2a compressor fundamentals

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Centrifugal Centrifugal CompressorsCompressors

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TopicsTopics

Centrifugal Compressor Model

How a Centrifugal works / Energy Conversion

Basic Construction

Centrifugal Flow Paths

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Basic PrinciplesBasic Principles

Centrifugal Action

A Centrifugal Stage

Energy Conversion

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The Centrifugal EffectThe Centrifugal Effect

MomentumVelocity & Direction

Centripetal Force

Centrifugal Reaction

Any object traveling in a circle is kept in that path by the centripetal force

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Gas Velocity IncreaseGas Velocity Increase

V1

V2

V3

When the impeller rotates, the rotation forces the gas molecules outward the center / impeller eye because the lack of centripetal force

As the gas molecules move outward, they gain velocity

The gas tends to oppose the push of the blades, so the pressure of the gas increases

The impeller adds both velocity and pressure to the gas

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Centrifugal ActionCentrifugal Action

EYE OF THEIMPELLERLow Velocity, Low Pressure Gas Inlet

TIP OF THE IMPELLERHigh Velocity, Higher Pressure Gas Outlet

Cover Blades Disk

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Centrifugal Action Diffusion PassageCentrifugal Action Diffusion Passage

P1 P1

P2P2

Diffusion Passage

Impeller Impeller

Diffusion Passage

Shaft

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V1 V1

V2V2 V1

V1Diffusion Passage

Impeller Impeller

Diffusion Passage

Shaft

Diffusion Passage Velocity ChangesDiffusion Passage Velocity Changes

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Pressure, Volume and TemperaturePressure, Volume and Temperature

1 ft.

1 ft.1 ft.

Gas = 1 ft.3

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Temperature and Molecule Energy Temperature and Molecule Energy LevelLevel

Greater Temperature = Greater Energy = Higher Pressure

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Add Heat

1 ft.

1 ft.1 ft.

Gas = 1 ft.3

Pressure, Volume and TemperaturePressure, Volume and Temperature

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What is a Stage of Compression?What is a Stage of Compression?Centrifugal Stage

Return Bend

Guide Vanes

Return Channel

Return Bend

ImpellerIncreases VelocityIncreases Static Pressure

DiffuserReduces VelocityIncreases Static Pressure

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Centrifugal Compressor StageCentrifugal Compressor Stage

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Energy ConversionEnergy Conversion

P4,V4,T4

P2,V4,T2

P3,V1,T3

P3,V1,T3

P5,V1,T5

P1,V1,T1

P5,V1,T5

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Basic ConstructionBasic Construction

Compressor Types

Basic Principles - Fundamentals

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1. Pipeline Radial InletMulti-stage

4. Pipeline BoosterAxial InletSingle-stage

2. Radially Split Multi-stage

3. Axially SplitFabricated Case

Types of CentrifugalsTypes of Centrifugals

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Gases - All types of gases Speed - 3,500 to 26,500 RPM Pressure - Vacuum to 10,500 PSI Flow range - 800 to 520,000 ACFM Number of stages - 1 to 10 impellers Head - 3,000 to 15,000 ft/lb/lb per stage

2000 by Dresser-Rand

Application parametersApplication parameters

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Sizes of CentrifugalsSizes of Centrifugals

Large VolumeLower PressureLower RPM

Smaller VolumeHigher PressureHigher RPM

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Designation of centrifugal Designation of centrifugal compressorscompressors

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Application ParametersApplication Parameters

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Model ExplanationModel Explanation

D12R5SD DATUM Centrifugal Compressor

12 Frame Size Based on case insidediameter (from 2 to 28)

R Radial or Vertical Split Casing

5 Actual Number of Impellers

B/C/S Back to Back Configuration

Compound

Straight Through

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Model ExplanationModel Explanation

D14R8-6CD DATUM Centrifugal Compressor

8 Frame Size Based on case insidediameter (from 2 to 28)

R Radial or Vertical Split Casing

10 Actual Number of Impellers

B/C/S Back to Back Configuration

Compound

Straight Through

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D26

D4


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Application ParametersApplication Parameters

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Axial Split CasingAxial Split Casing

Axially Split Fabricated

Casing

ForgedEnd Covers,

Cartridges, orHeads


Operate at relatively low pressures < 850 psig

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Axially Split Compressor on Test

Axial Split CasingAxial Split Casing

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Radial Split CasingRadial Split Casing

Radially Split Forged/Fabricated

Casing


Rotor Assembly

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Radially Split Compressor in Service

Radial Split CasingRadial Split Casing

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Pipeline Booster CasingPipeline Booster Casing

DischargeNozzle

Inlet Nozzle

Head

Volute

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Casing before machiningCasing before machining

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Nozzles before machiningNozzles before machining

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Casing with feet and nozzlesCasing with feet and nozzles

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Casing fixationCasing fixation

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Compressor head with lifting Compressor head with lifting toolstools

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Radially Split with Shear Ring HeadsRadially Split with Shear Ring Heads

Shear Ring

O-Rings

Retaining Ring

It offers the benefits of greater strength and faster disassembly than bolted design

Proper assembly is assured by elimination of the precise torque requirements of bolted head requirements

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Shear Rings & OShear Rings & O--RingsRings

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Head fixationHead fixation

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Head fixationHead fixation

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Nameplate DataNameplate DataModel: D14R8-6C

Serial No: DF5115

Max Allowable Working Pressure: 175 barg

Min / Max Temp: 0C / 150C

Min / MCOS: 5715/ 8980 RPM

Trip Speed: 9429 RPM

NC1: 3800 - 4250

NC2: 15800 - 16050

Max Sealing / Settleout Pressure: 70.5 / 138 barg

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Nameplate DataNameplate DataModel: D8R10B

Serial No: CT32293A01/B01

Max Allowable Working Pressure: 175 barg

Min / Max Temp: -29C / 193C

Min / MCOS: 5903 / 8855 RPM

Trip Speed: 9298 RPM

NC1: 3500

NC2: 14500 - 16000

Max Sealing / Settleout Pressure: 89 barg

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Modular Bundle Technology

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Bundle Assembly RollerBundle Assembly Roller

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Bundle Components

ROTOR

BEARINGS & SEALS

HEADS

RETURN BEND

DIAPHRAGMS

VOLUTE

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Modular Bundle Technology

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2a compressor fundamentals

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