THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN

3 year B.Sc. Physics (Honours) Course

Course Structure

Part-I (1 year) (Total Marks: 200)Paper I: Full Marks – 100 Mathematical Methods – I (50 lectures)

Mechanics – I (40 lectures)Electrostatics (30 lectures)

Paper II: Full Marks – 50 General Properties of Matter (25 lectures)Thermal Physics (45 lectures)

Paper III: (Practical Paper) Full Marks – 50(Experiments on G.P.M., Heat etc.)

Part- II (1 year) Total Marks : 200Paper IV: Full Marks- 100 Electronics- I (35 lectures)

Ray Optics (20 lectures)Electrodynamics – I (65 lectures)

Paper V: ( practical Paper) Full Marks - 50Paper VI: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50(Electrical, Electronics experiments in Paper V and VI)

Part-III (1 year) Total Marks: 400Paper VII: Full Marks - 100 Mathematical Methods – II (50 lectures) Mechanics – II (40 lectures) Statistical Mechanics (35 lectures)

Solid State Physics (35 lectures)

Paper VIII: Full Marks: 100 Wave optics (30 lectures)Electrodynamics-II (20 lectures)Electronics- II (30 lectures)Oscillations and Waves (25 lectures)

Paper – IX: Full Marks: 100 Atomic Physics (30 lectures)Special Theory of Relativity (25 lectures)Quantum Mechanics (30 lectures)Nuclear Physics (40 lectures)

Paper – X: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50(Optical Experiments)

Paper XI: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50(Electrical and Electronics Experiments)

Part-I Full Marks: 200

Paper- I (Theoretical Paper) Full Marks: 100

Group-A: Mathematical Methods – I [50 Lectures]

1. Review of the following topics in vector algebra: Basic vectors, unit vectors, scalar and

vector products, products of three or more vectors, reciprocal vector triads. Scalar vector

fields. Gradient of a scalar field. Directional derivative. Divergence and curl of a vector

field and their physical significance, Solenoidal and irrotational vector. Conservative

vector field and scalar potential. Identities involving gradient, divergence, and curl. L82. Vector integration: Line integral, Path independence, Exact differential, Surface integral,

Flux. Volume integral, Divergence theorem. Continuity equation. Stokes theorem. Green’s

theorem for simply connected region. Verification of the integral theorems in simple cases.

(Proofs of integral theorems are not essential). L43. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates: Unit vectors in curvilinear coordinate system; Area

length and volume element. The gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian. Cylindrical and

spherical polar coordinates. L44. Gamma function with real argument: Definition and properties. Evaluation of gamma

function with half-integral arguments. Beta function. Relation between beta and gamma

functions. Dirichlet’s integral. Error function and complementary error function.

Definition. Graphical representation. L55. Ordinary linear differential equations of second order: Linearly independent solutions.

Wronskian. Regular and irregular points. Frobenius method for series solution. (Proofs of

Frobenius/Fuchs theorems are not required) L86. Bessel’s differential equation: Series solution of Bessel functions of the first and second

kinds. Generating function. Simple recurrence relations. Legendre’s differential equation.

Legendre polynomials. Rodrigues formula. Generating function for Legendre polynomials.

Recurrence relations. Orthogonality property. Recurrence relations. Associated Legendre

functions (Definition only) L87. Fourrier series. Dircihlet conditions. Expansion of odd and even periodic functions.

Parseval’s formula. Complex form of Fourier series. Fourier expansion of f (x) in the

interval (-c, +c) with ∞→c . Fourier integral. Fourier transforms pair. Fourier transforms

of simple function occurring in physical applications. L58. Partial differential equations of mathematical physics. Elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic

equations. Laplace’s equation in two and three dimensions. Solution by the method of

separation of variables. Initial and boundary value problems. Heat flow equation in one

dimension. L8

Recommended Books

1. E. Kreszig – Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Wiley Seventh Edition).2. G. Arfken – Mathematical Methods for Physicists (Prism Books. Fourth Edition).3. B.S. Grewal – Higher Engineering Mathematics (Khanna Publisher, Delhi)

Group- B: Mechanics – I [40 Lectures]1. Critical review of Newton’s laws of motion. Resistive motion. Motion of systems of

variable falling mass. Rocket motion, falling chain, falling raindrop, etc. Work-energy

theorem. Conservative force fields. Galilean invariance. Conservation of linear momentum

and energy.

L6

2. Angular momentum and torque. Conservation of angular momentum for a system of

particles. Centre of mass of a system of particles of continuous mass distribution. Impulse.

Elastic and inelastic collisions. Direct and oblique collisions. L63. Rigid body motion. Moments and products of inertia. Principal axis transformation.

Ellipsoid of inertia. Angular momentum and kinetic energy of a rigid body in terms of

angular velocity and moment of inertia. Parallel and perpendicular axis theorems. Moment

of inertia of common symmetrical bodies. Compound pendulum Kater’s reversible

pendulum (Detailed discussion of various corrections is not needed) L104. Central forces: Two-body force problem. Reduction to one-body problem. Important

features of motion under central force field (conservation of angular momentum, co-planar

motion). Radial and transverse velocities and accelerations. Kepler’s laws. Differential

equation of the orbit under inverse square law of force. Conditions for parabolic, elliptic

and hyperbolic orbits. L105. Non-inertial frames. Fictitious forces. Velocity and acceleration in rotating frames.

Centrifugal and coriolis forces. Direction of ocean currents and river flows. Motion of a

particle relative to the earth. L8

Recommended Books:1. M.R. Spiegel – Theoretical Mechanics (Sehaum series. McGraw Hill)2. N. C. Rana and P. S. Joag – Classical Mechanics (TMH)3. H. Goldstein – Classical Mechanics.

Group C: Electrostatics [30 Lectures]

1. Idea of quantized charge, value of e- the electronic charge, conservation of charge,

idealization of point charge and continuously distributed charge; superposition principle of

electric field and calculation of E due to many charges at one point, at different points and

due to continuous distribution of charge, electric flux and Gauss law, its application to

simple cases (charge line, cylinder, spherical shell, sphere and plane sheet); line integral of

electric field, electric potential V, 0, =×∇∇−= EVE and conservative nature of

electrostatic field: superposition principle of electric potential and its application;

Posisson’s equation and its simple application to charge sphere, Laplace’s equation and

it’s solution in one variable only with simple boundary conditions (two large parallel plane

surfaces, coaxial cylinders and spherical surface etc. all maintained at constant potential

with respective reference applications).

L10

2. Multipoles: Electric dipole and its moment, derivation of field and potential due to a

dipole, potential energy for a dipole placed in an external field, mutual potential energy of

two dipoles, force and torque between tow dipoles, linear and planner quadrupoles – their

potentials and fields; multipole expansion of the scalar potential general expression in

terms of Legendre polynomials, statement and explanation of Earnshaw’s theorem on

stability of charge.

L5

3. Conductors and capacitors: Mobile charge carriers in a conductor, electric field at

outside points close to the surface of a charged conductor, conductor placed in an external

electrostatic field, method of image its application to calculation of electric potential and

field 1) due to point charge placed near a grounded conducting plane of infinite extension

and 2) due to a point charge near an insulated conducting sphere; parallel plate, spherical

and cylindrical capacitors with free space inside- derivation and analysis of capacitance,

energy stored in a charged capacitor and energy density in electrostatic field; mentioning

of the principle of measurement of charge by quadrant electrometer. L54. Dielectrics and electrostatic field: Idea of polarization of dielectric materials placed in

external electric field and polarization vector P, electric field within a dielectric, Gauss’s

law in terms of free charge in dielectrics, boundary conditions on E and D. Linear isotropic

dielectric and its susceptibility, dielectric constant and permittivity; potential and field at

external and internal points of a dielectric sphere placed in an otherwise uniform electric

field; simple microscopic theory of dielectrics, idea about atomic and molecular

polarisability; polar and non-polar dielectrics. Clausius Mosotti relation and its application;

idea about ferroelectric materials (electric); property of piezoelectric crystal; capacitance

of a capacitor with a dielectric material inside, energy stored in such a charged capacitor

and energy-density of a dielectric in an external field; principle of measurement of

dielectric constant of a material by introducing it in a capacitor and measuring the charge

of capacitance.

L10

Recommended Books: 1. Mahajan & Rangwala – Electricity and Magnetism.2. Chatterjee & Rakshit – Electricity and Magnetism 3. Griffiths – Electrodynamics4. Laud – Electromagnetics.

Paper- II (Theoretical Paper) Full Marks : 50

Group – A : General Properties of Matter [25 Lectures]

1. Principle of dimensional homogeneity – Limitation Gravitation, Newton’s law, Universal

constant of Gravitation. Gravitational potential and intensity due to spherical and other

symmetrical bodies. L62. Elasticity: Elastic constant, Poisson’s ratio, bending of uniform beams clamped at open

end and both ends. General equation for bending and applications. Flat spiral spring. L63. Surface tension. Capillary rise. Excess pressure. Shape of liquid drops. Vapor-pressure

over a curved surface. Surface tension and evaporation. L64. Fluid motion. Euler’s method of describing fluid motion. Path line and Stream line,

Viscous flow through a capillary tube, Poiseuilli’s formula. Strokes law. Reynolds’s

number, Rotating cylinder method. Euler’s equation of incompressible fluid. Bernoulli’s

fluid. Bernoulli’s theorem. Velocity of efflux of a liquid. Pilot tube, Venturimeter L7Recommended Books:1. Newman & Searle – General Properties Matter2. C. J. Smith – General Properties of Matter

GROUP – B: Thermal Physics [45 LECTURES]

Kinetic theory Gases : Ideal Gas, basic assumptions of Kinetic theory, pressure exerted by ideal gas, Its relation

with average K.E., Kinetic interpretation of temperature and gas laws. Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocity

components and speed of molecules from probability approach, deduction of average speed, r.m.s. speed, most

probable speed, energy distribution law. Direct and in direct evidence of Maxwell’s law (no proof). Equipartion

of energy(no proof). Evaluation of Cp, Cv for monoatomic, diatomic, polyatomic molecular gases. Limitation of

Kinetic theory in the interpretation of specific heat.

Evidence of finite size of molecules, mean free path, expression for mean free path assuming same average

velocity. Maxwell’s modification (no proof). Distribution of free path & survival equation. Transport phenomena.

General method of deduction of transport-property. Derivation of η, K and D therefrom the relations among the

transport coefficients. Dependence of transport-coefficients on temperature and pressure. L6

Real Gas : Deviation from ideal gas as implied by Andrew’s and Amagat’s experiment. Van der Waal’s

equation, derivation (simple theory) and its comparison with experiment. method of finding constants ‘a’ and

‘b’. Critical constants. Virial coefficients. V.W. equation. Reduced equation of state. Law of corresponding

state. Virial theorem (statement only). Deduction of ideal gas equation therefrom. V.W. Equation in powers of P

and V

1 and implication. Brief survey of other equations of state. L5

Heat conduction in solids: Variable and steady state of heat flow, thermal conductivity, thermal receptivity,

thermometric conductivity. thermal conductivity of a composite Fourier equation of heat conduction in one

dimension. Steady state solution and application to Ingen Hausz’s experiment, extension to three dimension for

spherical and cylindrical heat flow. Lee’s method. Cylindrical shell method. Statement of Wiedemann – Franz’s

law. L5

Thermodynamics : Basic Concepts & First Law, system and surroundings, state-variables-intensive and

extensive, thermal equilibrium and zeroth law, thermodynamic concept of temperature, state function and path

function, exact and inexact differentials, equation of state for simple systems and some derivations there-form.

Interaction of heat and work, quasi static processes. path dependence of heat and work. origin of first law;

internal energy. differential form of first law, Cp and Cv and their interrelation, quasi-static isothermal and

adiabatic processes, work done, adiabatic lapse rate equation, enthalpy as a state function corresponding to Cp,

Work done in stretching a wire surface film. L8

Second Law and entropy. Conversion of heat into work. reversible and irreversible processes. Second law,

equivalence of statements. heat engine & efficiency. Carnot cycle, Carnot refrigerator, Carnot theorem.

Absolute scale of temperature. cyclic process. Clausius theorem. non-integrability of dQ. concept of entropy.

Entropy in reversible and irreversible processes. Clausius inequality. Entropy principle. Entropy change in ideal

gas, mixture of ideal gases, V.W. gas, / T-S diagram & Mathematical form of second law. Entropy and

unavailable energy. Probabilistic interpretation of entropy. Entropy as lack of information. Thermodynamic

relations (no proof). Clausieus Clapeyron equation, Compressibility, Expansibility. The TdS equation. The

energy equations. L8

Thermodynamic Equilibrium & Free energy Condition of natural change and natural equilibrium.

Thermodynamic potentials. Phase equilibrium, One component system: First order and Second order phase

change. Essential features. Ehrenfest equation with reference to λ - Transition.

Multicomponent Systems: Idea of chemical potential. Gibb’s phase rule (no proof), simple applications: triple

point of water, Sulphur, Camphor. L5

Thermodynamic Equilibrium & Free energy : Adiabatic cooling, Joule-Kelvin expansion, Enthalpy as a state

function, Differential and integral form of J-K cooling, The effect as a contribution of intermolecular force and

size effect, J-K effect in Van der waal gas, Inversion temperature, Comparison with critical and Boyle

temperature, Idea of Adiabatic demagnetization and principle of cryostats, Approach to absolute zero, Nernst

heat theorem. Statement of third law. Consequences of third law viz., Confluence of Cp & Cv, thermal

expansivity, surface tension, unassailability of absolute zero. Equivalence between the Nernest Heat Theorem

and the un-attainability of absolute zero temperature. L8

Recommended Books:

1. Basavaraju & Ghosh – Thermal Physics (TMH)

2. Gupta & Roy – Heat & Thermodynamics (Central)

3. Zemansky - Heat and thermodynamics

4. F. Rief – Fundamental of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha

(International Students’ edition)

5. P.W. Sears and G.L. Salinger: Thermodnamics Kinetic Theory and Statistical

Thermodynamics. Addision – Wisley/Narosa Publishing Home.

Paper – III (Practical Paper) Full Marks: 50

List of preparatory Experiments (6 Periods per Experiments)

1. Determination of the Young’s modulus of a material in the form of a wire by Searle’s method.

2. Determination of a Rigidity modulus of a material in the form of a wire by dynamical method.

3. Determination of the surface tension of water by capillary-rise method using three capillary tubes of

different bores.

4. Determination of the coefficient of linear expansion of the material of a rod using optical lever with

Pullinger’s apparatus.

5. Determination of the Pressure coefficient of air.

6. Determination of the focal length of a concave lens by combination method and calculation of its

power.

7. Determination index of a liquid by using a traveling microscope.

List of Honours Experiments (9 Periods per Experiment)

1. Determination of acceleration due to gravity with the help of a Kater’s pendulum.

2. Determination of Young’s modulus of a material in the form of a bar by the method of flexure.

3. Determination of coefficient of viscosity of water by Poiseuilli’s method.

4. Determination of coefficient of viscosity of a highly viscous liquid by Stokes’ method.

5. Determination of surface tension of a liquid at different temperatures by Jagger’s method.

Part- II Full Marks: 200

Paper –IV (Theoretical Paper) Full Marks: 100

Group – A: Electrodynamics – I (65 Lectures)

1. Steady Direct Current (dc): Charge-particles in motion-electric current (drift, diffusion and connection);

current density and equation of continuity; potential difference and electromotive force, electric energy

sources – voltage source and current source; metallic conduction and Ohm’s law, conductance and

resistance as parameters; circuit elements, passive an active, linear and nonlinear, analysis of resistive

network, Kirchoff’s laws in analysis of multi-loop circuits; superposition principle, Thevenin’s and

Norton’s theorems (statements and explanations) and reduction of two-terminal networks, maximum

power transfer theorem and matching of network; Wheatstone bridge principle and calculation of

galvanometer current by Thevenin’s Theorem in an unbalanced Wheatstone bridge excited by ideal

voltage source; techniques of measurement of resistances including the use of Calendar and Griffith

bridge and Kelvin’s double bridge; Potentiometer principle. L12

2. Magnetostatics : Qualitative discussion on interaction of two magnets, interactions of magnet and current

and of two currents – introduction of magnetic field, fundamental magnetic field B (magnetic induction

vector); Lorentz force equation, analysis of circular motion of a charge particle in a uniform B field, Hall

effect and Hall voltage, electrons as the charge-carriers in metallic conduction; Electromagnet, permanent

magnet, time varying electric field, Causes of magnetic field; nonexistence of magnetic source (or

monopole); Biot Savart’s law and calculation of B due to straight current and circular current loop;

Ampere’s law in magnetostatics, introduction of magnetic vector potential →A . →

B due to a long and

straight current, force between two long, straight and filamentary currents. Comparison with definition of

1 ampere and the value of 0µ , the permeability constant, →B on the axis of circular, solenoidal and

toroidal currents; torque on a current loop in uniform →B -field, magnetic moment of a dipole in a →

B -field,

force on a magnetic dipole, equivalence of current loop with magnetic dipole; potential energy of a dipole

in an inhomogeneous B-field, magnetic field due to a dipole, and dipole-dipole interaction. L12

3. Materials and magnetic field : Idea of magnetization of materials placed in an external →B -field and

magnetization vector →M , qualitative discussion on atomic magnetic moments. Three classes of materials;

induction of atomic magnetic moments to all materials and diamagnetism, intrinsic magnetic moments of

atoms of some materials, paramagnetism, magnetic domain in a few materials and ferromagnetism-

qualitative discussions; magnetic susceptibility and permeability and the three classes of materials; three

electric vector, Ampere’s law in terms of free currents in magnetic materials; conditions on →B and →

H at

the interface of two media and its importance; illustration of →B = 0µ →

H + 0µ →M referred to a bar magnet.

L6

4. Electromagnetic Induction : Magnetic flux; flux linkage with a coil of N turns, Faraday’s laws of

electromagnetic induction in differential as well as integral forms, Lenz’s law or using stokes theorem.

Expression of motional electric field and e.m.f.s. Self and mutual inductance and coefficient of coupling.

Calculation of self inductance for circular and solenoidal coils and of cylindrical conductor (or wire);

effect of introduction of ferromagnetic core in a coil on the value of inductance; energy density in →B -field

in free space and in ferromagnetic materials. L7

5. Varying current circuits : Characteristic properties of an inductor and a capacitor as linear elements;

Growth and decay of current in LR circuit excited by constant dc voltage; charging and discharging of a

capacitor through a resistor using dc voltage source, charging and discharging of a capacitor L-R in series

with emphasis on steady and oscillatory conditions, oscillationin L-C circuits. L6

6. Alternating current circuits : Principle of generation of ac, ac voltage source. Sinusoidal voltage and

current, mean and r.m.s (effective), value steady state solution (using complex quantity) for current in L-R

and C-R series circuits excited by sinusoidal voltage, reactance, impedance, phase angle and phasor

diagram, power analysis and power factor; Resonance in series R-L-C and parallel RLC circuits (using

complex numbers bandwidth, basic idea of air core and iron core transformers with simple analysis;

rotating magnetic tied principle of induction motor. L12

7. Moving coil galvanometer : Construction, basic theory and principle of operation of dead beat and

ballistic galvanometers including electromagnetic camping, flux meter, principle of watt-meter. L5

8. Cyclic magnetization : B-H loop and hysteresis L2

9. Maxwell’s Equation : Equations stating laws of electromagnetism before Maxwell’s introduction of

displacement current and Maxwell’s equations in integral and differential forms with relevant

conclusions. L3

Recommended Books:

1. Mahajan & Rangwala – Electricity and magnetism

2. Chatterjee &Rakshit – Electricity and Magnetism

3. Bhattacharya – Electrial Machines (Combined edition) (TMG)

4. Griffiths –Electrodynamics.

5. Resnik and Halliday – Physics – II

6. Wangness – Electromagnetic fields

7. Rectz & Milford – Foundation of Electomagnetic Theory

8. Laud – Electromagnetics.

Group – B : Ray Optics [20 Lectures]

1. Introduction to Ray Optics : Concept of rays, Geometrical optics as short wavelength limit. Geometrical

and optical path lengths. Vergence of a beam, Farmat’s principle. Application to reflection and refraction at

spherical surfaces. L3

2. Matrix method in Paraxial Optics : Refraction, translation and system matrix. System matrix for a thick

lens. Derivation of thin and thick lens formulae. Principal planes, Nodal points. Equivalent power. Matrix

description of image formation. Helmhoitz-Lagrange law for magnification. L3

3. Aberrations : Monochromatic aberration: Spherical aberration. Causes and remedy (no detailed derivation).

Quantitative idea of Coma, Astigmatism, Curvature of field, Distortion and their elimination. Abbe’s sine

condition. Aplanatic points. Condition of aplanatism for spherical lens and oil-immersion. Objective of a

high-power microscope.

(a) Chromatic aberration: Chromatic aberration of a thin lens. Longitudinal and Transverse chromatic

aberration, Achromatic doublet. Condition of achromatism for contact and separated doublets. L6

4. Optical Instruments : Ramsden and Huygens ‘eye’ pieces and their relative merits. Operating principle of

reflecting and refracting telescopes. Angular magnification. Simple and compound microscope. Resolving

powers of telescope, microscopes. L4

5. Fibre Optics : Principle of transmission of light in optical fibres. Step-index and graded index fibres

crosstalk. Single and multimode fibres. Numerical aperture (N.A) and light gathering power. Applications

of fibre-optical devices. L4

Recommended Books :

J Meyer – Introduciton to classical and modern optics (Prentice Hall India0

A. Ghatak – Optics (Tata McGraw Hill)

E Hecht and A. Zajac – Optics (Addision- Wesley)

L. Heckl – Optics (Schaum)

GROUP – C: Electronics – I (35 LECTURES]

1. Physics of Vacuum Tube Devices : Electron emission from solids – qualitative discussion on different types

of emission (thermo-ionic, secondary, field and photo). Richardson’s equation – statement and explanation;

Fermi level and work function of solids, structure of a vacuum diode, its volt ampere characteristics, Child-

Langmuir Law (out line only); structure of vacuum triode, its I-V characteristics, tube parameters ( µ , rp,

gm), equivalent diode, triode as an amplifying device, h.f. limitation; multi-electrode vacuum-tubes, structure

of tetrode and pentode, I-V characteristics, negative resistance of tetrode, special high frequency

characteristics of pentode, beam power tube; basic structure and function of a CRO. L6

2. Physics of Semiconducting Materials : Classification of materials based on electrical conductivity; metal,

insulator and semiconductor; energy band concept; band diagram; concept of hole; intrinsic and extrinsic

(impurity) semiconductor, elemental and compound semiconductor, doping, law of mass action; densities of

majority and minority carriers; effective mass and mobility of holes and electrons; direct band gap and

indirect band gap seminonductors; importance of silicon. L5

3. Solid State Two Electrode Device : Rectifier diobes – Concept of diffusion current and drift current,

formation of depletion layer, unbiased and biased p-n junction, forward bias and reverse bias, derivation of

the expression of junction currents, discussion on I-V characteristics, junction capacitance for F.B p-n

junctions, varactor diobes, reverse recovery time, switching speed; avalanche breakdown and Zener

breakdown of junction diobes; Zener diobes – fabrication and basic structure, I-V characteristics,

applications; tunnel diode – fabrication or basic structure, I-V characteristics, dynamic negative resistance:

photodiode – principle of operation, applications; LED – fabrication principle and applications; metal

semiconductor junction diode – special features. L5

4. Power Supply Circuits : Half wave and full wave rectifiers, expressions: ripple factor, efficiency, dc. output

voltage; bridge rectifier; capacitor filters; L-Section and π section filters (analysis not required); voltage

regulators – Zener-diode based regulators, three terminal IC regulators (outline only). L4

5. Solid State Three Electrode Devices : Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) – basic structure. n-p-n and p-n-p

types, different methods of biasing, possibilities of emitter- base and collector-base junctions; CE, CB, CC

configuration; I-V characteristics of input and output ports in CB and CE configuration, explanation of the

characteristics. Introduction of α and β parameters; cut-off, active, saturation and breakdown regions of

transistor operation; DC models of BJT at different regions of operation; field effect transistor – JEET and

its I-V characteristics, pinch-off voltage, applications; MOSFET – structure, specialties, classification of

MOSFET-s, enhancement and depletion types, typical applications; structure, I-V characteristics and

application; SCR – structure, I-V characteristics and application. L5

6. Small Signal BJT Amplifier (Single Stage) : Biasing problem of BJT, operating point of a transistor

amplifier, typical biasing circuits – fixed bias, voltage divider bias with emitter resistor, bias stability

consideration and stability parameters; other biasing circuits – collector bias, emitter bias; ac equivalent

circuit of BJT, simplified h-parameter ac mode; analysis of CE, CB and CC amplifiers for voltage gain,

current gain, input resistance and output resistance; high frequency equivalent circuit of transistor, Miller

effect, single stage R-C coupled amplifier, gain-bandwidth consideration, half power frequency. L8

7. Feedback in Amplifiers : Feed back principle, negative and positive voltage feedback; effect of negative

feedback on the response of amplifier in terms of gain, stability, input impedance, output impedance (no

mathematical deduction), bandwidth and distortion of the amplifier. L2

Recommended books:

F E Terman – Electronic and Radio Engineering (Chapter 6)

B G Streetman – Solid State Electronics Devices (Chapters 2,3,4)

J. D. R – Electronic Fundamental and Application, Millman et al – Microelectronics,

S M Sze – Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Malvino – Electronic Principles

Paper – V (Practical Paper) Full Marks: 50

List of preparatory experiments (6 periods per experiments)

1. Determination of horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field (Bh) at the place using deflection

and vibration magnetometers.

2. Measurement of potential difference across a low resistance and hence the current through the resistance

with the help of a potentiometer (resistance of the potentiometer to be measured by a P.O Box)

3. Verification of Thevenin and maximum power transfer theorems using Wheatstone bridge with suitable

load resistances in place of the galvanometer.

4. Determination of the temperature co-efficient of a material in the form of coil of wire using meter-

bridge.

List of Hounours Experiments (9 periods per experiment)

1. Construction of One-Ohm Coil

2. Determination of Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lees and Charlton method.

3. Determination of specific heat of water by Calendar and Barne’s method.

4. Determination of ECE of copper.

5. Determination of the boiling point of a suitable liquid using a platinum resistance thermometer.

Paper VI (Practical Paper) Full Marks: 50

List of Preparatory Experiments (6 Periods per experiments)

1. Resistance of a suspended coil dead beat galvanometer by half-deflection method and hence

calculation of current sensitivity of the galvanometer.

2. Determination of the constant of a ballistic galvanometer by capacitor discharge method.

3. Study of I-V characteristics of a suitable resistor and a junction diode within specified limit on a

graph and hence to find dc and ac resistances of both the elements at the point of intersection.

List of Honours Experiments (9 Periods per experiment)

1. Determination of the melting point of a suitable solid.

2. Determination of the constant of a ballistic galvanometer using a suitable stand solenoid and by

drawing R- λ curve.

3. Study of (i) static plate characteristics and calculation of µ & rp (ii) dynamic transfer (mutual)

characteristics with three load resistances and calculation of gains and comparison with theoretical

gains.

4. Study of reverse characteristics of a Zener diode and location of break down voltage of the Zener

diode, wiring of a full wave rectifier circuit using a center-tap transformer, In 4007 diodes and a

capacitor filter, study of load regulation (VL –IL) graph, use of the Zener diode as a voltage regulator

across the rectifier circuit and study of load regulation (VL –IL) graph and comparison of percentage

regulation at specified value of IL.

5. Study of (i) input characteristics of a CE mode silicon transistor under opened output, shorted output

conditions; Calculation of ac input resistances at a specified IB value, (ii) output characteristics for 5

different base currents of the CE mode transistor and calculation of dcβ and acβ at two specified IC

values.

Part-III Full Marks – 400

Paper – VII (Theoretical Paper) Full Marks – 100

Group-A : Mathematical Methods – II [25 Lectures]

1. Functions of a Complex Variable: Complex number, Argand diagram,

Geometrical picture of algebraic operations on complex variable. Single

and multi-valued functions, Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann

equations, Harmonic functions. L62. Complex line integrals: Cauchy’s integral theorem (no proof is required)

for simply connected regions. Simple consequence of Cauchy’s theorem.

Cauchy’s integral formulae. Poles. Residue at a pole of order n, Cauchy’s

residue theorem (statement). Evaluation of simple integrals with the help

of residue theorem. L93. Linear Vector Spaces and Matrices: Definition of linear vector space

Examples. Linear independence. Basic and dimension of a vector space

Scalar product. Orthogonality of vectors. Linear transformation. Linear

operator. Matrix representation of linear operator. Matrix algebra.

Transpose of a matrix. Hermitian conjugate. Unitary matrix. Orthogonal

matrix. Matrix for rotation in two dimensions. The inverse of a matrix.

System of linear equations. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a square

matrix. Simple problems. L10

Recommended Books: 1. E. Kreyszig – Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Wiley, Seventh edition)2. G. Arfken – Mathematical Methods for Physicists (Prism Books, fourth edition3. B S Grewal – Higher Engineering Mathematics (Khanna Publisher, Delhi

Group-B : Mechanics – II [25 Lectures]

1. Constraints and Constrained Motion: Constraints and their

classification. Degrees of freedom. Generalized coordinates. Difficulties

with Newtonian formulation of mechanics in the case of motion in an

arbitrary coordinate system and for motion under constraints.

L72. Lagrangian Dynamics: Elements of the calculus of variations. Stationary

value of a definite integral. The brachistochrone problem. Hamilton’s

variational principle. Derivation of Lagrange’s equations of motion from

Hamilton’s principle. Lagrange’s equations for holonomic systems from

d’Alambert’s principle. Application of Lagnangian formalism to simple

systems. Single particle in space described by Cartesian and plane-polar

coordinates. Atwood’s machine, pendulum with a sliding support, double

pendulum. Particle in a central field of force, motion of a dumbbell in a

vertical plane. Generalized momenta and energy. Cyclic or ignorable

coordinates. Space-time symmetries. Conservation of linear and angular

momentum and energy from Lagrangian formulation.

L103. The Hamiltonian Formalism: Legendre’s dual transformation to the

Lagrangian of a system. Hamilton’s function and Hamilton’s equations of

motion. Properties of the Hamiltonian and Hamilton’s equations of

motion. Hamilton’s equations of motion for holonomic systems from

variational principle. Application of Hamiltonian formalism to simple

problems.

L8

Recommended Books: 1. M. R. Spiegel – Theoretical Mechanics (Schaum series, McGraw Hill).2. N C Rana and P S Joag – Classical Mechanics (TMH).3. H. Goldstein – Classical Mechanics

Group-C: Statistical Mechanics [35 Lectures]

1. Probability theory: Probability of occurrence of an event, theorems of

total probability and compound probability. Binomial, Poisson’s and

Gaussian distribution. Random errors, mean value, variance, standard

deviation. Random-walk problem in one dimension. L32. Statistical description of Systems of particles: Need for statistical

approach, phase space, microstates and macrostates, statistical ensembles

– isolated, closed and open systems, postulate of equal a priori

probability, number of accessible states and entropy. partition function,

thermodynamic functions in terms of partition function, mean energy and

mean pressure exerted, validity of classical approximation, equipartition

theorem, specific heat of a monatomic ideal gas, mean kinetic energy of a

gas molecule, mean energy of a harmonic oscillator, Brownian motion –

Langevin’s and Einstein’s theories, determination of Avogadro’s number. L63. Classical Statistics : Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution, volume of a

uniphase cell, number of accessible state, most probable distribution and

MB distribution law, entropy, Gibbs’ paradox, Sackur – Tetrode formula,

Maxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds from MB statistics.

Specific heat of hydrogen – ortho-and para-hydrogen. L6

4. Quantum statistics: Identical particles, Symmetry of wave functions:

bosoms and fermions, quantization of phase space, number of accessible

states of Bose-Einstein (BE) and Fermi Dirac (FD) distributions, most

probable distribution and distribution laws, degeneracy parameter,

conditions under which quantum statistics reduces to Bolzmann statistics. L55. Ideal Bose gas: Thermodynamic behavior, Bose-Einstein condensation,

condensation temperature, application to photons and derivation of

Planck’s law of blackbody radiation, phonons, lattice specific heat of

solids. Einstein’s and Debye’s theories. Debye temperature.

L5

6. Blackbody radiation: Nature of blackbody radiation, blackbody – its

practical realization, emissive and absorptive powers, Statement of

Kirchhof’s law, radiation pressure and energy density. Stefan-

Boltzmann’s law – derivation from Planck’s law, energy distribution in a

blackbody spectrum - Wien’s distribution law and Rayleigh- Jeans laws

as special cases of Planck’s law, Wien’s displacement law from Planck’s

law, temperature of stars, solar constant.

L5

7. Fermi-Dirac distribution: FD function at T=0 and T>0, Fermi energy,

null-point energy and null-point pressure, Fermi level, degenerate free

election gas, specific heat of free electron gas, thermionic emission,

derivation of Richardson-Dushman equation.

L5

Recommended Books: 1. F. Reif – Statistical Physics, Berkeley Physics Course. Vol. V. McGraw Hill2. F. Reif – Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw Hill3. M N Saha & B.N. Srivastava – treatise on Heat; Indian Press, Allahabad.4. R. D. Present – Kinetic theory of Gases, Mc-Graw Hill5. F.W. Sears and G.L. Salinger – Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical

Thermodynamics, Narosa Publishing House.

Group – D: Solid State Physics [35 Lectures]

1. Crystal Structure : Crystalline and amorphous solids. Translational

symmetry. Elementary ideas of point symmetry operations. Crystal

structure. Lattice and basis. Unit cells. The sc, bcc and fcc structures.

Miller indices. Planes and directions in cubic crystals. The reciprocal

lattice. X-ray diffraction. Laue and Bragg equations. Ewald construction.

Experimental diffraction methods. The powder method. L102. Crystal Binding : Different types of binding. Van-der-Waals interaction.

Binding of inert gas atoms. Ionic crystals. Madelung constant. Cohesive

energy of ionic crystals with repulsive interactions of the type exp

( )ijRλ− or nijR −λ L5

3. Dielectric Properties of Materials : Polarization, Lorentz local field.

Induced and oriental polarization. Langevin’s theory of orientational

polarizability. Classical theory of electronic polarizability. Clausius-

Mosotti relation.L4

4. Electron States in Solids : Classical free electron theory and its defects.

Sommerfeld’s free electron theory of metals. Free electron gas in three

dimensions. Fermi energy, temperature, velocity and momentum.

Electrical and thermal conductivity of free electron metals. Wiedmann-

Franz law. Hall effect. Hall coefficient in one and two-band models. L85. Magnetic Properties of Materials : Dia-, para-, and ferromagnetism.

Langivin’s theory of diamagnetism. Langevin’s classical theory of

paramagnetism. Elementary quantum theory of paramagnetism. Curie’s

law. Effective number of Bohr magnetons. Gouy method for the

measurement of the magnetic susceptibility. Ferromagnetism. Weiss

molecular field theory. Domain structure. Hysterisis. L8Recommended Books: 1. C Kittel – Solid State Physics (John Wiley)2. A J Dekker – Solid State Physics ( PaperMac)3. R K Puri & V K Babbar – Solid State Physics ( S. Chand)

Paper- VIII (Theoretical Paper) Full Marks: 100

Group – A: Oscilations and Wave [25 Lectures]

1. Superposition of many S.H.M s : With constant phase difference and

frequency difference (use of complex method) Beat, Lissajous figures.

Two pendulums connected by spring string with n beads – normal modes

and normal vibrations – energy exchange. L52. Damped and forced oscillation : Single treatment – steady state –

resonance, Q factor, power dissipation, sharpness of resonance, band

width, Q-factor and band width, Mechanical filter, transient beats.

Combination tone

L5

3. Equation of plane progressive wave : Spherical and cylindrical waves –

validity of inverse square law – mechanical waves in solids, liquids and

gases. Bel and Phon, absolute and relative intensity, standing waves and

Kundt’s tube.L5

4. Resonator : Ultrasonic generators and detectors. Building acoustics –

Sabine formula, reverberation time and optimum reverberation. L55. Vibration of Strings : Differential equation for transverse waves. Plucked

and Struck Strings, normal modes, energy of a vibrating string. L5Recommended Books: 1. Bajaj – Wave & Oscillatons2. R Chowdhuri – Waves & Oscillations3. Crowford – Waves, Barkeley Course of Physics - III

Group – B: Wave Optics [30 Lectures]

1. Wave Nature of Light : Electromagnetic nature of light waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum. Wave equation. Plane, cylindrical and spherical

waves. Huygen’s principle. L22. Interference : Interference between two independent sources. Spatial and

temporal coherence. Two-beam interference. Interference of light by division of

wave front and division of amplitude. Young’s double slit. Fresnel’s biprism.

Lloyid’s mirror. Michelson’s interferometer. Circular and straight fringes.

Visibility of fringes. Multiple-beam interference. Interference in thin films.

Haidinger and Brewster fringes. Localization of fringes. Newton’s rings. Fabry-

Perot interferometer. Intensity formula. Coefficient of fineness. Resolving

power. Fabry-Perot etalon and its applications. Wiener’s experiment. L103. Diffraction: Fresnel diffraction. Division of wave-front into half-period zones.

Zone plate. Rectilinear propagation. Fraunhofer diffraction. Diffraction at a

single and at two parallel slits. Plane diffraction grating. Resolving power.

Rayleigh’s criterion. Resolving powers of telescope, microscope and prism.

Resolving and dispersive power of a plane diffraction grating. Concave grating

(brief discussion).

L8

4. Light Propagation in Anisotropic Crystals : Propagation of a plane

electromagnetic wave in an anisotropic medium. Fresnel equation. Possible

types of waves. Dependence of group velocity on direction. Optical axis,

Biaxial and uniaxial crystals. Birefringence. Ordinary and extraordinary rays.

Huygen’s construction. Analysis of polarized light. Half-wave and quarter-

wave plates. Nicol Prism. Babinet’s compensator. Optical activity. Fresnel’s

explanation. Molecular basis of optical activity, Faraday effect, Kerr and Pockel

effects. Determination of the speed of light using Kerr cell.

L7

5. Lasers : Ideas of stimulated and spontaneous emission. Ordinary and laser light.

Characteristics of laser light. Principles underlying generation of laser light. Population

inversion. Pumping. Optical resonator. Ruby laser, HE-Ne laser. L3Recommended Books: 1. A. N. Matveev – Optics (Mir), E. Hecht and Zajac – Optics (Addison-Wesley)

Group – C: Electrodynamics – II [20 Lectures]

1. Maxwell’s Equations : Maxwell’s equations inside matter. Boundary

conditions. Vector and scalar potentials. Coulomb and Lorentz gauges. Field

energy and field momentum. Poynting’s theorem. Pointing vector. L52. Electromagnetic Waves : Plane waves in isotropic dielectric media. Energy

and momentum of electro-magnetic waves. Intensity. Plane waves in

conducting media. Skin effect. Reflection at a conducting surface. Polarization

of electromagnetic wave and their mathematical representation. Reflection and

refraction of plane waves at a plane interface between dielectrics. Fresnel’s

relations. Polarization by reflection. Brewster’s angle. Total internal reflection. L73. Radio wave Propagation : Modes of e.m. wave propagation through space –

ground wave. Sky wave, line-of-sight propagation; mechanism of ionospheric

reflection; critical frequency, MUF and optimum frequency. L2

4. Scattering and Dispersion : Scattering cross-section, Scattering of radiation by

a free charge. Thomson scattering cross-section (the formula for the time

average of the power radiated per unit solid angle by a charged particle may be

assumed). Scattering by a bound charge (assuming the damping term). Rayleigh

scattering cross-section. Blue colour of the sky, dispersion. Elementary theory

of normal and anomalous dispersion. Cauchy’s formula. L6Recommended Books: 1. D. J. Griffiths – Introduction to Electrodynamics (PHI)

2. J. D. Jackson – Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley Eastern)

Group – D: Electronics – II [45 Lectures]

1. Review of BJT Amplifier: Design principle and technique of ac analysis. L32. Special Purpose Amplifiers: Cascaded BJT amplifiers – two stage R – C

coupled and transformer coupled amplifiers; large signal amplifiers –

distinction between voltage and power amplifiers, class A, class B and class C

operation of amplifiers; class A power amplifier – expression of Concept of

push-pull configuration; tuned amplifier – requirements of RF amplification,

impedance of a tuned circuit, gain and bandwidth of single tuned amplifier,

double tuned amplifier (qualitative discussion only).

L7

3. Electronic Oscillators: Classification – sinusoidal and relaxation, audio

frequency and radio frequency, feedback and negative resistance; Barkhausen

criterion and oscillator principle; R-C Phase Shift Oscillator, Wien bridge

oscillator; derivation of condition of oscillation; general reactance oscillator –

circuit and derivation of condition and frequency of oscillation, hence Hartley

and Colpitts oscillators; Astable multivibrator circuit using BJT – principle of

operation and frequency of oscillation. L8

4. Principle of Modulation and Demodulation : Need for modulation, its types;

amplitude modulation – analysis modulation index, frequency spectrum, power

analysis, collector modulator circuit and its working; Envelope detector using

diode, Frequency modulation (single tone) – analysis, peak deviation, FM

index, frequency spectrum (statements only), Cursson’s rule; Principle of

detection of FM signal; Phase modulation-relation between FM and PM;

elements of AM broadcasting (outline only). L105. Operational Amplifier: Linear amplifier with two input terminals and one

output terminal; common mode gain and difference mode gain, CMRR; OP-

AMP as in ideal difference amplifier; idea of inverting and non- inverting

inputs; characteristics of ideal and practical OP-AMPs; Virtual ground and

application of OP-AMP as inverting amplifier, unity gain buffer, adder, phase

shifter, integrator, differentiator and differential amplifier; digital-to-analog

converter circuit; basic principle of analog to digital converter. L56. Digital Electronics: Number systems – decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal

and their inter-conversions (integer and fraction), binary addition and

subtraction, 1’s and 2’s complement, method of subtraction.

Boolean algebra: Basic postulates and laws, absorption theorems and De

Morgan’s theorem, simplification of Boolean expressions (simple example and

problems), Karnaugh mapping upto 4 variables – techniques and examples.

Logic gates and some applications: AND, OR and NOT gates – functional

explanation with truth tables, EX-OR gate, NOR and NAND gates as universal

gates, idea of positive and negative logic systems; implementation of OR and

NAND gates with diodes and resistors, NOT gate using transistor,

combinational logic circuits – Half adder, full adder, binary comparator,

multiplexer and demultiplexer; sequential logic circuits – SR, JK flip-flops. L12Recommended Books: 1. F E Terman – Electronic and Radio Engineering2. J D Ryder – Electronic Fundamentals and Applications3. D Roddy and Coolen – Electronic Communications4. Millman et al – Microelectronics5. R P Jain – Modern Digital Electronics6. Malvino and Leach – Digital Principles and Applications7. Malvino – Electronic Principles

Paper – IX (Theoretical Paper) Full Marks: 100

Group – A: Atomic Physics [28 Lectures]

1. Background experiments: Particle like properties of radiation. The photo-

electric effect major characteristic features. Einstein’s quantum theory of

photoelectric effect. Compton effect. Wave like properties of particles. de

Broglie’s postulate. De Broglie Wavength. Davisson-Germer experiment. The

wave-particle duality. L72. Atomic Models and Old Quantum Theory: Line spectra of atoms. Hydrogen

series. Balmer formula. Rydberg’s constant. Bohr’s postulate of quantization of

angular momentum. Quantization of energy of one-electron atoms. Correction

for finite nuclear mass. Singly ionized helium. Frank and Hertz experiment.

Ionization energy. Wilson-Sommerfed quantization rule and its applications.

Sommerfeld’s elliptic orbits (derivation not required). The correspondence

principle. Features of old quantum theory.

L7

3. One-electron Atoms: The Stern-Gerlach experiment. Electron spin. Spin

quantum numbers S and ms. Orbital and spin magnetic moment, gyromagnetic

ratios. Coupling between orbital and spin angular momenta, Conditions

satisfied by j and mj. Spectra of alkali atoms. Principal, sharp and diffuse series.

Doublet structure. Spectroscopic notation. Fine structure. Simplified account of

spin-orbit interaction. Atomic transitions and selection rules (qualitative

discussion). Atom in a magnetic field. Normal and anomalous Zeeman effect.

Simple derivation of magnetic energy is vector model. Lande’s g-factor. L7

4. Many-electron atoms and Molecules: Pauli’s exclusion principle. Shell

structure, periodic table. Brief discussion on LS coupling scheme. Hund’s rule

(Statement and illustration). X-ray spectra. Continuous and characteristic

spectra. Moseley’s law. Elementary theory of rotational. vibrational and

electronic spectra of molecules. Raman effect. L7

Group – B : Special Theory of Relativity [22 Lectures]1. Experimental Background: Aberration. Fizeau’s experiment. Michelson-

Morley experiment. Einstein’s postulates. Lorentz transformation. Space-time

interval and its invariance. Space-like and time-like intervals. The light cone.

Proper length and proper time-interval. Length contraction. Time dilation.

Experimental verification. Law of addition of velocities along the same line,

aberration and Doppler effect in the light of Lorentz transformation equations. L82. Relative Mechanics: The geometric representation of space-time.

Geometrical interpretation of Lorentz transformation equations. Four-vector

formalism (with X4-ict). Velocity four vector. Transformation equations for

four-vectors.

Variation of mass with velocity. Experimental verification. Covariant

formulation of Newton’s law of motion. Four-momentum. Kinetic energy.

Momentum-energy four vector. Mass-energy equivalence. Experimental

verification. Simple problems on collisions of relativistic particles.

L7

3. Electromagnetism: Consistency of classical electromagnetism with the

special theory of relativity. The interdependence of electric and magnetic

fields. Transformation equations for j and ρ . Four-current density.

Transformation equations for E and B . Invariance of Maxwell’s equations

under Lorentz transformation. L7Recommended Books:

1. R. Resnick – Introduction to Special Theory of Relativity (Wiley Eastern) 2. R. Gautreau and W. Savin – Modern Physics (Sahaum)

Group – C: Quantum Mechanics [30 Lectures]

1. Basic Postulates of Quantum Theory: The Uncertainty principle. Incompatibility

of position and momentum Heisenberg’s thought experiment with gamma-ray

microscope. Analysis of Young’s double-slit experiment. Uncertainty principle as a

consequence of wave packet description of particles. Quantum mechanical concept

of measurement. The polarization experiment. Quantum mechanical description of

the state of a system. Observables. Observables as operators. Results of measuring

an observable. Eigen values and Eigen functions. Expansion postulate,

orthogonality and completeness. L82. Schrödinger’s Equations: Plausibility arguments leading to Schrödinger’s wave

equation in one dimension. Generalization to three dimensions. Equation of

continuity. Probability density and current density. Statistical interpretation of wave

functions. Normalization Expectation values. Schrödinger operators for position,

momentum and energy. Schrödinger’s time-independent equation. Stationary

states. Required properties of Eigen functions. Boundary conditions for bound and

unbound states (statements only).

L10

3. Application to Simple System: Free particle or a particle in a constant potential.

The step potential. Barrier potential Tunneling. Particle in one-dimensional box.

The linear harmonic oscillator. Classical motion. Procedure for solution of the

Schrödinger’s equation. (Form of the equation, boundary condition and how they

lead to eigenvalues. Solution in terms of Hermite polynomials is not

required/essential). Zero-point energy. Eigenfucnitons and their parity. Particle in a

three-dimensional box. Degeneracy. Separation of the Schrödinger equation in

three dimensions for central forces. Radial and angular part of the wavefunction

(Solution of the equation is not required). The centrifugal potential. Hydrogen atom

problem. Energy eighvalues. Quantum numbers. Ground state wave function.

Uncertainty principle and ground state radius. Orbital angular momentum. Classical

definition Associated operators. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of L2 and LZ.

L12

Group – D: Nuclear Physics [40 Lectures]

1. Structure and Properties of Nuclei: Introductory survey. Comparison of

nuclear and atomic energy scales and sizes. Alpha ray scattering. Rutherford

formula. Static properties of nuclei. Mass, radius, magnetic dipole moment.

Spin and parity. Brief discussion on methods of determination of various

nuclear properties. Determination of atomic masses by the Aston and

Bainbridge mass spectrograph. Isotopic masses and nuclear constitution. Mass

defect and packing fraction. Nuclear binding energy and separation energy.

Average binding energy per nucleon. Binding energy curve. Systematics of

stable nuclei. Stability curve. Bethe–Weizsacker’s mass formula. Qualitative

arguments in support of the formula, discussion on stability, Discovery of

neutron, half-life of neutron.

Nuclear forces. Qualitative discussion on range, exchange nature, strength,

charge independence saturation. L102. Radio-activity: Outline of Gamow’s theory of alpha-decay. Range and Energy.

Gieger Nutal law. Long range and fine structure of alpha particles.

Beta decay: Electron and positron emission. Electron capture. Q-values of β-

decays. Continuous beta spectrum. Neutrino hypothesis. Reines and Cowan’s

experiment. Madam Wu’s experiment and results. L63. Detection of Nuclear Particles and Particle Accelerator: Passage of charged

particles through matter (no derivation is required). Ionization chamber.

Proportional counter. G.M. counter. Cloud chamber. Bubble chamber.

Scintillation counter. Linear accelerator. Cyclic accelerator. Cyclotron and

Betatron.L6

4. Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model. Shell model. Experimental evidence in

support of the shell model. Magic numbers. Spin-orbit interaction. Ground State

configuration from the shell model. L55. Nuclear Reactions: Q-value of a nuclear reaction. Q-equation. Threshold

energy of an endoergic reaction. Conservation principles governing nuclear

reactions. Nuclear fission. Thermonuclear reactions and fusion. L56. Cosmic Rays: Nature of primary cosmic rays and their energy range. Cosmic

ray showers. Discovery of positron. Discovery and decay of pion, muon and

kaon. L47. Elementary Particles: Classification of elementary particles. Leptons, mesons

and baryons. Quantum numbers, Conservation laws. Four fundamental

interactions. Quarks. L4

Recommended Books:

1. H.S. Mani and G.I. Mehta – Introduction Modern Physics (Wiley Eastern)

2. F. Richtmyer, E. Kennard and J. Cooper – Introduction to Modern Physics (TMH)

3. R. Eisberg and R. Resnick – Quantum Physics (Wiley).

4. D.C. Tayal – Nuclear Physics (himalaya Publishing House0.

5. S.N. Ghosal – Atomic Physics: vol – I & II. X

Paper – X (Practical Paper) Full Marks – 50

[Optical experiments]

List of Preparatory Experiments (6 periods per experiments)

1. Determination of the angle of a prism with the help of a spectrometer.

2. Determination of the radius of curvature of a convex lens by Newton’s ring experiment and

comparison of this value with that measured by a spherometer and hence determination of refractive

index of a liquid.

3. To draw the- δ−i curve for a prism.

List of Honours Experiments (9 Periods per Experiment)

1. To draw λ−n curve for a material of a prism using a spectrometer and to calculate dispersive power.

2. Determination of the mean wavelength of D-lines of sodium with the help of Fresnel’s biprism and

optical bench.

3. Determination of the width of the given single slit producing a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern and

comparison with the value of the width measured by a traveling microscope. [Reading varnier scale on

the spectrometer may be allowed].

4. Determination of the number of rulings per mm of a plane diffraction grating and the wavelength of an

unknown line with the help of spectrometer.

5. Determination of the number of ruling per mm of a plane diffraction grating and the width of a slit

adjusted for resolving D-lines of sodium.

6. Calibration of a polarimeter and determination of a concentration of the given active solution.

7. Verification of Fresnel’s equation using spectrometer and polaroid.

Paper – XI (Practical Paper) Full Marks – 50

[Electrical and Electronic experiments]

List of preparatory experiments (6 periods for experiments)

1. Determination of band gap of a semiconductor using thermistor.

2. Determination of the magnetic B-field in the gap of the poles of an electromagnet using a search coil and a

ballistic galvanometer.

3. Determination of amplitudes, frequencies and phase differences of two related sinusoidal voltages with a

CRO.

4. To construct OR, AND & NOT gates using discrete components and to verify the (i) truth table (ii) De

Morgan’s theorem, and to establish NAND gates as universal gates using IC chips.

List of Honours Experiments (9 PERIODS PER EXPERIMENT)

1. Determination of a high resistance by the method of charge-leakage from capacitor with the help of a

ballistic galvanometer.

2. To draw B-H loop for a ferromagnetic material in the form of an anchor ring with the help of a

standard solenoid and a ballistic galvanometer and to estimate the corresponding hysteresis loss.

3. Determination of the mutual inductance of two coils at different angles ( )φ with the help of a ballistic

galvanometer by Carey Foster dc. method and to draw M-(φ) graph.

4. Determination of self inductance L1 and L2 of two coils and verification of laws of inductance in series

and in parallel using a dc galvanometer and an ac null deflector by Anderson’s method.

5. To study the frequency response of a CE mode transistor. Measure V i and V0 for three different load

impedances, plot graphs on semi-log paper of frequency response, and find the relation of gain and

bandwidth of the amplifier.

6. Design and study the response of op-amp based circuits as (with offset null adjustment)

i. Inverting dc and ac amplifier of specific gain.

ii. Non-inverting dc and ac amplifier of specific gain.

iii. Weighted adder producing output V0 = k1v1 + k2v2 for different values of k1 and K2 k1 and k2 can be

positive or negative numbers).

7. Determination of e/m of electron by using a cathode ray tube and a pair of magnets.