3 grammatical categories and markers
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Lecture in morphologyTRANSCRIPT
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Grammatical Categories and Markers Lecture 3
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Which are the structural levels of language?
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Here we are interested in the grammatical level. Mincoff: every linguistic item is part of the grammatical structure of a language
How do we express possession in English? my aunts book the marker of the Genitive case the book of my aunt a prepositional phrase introduced by of
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How do we express possession in Bulgarian?
The same fact of possession has an entirely different expression in Bulgarian It is a question of the structure of Bulgarian language and not of the extralinguistic fact as such
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The word has to be grammatically shaped in order to function in the language Which are the grammatical categories of the noun in English and Bulgarian?
Englishnoun Bulgariannoun
number casegender
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English verbBulgarian verb tense aspect voice
In English grammatical markers are considerably less than in Bulgarian.In both languages they are less than the other types of morphemes
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Name some grammatical markers noun -s -sgirl-girlsgirls-girlsverb-ing -edplay-playing-played adjective -er -estsmart-smarter-smartest
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J.Molhova: a grammatical morpheme has several grammatical meanings The simplest grammatical marker has at least two grammatical meanings: that of the class of words that of the specific category within it
The adjectival suffix -er has the following two meanings adjective; comparative degree.
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The suffix -s in He worksverb; Present Simple Tense; 3rd person; singular.
The suffix a in ea noun;feminine; singular.
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Can you find some examples of homonymy with the grammatical suffixes? the substantival suffix -s marking the plural of some noun game-gamesis homonymous with the verbal suffix -s, marking the 3rd p. sg. of the Present Simple Tense of the verbwork-works
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Some other examples of homonymy with the grammatical suffixes?the verbal suffix -ed marking the past participle of the verb work-workedis an homonym with the verbal suffix -ed marking the Past Simple Tense work-worked
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Some more examples of homonymy with the grammatical suffixes?the substantival suffix -en marking the plural form of some nouns child-childrenis an homonym with the verbal suffix -en marking the past participle of some verbswrite-written
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And more examples of homonymy with the grammatical suffixes?the gerundial suffix -ing readingis an homonym with the suffix -ing marking the present participlereading
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Can you find some examples of synonymy with the grammatical suffixes? the substantival suffix -s marking the plural of some nouns cow-cowsis synonymous with the suffix -en also marking the plural of some nouns ox-oxen
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Are there other examples of synonymy with the grammatical suffixes? the suffix -ed marking the past participle of some verbs play-playedis synonymous with the suffix -en with the same meaning write-written
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Can you find some antonyms among the grammatical markers? Due to the nature of the meanings of a grammatical morpheme one can hardly speak of antonyms unless the various cases of forms in binary opposition are considered to be antonyms, since they exclude each other
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Can you find some antonyms among the grammatical markers? the presence of the -s morpheme marking the plural form of the noun could be considered to be an antonym to the zero morpheme pointing to the form of the singular table0-tables
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Can you find other antonyms among the grammatical markers?the presence of the -s morpheme in a verbal form marks the 3rd p. sg. of the Present Simple Tensethe zero morpheme, points to a form which is not the 3rd p. sg. of the Present Simple Tense, etc. work-works
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There are several instances of fluctuation with grammatical morphemes A grammatical morpheme can preserve its grammatical meaning and at the same time it can acquire a lexical one
Example: the substantival suffix -s marking the plural of some nouns in English
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-s can at the same time have the meaning of 'two similar parts'.
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-s can mark the plural and at the same time acquire a word formative function customs colours
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The same suffix can be traced in words like linguistics logics science of mathematics
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A different case is the wordthe former suffix -s has lost its nature of a morpheme entirely and has merged with the preceding morpheme, thus becoming part of it
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J.Molhova calls this process degrammatization (or lexicalization) of grammatical markers.