304 unit 1 various trade organisations shahnawaz group.ppt

7/29/2019 304 Unit 1 VARIOUS TRADE ORGANISATIONS Shahnawaz Group.ppt

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VARIOUS TRADEORGANISATIONSREGIONAL & INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

MMA 3RD SEMESTER

RETAIL

Shahnawaz Islam

Ghousia IslamShreya Banerjee

Farhin


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WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL TRADE?

It Is The Exchange

Of Goods &

ServicesBetween

Countries.


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Trade organizations are

voluntary associations between

countries, formed with thepurpose of liberalizing or

opening trade between those

countries. This is done with the

intention of providing economicbenefit to all countries involved.

WHAT ARE TRADE ORGANISATIONS

FOR?


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The General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT) is a multilateral agreement

regulating international trade. It was

negotiated during the UN Conference onTrade and Employment and was the

outcome of the failure of negotiating

governments to create the International

Trade Organisation (ITO).

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT)

GATT was signed in 1947 and lasted until 1993, when it was

replaced by the World Trade Organisation in 1995.


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Name YearCountrie

sSubjects covered Achievements

GenevaApril

194623 Tariffs

Signing of GATT, 45,000 tariff concessions

affecting $10 billion of trade

AnnecyApril

194913 Tariffs

Countries exchanged some 5,000 tariff

concessions

Torquay September 1950

38 Tariffs Countries exchanged some 8,700 tariffconcessions, cutting the 1948 tariff levels by 25%

Geneva IIJanuary

195626 Tariffs, admission of Japan $2.5 billion in tariff reductions

DillonSeptembe

r 196026 Tariffs

Tariff concessions worth $4.9 billion of world

trade

Kennedy May 1964 62 Tariffs, Anti Dumping Tariff concessions worth $40 billion of world trade

TokyoSeptembe

r 1973102

Tariffs, non-tariff measures,

"framework" agreements

Tariff reductions worth more than $300 billion

dollars achieved

Uruguay

Septembe

r 1986 123

Tariffs, non-tariff measures, rules,

services, intellectual property,

dispute settlement, textiles,

agriculture, creation of WTO, etc.

The round led to the creation of WTO, and

extended the range of trade negotiations, leading

to major reductions in tariffs (about 40%) and

agricultural subsidies, an agreement to allow fullaccess for textiles and clothing from developing

countries, and an extension of intellectual

property rights.

DohaNovembe

r 2001141

Tariffs, non-tariff measures,

agriculture, labour standards,

environment, competition,

investment, transparency, patentsetc.

The round is not yet concluded.


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Discriminated against developing

countries Agriculture was treated as a special.

Though developed countries removed

majority of tariff barriers yet some others

still remained.

US and EEC had concluded several

bilateral , discriminatory and restrictive

arrangements outside GATT rules. It lacked enforcing mechanism

GATT rules devised half a century ago had

outlived their utility.

Reason for GATT failure


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The World Trade

Organization (WTO) is an

organization that intends to

supervise and liberal

international trade. The

organization officially

commenced on January 1, 1995under the Marrakech Agreement,

replacing GATT.

World Trade Organization (WTO) :


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Trade negotiations

Implementation andmonitoring

Dispute settlement

Building trade capacity

To promote World Trade in a

manner that benefits every

country

To enhance competitiveness

among all trading partners so

as to benefit consumers and

help in global integration.

Objectives of WTO :


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The Agreement on Trade Related

Investment Measures (TRIMs) are

rules that apply to the domestic

regulations a country applies to

foreign investors, often as part of

an industrial policy . The agreementwas agreed upon by all members of

the World Trade Organization .

It is the name of one of the four principal legal agreements of

the WTO trade treaty.

TRIMs are rules that restrict preference of domestic firms and

thereby enable international firms to operate more easily within

foreign markets.

TRIMS:


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The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects

of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) isan international agreement administered

by the World Trade Organization (WTO)

that sets down minimum standards for

many forms of intellectual property (IP)regulation as applied to nationals of other

WTO Members.

The TRIPS agreement introduced intellectual property law into the

international trading system for the first time and remains the most

comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property to

date.

TRIPS:


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United Nations Conference on Trade and

Development(UNCTAD)

The United Nations Conference

on Trade and

Development (UNCTAD) was

established in 1964 as apermanent intergovernmental

body. It is the principal organ of

the United NationsGeneral

Assembly dealing with trade,

investment, and development

issues.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly


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Main functions of UNCTAD :

To promote international trade .

To formulate principles and

policies on international trade

and related problems of

economic development.

To make proposal for puttingpolicies into effect.

To review and facilitate .

To be available as a centre for

harmonious trade and relateddocuments in the development

policies of governments


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The International Monetary

Fund (IMF) is an international

organisation of 188 countries (as of

April 2012), that was created on July

22, 1944 at the Bretton Woods

Conference and came into existence onDecember 27, 1945 when 29 countries

signed the Articles of Agreement.

Countries contribute money to a pool through a quota system fromwhich countries with payment imbalances can borrow funds

temporarily. Through this activity the IMF works to improve the

economies of its member countries and facilitate international trade.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)


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A trade agreement is a wide ranging tax, tariff

and trade pact that often includes investment

guarantees.

What are Trade Agreements ?

Regional Trade

Agreements

InternationalTrade

Agreements


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Regional Trade Agreements

Regional trade agreements (RTAs)

have become increasingly prevalent

since the early 1990s. As of 15

January 2012, some 511 notifications

of RTAs (counting goods andservices separately) had been

received by the GATT/WTO. Of

these, 319 were in force. What all

RTAs in the WTO have in common is

that they are reciprocal trade

agreements between two or more

partners.


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What is a Trade Bloc ?

A trade bloc is a type

of intergovernmental

agreement , often part of a

regional intergovernmental

organization , where

regional barriers to trade ,

(tariffs and non-tariff barriers)

are reduced or eliminated

among the participating states


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The EU is the worlds largest trading bloc, and second largest

economy, after the USA.

The initial aim was to create a single market for goods, services,

capital, and labour by eliminating barriers to trade and promoting

free trade between members.

The EU is the world's largest

trading block, which makes it one

of the key players in the World

Trade Organisation. In the WTO,

the European Commission

negotiates on behalf of the 27

countries of the European Union

European Union (EU)


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ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement

(APTA)Central European Free Trade

Agreement (CEFTA)

Common Market for Eastern and

Southern Africa (COMESA)

G-3 Free Trade Agreement (G-3)

Greater Arab Free Trade Area

(GAFTA)

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

North American Free TradeAgreement (NAFTA)

South Asia Free Trade Agreement

(SAFTA)


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The North American Free

Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is

an agreement signed by the

governments

of Canada, Mexico, andthe United States, creating a

trilateral trade bloc in North

America.

The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment

between the US, Canada and Mexico.

North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA)


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Asean Free TradeAgreement (AFTA) is a trade

bloc agreement by

the Association of Southeast

Asian Nations supporting localmanufacturing in all ASEAN

countries.

The primary goals of AFTA seek to:

Increase ASEAN's competitive edge as a production base in the

world market through the elimination, within ASEAN, of tariffs

and non-tariff barriers; and

Attract more foreign direct investment to ASEAN.

Asean Free Trade Agreement (AFTA)

i A i A i i


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The Latin American Free TradeAssociation (LAFTA) was

created in the 1960 Treaty of

Montevideo

by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay ,Peru ,

and Uruguay .

The goal of the LAFTA is the creation of a free trade zone in Latin

America. It should foster mutual regional trade among the member

states, as well as with the US and Canada , the Pacific Union ,

the African Union , and the European Union .

Latin American Free Trade Association

Agreement (LAFTA)

S h A i F T d A (SAFTA)


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South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA)

The South Asian Free Trade Area or SAFTA is anagreement reached on 6 January 2004 at the 12th

SAARC summit in Islamabad ,Pakistan.

The seven foreign ministers of theregion signed a framework

agreement on SAFTA to

reduce customs duties of all

traded goods to zero by the year2016.

The objective of the agreement is to promote good competition in

the free trade area and to provide equitable benefits to all the

countries involved in the contracts.


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The Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement

(APTA), previously named the Bangkok

Agreement , signed in 1975 as an

initiative of ESCAP, is a preferential tariff

arrangement that aims at promoting intra-regional trade through exchange of

mutually agreed concessions by member

countries.

It is the oldest preferential trade agreement between developing

countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Its aim is to promote economic

development and cooperation through the adoption of mutually

beneficial trade liberalization measures.

Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA)


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The Comprehensive

Economic and Trade

Agreement (CETA) is aproposed free trade

and copyright agreement

between Canada and

the European Union .

CETA is Canada's biggest bilateral initiative

since NAFTA .

Comprehensive Economic and Trade

Agreement (CETA)


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A free-trade area is a trade bloc whose

member countries have signed a free-tradeagreement (FTA), which

eliminates tariffs, import quotas, and

preferences on most (if not all) goods and

services traded between them. If people are

also free to move between the countries, in

addition to FTA, it would also be

considered an open border. It can be

considered the second stage of economic

integration. Countries choose this kind ofeconomic integration if their economical

structures are complementary.

Free Trade Agreement


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World Trade Organization agreements:

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Agreement on AgricultureAgreement on the Application of Sanitary and

Phytosanitary Measures

Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures

Agreement on Anti-Dumping

Agreement on Customs Valuation

Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures

Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

Agreement on Safeguards

General Agreement on Trade in Services

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of IntellectualProperty Rights

Agreement on Government Procurement

Information Technology Agreement

International Agreements :


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Thank You !!

304 unit 1 various trade organisations shahnawaz group.ppt

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