3. participation and public relations in biosphere … · plenary presentation on north vidzeme...

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the transition zone are no restrictions. For the entre-preneurs it is profitable to attract visitors by the nicenature near the villages, huts or hotels; it is somekind of a compromise between them and natureprotection. For the staff of the national park andBiosphere Reserve these multiple designations are agood argument in many ways for showing theuniqueness and value of this place.

3. PARTICIPATION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN BIOSPHERE RESERVES

PLENARY PRESENTATION ON NORTHVIDZEME BIOSPHERE RESERVE, LATVIA, BYANDRIS URTANS

North Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve (NVBR) is locatedon the edge of the Republic of Latvia and representsa majority of features characteristic for the marginalareas throughout the rural areas of Europe – slowprogress in rural social economics and supportiveservices, ageing and negative population statistics.According to official statistics (2003), 56% of theNVBR’s population was of working age, 23% wasretired, and 21% was of school age or younger. Theaverage monthly salary in NVBR is approximately120 LVL (170 euro). Approximately 15% of theNVBR workforce is unemployed. More than one halfof the people work in the private sector, mostly infarming, forestry and retail. Only about 7% of NVBRresidents have post-secondary education. Nearly20% of households have more than five people. North Vidzeme countryside now represents a phe-nomenon where features of different historicalepochs exist side by side, which are best seen in landproperty and landscape structure, farming technolo-gies, architecture and customs of the people. Socialand economical conditions are changing and manylocal people need to find a practical justification fortheir staying there. At the same time farmers still arepractically responsible for safeguarding landscapeand nature diversity in more than 2/3 of the NVBRarea with rather minor State assistance. Thus to reach the goals set by the Biosphere Reserveconcept, Administration of NVBR as a state institu-tion must act as promoter, mediator and educator,at the same time representing State Environmentalpolicy to the local people. It must be done practical-ly. And in our conditions it is possible only by beingamong local people in their everyday life. To under-stand them and to be understood by them. And givethem facts proving belief that the Biosphere Reserveis supportive and gives local people additional

CHAPTER IVPlenary Presentation and Workshop Results

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advantages, and not contrary. It is a long way. Weallready have a long way behind and our experiencegives us confidence in opporunities. Among thosewe count on a revival of community-based aware-ness, co-operation and knowledge. Some of thoseopportunities have been eroding during the lastdecades.

PARTICIPATION THROUGH SPREADINGKNOWLEDGE AND RAISING AWARENESSBR Administration has developed the EnvironmentalLibrary which is free of charge and is one of thebiggest of its kind in the Region. It is the technicalbasis for the future development of a Nature/En-vironmental Centre. The NVBR EnvironmentalLibrary contains materials related to environmental,science and natural history topics, elaborated by theNVBR experts. NVBR has become a local centre fornature guide training. Annually there are more than100 excursions guided by NVBR nature guides andexperts themselves. Internationally NVBR specialistsas experts are involved in the UNESCO AssociatedSchool Project ”The Baltic Sea Project”. NVBR specialists have developed the interactiveexhibition ”In Water & In Air” dealing with an expla-nation of river ecology through the eyes of Caddis-flies (Ephemeroptera). The given exhibition was dis-played in 11 towns in different regions of Latvia withmore than 15,000 visitors and is seen as one of mostsuccessful interactive exhibitions in Latvia. Children and students are considered the mostencouraging and apreciative audience. Unless theyare graduating from the schools and leaving foreverfor colleges and universities. Somwhere inbetween is the NVBR mission to teachthem values of the BR territory and raise interest tolearn more, at the same time obtaining new tech-nologies and skills during their school years. And tocreate conditions for them to come back in the yearsafter they graduate from university to find here socialand economical conditions worth to stay in.

PUBLIC RELATIONSThe acceptance and understanding of the BiosphereReserve has been a long and is still an ongoing

process in the North Vidzeme BR. In the last year therole of the BR through our policy of openness toeach sustainable undertaking has led to a situationwhere the BR is constantly being asked to become apartner or take part into actions, develop new proj-ects, etc. NVBR more and more serves as an umbrel-la for local inhabitants, providing them with basicinformation. More and more frequently we areasked for endorsement letters to promote differentsustainable rural development and diversificationactivities through state and international funds.Unfortunately the BR capacity cannot embrace thewhole BR territory. Promotion of community basedinvolvement of local society in local planning andmonitoring activities has an increasingly positivefeedback and must be loked at as a novelty. Addi-tionally the revival of the sense of community makespeople more inclined to think of others, too.

Communication with the whole NVBR community israther complicated due to the location of the BRwithin three different districts. Mass media plays acrucial role disseminating messages dealing withNVBR undertakings. Only one of three district news-papers (Limbazi District) regularly at least once aweek informs the citizens about ongoing activities inthe BR. Cooperation with the regional TV and radiobroadcasting station takes place at least once permonth, with TV and radio highlighting NVBR issuesboth in regional and nation wide broadcasts. Thereis constant media interest associated with the UNDPand Global Environmental Facility (GEF) funded proj-ect “Biodiversity Protection in North VidzemeBiosphere Reserve” which gives additional develop-ment possibilities for the whole region. As a specific target group in communications onemust define aged/retired people constituting onefifth of the population. During transition time theirexperiences in many cases were neglected as ”old-fashioned”, not taking into account that in manycases their knowledge and competence are surpris-ingly valuable for finding best practices in small scalenature management. Nowadays local libraries areconsidered places through which active aged peoplecan be successfully addressed.


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CONCLUSIONSParticipation and public relations in North VidzemeBiosphere Reserve today become more and moreaccepted as a legally defined possibility for (sustain-able) development. In spite of features characteristicfor the marginal areas throughout the rural areas ofEurope, the “Biosphere Reserve” becomes a realumbrella for cooperation across the formal munici-pality and district borders and can bring togetherpartners and stakeholders which traditionally havenot been used to communicate, cooperate andcompromise. All this strongly depends on BR staffbeing personally and actively involved in activities.

PLENARY PRESENTATION ON THE GROSSESWALSERTAL BIOSPHERE RESERVE,AUSTRIA, BY BIRGIT REUTZ HORNSTEINER

The Biosphere Reserve Grosses Walsertal, situated inthe Western part of Austria and formed by six vil-lages within a single Alpine valley was designated asa UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in November 2000.The valley is a prime example of a living culturallandscape where a system of adapted mountainfarming, pasture and extensive forestry has beendeveloped. Today the mosaic of open land, forestsand traditional settlements is the origin of a highanimal and plant diversity. Nevertheless, as it is thecase for almost all mountain landscapes, the costsand the human effort of maintaining the traditionalland use systems have now become exorbitantlyhigh. This put into question the economic, socialand ecological future of the Grosses Walsertal. Thesix communities and the 3500 people living in theGrosses Walsertal decided “to take their future intheir own hands”. A sort of help for their futuredevelopment was the MAB concept. So the localcommunities used the MAB concept and the bio-sphere reserve as a means to empower themselvesto work together in meeting the challenges of thefuture – challenges which are shared with manyother biosphere reserves all over the world.Already two years before the designation as a bio-sphere reserve the preparations started – a Charter

which set out a common future vision for the nextyears was elaborated by the local population, thefirst projects started. Also after the inauguration theregion has always tried to make the Biosphere con-cept visible for everyone by realizing “visible” proj-ects, by establishing a professional regional man-agement as a focus point and by constantly inform-ing the local people about the backgrounds of aBiosphere Reserve. The intention is not just beingproud of the UNESCO Label “Biosphere Reserve”but to do something for the people’s future and tomake the Biosphere Reserve visible in the everydaylife of everybody. So the area tries to work togetheras well as possible – the remuneration for this effortwas the award “European Prize for sustainableregional development in communities” in 2002among 33 participants. The motto of this competi-tion was “cross the limits”.A spotlight on some projects realized by the six com-munities and their local population during the lastfour years:To find a logo together, a painting competition forschools was organized. A new kind of tourismdevelopment was started under the slogan"Adventure Biosphere Reserve Grosses Walsertal",fostering environmental awareness for school clas-ses and families. People working in tourism startedto make the "Biosphere Reserve" visible in everydaytourism: The idea of using the Biosphere Reservedesignation to serve as a guarantee or label of qual-ity of local products and services was realized in theselection of 37 restaurants and hotels as “partnersof the Biosphere Reserve”. They set out special cri-teria they have to fulfil. Using local products andinforming the guests about the Biosphere Reserveconcept are only two of the 20 criteria. The projectgroup “enjoyers of local products” tries to strength-en the cooperation between the local producers andthe restaurants and hotels in the valley. The use ofrenewable energies, especially timber, biomass andsun, is strongly promoted. A special service for allquestions concerning renewable energy was estab-lished in the office of the regional management. Anewspaper, the "Blickwinkel – point of view" servesfor information and networking among the valley's


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inhabitants every third month. The trade mark"Walserstolz" (Walser’s pride) was defined for thelocal cheese. It helped the people to sell their cheeseno longer as ordinary "mountain cheese" but as aspecial cheese with a guaranteed origin and qualityfor a better price. On the same principle the trademark “Bergholz” (Mountain timber) is based. “Thedelectable box" was created to directly market localagricultural products. A project to involve the localfarmers and make them sensitive for nature protec-tion was realized. In the sector of scientific researchthe local population was involved in developing aresearch concept for the Biosphere Reserve.In sum, the Grosses Walsertal Biosphere Reserve isnot the result of reglementation, but of a "(living)process" of awareness-building where the inhabi-tants define their own vision how to reconcile peo-ple with nature.

3.1 WORKSHOP SESSION RESULTS

MODERATOR: Toomas Kokovkin, West EstonianArchipelago BR, Estonia14 participants from Israel, Serbia and Montenegro,Makedonia, Latvia, Slovakia, France, Italy, Turkey,Austria and Estonia

BACK TO BASICS:BRs are areas where relations between human pop-ulation and different types of ecosystems are stud-ied, tested and demonstrated. This relation pro-duces various examples of sustainable living(economies, culture, tradirions etc.). Participation ofpeople in the BR is there by definition.

CASE STUDIES PRESENTED:Role games in BR management – Pierre Zimmer-mann, Vosges du Nord Biosphere Reserve, France. Public participation in the Mont Ventoux BiosphereReserve – Ken Reyna, Mont Ventoux BiosphereReserve, France. Declaration of Biosphere Reserves – the IsraeliExperience – Eliezer Frankenberg, Mt CarmelBiosphere Reserve, Israel.

Each participant gave a short overview of PP in theirBRs.As a concept of governance, BRs are a very compli-cated organisation.

TYPES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN BRS:"Stakeholder involvement" – up to individuals – viae.g advisory board, board of trusteesParticipation via NGOsParticipation via elected people (local self-govern-ments) Participation as local businesses, primarilytourism sector and "authentic" sector.

Models of PP are very different and country-specific.Some specific tools of PP: role games (France), vol-untary monitoring (Latvia)BRs have important role as a forum for local peopleto meet and agree.


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3.2 WORKSHOP SESSION RESULTS

MODERATOR: Stan Boychuk, Clayoquot BR,Canada

CASE STUDIES PRESENTED:Visioning process in the Krkonose/KarkonoszeBiosphere Reserve – Hana Petrikova,Krkonose/Karkonosze Biosphere Reserve, CzechRepublic.Volzhsko-Kamsky BR Cooperation Activity atRegional Level – Yuriy Gorshkov, Volzhsko-KamskyBiosphere Reserve, Russia.Kristianstads Vatterike – Per Olsson, NationalCoordinator for the Swedish MAB-Programme,Sweden.Community Based Ecological Monitoring – RebeccaPollock, Georgian Bay Littoral Biosphere Reserve,Canada.A Model of Governance to Promote EcologicalIntegrity – Stan Boychuk, Clayoquot SoundBiosphere Reserve, Canada.

There were 15 to 20 participants in attendance atthis workshop, a number of participants attendedmore than one workshop session. There was agree-ment at the outset of the workshop to proceed in adifferent fashion from the workshops attended sofar during the session. Presenters of the case studieswere asked to limit their presentations to 15 to 20minutes, this allowed for a much greater time fordiscussion and development of common themes,which were emerging from the case studies. The discussion that emerged from and was stimulat-ed by the case studies presented ranged from issuesof the role of the biosphere manager to how is rep-resentation legitimate within the governance struc-ture of biosphere reserves. Issues of reporting as wellas communicating to stakeholders were all dis-cussed and participants expanded on the processesin place in specific biosphere reserves.Six common themes emerged from the discussionaround participation and public relations in bio-sphere reserves. The common themes were:Local citizen involvement – it was felt that involvement

of the people who live in the regions of the bios-phere reserve is critical for a healthy reserve. Someof the keys for citizen involvement and continuousinvolvement were the processes of engagement andreengagement. The task/job of involving the peoplewho live in the biosphere reserves is an on-goingprocess, which requires communication, reporting,and meaningful roles and responsibilities.Multi-stakeholder engagement – all stakeholders ormaybe more appropriately shareholders must beactively engaged in the dialogue and discourse thatcontributes to effective decision-making. This is dif-ficult and requires careful monitoring and evalua-tion. At times certain stakeholders chose to disen-gage, the reasons are varied, but the result is alwaysthe same, when stakeholders disengage they beginto feel the need to manipulate circumstance in orderto feel they have some control. The process ofensuring that all are heard and are acknowledged asbeing heard is critical for legitimate participation.Morale engagement – there is a need for participa-tion which is more than just for the sake of beingthere, but most be real and present. Morale engage-ment brings with it the right for stakeholders to beat the decision-making table and to be able to speakand represent with authority.

Conflict resolution processes – conflict, disagree-ment and disputes are a part of how many bio-sphere reserves came into being. The people wholive in unique eco-regions have chosen or live therefor very specific reasons and the approach to sus-tainability and to balance and harmony will be dif-ferent for different people. Having the processesand the commitment to use those processes toresolve disputes will help to ensure meaningful par-ticipation.Understanding the broader context – developing thecapacity within the citizens of our biosphere reservesto see and to comprehend the big picture, trulyhelps us to “think globally, act locally”.Developing and enhancing a sense of ownership – asense of belonging and being a part of somethinggreater than ourselves is what helps to create thesense of value and uniqueness, which is a part of all


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biosphere reserves. A sense of ownership bringswith it a sense of pride and wonder, both are neces-sary to create an enduring relationship betweenpeople and place.

The workshop concluded by identifying some chal-lenges to help us work through these commonthemes. As biosphere managers or coordinators weare tasked with managing these common themeswhile appreciating the complexity and uniquenessof each of our biosphere reserves, of ensuring thatrepresentation is legitimate and meaningful, that weoperate in an open and transparent manner, whichallows for real and meaningful participation of thecitizens of the biosphere reserves.

CASE STUDIES

ROLE GAMES IN BIOSPHERE RESERVE MAN-AGEMENT, BY PIERRE ZIMMERMANN,VOSGES DU NORD BIOSPHERE RESERVE,FRANCE

The Vosges du Nord Biosphere Reserve (VDN-BR) isfacing a fallow land dynamic in the “bottom” ofeach valley of its territory. Formerly collectively usedfor grass mowing these lands were progressivelyabandoned since the 1950s because of the ruralexodus. The ecological dynamic is now progressive-ly turning the former open and agricultural areas to“spontaneous” nature, bringing a lot of changeregarding biodiversity. These changes in the “tradi-tional landscape” are sometimes difficult to acceptby local inhabitants. The comeback of “wild nature”on former domesticated lands is felt like a loss ofidentity of the traditional landscape. Theses percep-tions are important to take into consideration localexpectations for finding a new vocation for theseareas. The former strategy of collective manage-ment gave place to a management guided only byindividual interest.In this project, the VDN-BR is associated in a nation-al project with three other biosphere reserves con-cerned with the same problem. With help of a com-panion modelling approach using agent-basedmodelling system, we aim to develop a model allow-ing to study simultaneously ecological and socialdynamics. The project is financed by the FrenchInstitute of Biodiversity (IFB).Based on this approach,and helped by the Foundation of France, the VDN-BR aims to develop a part of the project dedicatedto role game playing. This tool of dialogue andnegotiation aims to involve the local stakeholders(mayor, farmers, inhabitants, BR,…) to help find anew way to manage collectively these areas.Based on the mutual sharing of each stakeholderknowledge, perception and expectation towards land-scape, natural dynamics and management, we reallyhope to build a better collective knowledge, a “firststone” to invent new solutions. Role game playing willthus constitute an original tool to involve the public.


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PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE MONTVENTOUX BIOSPHERE RESERVE, FRANCE,BY KEN REYNA

The Mont Ventoux Biosphere was created in 1990.It covers 90 km2 and the number of inhabitants isnear 38,000. Mont Ventoux (1909 meters altitude)is the highest point of Provence. It is located direct-ly between the Alpine massif to the north and theMediterranean massifs to the south. The contrastedrelief of this mountain generates a mosaic of micro-climates and ecosystems: all the Europen climatesare represented, from the Mediterranean to Lapp-land. The only constant: the Mistral blows on aver-age 130 days by year and can reach 250 km/h at itstop speed! The Biosphere Reserve coordination is under theresponsibility of a public structure for communitiescooperation. However, the Biosphere Reserve is notmanaged by a structure of nature conservancy asare national parks or regional parks. It’s our greatweakness because we cannot fullfill some objectivesof the BR. It was decided to make use of this weak-ness and to reinforce and better organise our localpower by working as a network of local partnership.First, a management committee was created in1996. It gathers key local partners such as locallyelected administrations, important land managers(foresters…), NGOs... In 1998, this Committee elab-orated a management document, named “Plan ofmanagement for sustainable development”. Now,each action carried out by the Biosphere Reservecoordinators refers to this plan. These actions arenot always carried by the Biosphere Reserve but thepartners generally work in this step. Second, a scientific council which groups re-searchers of the human and natural sciences wasestablished in 2004. Among its missions, the scien-tific council has to define priority for research con-cerning the interactions between man and nature.So, the scientific council is elaborating a researchprogramme for the BR, which means definingresearch orientations in adequacy with the realneeds of the territory. It adopts the dialogue strate-gy as the management committee and two groups

have been working (one group only composed ofseven elected people, one group from the manage-ment committee which gathers four persons fromthe hunting office, forestry office, agricultural devel-opment group, and NGO).In conclusion, we can say that the Mont Ventoux BRreally needs to reach a great consensus and to besure that everybody agree the BR projects. Today, wecan say that the Mont Ventoux Biosphere Reserverecognition depends principally on local participa-tion.

DECLARATION OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES:THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE, BY SHLOMOBRAND, ELIEZER FRANKENBERG ANDSHALOM SHAKED

Efforts are being made to establish and declare bio-sphere reserves. One BR was declared and two arein process. The dynamics for establishment of theseBR are special for each in terms of public participa-tion and involvement due to the different needs theBR is supposed to serve, and to the leading organi-zation in the process.

The Israeli National Parks Authority is responsible bylaw for nature conservation and protection, for localand world heritage sites management, operatingunder the Minister of the Environment. It started in1991 a project of planning Mt. Carmel as a bio-sphere reserve, as a result of a governmental com-mittee established after a major forest fire to assessthe suitability of the area to be a BR. In April 1996,with the help of the German Ministry of Environ-ment and MAB Committee, Mt. Carmel was de-clared a Biosphere Reserve within the framework ofthe ”Man and Biosphere Program” of UNESCO.The Yehuda Tourism Organsiation (YTO) includes100 tourism sites in 10 regional councils, to encour-age and advance tourist incentives and business,develop and conserve ecological plans, give profes-sional education to workers in the field of tourism,marketing the tourism products via advertisement,public relations and commerce. The Shfelat Yehuda


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plan was completed as a result of development pres-sures on the areas. Various organizations and gov-ernment bodies assumed that this regional planningmay solve the conflict between conservation anddevelopment in the area. The area was not yetdeclared but is in implementation by the RegionalCouncil and the YTO.The Jewsih National Fund tasks are creating environ-mental quality, enhancing environment with forests,fighting fire, parks and recreation areas, fightingdesertification, building reservoirs and dams, riverrehabilitation, soil conservation, managing forests,environmental protection. The Ramot MenasheBiosphere plan was initiated through the awarenessof local inhabitants of the area as to the quality oflife, landscape and natural resources they can pro-tect only by a regional plan suited to the BR concept.It is still not declared and under process by the JNF.The Israel MAB Committee is engaged in coordinat-ing the planning and development of several bio-sphere reserves. The key for success is the participa-tion of local stakeholders in the process. This is themain reason for the slow progress of the process.

VISIONING PROCESS FOR THE KRKONOSE/KARKONOSZE BIOSPHERE RESERVE, BYHANA PETRIKOVA, CZECH REPUBLIC

There is a growing pressure in the TBR to pushthrough development activities pursuing short-termeconomic interests which do not correspond withsustainable development and which endangerpreservation of the unique natural ecosystems.Communities, the state administration and busi-nessmen dispute over what is most beneficial for theregion, trying to find convincing arguments thatoften support personal interests. What is missing isa framework socio-economic-environmental docu-ment which would serve as a criterium for opera-tional decision-making of the public and the statesectors, and which would be respected by locals,experts as well as developers.Why a vision?The initial idea was simple – to achievean agreement of all important stakeholders, Czech

and Polish, concerning diverse development inten-tions in the Krkonose region and its future image.Finding such consensus would allow for easierassessment of planned activities. A well formulatedvision would help to indicate whether we are goingtowards the agreed image of our mountains. The Visioning Process: The Council of the Czechnational park, the Association of KrkonoseCommunities and local NGOs including the Polishpartners have charged a multisectoral workinggroup with a task to prepare a concept for the visiondocument that would be acceptable for the majori-ty of inhabitants as well as visitors of the Krkonose,the local communities and the administrations ofthe Czech and Polish national parks. The elaborationof the vision document rests on the pillars of sus-tainable development and is based on feedbackfrom a widely distributed questionnaire, meetings,comments of the draft texts, etc. Vision Krkonose 2050: The text will consist of threeparts: (1) a short introduction, (2) the vision “theKrkonose constitution”, and (3) a detailed descrip-tion of the mechanisms employed. The final docu-ment will be submitted for ratification to communi-ties and main stakeholder in the form of a “memo-randum“. The Vision will not be a legally bindingdocument, however its acceptance and long-termadherance to its principles will be considered amoral engagement.

THE VOLZHSKO-KAMSKY BIOSPHERERESERVE: BRIEF CHARACTERISATION OFAND ITS MAJOR ACTIVITIES, BY YURIYGORSHKOV, RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SIZE OF THE RESERVESize of the core zone: Raifa part – 5,921 ha, Saralipart – 4,170 haAquatorium of Kuibishev reservoir – 1,353 haSize of buffer zone – 13,000 haSize of transition zone – 36,400 ha

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND• Before 17th century – Cheremis sanctuaries on


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the bank of Raifa lake• Around 1630 – Foundation of the monastery• 1674 – Official ownership of the surrounding

forest by the monastery• 1865 – First taxation of Raifa forest• 1883 – First botanical characterization of Raifa

forest (Prof. Korzhinski, Krilov)• 1917 – First proposal of the Reserve foundation

(Prof. Gordyagin)• 1920 – First zoological study of the territory

(Prof. Livanov, Pershakov)• 1921 – Arboretum foundation (Prof. Vekhov)• 1942 – Foundation of the Forest Research

Station of USSR Academy of Sciences • 1943 – Second proposal of the Reserve found-

ation (Prof. Iljinski) • 1960 – Foundation of the Volzhsko-Kamsky

National Reserve• 1964 – Publication of the first volume of

“Nature Chronicles”• 1971 – Organization of the Nature Museum• 1971 – Foundation of the biological student sta-

tion of Kazan University• 1983 – Establishment of the buffer zone• 1999 – The first Euro-American Beaver Congress• 2001 – Increase of the Reserve area• 2004 – Meeting of the MAB-UNESCO Biosphere

Reserves representatives• 2005 – Designation of Biosphere Reserve status

Landscape characterization: Major biotopes:broadleaved, spruce and pine forests; bogs, rivers,lakes, gulfs, water reservoir, shoreline.Biodiversity: Number of species: Algae – 665,Lichens – 242, Macromycetes – 754, Mosses – 170,Higher plants – 862, Mollusks – 92, Crawfishes – 76,Spiders – 240, Insects – 2200, Fishes – 41,Amphibious – 10, Reptiles – 6, Birds – 230,Mammals – 56.Scientific research: The main topic of scientificresearch is “The study of the processes taking placein the Reserve ecosystems”, which involves meteor-ology, geomorphology, hydrology, hydrochemistry,hydrobiology, phenology, botany, zoology of theReserve territory and investigation of the anthro-

pogenic factors influence.Ecological education: The major direction of theecological education is excursions to arboretum andnature museum and ecological actions such asMarch for Parks.

PERSPECTIVE PLAN OF THE GREATVOLZHSKO-KAMSKY BR DEVELOPMENT

• landscape evaluation of the territory• biodiversity evaluation• socio-economic situation study• determination of ecological framework and eco-

logical corridors • zonation of the territory• coordination board establishment• management plan development


Financial sources of the Reserve

Ranger activity

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• realization of the developed demonstration proj-ects

• attraction of new partners• strengthening of cooperation within Biosphere

Reserve net

VK BR closely cooperates with regional (Tatarstan)enterprises and institutions to improve the efficiencyof its work. The VK BR’s closest connections are withthe Republic of Tatarstan Ministry of Ecology andEcological Foundation. In view of the shortage offinancing from the federal budget the regionalMinistry provides the Reserve rangers’ salary, andtogether with Ecological Foundation supports thedevelopmental programs. Such measures as buildingthe houses for the Reserve staff and the garage withmaintenance service, setting up the new expositionin the arboretum, making major repairs of theReserve office would be impossible without the helpof the Ministry and Ecological Foundation. Largelydue to them it was possible to renew the equipmentand the nature museum exposition, the finance stafftrips to foreign conferences and publishing activityof the Reserve. The samples of water and soil col-lected from the Reserve territory are analyzed by thewell equipped laboratory of the Ministry. On theother hand, the Ministry is interested in the BR effec-tive activity as it contributes to the biodiversity con-servation in the region, provides scientific results,and develops demonstration projects, including eco-logical education.

The agreement with Kazan City Council on the real-ization of collaborative projects on nature conserva-tion and natural resources’ usage was signed duringthe submission of the BR nomination proposal toMAB UNESCO.The Reserve scientific department, since its staff issmall (11 persons), closely cooperates with KazanState University (ecological, geographical and biolog-ical departments) and Tatarstan Academy of Sciencesto study the protected ecosystems. Besides, theReserve territory is the place for own research ofthese institutions and for students’ field practice. At the local level the Reserve has close relations with

the Raifa Monastery and Raifa Special College fordifficult teenagers. They are the closest neighbors,so the current social and economic problems aresolved in joint efforts. The joint educational programis carried out together with the Monastery. The Department of Interior readily helps to protectthe Reserve area, takes part in joint patrolling. Onthe other hand, the Reserve rangers captured rob-bers several times and control the criminal situationin nearby local settlements. The men’s VIP club, the members of which are well-known people living in the neighborhood and readyto participate in the BR activity, was established in2005 due to support of the WWF Moscow officewithin the program “The involvement of adult localpopulation in protected areas’ support”.The Reserve interrelations with regional enterprisesand institutions are presented in the diagram. Thered background shows things provided by theReserve; the blue background the organizationswith which the Reserve collaborates; yellow back-ground things provided by the collaborating organi-zations; arrows the directions of collaborations.For a future perspective the establishment of theCoordinative Board, which would consist of interest-ed representatives, is planned in order to increasethe effectiveness of the Biosphere Reserve activity.


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PARTICIPATION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS INECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT: THE EMER-GENCE OF ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE OF THEKRISTIANSTADS VATTENRIKE BIOSPHERERESERVE, SWEDEN, BY PER OLSSON

This presentation draws on the insights fromresearch on the emergence of adaptive governanceof the Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve(KV). Adaptive governance relies on networks thatconnect individuals, organizations, agencies, andinstitutions at multiple organizational levels. Thisform of governance also provides for collaborative,flexible and learning-based approaches for manag-ing ecosystems. The analysis highlights the social mechanismsbehind participation and good public relations inecosystem management. The adaptive governanceof KV is characterized by 1) collaboration networksthat support individual initiatives and draw on a vari-ety of sources of knowledge, 2) the EcomuseumKristianstads Vattenrike (EKV) as a bridging organi-zation providing leadership, social coordination, per-forming conflict management, sense-making, nego-tiations, and trust-building, and 3) highly flexible,multi-level arrangements apt to deal with uncertain-ty and change. EKV is a flexible organization thatserves as a bridge between local actors and govern-mental bodies and is essential to the adaptive gov-ernance of KV. As problems arise in the area, ad hocgroups are formed to deal with the problem.Examples are given from the “Näsby fält” and thecrane projects where stakeholders were mobilizedfrom actor networks at critical times and EKV playsa key role in securing participation in these process-es. Often new agreements and partnerships amongactor groups are formed in these processes.

The social conditions for adaptive governance thathas been created in the area are vulnerable tochange. Such change could be in the form of loss ofleadership, loss of trust, loss of funding, etc.Therefore EKV, in its role as a bridging organization,has developed strategies for securing the new direc-tion. These strategies can be divided into three cat-

egories: 1) developing motivation and values forecosystem management, 2) directing the local con-text through adaptive co-management, and 3) navi-gating the larger sociopolitical and economic envi-ronment. The insights from this study will hopefullyincrease our understanding of how to strengthenthe capacity to manage ecosystems sustainably forhuman well-being.


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LESSONS FORM THE CANADIAN COM-MUNI-TY MONITORING NETWORK: A GUIDINGFRAMEWORK FOR COMMUNITY BASEDMONITORING, BY REBECCA POLLOCK ANDGRAHAM WHITELAW

The following lessons have been drawn from theexperience of 31 communities across Canadainvolved with Community Based Monitoring (CBM),some of which are located in Biosphere Reserves.The research was undertaken in 2001-2002 in part-nership with Environment Canada’s EcologicalMonitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) andthe Canadian Nature Federation, through supportfrom the Voluntary Sector Initiative.Community Based Monitoring is defined as a processwhere concerned citizens, government agencies,industry, academia, community groups and localinstitutions collaborate to monitor, track, andrespond to issues of common community concern.Since communities are unique, any approach toCommunity Based Monitoring should be appropriateto local context, a continually evolving process, andflexible to change. In other words, CBM needs to beversatile, iterative and adaptive. It involves four keyinterrelated phases, as described below.

Gathering information about the community helpsto design CBM that is unique to the community andits interests. It provides the opportunity for decision-makers to describe their information needs and thechance to maximize collaboration between partners.

Understanding the groups and people involved inCBM generates knowledge about how to engagethem, use their skills and meet their needs.Participation Assessment helps find the bestapproaches for building capacity.Enhancing the community’s ability to carry out mon-itoring requires capacity in the form of resources andskills – both social and technical. Good coordination,training and information delivery mechanisms areessential.Communication flows through all aspects of CBM.Educating people about monitoring, identifyinglocal priorities, and reporting back the results rely oneffective communication. When information needsare identified, monitoring becomes demand-driven,which informs the development of more effectivetools and solutions for local environmental issues.The decision-makers then need to feed this knowl-edge and skill into appropriate local choices that areadaptive.

FACTORS FOR SUCCESS:1. Approaches to engaging the community are

context specific.Approaches are appropriate to local context and adaptable.The ongoing cycle of community mapping, par-ticipation assessment, capacity building and information delivery activities and outcomes iscontinued.

2. Information delivery mechanisms are estab-lished.Information needs are identified and communi-cated.Community based monitoring programs are demand driven.Data is communicated as meaningful information.New information is integrated into decisions and policies.Data management and standardization.

3. The experience must be meaningful for participants.Common concerns are acknowledged.Local and traditional knowledge is respected.Benefits of ecological monitoring are under-


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stood.Adequate training and equipment for CBM areprovided.Monitoring results are communicated to the public.

4. Coordination is critical.Communication, facilitation, negotiation and mediation skills are developed.Volunteer groups and CBM participants are coordinated at a local scale.Broader partnerships and networks among communities are maintained.

5. Partnerships in pursuit of sustainability are nec-essary.Partnerships to maximize capacity and resources are developed.Partnerships to address ecological issues at regional or landscape scales are developed.Existing contacts in the community are linked together.Existing environmental initiatives are built upon.

6. Collaborative approaches are implemented.Forums for multi-stakeholder discussion are encouraged.Community visioning to define common chal-lenges and goals is conducted.Influence on government policies, public val-ues, and industry practices is achieved.

Key Outcomes from the Canadian CommunityMonitoring Network Pilot Project:The CCMN pilot project has been the most inclusiveand complete look at local level community basedmonitoring in Canada to date, with input from over12,000 volunteers, scientists, local decision makers,government partners, and industry representatives.The CCMN has developed a model and tool set toengage communities. The CCMN Model outlinesthe most comprehensive and cost effective direc-tions for communities to monitor, track, andrespond to local environmental issues, while build-ing the capacity to participate in a Canada-wideenvironmental reporting system.The CCMN Model for Community Based Monitoring

has been developed through the testing and evalu-ation of different approaches to CBM in a variety ofcontexts across Canada over the past year. Thismodel can act as a reference for any community inCanada initiating or conducting a CBM program.The establishment of a national network of commu-nities monitoring ecological sustainability. Throughthis project, a viable and functioning CanadianCommunity Monitoring Network, which sharesknowledge and learns together, has truly emerged.An enhanced ability to gather information onecosystem status and trends, through the collectionof locally relevant and scientifically valid data thatmeasure key ecosystem characteristics that are val-ued by the community.An enhanced ability to deliver timely information forresponsive management. In some participating com-munities, the CBM initiative has resulted in thedevelopment of trust, partnerships and lines of clearcommunication that will lead to the ability to pro-vide timely information for responsive policy. Severalother communities are working to put this processtogether.Emergence of the importance of indicators that pro-vide early identification of ecological change. TheCCMN project has emphasized the value of indica-tors that can provide early warning to local decision-makers when their vision of sustainability is goingoff track so that they can respond effectively whilethe threat is still small and manageableIncreased development of an engaged, informedpublic. The CCMN “experiments” have contributedtoward building the social capital in participatingcommunities that is critical to the success of anyCBM program. Many new networks were formed orenhanced through the projects and the capacity ofmany community members to generate, deliver anduse environmental information has increased.

THE LESSONS LEARNED:• Providing information is not enough to lead to

better decisions. A two-way dialogue is necessary to collectively determine what type and form of information is needed to improve the knowledge of decision-makers.


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• Environmental indicators have to be based on the delivery of the information needed, not thedata that is easily collected.

• Local capacity has emerged as one of the strongest factors for communities to effectively generate, deliver and use ecological monitoringinformation.

• When participants in a CBM project know that their efforts are making a real difference, it cre-ates a sense of ownership over the project, fos-ters a sense of place, and generates commitment within the community.

• CBM is self-reinforcing. Capacity building feedsinto dialogue for effective information delivery and use. The effective use of locally collected information and the power to change decisionsleads to stronger and wider community engage-ment, and so on. This positive feedback cycle builds social capital, which is one of the most valuable benefits of CBM.

• Social capital, as created through CBM, can fuelsustainable community development.

Enhancing the Effectiveness of EcologicalMonitoring in Canadian Biosphere ReservesThe Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Networkco-ordinating office has developed easily accessibleprotocols for identifying and tracking ecosystemchanges aiming for an indicator within each majorenvironmental compartment:

• worms and organic matter decomposition for soil health;

• benthic diversity for water quality• lichens for air quality• tree crown condition and seedling regeneration

for vegetation• frog and salamander species richness for forests

and wetlands;• lake and rive ice formation / melting and plant

flowering for climate change

For More Information on Ecological MonitoringProtocols, visit: www.eman-rese.gc.ca . The full research report is available online or in PDFformat in English and French at:http://www.ccmn.ca/english/library/vsi/intro.html

THE CLAYOQUOT CONSORTIUM: INITIATE,ENABLE, ENGAGE, BY STAN BOYCHUK,CANADA.

The purpose of the Clayoquot Consortium is toaddress one of the core questions of our time: Howdo we live in a place: how can human communitiesthrive without compromising the natural systemsupon which they depend? We believe that a perma-nent organization of academic institutions commit-ted and focused on the many issues that surroundthis simple, but as yet unanswered question canbecome a significant engine of change locally andglobally. Clayoquot Sound is an excellent place to do this.The area lends itself to a broad range of researchand educational interests. The Nuu-chah-Nulth FirstNations have lived in Clayoquot Sound since timeimmemorial. In recent history, the patterns of con-flict and consensus that have emerged are a reflec-tion of how people of Clayoquot Sound have beenworking to live appropriately in place. In 2001, theseunique and special qualities of the area wereacknowledged with its’ designation as a UNESCOMan and Biosphere Reserve, and the establishmentof the Clayoquot Biosphere Trust. The area is nowpart of an international network of BiosphereReserves with a mandate for research and educa-tion, and sharing information on issues of conserva-tion and development in various places around theworld. These qualities make Clayoquot Sound an excellentplace to study the myriad of issues around the ques-tion of how to live in a place. Clayoquot Sound actsas a dynamic ‘living classroom’ where researchersand students can engage with communities and keyissues, such as the dynamic relationship betweenlocal activism and global policy, shared decision-making structures, conserving indigenous cultures,community economic transitions, managing tourismgrowth, youth, governance, and conserving biodi-versity within coastal temperate rainforest andmarine ecosystems. Our vision is that the Clayoquot Consortium will bea broad-based network of academic institutions that


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connects local people and outside academics andspecialists in studies of mutual interest and globalrelevance. It will be a place for natural and social sci-ences, humanities, and arts, of both applied andpure research, to learn, contribute and converge.Research and the wisdom gained from all fields ofknowledge will feed discussions, learning and actionaround the challenge of living appropriately in place,using the Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve as a“living lab”.

OUR GOALS ARE:• To focus academic disciplines on the study of liv-

ing in place using the Clayoquot Sound Bio- sphere Reserve.

• To use the learning and knowledge of ClayoquotSound to inform other places and act as a lens through which to view global issues.

• To bring ideas and lessons from other places to inform the people of Clayoquot Sound.

• To reflect on the ethical questions around livingwell in a place; and

• To assist the communities of Clayoquot Sound to fulfill the mandate of the international desig-nation of the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve regarding conservation and develop-ment.

Our mission is that the Clayoquot Consortium initi-ates, enables, and engages in the creation and shar-ing of knowledge of the Clayoquot Sound Biosphereand applies this understanding to foster introspec-tion on how we as individuals, communities andsocieties live in a place. The Clayoquot Consortium will provide a range ofservices to initiate, enable and engage in researchand education.

INITIATE: • facilitate opportunities to collaborate on

research between communities and researchers; • create and deliver quality educational programs

for a range of needs and interests; • establish an international network of researchers

and educators interested in Clayoquot Sound as

a ‘living lab’; and as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, the Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve and the Clayoquot Biosphere Trust is a link to the international Biosphere network.

ENABLE:• access to a set of locally accepted standards for

conducting research in the area;• access to existing facilities for conducting long-

term, year-round research in different habitats inClayoquot Sound (see infrastructure for more details);

• professional logistical coordination of local accommodation, transportation, and services;

• networking with local resource people for research, educational programs, workshops andconferences;

• facilitation of opportunities to set up collabora-tive research projects with local community organizations;

• access to a developing digital library containingresearch and archival information for the area;

• access to various environmental and GIS data sets, such as climate monitoring and baseline watershed maps; and

• access to our office facilities of telephone, fax and high-speed internet.

ENGAGE• proactive communication and relationship build

ing with government to foster inclusion of emerging knowledge into decision-making processes;

• dissemination of information to members and


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the public through locally organized science symposia, conferences, workshops, internet, and public presentations; and

• web based communication to facilitate wider information dissemination and promote on-going discussions;

THE EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE INCLAYOQUOT SOUND:

• Sydney Research Station: Operated by the Clayoquot Biosphere Trust, the Sydney researchstation is located in the pristine watershed of Pretty Girl, situated on the shore of the Sydney Inlet (http://www.clayoquotbiosphere.org).

• Clayoquot Lake Research Station: Operated by the Clayoquot Biosphere Trust, the Clayoquot Lake research stations is located at Clayoquot Lake in the Clayoquot River Valley (http://www.clayoquotbiosphere.org).

• Tofino Botancial Gardens: Located in Tofino on twelve acres of gardens, forest and shoreline. The Gardens were created as a place to explorethe relationship between culture and nature in Clayoquot Sound ( http://www.tofinobotanicalgardens.com).

• Boat Basin Foundation: Located in Boat Basin inHesquiaht Harbour on the site of a famous BC homestead, Cougar Annie's garden. The objec-tives of the Foundation are to encourage appre-ciation and education in temperate rainforest ecology. The Foundation currently has 6 cabins,including a central hall for meeting and eating, hosts University environmental programs (http://www.cougarannie.com/open.htm)

• Need to discuss with Hooksum Outdoor Schooland RES about their inclusion in this document.

• Pacific Rim National Park Reserve: Hosts a rangeof land and sea-scapes within its boundaries. The Park has researchers, staff and facilities, including a library, herbarium and campsites.

• Conference, Workshop and Classroom Facilities:Clayoquot Sound provides an excellent locationfor conferences, workshops, courses and sym-posia. A range of accommodation and facilitiesare available to host meetings and classes of var-

ious sizes. • Educational Programs and Research: Clayoquot

Sound provides the context and local people provide the content for a range of educational programs and conferences, including Leadershipfor Environment and Development, Canadian Policy Research Group, Wildlands Studies (criti-cal Canadian environments), and community-based management, Environmental Studies, University of Victoria. A recent inventory of research has over 900 entries, including 80 grad-uate thesis that represent a range of research interest, and it is not yet complete.

WHY CLAYOQUOT SOUND?Located on the west coast of Vancouver Island,British Columbia, Canada, Clayoquot Sound is hometo rich and terrestrial and marine ecosystems, anddiverse cultures. The unique qualities of ClayoquotSound were internationally acknowledged with itsdesignation as a UNESCO Man and BiosphereReserve in January, 2000. This designation distin-guishes the area as having significant qualities forpromoting and demonstrating a balanced relation-ship between people and nature.

Coastal temperate rainforests cover the 265,000hectares of mountains, valleys, and islands inClayoquot Sound. Among the most biologically pro-ductive places on earth, coastal temperate rain-forests are considered rare ecosystems, originally cov-ering only 0.2% of the earth’s surface. This ecosys-tem is important habitat for many species, includingblack bears, roosevelt elk, marbled murrelets,cougars, wolves, bald eagles and red legged frogs.


“You can try to understand the living world with yourhead, but sometimes the heart is a truer field guide.Here in Vancouver Island’s Clayoquot Sound, a mil-

lion-acre amphitheatre where mountainsidesembrace a fjord-fingered, island-strewn reach of the

sea, you don’t have to choose, for everyway of know-ing nature seems to come into play.” (Douglas

Chadwick, Pacific Suite, National Geographic, Vol.203, No. 2, February, 2003 p110)

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The coastal temperate rainforest ofClayoquot Sound is part of the largestremaining tract of temperate rainforestin the world, which stretches fromOregon to Alaska along the PacificCoast of North America. It is estimatedthat approximately 44 percent of thisstretch of forest has already been lostdue to logging and other activities(Ecotrust, 1995). On Vancouver Island,Clayoquot Sound contains the largestremnant of ancient temperate rainfor-est. Out of the ninety watersheds (larg-er than 5,000 ha) on the Island, it isestimated that five remain pristine.Three of these watersheds are locatedin Clayoquot Sound. The marine ecosystem of ClayoquotSound is as productive as the terrestri-al. The six deep, fjord-like inlets ofClayoquot Sound are protected fromthe open ocean by an archipelago offorested islands with rocky coastlinesand sandy beaches. The result is a vastand complex marine ecosystem withrich intertidal and subtidal zones,extensive mudflats, giant kelp and eelgrass beds,and strong tidal currents. These waters provide habi-tat for many species, including migrating orca, greyand humpback whales, basking sharks, Dungenesscrabs, geoducks, various shellfish, wild salmon, her-ring, ground fish, otters and sea lions, and migratingshorebirds.

The natural abundance of the area provided for theNuu-chah-nulth people, who have occupiedClayoquot Sound and much of the west coast ofVancouver Island for the past several millennia. Ofthe Nuu-chah-nulth Nation, the Ahousaht, Tla-o-qui-aht, and Hesquiaht tribes live in Clayoquot Sound.First Nations comprise approximately fifty per cent ofthe population, primarily residing in the communitiesof Hot Springs, Opitsaht, Esowista, and Marktosis.The town of Tofino was established in the late nine-teenth century as people involved in mining, timber

and fur trading began to settlepermanently in the area. Theresulting economy was based onforest and marine resourceextraction. Today, the history ofthis industrial economy is highlyvisible in Clayoquot Sound, butits future is questionable. Theonce vibrant fishing industry hasdeclined. Timber extraction hasbeen reduced, largely due togrowing concern and subse-quent mass protests in the early1990’s around the unsustainablelogging practices in the area.New ecosystem-basedapproaches have emerged fromthe Clayoquot Sound ScientificPanel for Forestry, and the adop-tion of FSC certification by oneof the major forest tenurelicensees, Iisaak ForestResources. The success of thesenew approaches remains unpre-dictable, related to factors suchas fluctuations in the world mar-

ket and the slow growth of the value-added sector.

Over the past decade the economy of ClayoquotSound has been changing. Tourism and aquaculturehave emerged as new sectors. At least a half a mil-lion tourists visit Clayoquot Sound every year. Tofinocurrently sees the majority of this activity. Sportsfishing, kayaking, surfing, Pacific Rim National ParkReserve, and whale watching are among the mainrecreational attractions.Aquaculture in the area includes both shellfish andfinfish farms. The shellfish sector currently producesoysters and scallops. Clayoquot Sound also has ahigh concentration of finfish farms. The mainspecies grown is Atlantic salmon. As the number offish farms grows, so does the controversy regardingthe environmental impacts and the ethical appropri-ateness of fish farming.The emerging economy of Clayoquot Sound is not


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without its challenges. Each community is faced withissues and visions of their own future, bound togeth-er by the regional context and limitations. Along withthese challenges are expressions of resolve to dothings differently, to do things right. The ClayoquotSound Central Region Board, Iisaak Forest Resources,the Clayoquot Biosphere Trust and the West CoastVancouver Island Aquatic Management Board areexamples of this commitment.

WHO ARE WE?The Clayoquot Consortium was established in 2003as an initiative of the SSHRC funded ClayoquotAlliance for Research, Education and Training(CLARET). The Consortium is supported by theUniversity of Victoria, the Clayoquot Biosphere Trustand the District of Tofino.

Based in Tofino, the Clayoquot Consortium can beaccessed by highway, commercial airport (15 minutedrive) and boat. A range of amenities are available,including restaurants, grocery and hardware stores,accommodations, bakeries, marinas, boat and planecharters, high-speed internet access, and repairshops. The town of Tofino is located at the heart ofthe Clayoquot Biosphere Reserve and acts as thegateway to Clayoquot Sound. The Clayoquot Consortium office is located at 381Main Street, Tofino, BC. The Clayoquot Consortiumacting Board of Directors:

CONSORTIUM GOVERNANCE• Universities, colleges and affiliated research insti

tutions are invited to apply for membership to the Clayoquot Consortium. Participating mem-bers support the Clayoquot Consortium through


SELECTED RESEARCH AND REPORT TITLES FROM THE CLAYOQUOT RESEARCH ARCHIVES1. Consensus based decision-making: The Clayoquot Sound Steering Committee process (British

Columbia)2. A Political Space: Reading the Global through Clayoquot Sound3. Management for a Living Hesquiaht Harbour Project4. Assessment of recreation potential of the Tofino - Ucluelet Area5. Coordination of monitoring: network and partnership building for the purpose of monitoring for sus-

tainable forest management6. Identification and Monitoring of Clayoquot Sockeye7. An Ethnobotanical Study at Clayoquot Lake8. An Implementation Analysis of the Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel Recommendations on First

Nations Perspectives9. Environmental groups and the international conflict over the forests of British Columbia, 1990 to 200010. Population structure migration patterns and social organization of gray whales in Clayoquot Sound11. Sustainable management of ecotourism: Whale watching in Tofino, British Columbia: A case study12. First Nations perspectives relating to forest practices standards in Clayoquot Sound13. Protecting wetland habitat in the Cypre Watershed Planning Unit, Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island,

British Columbia.14. Communities of aquatic insects of oldgrowth and clearcut coastal headwater streams of varying flow

persistence. 15. Epiphytic lichen abundance: effects of stand age and composition in coastal British Columbia.16. A Rich Forest: Traditional knowledge, inventory and restoration of culturally important plants and habi-

tats in the Atleo River Watershed.17. Nutrient dynamics and exchange between coastal forest and marine ecosystems, Clayoquot Sound,

British Columbia

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an annual membership fee structure: • Universities and University affiliated research

institutions ($10,000 per year)• Community Colleges and other institutions

($5,000 per year)Membership grants access to the services of pro-fessional logistical coordination and networkingto resources and facilities within the Biosphere Reserve, as well as participation in building of the Clayoquot Consortium.

Each founding member will be represented with aseat on the Board of Directors. A committee of localrepresentatives will be established to provide sup-port to the continued development of theConsortium and maintain Consortium connectionwith the local communities. This local committeewill have a seat on the Board of Directors. Thefounding Board of Directors will select a governancemodel for the Clayoquot Consortium. The Clayoquot Consortium is initiating contact anddiscussions with University and College faculty andresearch institutions from around the world. Ourgoal is to build the Consortium membership overtime. We are available to discuss any comments orquestions you may have about the Consortium, andopportunities for your Institution. Please contact oneof the CLARET Senior Research Associates at yourconvenience.


3. participation and public relations in biosphere … · plenary presentation on north vidzeme...

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