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Dr. Tran Thuc, MONRE

• “If the sea level rises by one meter, around 40,000 sq. km. of coastal delta will be flooded.”

• 10% of the Vietnamese population will be affected.”

• “Losses will be equivalent to 10% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP).”

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IPCC 2007 for Policymakers: Various Impacts

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Impacts on agriculture For agricultural production, cropping pattern and livestock may be changed in some regions, e.g. winter crop in the North would be shortened or even no longer exist, whereas the main crop would prolong. Temperature rise with higher variability (both maximum and minimum temperatures) will combine with other climatic extremes and natural disasters to induce pestilent insects and diseases to wide spread. Consequently, agricultural production and food security would be seriously threatened (source: Vietnam NTP).

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For local (large scale) modelling of agricultural & other impacts on Can Tho City, DRAGON is

using SEA-START scenarios

• A Southeast Asian consortium; see www.sea-climatechange.org/doc.php

• These employ the regional climate modelling system PRECIS, "Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies,” developed at the Hadley Center, UK Met Office; see http://precis.metoffice.com/

• (Also using UGSG Satellite Data)

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Inundated areas of Winter-Spring crop at sea level rise of 50 cm SLR scenario

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Figure 4. Risk area (dark yellow) of aquaculture with the assumption that all fish ponds of Can Tho city were embanked with a height of 1.2m above the land level, scenario SLR 50 cm.

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Impacts on Infrastructure and Industry: Temperature rise would also badly affect such sectors as energy, transportation, industry, construction, tourism, trade, etc. due to the fact that higher cost would be spent for cooling, ventilation, and maintenance. The operation of offshore based oil rigs, gas pipe system and gas-fuelled power plants located near the sea will be affected, making the operation and maintenance of machine and equipments more costly (source: Vietnam NTP) Inundation effect map of construction with elevation under 2.0 m, scenario SLR 50 cm

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Impacts on biodiversity: Increasing temperature has potential impacts on natural ecosystems. It would cause shifts in thermo-border of continental ecosystems and fresh water ecosystems as well as shifts in flora and fauna structure in certain regions. Degradation of biodiversity would accelerate due to loss of some temperate and sub-tropical species (source: Vietnam NTP)

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MC1 ModelIs a dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) including three biogeographic modules (MAPSS), biogeochemistry model (modified CENTURY) and fire module (MCFIRE)It simulates plant life form and vegetation classes; the movement of carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes for ecosystems; and fire disturbancesCan generate models of tens to hundreds of years from now

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Impacts on forestry, hydrology: Due to climate change, forest ecosystems would be affected in different ways; e.g. Sea level rise can make the existing mangrove forests shrunken, which in turn has negative effects on indigo forest (Source: Vietnam NTP)

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Impacts on Public Health: High temperature and humidity would elevate pressures on human health, especially for old people and children, and cause diseases, particularly tropical and infectious diseases by favoring growing condition of bacteria, insects and diseases vectors (source: VN NTP).

Uses of GIS in Public Health:• Determining geographic

distribution of diseases• Analyzing spatial and

temporal trends• Mapping populations at risk• Stratifying risk factors• Assessing resource

allocation• Planning and targeting

interventions• Monitoring diseases and

interventions over time

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Vulnerability“The degree to which a a system is susceptible to, and unable to

cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes” (IPCC, 2007).

Climate change conditions are intersecting with increasingly vulnerable populations

• Climate change impacts will affect regions and countries unevenly, with the poorest countries suffering most from the negative consequences of climate change

• Poorest countries are in the are in areas most exposed to disaster and experience extreme climate events already

• Poorest countries lack resources to coping with damage after being affected or even to gather information on what can be done beforehand (IPCC)

• The nature and intensity of impacts will vary depending on the vulnerability of different PLACES.

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Vulnerability is…

• Apparent even on scale of nations: a 1 m rise in sea level will flood 17 percent of Bangladesh’s land mass (occupied by 11 percent of population)

• Apparent even within affluent countries, e.g. victims of 2003 European heat wave and 2005 U.S. Typhoon Katrina were overwhelmingly poor, isolated, elderly and children

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Another positive feedback loop…

• Development stress resulting from current trends is magnified by increasing population pressure on scare land resources

• Together with land degradation, this is creating a positive feedback loop in which poverty increases and the pressure on land resources goes up

• Climate change thus threatens to undermine development in poorer countries through even more burdens.

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The Vulnerable in Vietnam

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GIS data can be very helpful to assist the vulnerable, but you need to be careful in choosing which data to use for what purposeSource: Socio-Economic Atlas of Vietnam

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Policy Makers: What are your Options?

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The big picture: Mitigation and Adaptation

Mitigation measures aim to avoid the adverse impacts of climate change in the long term

Adaptation measures are designed to reduce unavoidable impacts of climate change in the short and medium terms

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IPCC Models’ Influence on Mitigation and Adaptation

• Very Influential in prompting policy responses in measures to mitigateclimate change (for example, reduce energy demand, conserve energy, promote alternative energies)

• But adaptation to climate change has been a slow area of policy to develop

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Adaptation and Mitigation: Artificial Boundaries?

• Mitigation has been seen as the problem of More Developed Countries (as the main emitters)

• Adaptation has been seen as the problem of Developing Countries (as the main victims)

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Climate change can be more usefully framed as a developmental rather than environmentalproblem; and therefore

Mitigation and Adaptation should best be pursued together

But some say…

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Preview of Dr. Pearson’s talk:the associated costs

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Vietnam is working on both, as we will see….

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Adaptation is almost certainly inevitable worldwide,

because…• Even if GHGs could be fixed at 2005

levels, the world would be committed to long term eventual warming of 2.4 degrees C.

• Therefore, strategies need to be in place for adaptation to temperature increase of at least 2 degrees C.

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Adaptation is a Must for Vietnam

Where do we start?

Perhaps with a look at the world leader in climate change adaptation…

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State of the Art in Adaptation: The Netherlands

• Even in medium emissions climate scenario, sea level rise is 60 cm by 2100 (VN is 75 cm)

• 35 percent of Netherlands is below sea level

• Image of holladn

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Goal of Adaptation in the Netherlands:

• To “Climate-Proof” the Country

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Vietnam & the Netherlands?• Isn’t it absurd to compare the Netherlands

and Vietnam?• Vietnam does not currently have the capacity

to be like the Netherlands• But in aspiring to similar goals as the

Netherlands, Vietnam could be a trend-setter (and fund-raiser)

• Perhaps not “climate proof” as that implies mastery over environment, but… take a good look at how the Dutch are approaching the problem

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Netherlands and Vietnam• Even though protecting Holland from

the sea is enshrined in country’s constitution; and…

• Even though the Netherlands is one of the world’s wealthiest countries…

• New approaches to policy are required in the Netherlands to deal with climate change, especially through spatial planning

• Perhaps similar innovations are useful for Vietnam to consider, particularly in its effort to “mainstream” climate

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Mainstreaming ClimateChange• Second difficulty in

implementing the NTP is the lack of coordination to respond to climate change in developing the policies, plans and programs in sectors/regions, even in climate highly sensitive sectors/regions. There are still not awareness of the necessity to integrate climate change information into policies/plans. Integrating the climate change in the developing master plans, designing and implementing the policies do not almost exist, in particular, the links between the climate change and the activities of poverty reduction and hunger eradication, livelihood are missing

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What is Spatial Planning?• “Actions and Interventions Based on

Critical Thinking of Space and Place”• Spatial Planning is Place-Based

Problem-Solving Aimed at Sustainable Development

• Spatial Planning involves the processes through which the options for the development of places are envisioned,assessed, negotiated, agreed, and expressed in policy, regulatory and investment terms

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Why is Spatial Planning so Important in Adaptation?

Unlike mitigation, adaptation to climate change is more complex because adapting settlements to the negative effects of climate change depends entirely on the GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION of the settlement, not on its attributes to minimize energy inputs

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• Spatial planning has a key role in “Climate Proofing the Netherlands”

• The major research program is “Climate Changes Spatial Planning”(CCSP)

• The national spatial strategy or “Spatial Planning and Adaptation Strategy”(ARK), involves departments of state, provinces, municipalities and water boards

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• Intention of Netherlands’ spatial planning is to use climate change and socio-economic scenarios for developing and evaluating adaptation projects andaiming for long-term adaptation strategies

• Examples of these strategies: changes to national ecological structure, coastal protection, flood protection through dykes, new agricultural practices

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• The concept of risk becomes a guiding principle of adaptation policy. Social acceptability of risk can only be established in context of decision making, that is in trade off with other costs and benefits related to alternatives

• A fundamental aspect of risk is uncertainty, and so adaptation policy accepts substantial uncertainty

• The Dutch Government decided that a large part of uncertainty could be taken away by doing research

What about Risk?

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And GIS is THE critical tool• CCSP focus is on GIS modelling of land use

change under different scenarios for the 2040s

• Project “Routeplanner” makes ARK “quick scans” of existing knowledge about emerging problems, and identifies gaps in the knowledge

• The most detailed applied studies are in a number of “hotspots” including areas planned for urban growth, but at risk of flooding

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Let’s get back to Vietnam• GIS scenarios of climate change allow

us to see issues previously hidden• They can be used to provide a

systematic evaluation of spatial plans and to generate alternative policy paths

• Planning can broaden its preoccupation with space

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This spatial approach to adaptation is already build into Vietnam’s NTP

Climate change adaptation for regions• Climate change affects all regions and areas in the whole country but the

impacts are different for regions which have different geographic location, and different conditions of nature and socio-economic. Therefore it is necessary to develop adaptation strategy for each region of typical specifications. Actionplan to cope with climate change needs to be soon developed and implemented for more vulnerable regions.

• Mountainous and highland areas, Coastal Zones, Northern and Southern Deltas• Specific steps for Northern and Southern Deltas: For two most important Deltas,

People’s Committees of provinces should coordinate with the Ministry of Planning and Investment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, and other related ministries/sectors to develop climate change adaptation strategy for each province with the following contents:

1. Summarize experiences in natural disaster prevention and mitigation, develop the guidelines to apply technological achievements in climate change adaptation and integrate into regional developing strategy;

2. Study and develop the plan to renovate the system of sea dykes, dykes at river mouth, dykes surrounded low resident areas, enhance the ability to live with the flood and the rise of sea water level.

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Adaptation in the NTP• Climate change

adaptation has become a crucial, immediate and long-term issue. Key adaptation activities are included in the NTP.

• a) Climate change adaptation in different sectors- water resources, agriculture; public and human health;

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Initial Steps of Adaptation from NTP

Significant investments should be attracted into sea-dyke construction and consolidation to respond to sea level rise, infrastructure development, resettlement of coastal communities, and construction of urban areas which have high adaptability to sea level rise

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MONRE Minister Dr. Pham Khoi Nguyen’s 5 Point Copenhagen Priorities Include…

• Building and solidifying a sea dyke system in the Cuu Long (Mekong) Delta provinces

• Expanding preventive mangrove forests• Dealing with flood-tides in the southern

provinces• Putting forth a response plan for climate

change in the Cuu Long Delta• Perfecting the country’s weather forecasting

and observation system

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Adaptation for agriculture

…could include crops more tolerant to salinity intrusion, drought-resistant rice, rainwater harvesting measures, improved well designs to adjust to changes in groundwater table and risk of intrusion with contaminated water through flooding events

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Climate Change Adaptation (source: Vietnam CCWG)

• Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is defined by the group as thepractical process of adjusting what we do, where and how, to reflect changing climatic realities; and helping others adjust to the impacts of climate change. This includes:

• “Soft measures” such as raising people’s awareness of and capacity to cope with climate variability and helping local authorities and communities develop and access a range of adaptive measures and related enabling policies; and

• “Hard measures” such as reforestation, planting agricultural crops and trees more suited to warmer temperatures and drier soil conditions, investing in infrastructure (e.g. drainage systems and dykes), and establishing disaster early warning systems.

• CCA includes both Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and community-based adaptation to chronic conditions such as higher temperatures, more or less rainfall, less predictable seasons, sea level rise and saline intrusions. While there may some overlap between DRR and community-based adaptation measures, DRR focuses on reducing the risk of and protecting against the impact of catastrophic weather related events.

•

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Adaptations Recommended by DRAGON for Can Tho (source: Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerabilities Assessment for Can Tho Cityprepared by Research Institute for Climate Change – Can Tho

University; courtesy Dr. Nguyen Huu Trung)• The study shows that in the next 50 years, when sea level will possibly rise less

than 50cm, the City still be able to maintain agriculture and aquaculture, but there should be some adaptation measures are required. Some proposed adaptation measures are: shifting of cropping calendars or changing of cropping pattern, e.g. change from WS-SA-AW to WS-SA or SS-SA, or applying new WS-Short day crop. To maintain the fruit garden and fish pond in the condition of future flood, raising and strengthening the dykes are necessary. To protect the important infrastructure, a construction level of 2.5 m above mean sea level is proposed. To deal with such conditions, integrated socio-economic and environment strategy planning is essential. Adaptive capacity of the people, especially the most vulnerable groups such as the urban poor and the rural farmer, should be prepared from now. New livelihood should also be introduced. Besides, climate change adaptation and mitigation knowledge should be taught in the school.

• Finally, since Can Tho city is located in the center of a larger floodplain, the Mekong Delta, any adjustment of the terrain of the city can seriously impact to the other surrounding provinces. Therefore, a master plan for climate change adaptation for the whole Mekong Delta should be carried out before any provincial or city adaptation plan. This master plan should focus on the hydrological and environment impact assessments of the development projects of the whole Mekong river basin together with the climate change and sea level rise scenario

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Inundation effect map of aquaculture area in Can Thounder alternative 1.5m dyke, SLR 50 cm (left; right is if each fishpond embanked 1.2 m asl)

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Adaptation help on the way after Copenhagen (source: MONRE)

• Japan pledged a preferential loan of $450 million, and the Netherlands promised to transfer necessary technologies to construct sea dikes

• The U.S. pledged to upgrade a hydrometeorologicalobservation system go help southern provinces cope with flooding

• “Other U.S. agencies, such as USAID, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. Forest Service, have agreed to assist Vietnamese climate change responses and we look forward to growing cooperation in the future.”

» -Ambassador Michael Michalak, September 2009.

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A concluding note on adaptation(and another preview of

Dr. Pearson’s talk)IPCC: “A wide array of adaptation options is available, but more extensive adaptation than is currently occurring is required to reduce vulnerability to climate change. There are barriers, limits and costs which are not fully understood.”

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A Few Examples of Who is Working on Climate Change/GIS in Vietnam

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MONRE’s Institute for Hydrometeorologyand Environment (IMHEN), under Director

Dr. Tran Thuc, tranthuc@vkttv.edu.vn(their critical mission discussed earlier)

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DRAGON• “Delta Research and Global Observation Network”

(DRAGON)• Focuses on climate change affecting the world’s

great deltas, including the Mekong• Vietnam research conducted through Can Tho

University, with first focus on local effects (contact Dr. Nguyen Hieu Trung, Vice Director of the DRAGON institute and Head of its GIS research group; nhtrung@ctu.edu.vn)

• Support in part from USGS (contact Dr. Gregory Smith, smithg@usgs.gov) and U.S. Embassy in Hanoi

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ICARG, INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH ON GLOBALCHANGE

Pham Van Cu, DirectorVietnam National University, Hanoipvchanoi@vnn.vn

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Vietnam Network for Civil Society and Climate Change

• A network of Vietnamese NGOs connected to local business and government bodies; Dr. Nguyen Huu Ninh instrumental

• Practical response model development: The Network will implement pilot projects to contribute to mitigating the causes and impacts of climate change and to introduce adaptive practices in Vietnam. These pilot initiatives will be developed into practical models of climate change responses for learning and replication. In addition, the Network will be a clearing house for information regarding technologies useful for the mitigation and adaptation to climate change, as well as information about communities and their needs for new technologies. It may also implement pilot community based projects designed to introduce new technologies and promote their adoption. Furthermore, the Network will coordinate the documentation and sharing of experiences and workable models in Vietnam.

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NGO Climate Change Working Group (CCWG) on Vietnam

• Mostly foreign organizations (e.g. CARE, Oxfam, East Meets West)

• www.ngocentre.org.vn/node/5457

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There are MANY others working on these issues in Vietnam, with many international partnerships

For an excellent spreadsheet of these activities and affiliations, see: http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:y0Ovp6jFDgEJ:www.ngocentre.org.vn/webfm_send/511+MONRE+IMHEN&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

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For geospatial data on Vietnam, be sure to check

out:• GIT4You (www.git4you.com/GIS/)• Ditagis

www.ditagis.hcmut.edu.vn/tvct/index.php; You can find out about training courses at the Ditagis site, and even download some geodata. But to use these data you will need software.

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Needs• Climate change in Vietnam is a

complex decision problem• It requires a careful decision situation

assessment – which can be GIS-based• But there are some outstanding needs

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Needs: Data Standardization, Generation and Access

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Relevant comments from the NTP…

• Third difficulty in implementing the NTP is the lack of tools and methodologies to instruct and give out consultancy to the decision makers. This happens also with the experts in the sectors/local levels. Therefore, training and knowledge upgrading; collecting and utilizing the data on climate change; developing tools/methodologies for analysis and adaptation with the climate change, are important activities that should be done immediately.

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Obstacle but opportunity• Vietnam does not yet have a national spatial data

infrastructure available though government channels to authorized users.

• There are numerous private companies, government agencies, universities and research institutions with geodatabases, but standards and compatibility problems have yet to be resolved.

• GIS Data for Vietnam are typically in non-standardized formats, with each institution creating their own datasets for their specific purposes

• This will make it very difficult to take on the problems

• A national database accessible to approved users across a variety of institutions would be a good investment

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GSDI Can Provide the Standards (www.gsdi.org)

GLOBAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE ASSOCIATION is an inclusive organization of organizations, agencies, firms, and individuals from around the world. The purpose of the organization is to promote international cooperation and collaboration in support of local, national and international spatial data infrastructure developments that will allow nations to better address social, economic, and environmental issues of pressing importance.

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Model (in U.S.): Geospatial One Stop, GOS (www.geodata.gov)

Special Interest• Earth Information Exchange• Fire Mapping• Geographic Names• Historical Collections• Homeland Security• Hurricanes• Indian Ocean Disaster• Lewis and Clark• Local Governments• Recreation and tourism• The National Atlas• The National Map

Data Categories• Administrative and Political• Agriculture and Farming• Atmosphere and Climate• Biology and Ecology• Business and Economic• Cadastral• Cultural, Society and Demographic

• Elevation and Derived Products• Environment and Conservation• Geological and Geophysical• Human Health and Disease• Imagery and Basemaps• Inland Water Resources• Locations and Geodetic Networks• Oceans and Coasts• Transportation Networks• Utilities and Communication

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Spatial E-Government Architecture(courtesy Missouri GIS Advisory Committee, University of Missouri Dept. of

Geography)

Core Spatial & Business Data Portal

Virtual Data Warehouse

GIS/GIT Admin. Systems

Topographic/RasterCadastreGeo-coded AddressStreet Center LinesAssetsEnvironmentalTransportHealth/Social servicesEducationCrime

EnvironmentalManagement

Transportation

CrimeMonitoring

DPWServices

Health & SocialServices

Education

Spatially Enabled Business Applications

Logistics Management

Fin/HR Management

Asset Maintenance

Service/Call Centers

HealthPlanning

Education Planning

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Construction of such a national clearinghouse can be done methodically

• After strategic process, an additional 200-300 trained staff may be needed to assemble this national database

• Most trained human resources and much data already exist, but the challenge is to share them

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Intellectual Property Issues• Generally, the more accurate and detailed the

information is, the less people want to share it, and the more money they will want to do so

• In many countries including the U.S., there is a sharp boundary between public and private research results

• Scholars contribute: elevation, streams and hydrology, roads, boundaries, vegetation, ownership

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Needs for MONREHardware: IBM Server xSeries X3850-M2 (7141-1RA), Soil and

Sediment analysis equipment, a Swoffer stream flow meter, a Velmex tree-ring measuring system and surveying tools that include GPS receivers, a total station, and an auto-level.

Software: ArcGIS Desktop 9.3, ArcGIS Server 9.3, ArcIMS 9.3, ArcGIS Engine Developer Kit, ENVI 4.7, PCI Geomatica 10.2 or ERDAS 9.3, MIKE 11, MIKE 21, Statistical DownScaling Model Developer, Hydrology and Meteorology Model, ThePhysical Environment.

Capacity building and training: Framework Database for Climate Change, GIS Data Assimilation from Remote Sensing data.

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Needs for DRAGON at Can Tho• We have computers but mostly very old• We need a good server for a web-based GIS (we are

testing a WEB_GIS now but because of the server capacity it is still very simple. If we have a good server WISDOM project can install its system in our place)

• We need training on RS and GIS for environmental and climate change impact assessment.

• We need to be trained on environment and climate change models (e.g. SWAT, WEAF)

• We need to have better GIS and RS software (we are using MapInfo and IWLIS and some open source software)

• We need environmental models (e.g. MIKE for hydrology and water quality analysis)

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State of the Art Remote Sensing Data for Working with Sea Level Rise

• LIDAR, Light Detection and Ranging or “Laser Radar;”

• Very effective for measuring heights of features• Has vertical accuracy of approx. 10 cm• See

http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/rs_apps/sensors/lidar.htm

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Some sources of geospatial & related data for climate change• ADB’s Cities Data Book, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp• Cantho DRAGON server, http://ctgis.ctu.edu.vn/mekong/• Community Climate System Model Research Tools, http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm3.0/• EM-DAT (International Disaster Database), maintained by USAID: http://www.emdat.be/• ESRI Data Models on Climate Change (Atmospheric, Marine, Biodiversity, etc), http://support.esri.com/• ESRI Working Group on Climate Change GIS, http://www.conservationgis.org/climate.html• Geography Network, http://geographynetwork.com/• Geoinformatics Center Data Sharing Web GIS Center (for SE Asia inc. Vietnam),

http://www.geoinfo.ait.ac.th/website/geoinfowebgis/viewer.htm; and be sure to subscribe to its Spatial Data Infrastructure Asia and Pacific Newsletter

• GIS and Climate Change Impact Analysis and Applications, https://wikis.uit.tufts.edu/confluence/display/GIS/GIS+and+Climate+Change

• GIS and Science. GIS and Climate Change Resources. http://gisandscience.com/resources/gis-and-climate-change-resources/

• GIS Data Depot, http://data.geocomm.com/• National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) GIS Climate Change Scenarios,

http://www.gisclimatechange.org/• OECD Data, http://www.oecd.org/statsportal/0,3352,en_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_1,00.html• Prevention Web page on Vietnam (mainly on disaster risk reduction),

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/asia/vnm/?x=8&y=10• Satellite Imaging Corporation, http://www.satimagingcorp.com/gallery.html• UN-HABITAT Global Urban Indicators Data, http://ww2.unhabitat.org/programmes/guo/urban_indicators.asp• UN IPCC Data Distribution Center, http://www.ipcc-data.org/• UN Millennium Indicators Data, http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx• U.S. Department of Agriculture Geospatial Data Gateway, http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov• United States Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, http://eros.usgs.gov/• U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Earth Science Data and Services Directory: Global Change

Master Directory, http://gcmd.nasa.gov/index.html• U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Satellite and Information Service, Online Climate Data

Directory, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/climatedata.html

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Sources: Readings• Amdahl, Gary. 2001. Disaster Response: GIS for Public Safety. Redlands, CA: ESRI.• Bedi, Tara, Aline Coudouel and Kenneth Simler, eds. 2007. More Than a Pretty Picture: Using Poverty Maps to Design

Better Policies and Interventions. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. • Bhatta, B. 2008. Remote Sensing and GIS. New Delhi: Oxford. • Cromley, Ellen K. and Sara L. McLafferty. 2002. GIS and Public Health: New York: Guilford.• Davoudi, Simon et al, eds. 2009. Planning for Climate Change: Strategies for Mitigation and Adaptation for Spatial Planners.

London: Earthscan• Epprecht, Michael, et al. From Statistical Data to Spatial Knowledge — informing decision-making in Vietnam.

http://idv.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/23/2-3/193• ESRI. 2008. GIS Best Practices: GIS for Climate Change. Redlands, CA: ESRI• Fleming, Cory, ed. 2005. The GIS Guide for Local Government Officials. Redlands, CA: ESRI• Greene, R.W. 2000. GIS in Public Policy: Using Geographic Information for More Effective Government. Redlands, CA:

ESRI. • Greene, R.W. 2002. Confronting Catastrophe: A GIS Handbook. Redlands, CA: ESRI. • Hougton, John. 2004. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.• LeGates, Richard. 2005. Think Globally, Act Regionally: GIS and Data Visualization for Social Science and Public Policy

Research. Redlands, CA: ESRI. • MARD. Agricultural Atlas of Vietnam. http://www.agro.gov.vn/map3/content/default_E.htm• MONRE. 2009. Climate Change Sea Level Rise Scenarios for Vietnam. Hanoi: MONRE.• National Academies. Online. Climate Change Resources (downloadable publications:

http://dels.nas.edu/climatechange/index.shtml• Nyerges, Timothy L. and Piotr Jankowski. 2010. Regional and Urban GIS: A Decision Support Approach. New York:

Guilford.• O’Looney, John. 2000. Beyond Maps: GIS and Decision Making in Local Government. Redlands, CA: ESRI. • Pamuk, Ayse. 2006. Mapping Global Cities: GIS Methods in Urban Analysis. Redlands, CA: ESRI• Scally, Robert. 2006. GIS for Environmental Management. Redlands, CA: ESRI.• Swiss National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR), in collaboration with GSO and MARD. 2004. Socio-Economic

Atlas of Vietnam. : http://www.north-south.unibe.ch/content.php/publication/id/1712• Thomas, Christopher and Nancy Humenik-Sappington. 2009. GIS for Decision Support and Public Policy Making. Redlands,

CA: ESRI.• Tomlinson, Roger. 2007. Thinking about GIS: Geographic Information System Planning for Managers. Redlands, CA: ESRI. • U.N. IPCC. IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers

http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf• U S Library of Congress Congressional Cartography Program 2006 Mapping for Congress: Supporting Public Policy with

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Discussion