3 modules 1.5 kw each redundancy n+1 current sharing interleaved operations
DESCRIPTION
+. C 4. Q 4. 1. L. T 1. IBVD. 0.88. +. i L. IB Converter. 0.9. IB Converter. +. V out. T 3. Q 3. C o. C 3. -. 0.84. Main DC/DC Converter. Main DC/DC Converter. V in. 0.8. L. +. Single Buck. C 2. 0.8. +. Q 2. T 4. +. 0.7. V CC. i T2. V DC. C 1. DUT. 0.76. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
3 modules 1.5 kW each3 modules 1.5 kW each• redundancy n+1• current sharing• interleaved operations
Switch In Line Converter - SILC• phase shift operation• ZVS transitions• high efficiency• reduced switch voltage stress • high frequency capability
Turn ratios Turn ratios 10:10:2: 10:10:2: 4 units connected in parallel4 units connected in parallel
Transient response
VVoutout
IIloadload
4.71
mm
22
laye
rs
10 layers2 concentric turnsin each layer
4 layers
4 layers
Planar transformerPlanar transformer
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4T1
Co
C4 L
Vin
Vout
+
-C3
C2
C1
T2
T3
iT2
iL
T4
+
+
+
+
VVoutout = = 12V12V
13 cm13 cm
33 cm33 cm
7 cm7 cm
S1 S2
S3
S4
L1
Co RC1 L2
Uin Uo
+
-UC1
+
-
D<50% Uo = UinD/2Specifications:Specifications:Input voltage: Ug =
12 VOutput voltage: Uo =
2.5 VOutput current: Io = 3AOperating frequency: fs = 1
MHz
350 nH air core inductorsDimensions: L = 6cm, W =
4.2cm
Non-Isolated PoL ConverterNon-Isolated PoL ConverterInterleaved Buck with Voltage Divider - IBVDInterleaved Buck with Voltage Divider - IBVD
Characteristics:Characteristics:• Zero voltage switch turn on• High step-down ratio• Reduced switch voltage
stress (Uin/2)• Interleaved operation with
automatic current sharing and ripple cancellation
IBVDIBVD
Efficiency comparison (BEfficiency comparison (Bextext = 0) = 0)
Output current [A]Output current [A]
0.72
0.76
0.8
0.84
0.88
32.521.51
IBVDIBVD
Single BuckSingle Buck
Power Converters for Future LHC ExperimentsApollo collaboration, funded by I.N.F.N. Italy
M. Alderighi(1,6), M. Citterio(1,*), S. Latorre(1), M. Riva(1,8), M. Bernardoni(3,10), P. Cova (3,10), N. Delmonte(3,10), A. Lanza(3), R. Menozzi(10), A. Costabeber(2,9), A. Paccagnella (2,9), P. Tenti(2,9), F. Sichirollo(2,9), G. Spiazzi(2,9), M. Stellini(2,9), S. Baccaro(4,5), F. Iannuzzo(4,7), A. Sanseverino(4,7), G. Busatto(7), V. De Luca(7)
(1) INFN Milano, (2) INFN Padova, (3) INFN Pavia, (4) INFN Roma, (5) ENEA UTTMAT, (6) INAF, (7) University of Cassino, (8) Università degli Studi di Milano, (9)
University of Padova, (10) University of Parma,
Main converter Main converter
Efficiency (Bext = 0)
Output power [kW]Output power [kW]0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Main converter module thermal design3D Finite Element Model (FEM)•FE modeling of the main heating components:
• Input power MOSFETs• Output diodes• Inductor• Planar transformer
Thermal measurements 1•Thermal characterization on single components, to validate models
•Thermal design•Designed advanced solutions to improve heat exchange:
• Power MOSFETs mounted on IMS board• ISOTOP diode isolated package directly mounted on baseplate• Copper thermal layers for transformer core cooling • Silicone gap filler for transformer windings cooling
Thermal simulation and measurements 2•Preliminary thermal measurements on the air cooled whole converter
Final requirements• Main converter output power = 3x1 kW• Case dimensions: 150 x 402 x 285 mm3
• Max case temperature = 18°C• Water cooling system
• delivery = 1.9 l/min• p = 350 mbar• Tinlet = 18°C• Toutlet ≤ 25°C
Measurement pointΔTSIM [°C]
ΔTMIS [°C]
ε [%]
Transformer core 55 51 8Primariy windings 67 73 8Secondary windings 75 70 7ISOTOP diodes 47 49 4Inductor 23 24 4
Proposed Power Supply Distribution System Proposed Power Supply Distribution System
Characteristics:Characteristics:• Main isolated converter with N+1 redundancy• High DC bus voltage (12V or other)• Distributed Non-Isolated Point of Load
Converters (niPOL) with high step-down ratio
CRATE
280 Vdc
Main DC/DC
Converter
Card #3
POLLDO Converter
POLLDO Converter
POLLDO Converter
IBConverter
IBConverter
Card #2
POLLDO Converter
POLLDO Converter
POLLDO Converter
Card #1
POLniPOL Converter
POLniPOL Converter
POLniPOL Converter
48Vdc10%Regulated DC busRegulated DC bus
ni Regulated ni Regulated Power ConvertersPower Converters
Intermediate DC bus
12V10%5V10%
CRATE
280 Vdc
MainDC/DC
Converter
Card #3
POLLDO Converter
POLLDO Converter
POLLDO Converter
Card #2
POLLDO Converter
POLLDO Converter
POLLDO Converter
Card #1
POLniPOL Converter
POLniPOL Converter
POLniPOL Converter
Regulated C busRegulated C bus
POL Converter with high step-down ratio
The increase of the radiation background and the requirements of new front-end electronics will characterize the future LHC luminosity upgrade and are incompatible with the current capability of the distribution systems in use. An isolated dc-dc resonant main converter (MC) and Point of Load (POL) converters deployed at the very heart of the experimental setup have been proposed to face these new requirements. The MC, with redundancy characteristic, supplies an intermediate “medium” voltage bus which distributes the voltage to the electronic front-end and read-out boards, where non-isolated Point of Load converters are implemented for precise voltage adaptation and regulation.In Large Hadrons Collider applications the design of these electronics equipments, which must cope with a highly hostile environment in terms of high radiation and a background magnetic field up to 2 Tesla, opens a severe tolerance issue for the integration technology.
Test case: ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) CalorimetersATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) Calorimeters
orange = primary winding voltage blue = secondary winding voltagemagenta = primary winding currentgreen = snubber current (proportional to the switching losses).
Bstat. 789 Gauss Bstat. 2591 Gauss
Specific activities are addressed to obtain a ferromagnetic nucleus able to produce high magnetic field with limited current stimulations. The base elements consist in a mixture of Fe and Si powders blended in precise ratio (percentage of organic additives, and blending methodology are key points) in order to make a ferromagnetic compound injection moulded in test sample.
VDC
vc
DRIVER
DUT
L
VCC+
C1
iDUT
Rshunt
+
EPC GaN MOSFET
X-rays for checking the solder quality
Turn on interval @ Vcc = 100V, IDS = 0A
Rshunt = 85 mUGS [1V/div]
UDS [20V/div]
-IDS [1A/div]
Time [10ns/div]
Turn off interval @ Vcc = 100V, IDS = 5A
UGS [1V/div]UDS [20V/div]
-IDS [1A/div]
-poff(t) Time [10ns/div]
Measured DUT voltage and current during switching intervals
101
102
103
104
105
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Mag
nitu
de [d
B]
101
102
103
104
105
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
Frequency [Hz]
Pha
se [d
eg]
@350 W@400 W@450 W
Output voltage responseto a load step change
(25 A 37 A)
Small signal dynamics
Transformer behavior in stationary Magnetic Field
48V5%12V5%
Air bubbles
(*) Presenter