, poorfood consumption denotes a daily diet consisting mainly of two types of food – cereal/tuber and vegetables. Borderlineconsumption denotes a daily diet consisting mainly of two types of foods and an additional food item two or three times aweek but not sufficient to meet dietary needs.

ii. Prices (column C) are retail prices in the last half of 2010, which are compared with the first six months of 2010 and pricesin 2009; where significant, comparisons are made with the five-year average.

iii. Purchasing power (column D) is the ratio of two prices: a food item being sold and a food item being purchased.

iv. Malnutrition (column E) is an indication of insufficient, excessive or unbalanced consumption of essential food. The methodsused to collect this information include anthropometric measures such as weight, height, age and mid-upper armcircumference.

v. Coping strategies (column F) are the actions adopted by households to offset or overcome a food access problemwithout correcting or eliminating the underlying condition. The Coping Strategies Index, also used in this update, is acomposite index measuring the severity and frequency of strategies that households use in managing shortfalls in foodconsumption.

vi. Production (column G) reflects aggregate levels of production that have an impact on national or sub-national foodavailability.

vii. Beneficiaries are households receiving food assistance.

1. Caution should be applied when drawing conclusions of a more generalized nature as data has in some cases been collected from limited sentinel sites.

Acknowledgements

Preparation of the Global Update is supported by the Food Security Monitoring team: Wanja Kaaria, Rama Mwanundu,Francesco Slaviero and Souleika Abdillahi. The team is grateful for valuable inputs received from regional vulnerability analysisand mapping advisers and Country Office vulnerability analysis and mapping staff.

Direct e-mail contacts for regional advisers are as follows:

SOUTHERN AFRICA Eric KENEFICK [email protected]

EAST AFRICA Mark GORDON [email protected]

SUDAN Hazem ALMAHDY [email protected]

WEST AFRICA Naouar LABIDI [email protected]

ASIA and the PACIFIC Michael SHEINKMAN [email protected]

LATIN AMERICA and the CARIBEAN Margaretha BARKHOF [email protected]

MIDDLES EAST, CENTRAL ASIA Asif NIAZI [email protected] EASTERN EUROPE

July - December 2010 • Issue no. 4

Information Sources

- FAO/GIEWS. Country briefs.

- FAO/GIEWS. Global Food Price Monitor, December 2010.

- FAO/GIEWS. Global Food Price Monitor, January 2011.

- FEWS-NET. Monthly food security updates, alerts, monthly pricebulletins and outlooks.

- FSNAU. Quarterly briefs, market data and nutritional updates.

- Gouvernement du Niger, Institut National de la Statistique.

- Gouvernement du Niger, Direction Nutrition du Ministère de laSanté. Enquête nutrition et survie des enfants de 6 à 59 moisen Niger, octobre – novembre 2010.

- IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis. Various reports releasedin 2010.

- WFP. Southern Africa Regional Food Security Update for 2010.

- WFP and partners. Food security monitoring reports and marketprice bulletins.

- WFP/UNHCR. WFP/UNHCR Joint Assessment Mission toBangladesh, 2010.

- WFP. Evaluation Rapide de la Sécurité Alimentaire despopulations réfugiées, déplacées, retournées et hôtes de l’estdu Tchad, August 2010.

- WFP. Myanmar: an Analysis of the Food Security Situation inSelected Areas across Taunggyi, August 2010.

- WFP. Niger: Albichir: Analyse approfondie des marchés et de lasécurité alimentaire, 2010.

- WFP. Pakistan Flood Impact Assessment, September 2010.

- WFP. Niger: Chocs et vulnérabilité au Niger: analyse desdonnées secondaires, Octobre 2010.

- WFP. FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission toSouthern Sudan, 2010.

- WFP. The Market Monitor, nos. 9 and 10. Trends of Staple FoodPrices in Vulnerable Countries, September 2010 and January2011.

- WFP/FAO. FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security AssessmentMission to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 2010.

- WFP/FAO. Mission FAO/PAM d'évaluation de la récolte, Haïti,2010.

- WFP/FAO. FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security AssessmentMission to Haiti, 2010.

- WFP/FAO. Madagascar: Mission FAO/PAM d'évaluation de lasécurité alimentaire, Novembre 2010.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

CFSAM Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission

CILSS Permanent Inter-State Committee for DroughtControl in the Sahel

CPI Consumer Price Index

CSI Coping Strategy Index

DPRK Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo

EFSA Emergency Food Security Assessment

FAO Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations

FCS Food Consumption Score

FEWS-NET Famine Early-Warning Systems Network

FSNAU Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit

GAM Global Acute Malnutrition

GIEWS Global Information and Early-Warning System

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

IDP Internally Displaced Person

IMF International Monetary Fund

IPC Integrated Phase Classification

IRIN Integrated Regional Information Networks

MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey

MUAC Mid-Upper Arm Circumference

NIS National Statistical Institute

OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.

RPCA Food Crisis Prevention Network

SIFSIA Sudan Institutional Capacity Programme:Food Security Information for Action

SNNPR Southern Nations Nationalities andPeople’s Region

For more information, contact:Joyce Luma. Chief, Food Security Analysis Service: [email protected]

Wanja Kaaria. Programme Adviser, Food Security Monitoring: [email protected]

World Food Programme, Via Cesare Giulio Viola,68/70 - 00148 Rome, Italywww.wfp.org/food-security

The Spanish Government provides financial support for thestrengthening of WFP's Food Security Monitoring Systems.The support also covers the preparation of the Global Update.

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