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Catalogue of Impasto Pottery

1 Biconical Urn (NM62.684) Dimensions: H: 34.3; D. Rim: 19.3, D. Base: 10.5. Condition: Significantly damaged and restored. Clay and surface: Surface colour black (7.5YR 2.5/1) core strong brown (7.5YR 4/6); clay has many inclusions especially tiny terracottas; outer surface is uneven.

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Description: Hand-made biconical urn possibly finished on a turntable, lean to one side; wide everted lip; rounded neck; bulging body narrowing to base; base hollowed out to form small fairly straight foot; single round sectioned handle angled upward attached at shoulder; exterior and surface of the lip burnished to moderate sheen. Complex decorative scheme; below lip, two horizontal rows of false cord decoration followed by row of incised double step meanders delineated by three lines; below join of neck and shoulder and above handle are two single incised horizontal lines; below these seven square metope designs with same decoration run around body; each metope is composed of three squares, delineated by three lines each, inside each other; central square has complex swastika delineated by two lines; corners of squares are joined by diagonal rows of either six or seven stamped dots; external corner of each panel is marked by two diagonal dots; three incised horizontal lines run around join of foot and body. Provenance: Purchased, partly from contributions made by Friends of Nicholson Museum, from Sotheby’s in July 1962 with a provenance of Southern Etruria. Publication: Classical Collection, 62.684. Parallels: Tarquinia, Necropolis Poggio di Selciatello, grave 65, identical shape but different decorative scheme that includes two seated figure above handle, Villanovan IIA (Hencken 1968b, 126; fig. 115). Judith Toms dates it to Villanovan 1A–1BI (Toms pers. comm.).1 Tarquinia, Poggio dell’Impiccato, grave 1, similar shape, row of identical metope squares but other incised decoration different, Villanovan IC (Hencken 1968b, 42, fig. 29g). Vulci, Necropoli del Mandrione di Cavalupo, similar swastika metope (but not identical) inside 2 squares instead of three, metope pattern is not same all around but alternates with swastika cross motif, probably ninth century (Fugazzola Delpino, 1984, 77, fig. 10, Inv. 64468a) Discussion: Kilian identifies this style of urn as originating in Tarquinia and then spreading around southern and northern Etruria and around Bologna and Villanova (Kilian 1970, 268 -70).2 The outline and construction of the foot are characteristic of many urns at Tarquinia. The distinction between neck and body and the sinuous shape are also features of Tarquinia (Toms pers. comm.). Swastika motif matches Guidi’s category 22c. The metopal design was found at Vulci and Tarquinia with one example at Veii and dates Villanovan 1B to 1C (Guidi 1980, 29-30). Using De Angelis’ distribution maps it is possible to determine that the combination of motifs on the vessel would have originated at Tarquinia or Vulci (De Angelis 2003, 341–62). The current museum catalogue gives a provenance of San Vitale/Benacci, 1, C dated to 800BC. This provenance appears to be incorrect. The original catalogue of the sale states that the urn is from Southern Etruria and it is uncertain where the attribution to San Vitale originated. The shape and decoration are typical of Tarquinia and Vulci regions and the provenance in the current catalogue is considered incorrect and it is most likely that this piece is probably from Tarquinia. Date: Probable date Villanovan 1B–1C; second half of the 9th century. 1 My thanks to Judith Toms for finding this parallel in the storeroom of the museum at Tarquina. 2 See Kilian 1970,169 for a map of sites where this type of urn found.

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2 Bowl (NMR 924) Dimensions: H: 3–3.5; D. Rim: 11.1–12.4 Condition: Surface abraded; large crack running across bowl. Clay and surface: Surface colour reddish grey (2.5YR 5/1) the core is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); medium to fine, well levigated clay medium white inclusions and aerated holes. Description: Smooth round bodied bowl with no base and inward curving lip; round sectioned, upward angled handle attached at side of body just below rim; probably hand-made; horizontal burnishing on outer surface to low sheen, interior surface more randomly burnished. Publication: Reeve 1870, no. 924. Parallels: Tarquinia, Necropoli di Monterozzi, dated to last quarter of eighth century (Benedettini and Badoni 2000, 105, pl. LI: 6, Inv. T.6134). Royal Ontario Museum, Inv. 919.5.154, from Tarquinia, is similar size and has rounded base but has side wall sharply angled instead of round (ROM, 35: B2). Discussion: Bowls with a flat base are more commonly found than those with a rounded base. This bowl shape is commonly found as a lid for funerary urns but when used as a lid is generally much larger than this example. Buranelli has suggested that the smaller versions of the bowls used as covers for biconical urns formed part of the overall tomb furnishings, rather than acting as a lid for an urn (Buranelli 1983, 101-2). Origin uncertain, perhaps Tarquinia. Date: Eighth century.

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3 Bowl (NMR886) Dimensions: H: 4.5; D. Rim: 12.5, D. Base: 2.5. Condition: Small chips on the top edge and sections of interior surface are flaking off; surface pitted (possibly misfiring); white deposits on rim. Clay and surface: Surface colour dark grey (10YR 4/1) core varies from light brown to strong brown (7.5YR 6/4 – 5/6) to dark grey (10YR 4/1); clay fine, well levigated clay with 15% white and mica inclusions. Description: Small shallow bowl with short straight lip and flat base; uneven rim height; probably hand-made; random burnishing all over. Publication: Reeve 1870, no. 886. Parallels: Saturnia, Necropoli Sede di Carlo, tomb 1, end eighth century (Donati 1989, 27, fig. 6: 9 & 10, pl. IV: 9 & 10, Inv. 81611 & 81613). Narce, tomb 27M, same shape but black colour and twice the size of R886, eighth century (Dohan 1942, 28; pl. XIV, 12; M.S.738).3 Discussion: Possibly used as a funerary lid although the small size suggests that it may have formed part of tomb furniture (Buranelli 1983, 101-2). Closest parallels come from the region around Vulci. Date: Probably 8th century 3 This tomb group may have been from Pitigliano instead of Narce (Dohan 1942, 27).

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4 Bowl (NM65.65) Dimensions: H: 10.4; D. Rim: 29.4, D. Base: 8.9 Condition: Originally intact except for missing handle and damage to rim at location of handle attachment, significantly damaged following museum accident and currently in pieces. Clay and surface: Well levigated clay with 10% fine to medium inclusions; surface colour is black (5YR 2.5/1) and core is yellowish red (5YR 4/6); white residue all over the surface; Description: Bowl with straight lip curved outward at rim; low acute angled ribbed (26) bowl base meets rounded ribbed shoulder; small flat base; remains of handle at shoulder attachment; concave upper surface of handle; possibly made using a mould and wheel finished. Vessel has residual traces (white) of metal laminate decoration on exterior and interior surfaces that appear as follows: single meander runs around the outer lip; at the join of the lip and shoulder a wide horizontal row encircles the vessel and a row of zigzag decoration is evident in the middle; single swastika on each curved shoulder section; between each rib plain wide row moves from join of lip and shoulder to base; interior bowl is divided into 4 sections by 2 lines forming a cross; one cross line runs parallel to handle; in each cross corner is a diagonally angled, complex swastika motif. High quality piece, metal decoration suggests it is from high status burial.

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Provenance: Purchased, partly with contributions made by the Friends of the Nicholson Museum, from Sothebys 22.2.1965. Supposedly from Benacci III. Publication: Classical Collection, 65.65. Parallels: Vulci, Necropoli dell’Osteria, single high handled cup, same size with similar decorative scheme (Falconi Amorelli 1971, 194, pl. XXXVII: a; Inv. 64180). Poggio Buco, tomb 5; similar shape but about a third smaller and no interior decoration, metal laminate decoration with zigzag row but no swastikas and has overlapping triangles at base of neck, middle of seventh century (Bartoloni 1972, 14, fig. 27: 14, pl. XXIX: d & e, Inv. 76236). Poggio Buco, tomb 3, similar shaped bowl but about half the size and not as acutely angled, similar decoration on inner bowl and unclear traces of metal laminate decoration on exterior lip, second quarter seventh century (ibid., 39, fig.14: 9, Inv. 76280). The following are smaller impasto bowls with rounded bases, shallow ribbing on the shoulder, raised handle and about half the size of the museum example. All have a similar decorative scheme on the interior of the bowl. Poggio Buco, tomb 1, two handles, first quarter of the seventh century (ibid., 22, fig. 6: 20, pl. VIII: h, Inv. 78921); Vulci (De Puma 1986, 23–4, fig. 6 & 7, pl. 5: d & e); Vulci, tomb 51, 680–650 (Dohan 1942, 83, fig. 47, pl. XLIV: 8, Inv. M.S. 653). Discussion: Very fine piece. The museum catalogue gives Benacci III as a provenance. A bronze bowl about half the size with some meander decoration around the outer lip, was found at Benacci in tomb 39, but no similar impasto examples have been published although metal laminate featured in the decorative scheme of vessels found there (Tovoli 1989, 364, pl. 47: 8). The parallels for this piece all appear to be in the region around Vulci and the overall vessel type of rounded bowl with shallow ribbing and a single handle are a feature of production of the region. Donati noted that region around the Fiora Valley, particularly Vulci, was a centre for metal laminate decoration in the first half of the seventh century (Donati and Michelucci 1981, 35). The decorative scheme of a central cross on the inner bowl also seems to be located there. It is likely that the provenance in the museum catalogue is incorrect and that the piece was made in the Vulci region. The date would appear to be in the first half of the seventh century. Date: Ca. 700–650.

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5 Kyathos (NM98.12) Dimensions: H: 10.3–10.6, H. Handle: 14.3, D. Rim: 8.7, D. Base: 5.6 Condition: Significantly damaged and repaired; body cracked with some holes; handle at the base of the lip is cracked; surface eroded on face opposite handle. Clay and surface: Surface colour very dark grey (10YR 3/1) core colour grey (10YR 5/1); medium to fine, well levigated clay with 10% fine to medium inclusions. Description: Small kyathos with low round body on low small hollow foot; wide vertical neck and small everted lip; high arched ribbon handle joins at rim and body; probably hand made; burnished all over the body and the inside lip; horizontal groove where neck and shoulder meet; wide (5cms) central single wavy grooved line (total of five waves) runs around body with a series of evenly spaced indented dots above the wavy line. Publication: McDonald 1898, no. 2; Classical Collection 98.12. Parallels: Poggio Buco, tomb VIII, thickened section near join of handle to lip and incised vertical lines on the bowl, middle sixth century (Bartoloni 1972; fig. 63: 118, pl. LXXXII: d, Inv. 95715). Poggio Buco, tomb VIII, flat base and triangles formed by three dots on shoulder, middle sixth century (ibid., fig. 63: 119, pl. LXXXII: e, Inv. 95716). Sarteano, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, from Chiusi, Poggio Rotunda, tomb, second quarter of the seventh century (unpublished). Saturnia/Pitigliano similar form, twice the size but shorter handle and different decoration (Collezione Ciacci, 47, Inv. 99225). Chiusi, Necropoli di Poggio Renzo, second quarter of seventh century (Benedettini and Badoni 2000, 93, pl. XXXVI: 3). Royal Ontario Museum, Inv. 920x92.44, from Cetona, three broad semicircular impressions on body, early seventh century (ROM 40: B14). Discussion: This basic shape has a wide distribution across Etruria and has numerous variations (Donati 1981, 37). Most of the parallels appear to be in the region of Central Etruria. While the vessel shape has a longer chronology, Donati

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has suggested that style of decoration is dated to the second half of the seventh century (ibid., 37). Date: Probably ca. 650–600.

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6 Jar (NM98.134) Dimensions: H: 9.3; D. Rim: 9.3, D. Base: 4.4 Condition: Crack running across middle of pot with evidence of repair with plaster plug; series of surface cracks and areas of flaking on outer surface. Clay and surface: Medium to fine, well levigated clay with 10% medium white and 10% mica inclusions; surface colour is uneven from black to strong brown (7.5YR 2.5/1 to 7.5YR 5/6) core colour strong brown (7.5YR 5/6). Description: Small thick walled round bodied jar with flat base; wide mouth with very short everted lip; below lip series of parallel ridges and grooves running around shoulder; exterior horizontally burnished except base of foot or interior; wheel finished. Publication: Unpublished. Parallels: Murlo, similar shape and decoration but somewhat larger, last quarter of seventh century (Benedettini and Badoni 2000, 90, pl. XXX: 1). Royal Ontario Museum, Inv. 920.71.15, from Chiusi, twice the size (ROM, 32: A 83). Sovana, seventh century (Collezione Ciacci, 163: 395, Inv. 99585). Discussion: Hayes classed this vessel as cooking or kitchen ware (Hayes 1985, 32).The shape was widely distributed in Etruria with long production, between seventh and sixth centuries (Donati 1981, 163). Closest parallels come from Central Etruria. Date: Seventh to sixth century.

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7 Jar (NM98.13) Dimensions: H: 10.2; D. Rim: 11.1, D. Base: 4.2 Condition: Intact apart from large abraded area (probable erosion damage) to one face and hairline cracks. Clay and surface: Fine, well levigated clay with 5% white inclusions and 5% mica. Surface colour mottled in parts but predominantly black (2.5Y 2.5/1) around the lip and on inside with the bowl predominantly brown (7.5YR 5/4) core very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1). Description: Jar with conical bowl and flat base; wide neck and everted lip; three horizontal grooves on neck; series of 27 stamped circles run horizontally top of shoulder; probably wheel made; finely burnished all over exterior and inside lip. Publication: McDonald 1989 no.3; Classical Collection 1979, 98.13. Parallels: Siena, Castelnuovo Berardenga; slightly smaller (H: 8), row of stamped dots on neck not shoulder (Pacciani 1989, 71, fig. 59 & 60). Cerveteri, Necropoli di Monte Abatone, tomb 89; lip not as everted, base wider and stamped circles on centre of neck; dated to first half of the seventh century (Benedettini and Badoni 2000, 90, pl. XXX: 5). Orbetello, La Necropoli di S. Donato di Orbetello, tomb IV, fragment, similar design and shape made of reddish impasto, end of the seventh to first half of the sixth century (Michelucci 1991, 35, fig. 11: 6); Chianciano Terme, Museo Civico Archeologico delle Acque, Chianciano Terme, Inv. 116/14, Necropoli di Tolle, tomb 116, lip is not as everted and no stamped decoration, 630–600 (unpublished). Discussion: This type of stamped decoration is a feature of a number of vessels, dating to late seventh to early sixth century (Miller 1986, 268). The parallels found are widespread across Etruria. The fabric and finishing suggest that this piece was not early in the series. Date: Ca. 630–580.

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8 Jar (NMR828) Dimensions: H: 12.3–13; D. Rim: 6.7 Condition: Two repaired sections with large crack running down the vessel from one repair. Clay and surface: Surface colour mottled black (2.5Y 2.5/1) to brown (7.5YR 5/4) core colour uncertain; fairly fine well levigated with 5% white inclusions. Description: Jar with rounded uneven bulging body; lean to one side; lip flares out from the neck and is slightly convex; shallow groove around lip and neck join; probably wheel made; burnished to a moderate sheen all over exterior and inside lip. Provenance: Edward Reeve stated that this piece was from the original collection of Sir Charles Nicholson and was found in a tomb in Etruria (Reeve 1870, 63). Publication: Reeve 1870, no. 828. Parallels: Cetona, Necropoli di Cancelli, tomb 5, end of the seventh century (Benedettini and Badoni 2000, 88, pl. XXV: 5). Poggio Buco, tomb VII, last quarter seventh century to middle sixth (Bartoloni 1972, 99, fig. 47: 91; pl. VIII: a, Inv. 76089). Discussion: The overall shape is common across Etruria but generally most examples appear to be larger than R828. The closest parallels are in the sphere of Central Etruria. Date: Ca. 630–550.

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9 Jar (NM98.156) Dimensions: H: 10.7; D. Rim: 11.4, D. base: 4.3 Condition: One handle is broken off and is missing; reconstructed from a number of pieces with joints disguised by over-painting. Clay and surface description: Surface colour black (7.5YR 2.5/1) with a brown core (7.5YR 5/2); fine well levigated with 10% white and mica inclusions. Description: Jar with straight, everted lip; slightly swelling shoulder; conical body angled small flat base; two upward angled handles; probably wheel made; two horizontal incised lines at join of neck and shoulder; horizontal row of individually drawn diagonal hatching running below and between handles (11 hatched lines one side, 15 the other). A white colour is evident in incision decoration and appears to be modern wash. Publication: Unpublished. Parallels: Sovana region; similar shape but wider, shoulder more rounded, lip slightly convex and handles lower down on body, first half of the sixth century (Collezione Ciacci, 158: 373, Inv. 99588). Poggio Buco, tomb XI, single handle, undecorated, smaller (H:8), wider mouth, more rounded shoulder, lip more acutely angled, first half of sixth century (Bartoloni 1972, 146, fig. 71:12; pl. XCVI: c, Inv. 76294). Poggio Buco, sporadic find; rounded shoulder, larger (H: 17.5), lip convex and handles angled higher, undecorated; dated to sixth century (ibid., 184, fig. 92: 91, pl. CXXVIII: b, Inv. 77084). Como, Ca’ Morta, tomb, bronze jar with two handles (size uncertain) very similar overall form, particularly the defined shoulder, straight neck not angled, 700 (De Marinis, 1988, 183: 152). Discussion: The shape of this jar is unusual and no exact parallels, particularly for the shape of the shoulder combined with a straight lip, were found. The parallels found are variable but all have a more rounded shoulder. The bronze example from Como (Liguria) is the closest parallel for shape found and a number of the urns (all dated to seventh century) published have a similarly angled shoulder suggesting that this piece may have originated from the Liguria region (De Marinis 1988, 184). The other parallels were all from around the Fiora River valley and are dated to first half of the sixth century Date: Uncertain, possibly ca.625–550.

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10 Cup (NMR903) Dimensions: H: 4.8; D. rim: 11.5, D. base: 3.3 Condition: Damaged and restored with both handles largely missing; the surface is quite abraded particularly on one side (possibly erosion damage). Clay and surface: Surface colour is uneven from black (7.5YR 2.5/1) to strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and core is strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6). Clay is very fine and well levigated with 20% fine silica and mica inclusions. Description: Cup with shallow bowl and short straight lip that angles slightly outward; ridge of carination where lip and bowl meet; small ring foot; two round sectioned handles (missing except at attachment point); probably wheel made; undecorated; burnished all over to low sheen. Publication: Reeve 1870, no. 903. Parallels: Veii, tomb 6, bucchero (Vighi 1935, fig. 6: 11). Veii, tumulo di Vaccareccia, bucchero, slightly shorter (H: 3.5) (Stefani 1935, fig. 17: h). Cerveteri, tomb 14, bucchero, first half sixth century (Giuliano 1955, 98, fig. 62). Discussion: Similar to Rasmussen cup category type 4a which, however, has a short stem. This type is dated to last quarter of the seventh to early sixth century (Rasmussen 1979, 121). Parallels for this piece are all bucchero and are in the orbit of Cerveteri and Veii. Date: Ca. 620–580

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11 Thymiaterion (NMR914) Dimensions: H.:14.2; D. Rim: 19.2, D. Base: 10.1 Condition: A number of cracks in the bowl; a number of large chips around rim. Crack and repair across stem and foot rim chipped; soil accretions inside of foot; foot over-painted with black. Clay and surface: Surface colour is reddish brown (5YR 4.5/3) but foot and part of stem are black (2.5Y 2.5/1) core is reddish brown (5YR 4 5/3); fine well levigated clay with 20% black and mica inclusions. Description: Thymiaterion with conical bowl and inward curving lip; central deep inner bowl with corresponding bulge on exterior surface; tall straight stem on hollow trumpet foot; top of foot residual wheel lines; undecorated; horizontally burnished all over to a high sheen except interior surface of foot. Publication: Reeve 1870, no. 914. Parallels: Chiusi, Podera Dolciano, similar fabric, bowl more gently sloping, wider diameter bowl with cylinder stamp decoration around lip (Baumann 1890,

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152; fig. 3).4 Chiusi, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Chiusi, tomba della Pania, 620–580; similar shape and fabric but has flat lip section running on top of rim and cylinder stamp decoration (unpublished). Discussion: Similar overall type to 80. Some parallels with Tamburini’s type 1a but the lip and the bulge in the bowl shape are different. This impasto fabric is typical of impasto production in the region of Central Etruria around Chiusi (Baumann 1890, 152). The thymiateria are generally dated to the first half of the sixth century (Tamburini 2004, 214). Date: Ca. 600–550. 4 This piece now in Mannheim. See CVA Germany 13 (Pl. 38, 3; Bg. 10).

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12 Kotyle (NMR858) Dimensions: H: 7.1; D. Rim: 9, D. handles: 14.5 Condition: Essentially intact but body has 3 vertical cracks inside; inner surface abraded; chips on rim and foot. Clay and surface: Darker stripe running around inside of bowl about 2/3 down; fine well levigated clay with 1% mica inclusions; surface colour is mottled from grey (7.5YR 4.5/1) to brown (7.5YR 5/4) core is grey (7.5YR 5/1). Description: Thin walled kotyle with two horizontal round sectioned handles that attach immediately below rim; conical body on a small ring foot; surface is burnished to a fine sheen. Well decorated; two horizontal incised lines immediately below rim between handles; three open fans (30–31 arms per fan) run below and between handles overlapping the handles at the edges; below fans four horizontal incised lines; between base and incised lines are six incised rays (five lines per ray) with widest section at base; lines of the ray are uneven (possibly individually drawn); single incised line delineates top of foot. Publication: Reeve 1870, no.858; McDonald 1898, no. 8. Parallels: Cerveteri, Bufolareccia, tomb 86, different incised decoration, second half of seventh century (Coen 1991, 23, pl.XIV: b, Inv. 66820). Cerveteri, Monte Abatone, tomb 426, two bucchero kotylai, closed fan decoration between handles, last quarter of the seventh century (Coen 1991, 54, pl. XLIII: a & b, Inv. sc. 20 L.D. & sc. 21 L.D.). Tarquinia, Museo Archeologico Nazionale Tarquiniense, Inv. RC1799 (unpublished). Cerveteri, Museo Nazionale Cerite, Cerveteri, Inv. 31919 (unpublished).

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Discussion: This kotyle while impasto by fabric, fits with Rasmussen type c which is the most common kotyle type in bucchero (Rasmussen 1979, 94). In bucchero this type dates from the end of the third quarter of the seventh until the end of the century. Impasto examples have been found in central Southern Etruria, Faliscan regions and Latium (Coen 1991, 64). Rasmussen has noted the close similarity of the shape and decoration of these vessels with Corinthian kotyle and has suggested that all bucchero kotylai of this shape may have been produced at Cerveteri (Rasmussen 1979, 146). Date: Ca. 630–600.

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13 Kotyle (NM98.163, NMR958) Dimensions: H: 7.4; D.Rim: 8.3, D. handles 13.4 Condition: Slight lean to one side; chipped rim two cracks on body; pitted surface on interior and handles are pitted; exterior is partially flaked. Clay and surface: Fine, well levigated clay with 1% mica inclusions; surface colour varies from brown (10YR 5/3) to black (10YR 2/1) and core is grey (10YR 5/1). Description: Thin walled kotyle, conical body on low flaring uneven foot. Two upward angled, thin round-sectioned handles attach just below rim; undecorated; exterior surface is burnished but interior is uncertain. Publication: Reeve 1870, no. 958; Macdonald 1898, 7; Parallels: Caere, Necropoli della Banditaccia, tomb 8, bucchero (Pallottino 1955, 67, fig. 26: 10). Caere, Monte Abatone, tomb 4, bucchero, second to third quarter seventh century (Nicosia 1992, 130: 110; Inv. 87952). Discussion: This kotyle while impasto by fabric, fits with Rasmussen type b (second and third quarters of the seventh century). See 28. Date: 675–625.

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14 Bowl (NM64.431) Dimensions: H: 6.4; D. Rim: 12.4, D. Base: 4.3 Condition: Bowl repaired with large piece replaced; foot has been broken rim of bowl and foot chipped. Clay and surface: Surface colour is grey (10YR 5/1) and the core is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); fine, well levigated clay with 20% fine mica and silica inclusions. Description: Bowl has tall lip on conical bowl; carinated edge where bowl and lip meet; small ring foot; undecorated; burnished in horizontal sections all over interior and exterior and including the inside of the foot. Parallels: Poggio Buco, tomb VIII, similar shape bucchero bowl but larger foot and incised decoration on exterior base of bowl, middle sixth century (Bartoloni 1972, Fig 62: 109, pl. LXXXI: f, Inv. 95675). Chiusi, tomb, end of seventh to beginning sixth century (Moretus, 1978, 100, fig. 7, Inv. 72798). Umbria, Musei Comunali, Inv. 7596, Cerchio delle Pellicce, Chiusi (CVA Italy 16, pl.20). Discussion: Similar to Rasmussen’s bowl type 2, except the foot is smaller (end of seventh to end of sixth century) (Rasmussen 1979, 125). The parallels would suggest that this shape was widespread in Southern and Central Etruria. Date: Ca. 610–500.

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15 Footed bowl (NM98.137, NMR938) Dimensions: H: 6.5; D. Rim: 11.5, D. Base: 6.8 Condition: Intact apart from small chips on rim, foot and protruding knobs; leans to one side. Clay and surface: Surface colour varies from very dark grey (7.5YR 3/1) to strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and the core is very dark grey (7.5YR 3/1).The clay is fine and well levigated with 5% fine white inclusions. Description: Small bowl with wide straight lip; shallow conical bowl on short hollow trumpet foot; three small unevenly spaced (9, 10 and 11cms apart) clay knobs protrude from side of lip, possibly mimicking metal studs otherwise undecorated; horizontal burnishing exterior only. Publication: Reeve 1870, no.938, McDonald 1898 no. 136; Classical Collection 1979, Case 17, 98.137. Parallels: Chiusi, Montebello, impasto bowl with four similar knobs (Levi 1935, 237, fig. 8). Poggio Buco, sporadic find of two impasto bowls, no knobs, sixth century (Bartoloni 1972, 192, fig. 95: 114 & 116, pl.CXXXII: c & e, Inv. 77057/a & 77057/c). Orvieto, Necropoli di Crocifisso del Tufo, tomb 53, similar bowls without knobs, 580 (Bizzari 1966, fig. 43: B & C, Inv. 1081 & 1082). Orbetello, La Necropoli di S. Donato, tomb II, middle of sixth century (Michelucci 1991, fig. 8: 1, pl. X: d; Inv. 10). Cerveteri, Il Museo Nazionale Cerite Cerveteri, Inv. 11507, similar bowl no knobs (unpublished). Discussion: Tamburini XVII carinated cup, type 1a (first quarter of sixth century) except lip is straight not angled inward. Widespread shape and impasto form in Etruria is dated from second half of seventh to first quarter sixth century (Tamburini 2004, 207-8). Date: Ca. 650–575.

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16 Bowl (NMR923) Dimensions: H: 3.8; D. Rim: 10.3, D. Base: 4.8. Condition: Small chips from rim and foot; foot partly restored; large sections outer surface flaked off. Clay and surface: Fine to medium well levigated clay with 10% mica on exterior; the surface colour is black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and the core is dark grey (10YR 4/1). Description: Medium thick walled bowl with shallow rounded body; wide flat slightly convex lip; low ring foot; undecorated; horizontally burnished to a low sheen all over except inside of foot; wheel made or wheel finished. Publication: Unpublished. Parallels: Cortona, Museo dell’Accademia Etrusca Cortona, Inv. 76/12543, sixth century (unpublished). Royal Ontario Museum Inv. 918.3.31 (ROM 114: C99). British Museum, Inv. H 175, from Chiusi (CVA Great Britain 10, pl. 21: 11). Discussion: Similar to Tamburini cup category XIX type 2d and Rasmussen bowl type 3 (end of sixth to fifth century) except this type does not have flat lip but an externally rolled rim. This form is also found in Southern and Central Etruria (Tamburini 2004, 210). Date: Ca. 520–400.

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17 Amphora (NM98.11) Dimensions: H: 23; D. Rim: 10.6, D.Handles:17.3

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Condition: Significantly damaged and repaired; one face has abraded surface (possible erosion) and decoration is partially obscured; distinct lean to one side. Clay and surface: Uneven surface colour varying from very dark grey to yellowish red (5YR 3/1 – 5YR 5/6) core colour is grey (5YR 5/1); fine to medium, well levigated clay with 5-10% white and black medium inclusions. Description: Round bodied amphora; distinct shoulder; fairly short neck giving rise to wide out-turned lip attached directly to 2 wide strap handles that attach at shoulder; flat base. Complex incised decorative scheme; five incised vertical lines run down the exterior of the handles; between each handle and the base a series of seven incised lines that resemble a large “W”; base of neck a single uneven incised zigzag line; three incised lines run around the top of shoulder, overlapping at the handle join; on one face are two incised circles drawn of two lines with incised flowers at their centre, one flower has four petals the other five’ each petal drawn of two lines; between each petal are two convex incised line joining ends of petals; the circles, flowers and interior lines all appear to have been drawn with some type of instrument similar to a compass; central single incised bird (swan, goose or duck) sits above the two circles, bird is outlined by a single line with a central line running the length of the body; its body is long and narrow and curves under at the end; its head has one eye and long beak that is extension of body line; head appears to be stretched backward; two short curved legs and feet with 2 toes are delineated by single line; a third line crosses each foot giving impression of third claw; on the opposite face the surface is abraded but a remnant of a bird tail and head and below that a partly obscured rosette are evident suggesting similar decorative scheme. Publication: Classical Collection 1979, 98.11. Parallels: Heba (Magliano), Poggio di S. Maria in Borraccia, similar fabric with some flaking evident on the face and similar decoration except palmette instead of bird above central rosettes, end seventh century (Minto 1935, pl. V: 8). Narce, tomb XV, double spiral central motif with bird facing opposite direction, last quarter of seventh century (Davison 1972, 26; pl. XXVI a; C24763). Copenhagen: Musée National, Inv. 4179, smaller amphora (H: 9.5) with similar central rosette decoration with 4 petals and small Phoenician palmette in middle, Narce, around 650 (CVA Denmark 5, pl. 196: 7). Louvre, Inv. S4567, same shape and size but this has double spiral in place of flower, Southern Etruria, 670-650 (CVA France 31, pl. 5: 5 & 6). Louvre, Inv. C547, similar shape with double spiral at centre surmounted by a similar bird but no central incised line on bird’s body, 660–620 (ibid., pl. 5: 1). Similar bird designs have been found in the area of Capena, the Alban Hills and at Veii and Narce dating to 7th century (Davison 1972, 26). Discussion: Spiral amphora, Colonna Type B and Rasmussen amphora category type 1a (from second quarter until the beginning of the last quarter of the seventh century). Impasto spiral amphora are not dated to later than 620 (Dohrn 1965, 150). Spiral amphorae were produced in Cerveteri, Veii and Tarquinia in Southern Etruria and at Narce and in Latium. They were widely distributed in those regions. The bird motif (airone) formed part of the decorative scheme of Italo-geometric ware. Manufacture of these vessels with the airone was centred around Cerveteri and Veii, suggesting that spiral amphora with the

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bird on them were also produced there (Colonna 1970, 644). It is likely that this piece was produced in Southern Etruria, probably Cerveteri or Veii. Date: Ca. 675–625.

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18 Oinochoe (NM98.09) Dimensions: H: 21, H. top Handle: 23.3; D. Base: 7 Condition: Intact apart from broken section on trefoil lip and small chips around base; surface is faded and scratched. Clay and surface: Uneven surface colour from dark grey to pale brown (10YR 4/1 – 6/3) core clay very dark grey (10YR 3/1); fine well levigated clay with 2% fine to medium white and mica inclusions. Description: Oinochoe with trefoil mouth, short neck, distinct shoulder with tapering conical body on small flaring foot; high double rope handle attaches at rear of trefoil and joins at shoulder; burnished all over exterior and inside lip to a low sheen. Complex decorative scheme of incised and stamped decoration; three series of sets of incised horizontal lines (7 then 6 and 6) run horizontally across the handle (possibly free drawn); outer lip is delineated by single incised line; series of decorative panels of varying widths are delineated by grooved horizontal lines. First panel at top of neck below lip (0.8 wide) has row of curved

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incised lines angled backward at about 45˚, curved lines reverse direction about halfway around; neck is undecorated; beginning of shoulder a second panel (0.8cms wide) has 17 stamped circles (a central semicircle is enclosed in a complete circle with a semicircle on the outside of this); a third panel runs either side of the handle and contains 6 rosettes (made by central stamped circle surrounded by 11 dots) that are divided by seven sets of vertical incised lines (8 or 11 lines each); a deep groove runs horizontally around at base of handle. A fourth panel has a series of three line patterns (13) angled 45˚. Another wide groove sits below; on the main part of the body is a series of overlapping incised half circles with stamped circles (same as those on shoulder) at the point where the half circles meet. Publication: McDonald 1898, no. 8. Parallels: Veii, description of five oinochoe of similar fabric with incised and stamped decoration divided into panels by grooved horizontal rows, one had similar flower/rosette decoration (Vighi 1935, 47). Copenhagen, Musée National Inv. 8712, from Bolsena, amphora with similar stamped circular sun/rosette motif (CVA Denmark 4, pl. 191: 8). Discussion: The shape of the vessel is unusual and does not match with any typologies. Rasmussen comments that the oinochoe shape is highly variable. The short neck is a feature of Rasmussen type 4b but the body shape is rounder and squatter and his type 4a has grooved decoration. These types date to between the last quarter of the seventh and the first quarter of the sixth century. The complex decorative scheme would suggest that the piece is early rather than late. The stamped series of circles was used on brown and red impasto ceramics in a large area that spread across southern Etruria and Latium in the orientalising period (Miller 1986, 268). The parallels most closely related to the combination of fabric and decoration are found at Veii. Date: Ca. 620–580.