3-1. software 3.1 system software: the power behind the power 3.2 the operating system: what it does...

SoftwareSoftware3.1 System Software: The Power behind the Power

3.2 The Operating System: What It Does

3.3 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities

3.4 Common Features of the User Interface

3.5 Common Operating Systems

3.6 Application Software

3.7 Word Processing

3.8 Spreadsheets

3.9 Database Software

3.10 Specialty Software

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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System Software: The Power behind System Software: The Power behind the Powerthe Power

Application SoftwareSoftware developed to solve a particular problem for

users Either performs useful work on a specific task Or provides entertainment

We interact mainly with this softwareSystem Software

Enables application software to interact with the computer

Helps the computer to manage its own internal and external resources

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System Software: The Power behind System Software: The Power behind the Powerthe Power

System Software has 3 basic components Operating System (OS)

The principal component of system software Low-level, master system of programs to manage basic computer

operations Some hardware requires specific Operating Systems

Macintosh computers run Macintosh OS PCs run Microsoft Windows, Linux, or BSD Unix IBM Mainframes run MVS or VM Cray supercomputers run COS or UNICOS

Device Drivers Help the computer control peripheral devices

Utility Programs Used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in the

computer

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The Operating System: What It DoesThe Operating System: What It Does

Booting The process of loading an OS into the computer’s

main memory The steps are:

1. Turn the computer on2. Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other

hardware3. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to

main memory BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware The computer needs those instructions to operate the

hardware and find a copy of the OS4. Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s

main memory

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Central Processing Unit (CPU) ManagementKernel is the supervising software that manages CPU

Kernel must remain in memory while the computer runs If another program uses the kernel’s memory when the

kernel needs it, the computer will crashMemory Management

OS keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs and data from overlapping each other

Swaps portions of programs and data into the same memory but at different times

Keeps track of virtual memoryQueues, Buffers, Spooling

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Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management (continued)Queues, Buffers, Spooling

Queue: First-in, First-out (FIFO) sequence of data or programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed

Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they are waiting

To Spool: The act of placing a print job into a bufferNeeded because the CPU is faster than printersThe CPU can work on other tasks while the print jobs

wait

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File Management A file is either a

Data File: a named collection of data

Program File: a program that exists in a computer’s secondary storage

The File System arranges files in a hierarchical manner

Top level is Directories (aka Folders)

Subdirectories come below Folders

Find files using their pathname C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/

section1.doc

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Task Management Required for computers that accommodate multiple users Required for computers that allow multiple simultaneous

applications Methods of processing two or more programs

Multitasking By one user on one processor

Multiprogramming By multiple users concurrently on one processor

Time-sharing By multiple users in round-robin fashion on one processor

Multiprocessing By one or more users simultaneously on two or more processors

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Security ManagementOperating Systems permit users to control access to their

computersUsers gain access using an ID and passwordYou set the password the first time you boot up a new

computerSystem Administrators can set up new accounts and

assign new passwords

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Other System Software: Device Other System Software: Device Drivers & UtilitiesDrivers & Utilities

Device Drivers Specialized software programs that allow input and output

devices to communicate with the rest of the OS When you get a brand-new printer or monitor, you may also

need to install the device driver for it Device drivers come with new hardware, or download from the

manufacturer’s website, or sites like www.driverguide.com or www.windrivers.com

Utilities Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and

allocation of computer resources Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately like

Norton SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities

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Other System Software: Device Other System Software: Device Drivers & UtilitiesDrivers & Utilities

Practical Utility programs perform the following tasksVirus protectionData compressionFile defragmentationDisk scanner & disk cleanupBackupData recovery

Discussion Question: How many of you have lost important files such as a term paper? Didn’t you wish you had made a backup copy? ALL data media are subject to possible failure and data loss!

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Common Features of the User InterfaceCommon Features of the User Interface

User InterfaceThe user-controllable display screen you use to interact

with the computerKeyboard and Mouse

User input devices that you use to interact with the display screen

Both devices have special-purpose keys Keyboard Special-purpose keys: Esc, Ctrl, Alt, Del, Ins,

Home, End, PgUp, PgDn, Num Lock Mouse special-purpose keys: left-click, right-click, and (on

some mice) scroll wheel or center click

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Keyboard Function Keys – let you quickly perform specific tasks Escape Key – lets you quit a task Ctrl and Alt – use combination with another key to bypass using the

mouse – Ctrl + S will save a document, Alt + Tab will let you switch between running applications

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Keyboard continuedApplication key – quickly displays the shortcut menu

for any item on your screenStatus lights – indicate if your Num Lock or Caps

Lock keys are on Numeric Keypad – allows you to type in numbers

when the Num Lock light is on

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Mouse Handy tool for dragging and dropping text, graphics Useful for navigating menus on unfamiliar applications

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons

and commands from menusReplaces command-driven interfaces used in earlier

programsThree main features are: desktop, icons, and menus

Desktop: The system’s main interface screen Icon: Small pictorial figure that represents a program, data

file, or procedure Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll

your mouse over it Menus: A list of built-in commands and/or options from

which to choose

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To start an application, pick one of 3 methods:Click on the Start button on the lower left corner of the

Windows desktopClick on the My Computer icon on the desktop, find the

application executable on your hard disk, and click itClick on the My Documents icon on the desktop, find the

document you want to open, and click it. It should automatically open the application that created it, if you have that application installed

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Most Operating Systems have the following:Title Bar: runs across the top of the display windowMenu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus

availableToolbar: Displays menus and icons representing the

most-frequently used commandsTaskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows

screen that contains the Start buttonA window: A rectangular frame on the computer screen

through which you can view a file of data or an application

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Common Operating SystemsCommon Operating Systems

PlatformThe particular processor model and operating system on

which a computer system is basedOperating Systems are platform-specificPC (Wintel) platforms

Dell, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, IBM PCsOriginally ran Disk Operating System (DOS)Currently run Linux, Unix, Windows

Apple (Macintosh) platformsRun Mac OS (System 9 was proprietary, OS X is Unix-

based)

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Mac OSThe OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computersPioneered the easy-to-use GUIProprietary OS

System 9 is OS from 1999, but still popular Mac OS X is based on BSD Unix kernel Tiger is 2005 release of Mac OS X; features include

Spotlight – a desktop search engine for locating files on local hard disk

Dashboard – for creating desktop “widgets” Automator – automatically helps users to script repetitive tasks

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Unix, Solaris, BSDDeveloped at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 as

minicomputer operating systemIs a multitasking operating system with multiple users

that has built-in networking capability and a version for every platform

Unix interface GUI – An optional shell program that starts after the kernel Command interface – starts when kernel loads

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LinuxA flavor (version) of UnixA free, nonproprietary version of UNIX

May legally be downloaded and used for free May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications

aren’t copyrighted In 2000, adopted by China as national standard OS

Linux vendors produce Linux Distributions Software is distributed for free Support services are sold for a profit

Many PCs are set up to dual-boot Linux and Windows

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Operating Systems for HandheldsPalm OS

Dominant handheld OS Proprietary OS requires proprietary software

Windows CE Has familiar Windows look and feel Can be directly programmed using Visual Basic 2005

Symbian OS Symbian is world’s largest producer of smartphone software Software is open-source

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Application SoftwareApplication Software

There are 5 ways to legally obtain software1. Commercial Software

Copyrighted – license must be purchased

2. Public-domain software Not copyrighted – legal to copy

3. Shareware Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it

4. Freeware Copyrighted – but available for free. Pay on honor system

5. Rentalware Copyrighted – lease for a fee

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Software License TypesSite licenses

Allow software to be used on all computers at a specific location

Concurrent-user license Allows a specified number of copies to be used at one time May require additional license-monitoring software

Multiple-user license Specifies the number of people who may use the software

Single-use license Limits the software to one user at a time

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Other software categoriesPirated software

Software obtained illegally in violation of copyright Software & Industry Information Association Anti-Piracy

division prosecutes violators of software copyright laws http://www.siia.net/piracy/

Don’t pirate software!!!Abandonware

Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its publisher

Subject to copyright for 95 years from date of publication

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Importing filesGetting data from another source and converting it into a

format for the application you are usingAllows you to edit files from other applications

Exporting filesTransforming data into a format that can be used by a

different application, then transmitting itCommon export files end in the .rtf extension

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Word ProcessingWord Processing

Software that uses computers to create, edit, format, print, and store text.Microsoft Word licensed for Windows and Mac OSLotus Smart Suite licensed for WindowsSun Microsystems Star Office licensed for Windows-

Linux- and Solaris-based systems (was free)Corel Word-Perfect licensed for Windows

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Tools for creating documentsCursor is on screen to show you where to enter textScrolling means moving quickly forward, up, down, or

sideways through document test displayWord wrap automatically continues text to next line when

you reach the right marginOutline view puts tags on headings within a document to

organize itInserting is the act of adding text to documentsDeleting is the act of removing text from documents

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Find & Replace Find lets you go straight to any text in your document Replace lets you go to the text and automatically replace it with

something elseCut, Copy, & Paste

Select the text you want to move Copy to clipboard, then paste in new location Or drag the text to the new location

Spelling Checker Tests for incorrectly spelled words Often shows them with a squiggly line underneath You may choose to use the “Autocorrect” feature

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Grammar CheckerHighlights poor grammar, wordiness, sentence

fragments, and awkward phrasesPuts different-color squiggly line under suspect phrases

ThesaurusCan be called up on-screenOffers suggestions for alternative words with the same

meaning

Discussion Question: How doze a spell-checker Handel different spellings for the same word? Should ewe trust the spell-checker for everything?

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Formatting Documents using Templates & WizardsA template is a preformatted document that provides

basic tools for shaping a final document You can customize a template with your company’s name,

address, etc, then save it and use it again and again Use them when you have to repeatedly create the same

basic documentA wizard is an interactive computer utility program that

leads the user through a task asking questions and using the user’s answers to customize a solution Letter wizards create customized letters Memo wizards help you to create memoranda

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FormattingFont

The typeface, size, and color of your letters Also lets you specify underlined, italic, or bold

Spacing & Columns Choose how far apart the lines will be (single- or double-

spaced) Choose single-column or multi-columned text for your

documentMargins & Justification

Indicate width of left, right, top, and bottom margins Justify text left, right, or center

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Headers, footers, page numbersA header is text printed at the very top of the pageA footer is text (like page number) at the page bottom

Other FormattingYou can specify a border around a document or around a

paragraph – it can really highlight a pointYou can also use shading, tables, and footnotes

Default SettingsThese are the settings automatically used by the program

unless you change them

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Saving a documentStore a document as an electronic fileFile Save or click Floppy icon or Ctrl + SSave often, and save in two places

Print Print individual pages, the whole document, or several

copiesFile Print or click printer icon or Ctrl + P

Track ChangesSave as Web Document

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SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets

Electronic spreadsheets were created in 1978 by Daniel Bricklin at Harvard Business School and Daniel Fylstra at M.I.T. and HBS as a study tool

Spreadsheets are organized into columns and rowsCells are where a row and a column meetCell address is the position of the cellRange is a group of adjacent cellsValues are numbers or dates entered into a cellCell pointers or cursors are where the data is to be

entered

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Formulas, Functions, Recalculation, What-IfFormulas are instructions for calculations

They define mathematically how one cell relates to another cell

Example: =SUM(A5:A15) sums the values of the cells A5, A6, A7, and so forth up through cell A15

Functions are built-in formulas, such as SUM()Recalculation is the process of recomputing valuesWhat-If analysis allows users to see what happens to

totals when one or more numbers change in cells This is the powerful feature of spreadsheets over manual

calculations

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Charting and Analytical GraphicsSpreadsheets allow you to automatically create graphsWhen the cells change, the graphs change tooCharts are a type of graph that include

Bar charts Column charts Line graphs Pie charts Scatter charts

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Database SoftwareDatabase Software

A database is a structured collection of interrelated files in a computer system with built-in data input and retrieval methods.

In databasesData redundancy is minimizedData is integrated and stored in a structured fashionData in databases has more integrity than does data

stored in separate filesData is organized into tables, records, and fieldsData may include text, numbers, and graphics

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Database features includeLinking records using a key

Tables that contain the same field are linked together by fields, so the key can be updated just once

Key fields can also be used to sort data Querying and displaying records

Offer a quick way to locate records quicklySaving, Formatting, Printing, Copying, Transmitting

Database software allows you to create custom input forms, custom reports, copy search results and paste them into Word, print out addresses to mailing labels, or attach to email

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Specialty SoftwareSpecialty Software

Presentation GraphicsDesktop PublishingFinancial SoftwareDrawing and Painting SoftwareProject Management SoftwareVideo-audio Editing SoftwareAnimation SoftwareWeb Page Design Software

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Presentation Graphics SoftwareUse graphics, animation, sound, data, or information to

make visual presentationsFor example, this presentationContains

Design and content templates Slide sorters Outline view Slide view Notes Page View

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Financial SoftwareRanges from personal-finance managers to entry-level

accounting programs to business financial-management packages

Common features Track income and expenses Allow checkbook management Do financial reporting Offer tax categories to assist with tax recordkeeping May also offer financial-planning and portfolio-management

features

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Desktop PublishingInvolves mixing text and graphics to produce high-quality

output for commercial printingUses a mouse, scanner, printer, and DTP softwareHas the following features

Mix of text with graphics Offers varied type and layout styles Allows import of files from other programs

Drawing programsGraphics software used to design and illustrate objects

and products

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Specialty SoftwareSpecialty SoftwarePainting programs

Graphics programs that allow users to simulate painting on-screen

Produce bit-mapped or raster images Also called image-editing software

Graphics file formats .bmp (bit-map) .gif (Graphic Interchange Format) – copyrighted format used in

web pages .jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group)- high-resolution .tiff (Tagged Image File Formats) – PC and Macs for high-

resolution images to print .png (Portable Network Graphics) – public domain alternative to gif

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Video editing softwareAllows import to and editing of video footage on PCVideo editing examples include Adobe Premiere, Sony

Pictures Digital Vegas, Apple Final Cut Express, Pinnacle Studio DV, and Ulead VideoStudio

Audio editing software Allows import to and editing of sound files on PCSound editing examples include Windows Sound

Recorder, Sony Pictures Digital Sound Forge, Audacity (freeware), Felt Tip Software’s Sound Studio (shareware), GoldWave, and WavePad.

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Animation SoftwareSimulates movement by rapidly displaying a series

of still pictures, or framesGIF is the first format to catch on

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Multimedia Authoring SoftwareCombines text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in

an integrated way to create stand-alone multimedia applications

Requires fast computer, lots of memory, and good, fast graphics card

Macromedia Director and Macromedia Authorware are popular examples

Web Page Design SoftwareUsed to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia

featuresNot required to create simple web pages

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Specialty SoftwareSpecialty SoftwareProject Management Software

A program used to plan and schedule the people, costs, and resources required to complete a project on time Shows project broken down into steps and tasks Each task has a beginning and end date Tasks can be scheduled concurrently or consecutively

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)Programs intended for design of products, structures,

civil engineering drawings, and maps Provide precise dimensioning and positioning of design elements Examples include AutoCAD, ProEngineer, CorelCAD, CATIA To see an example, go to

http://www.3ds.com/flashgallery/discover-3d-xml/ for CATIA