3/12/11 the absolute monarchs of europe. 3/12/11 terms to know divine right the belief that god...
TRANSCRIPT
3/12/11
The Absolute Monarchs of
Europe
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Terms to Know• Divine Right
• The belief that God chose a ruler to rule.
• Absolute Monarchy
• A monarch who has unquestioned, absolute rule and power.
• Monarch
• A ruler who is part of a ruling family that passes down power from generation to generation
• Balance of Power
• Countries have equal strength in order to prevent any one country from dominating the others.
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Meet Philip II
• Son of Charles V
• Took power after Charles V divided his empire into 5 parts and retired to a monastery.
– Inherited Spain, Spanish Netherlands, and the American Colonies.
• Philip was considered shy, serious, and deeply religious.
• Philip’s guarded personality left many people suspicious of him, and he was equally suspicious of other people.
– His court historian wrote, “His smile and his dagger were very close.”
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Philip II's Empire
• Thanks to the American Colonies, Spain was becoming very rich.
– Between 1550 and 1650, Spain had imported 339,000 pounds of gold and 16,000 tons of silver from the Americas.
– Free money, thanks to mercantilism!!!
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$$$$$
• HOW MUCH MONEY?
• Based on today’s prices, let’s see how much gold and silver was stolen from the Americas.
• This gold and silver was mined by the Native Americans, who were never paid for their work or minerals.
– Today, gold is selling at $1388.42/ ounce and silver at $28.43/ ounce
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Do the Math……
• GOLD 339,000lb X 16 (oz) = 5,424,000oz X $1388.42 = $7,530,790,080.00
• Silver 16,000 tons X 2000 X 16 = 512,000,000oz X $28.43 = $14,556,160,000
• TOTAL = $22,086,950,080.00
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Philips Cut……
The king himself kept between ¼ to 1/5 of every shipload for his royal share
–$22,086,950,080.00 X .25
–So, King Philip II kept about $5,521,737,520.00 worth of gold and silver.
–Since money = power, it was pretty easy to see how Philip continued to gain more power until he was ultimately considered Spain’s absolute monarch.
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Phil's Pad• Philips Palace……
El Escoria
l
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Defender of Catholicism……
Philip II took the throne while Europe was experiencing many religious wars.– 1571, Philip sent the Spanish Armada to fight
against the Ottoman Empire’s NavyBattled against Elizabeth’s Protestant England.
• Didn’t fare as well. His fleet was decimated and Spain’s power was gone.
Que Lastima!!!
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Philip's Problems
• Spain’s population growing – more people demanded food and goods, merchants raised prices
• In 1500s, Spain’s expulsion of Jews and Muslims removed valuable artisans and businesspeople
• Nobles did not have to pay taxes and burden fell on lower class, middle class never got started
• Guilds raised prices in Spain so Spanish bought from enemies like England and the Netherlands
• Borrowing from German and Italian bankers forced Philip to declare bankruptcy three times.
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Spain's King Philip
• Use your textbook and write a brief paragraph that summarizes the Spanish Armada. Be sure to include the religious aspects.
• Explain how Spain’s growing population affected its economy.
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Louis XIV His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, lasted seventy-
two years, three months, and eighteen days. longest documented reign of any European monarch. Became ruler when he was only 4
When he first became king, the true ruler of France was Cardinal Mazarin. Many nobles hated Mazarin because he increased taxes and
strengthened the central government.– During many of the riots, Louis’ young life was threatened by
the upset nobles.
When Cardinal Mazarin died in 1661, the 23 year-old Louis took control of the government.
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Louis' Follies
•Almost immediately, Louis weakened the power of the noblesLouis devoted himself to helping France attain economic, political, and cultural brilliance.
His minister of finance, Jean Baptiste Colbert assisted in achieving these goals.
French business was booming, until Colbert’s death.
Louis inadvertently hurt the French economy by cancelling the Edict of Nantes, which protected the religious freedom of the Huguenots.
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FANCY PANTS LOUIS
Louis spent a fortune to surround himself with luxury.Every meal was a feast– While walking around his palace,
he enjoyed looking at the fountains. However, there was not enough water pressure to run them all at once.
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Louis XIVDon’t try
looking up my skirt…I
gots my fancy red tights on
Is my shirt tail hanging
out?
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The Palace at Versailles
Estimated Cost = $ 2 Billion
15,000 Acres of Gardens
1,400 FountainsLabor to Build
36,000 Workers
6,000 Horses
Main Building 500 Yards Long with 2000 rooms
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The Palace at Versailles
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The Palace at Versailles
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The Palace at Versailles
The Hall of MirrorsThe Chapel
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The Palace at Versailles
The Queen's Bedroom The King's Bedroom
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The Daily Routine
• Every Morning, the chief valet woke Louis at 7:30
• Outside the curtains of his canopy bed stood at least 100 of the most privileged nobles in France, waiting to help the king dress.
– Only 4 were given the honor of handing him his slippers or holding his sleeves for him
• Once he was dressed, the lesser nobles waited outside his bedroom, hoping Louis would notice them.
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Why all the Attention?
It obviously appealed to Louis’ arrogance.However, there was an alternative reason that
Louis required his nobles wait on him daily. During the feudal times, nobles were very powerful
because they had tremendous freedom to govern as they wished.
By making the nobles stay within the grounds of Versailles, they no longer had free time to govern.With no time to govern, they lost control of their subjects
and, thus, lost their power.That power over the citizens now belonged to King Louis.
In this sly way, Louis did limit the powers of the nobles, all without a fight!!!
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Louis– Smart Guy…Bad Decisions
1667- invaded Spanish Netherlands
1672-invaded Dutch Netherlands
1680’s- many other minor wars with small European countries
1689- Many European countries joined together to defeat France. Now, even the small countries had the protection of the powerful nations.
Frequent wars, massive taxation, and a series of poor harvests brought great suffering to the French people.The people were tired of the King Louis.When he died in 1715, the people of France rejoiced
BLOCK PARTY!!!!
WAR Result
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Ivan the not so Terrible
• Became ruler when he was only 3.
• The boyars, or nobles, tried to control Ivan when he was young.
• At the age of 16, he claimed the throne and crowned himself czar.
– A Czar is an absolute ruler, taken from the Roman “Caesar”
• Married the beautiful Anastasia
• From 1547 to 1560 were known as Ivan’s good period.
– Won great war victories, passed many good laws, and ruled justly
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Ivan Struggles
In 1560, Anastasia died.He accused the boyars of poisoning Anastasia.
He turned against the nobles– Organized a police force whose job was to hunt
down and murder people he considered traitors
Ivan had thousands of people murdered.At the height of “crazy”, he killed his
oldest son, who was the heir to his throne.
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Rise of the Romanov's
• Ivan’s son was both physically and mentally incapable of ruling over Russia.
– After he died without an heir, Russia went through the “Time of Troubles” in which many boyars were fighting for the throne.
• Eventually, representatives met and chose Michael Romanov, grandnephew of Anastasia, as the next leader.
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Peter the Great
• Peter at first had to share the throne with his feeble- minded half brother.
– Eventually, Peter became the sole ruler of Russia.
• Came to be known as Peter the Great because he was one of Russia’s greatest leaders and reformers.
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Russia was different from Western Europe
• During the beginning of Peter’s reign, Russia was still stuck in the Middle Ages while the rest of Europe was evolving.
– Nobles ruled over serfs
– Religious differences (the Great Schism) had separated the Eastern Christianity in Russia from the Western Christianity in Western Europe.
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Peter Visits the West
• 1 year after becoming czar, he embarked on the “Grand Embassy”, a long visit to Western Europe.
– His goal was to learn more about Western Europe’s customs and industrial techniques.
• On his journey, he insisted on keeping his identity secret.
• He visited England and Austria before returning home.
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Peter’s Reforms
Peter was determined to Westernize Russia. He wanted to remake Russia using Western ideas and
technology.
He knew that many people would refuse, so he increased his power as an absolute ruler.
He: Brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control Abolished the office of patriarch, which was head of the church Reduced the power of the wealthy landowners.– In order to gain loyalty, he took power away from the wealthy
and gave that power to lower-ranking families that promised loyalty.
Hired European military offices to train his soldiers
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Westernizing Russia
• In order to make Russia more like Western Europe, he:
– Introduced potatoes, which would later become the staple food of Russia and for making Vodka.
– Started Russia’s 1st newspaper
– Raised women’s status by having them attend social gatherings
– Ordered nobles to give up their traditional clothes for Western European fashions.
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A New Capital
Peter believed Russia’s future depended on having a warm-water seaport.
To promote education and growth, Peter wanted a seaport that would make it easier to travel to the West.
He began building the new capital on the swampy, unhealthy lands close to the Baltic Sea.
An estimated 25,000 to 100,000 died from disease and poor working conditions while building St. Petersburg, which is named after Peter’s patron saint.
When it was finished, he ordered many of the Russian nobles to leave the comforts of Moscow and relocate to St. Petersburg.
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English Civil War
• Queen Elizabeth I of England left a huge debt (conflicts with Parliament).
• Her cousin James Stuart (King of Scotland) took over power and this did not appease the Puritans. Lucky for the Puritans, he died in 1625, leaving Charles I in charge.
• However, Charles had his own agenda.
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Charles Factors in...
• When Parliament refused to give money for war with Spain or France, dissolved Parliament
• Petition of Rights (1628) – Parliament refused money until Charles I agreed to following:
– Not imprison subjects without due cause
– Not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent
– Not house soldiers in private homes
– Not impose martial law in peacetime
– Charles refused to follow
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Heads are Rolling
• Parliament passed laws to limit royal power and Charles tried to arrest Parliament members
• Loyalists were Royalists v. Puritan supporters of Parliament
• In 1644, Oliver Cromwell led Puritans to victory
• Cromwell tried Charles I for treason and executed him
• Abolished monarchy and House of Lords
• Established republican government
• Military dictator
• Cromwell and Puritans wanted to reform society
• Religious toleration except for Catholics
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Restoration of Charles
• Cromwell government collapsed and new Parliament in power
• Habeas corpus – gave every prisoner right to obtain a writ or document opportunity to see judge and seek trial by jury – monarchy could not just put someone in jail
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William and Mary
James’ daughter Mary was Protestant and wife of William of Orange – overthrew James II – bloodless overthrow called Glorious Revolution
William and Mary – agreed to constitutional monarchy
Bill of Rights (1689)
No levying taxes without specific grants from Parliament
No penalty for a citizen who petitions king about grievances