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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1917

PART 1917MARINE TERMINALS

Subpart AGeneral Provisions

Sec.1917.1 Scope and applicability.1917.2 Definitions.1917.3 Incorporation by reference.1917.4 OMB control numbers under the Pa-

perwork Reduction Act.

Subpart BMarine Terminal Operations

1917.11 Housekeeping.1917.12 Slippery conditions.1917.13 Slinging.1917.14 Stacking of cargo and pallets.1917.15 Coopering.1917.16 Line handling. (See also 1917.95(b)).1917.17 Railroad facilities.1917.18 Log handling.1917.19 Movement of barges and railcars.1917.20 Interference with communications.1917.21 Open fires.1917.22 Hazardous cargo (See 1917.2(p)).1917.23 Hazardous atmospheres and sub-

stances (see also 1917.2 Hazardous cargo,material, substance or atmosphere).

1917.24 Carbon monoxide.1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides

and hazardous preservatives (see also 1917.2 Hazardous cargo, material, sub-stance or atmosphere).

1917.26 First aid and lifesaving facilities.1917.27 Personnel.

1917.28 Hazard communication (See also 1917.1(a)(2)(vi)).

1917.29 Retention of DOT markings, plac-ards and labels.

1917.30 Emergency action plans.

Subpart CCargo Handling Gear andEquipment

1917.41 House falls.1917.42 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear.1917.43 Powered industrial trucks.1917.44 General rules applicable to vehicles.1917.45 Cranes and derricks (See also

1917.50).1917.46 Load indicating devices.1917.47 Winches.1917.48 Conveyors.1917.49 Spouts, chutes, hoppers, bins, and

associated equipment.1917.50 Certification of marine terminal ma-

terial handling devices (See also manda-tory appendix I, of this part).

1917.51 Hand tools.

Subpart DSpecialized Terminals

1917.70 General.1917.71 Terminals handling intermodal con-

tainers or roll-on roll-off operations.1917.73 Terminal facilities handling menha-

den and similar species of fish (see also

1917.2, definition of hazardous cargo,material, substance or atmosphere).

Subpart EPersonal Protection

1917.91 Eye and face protection.1917.92 Respiratory protection.

1917.93 Head protection.

1917.94 Foot protection.1917.95 Other protective measures.

Subpart FTerminal Facilities

1917.111 Maintenance and load limits.

1917.112 Guarding of edges.1917.113 Clearance heights.

1917.114 Cargo doors.1917.115 Platforms and skids.1917.116 Elevators and escalators.

1917.117 Manlifts.

1917.118 Fixed ladders.

1917.119 Portable ladders.1917.120 Fixed stairways.

1917.121 Spiral stairways.

1917.122 Employee exits.1917.123 Illumination.1917.124 Dockboards (car and bridge plates).1917.125 Guarding temporary hazards.1917.126 River banks.1917.127 Sanitation.1917.128 Signs and marking.

Subpart GRelated Terminal Operationsand Equipment

1917.151 Machine guarding.1917.152 Welding, cutting and heating (hot

work) (See also 1917.2, definition of Haz-ardous cargo, materials, substance, or at-mosphere).

1917.153 Spray painting (See also 1917.2,definition of Hazardous cargo, materials,substance, or atmosphere).

1917.154 Compressed air.1917.155 Air receivers.1917.156 Fuel handling and storage.1917.157 Battery charging and changing.1917.158 Prohibited operations.

APPENDIX I TO PART 1917SPECIAL CARGOGEAR AND CONTAINER SPREADER TEST RE-QUIREMENTS (MANDATORY) [SEE 1917.50(C)(5)]

AUTHORITY: Section 41, Longshore and Har-

bor Workers Compensation Act (33 U.S.C.941); sections 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety andHealth Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657);Secretary of Labors Order Nos. 1271 (36 FR8754), 876 (41 FR 25059), 983 (48 FR 35736), 696 (62 FR 111), or 52002 (67 FR 65008), as ap-plicable; and 29 CFR part 1911.

Section 1917.28 also issued under 5 U.S.C.553.

Section 1917.29 also issued under Sec.29,Hazardous Materials Transportation Uni-form Safety Act of 1990 (49 U.S.C. 18011819and 5 U.S.C. 553).

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7107 Edition) 1917.1

1The International Maritime Organizationpublishes the International Maritime Dan-gerous Goods Code to aid compliance withthe international legal requirements of theInternational Convention for the Safety ofLife at Sea, 1960.

SOURCE: 48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, unlessotherwise noted.

Subpart AGeneral Provisions

1917.1 Scope and applicability.

(a) The regulations of this part applyto employment within a marine ter-minal as defined in 1917.2, includingthe loading, unloading, movement orother handling of cargo, ships storesor gear within the terminal or into orout of any land carrier, holding or con-solidation area, any other activitywithin and associated with the overalloperation and functions of the ter-minal, such as the use and routinemaintenance of facilities and equip-ment. All cargo transfer accomplishedwith the use of shore-based materialhandling devices shall be regulated bythis part.

(1) The provisions of this part 1917 donot apply to the following:

(i) Facilities used solely for the bulkstorage, handling and transfer of flam-mable, non-flammable and combustibleliquids and gases.

(ii) Facilities subject to the regula-tions of the Office of Pipeline Safety

Regulation of the Materials Transpor-tation Bureau, Department of Trans-portation, to the extent such regula-tions apply.

(iii) Fully automated bulk coal han-dling facilities contiguous to electricalpower generating plants.

(2) Part 1910 of this chapter does notapply to marine terminals except forthe following provisions:

(i) Abrasive blasting. Subpart G, 1910.94(a);

(ii) Access to employee exposure andmedical records. Subpart Z, 1910.1020;

(iii) Commercial diving operations. Sub-part T of part 1910;

(iv) Electrical. Subpart S of part 1910;

(v) Grain handling facilities. SubpartR, 1910.272;

(vi) Hazard communication. Subpart Z, 1910.1200;

(vii) Ionizing radiation. Subpart Z, 1910.1096;

(viii) Noise. Subpart G, 1910.95;

(ix) Nonionizing radiation. Subpart G, 1910.97;

(x) Respiratory protection. Subpart I, 1910.134;

(xi) Safety requirements for scaffolding.Subpart D, 1910.28;

(xii) Servicing multi-piece and singlepiece rim wheels. Subpart N, 1910.177;

(xiii) Toxic and hazardous substances.Subpart Z applies to marine cargo han-dling activities except for the fol-lowing:

(A) When a substance or cargo is con-tained within a sealed, intact means ofpackaging or containment complyingwith Department of Transportation orInternational Maritime Organizationrequirements;1

(B) Bloodborne pathogens, 1910.1030;(C) Carbon monoxide, 1910.1000 (See

1917.24(a)); and(D) Hydrogen sulfide, 1910.1000 (See

1917.73(a)(2)); and(E) Hexavalent chromium 1910.1026

(See 1915.1026)(xiv) Powered industrial truck oper-

ator training, Subpart N, 1910.178(1).

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a)(2)(xiv): The compli-ance dates of December 1, 1999 set forth in 29CFR 1910.178(l)(7) are stayed until March 1,2000 for Marine Terminals.

(b) Section 1915.1026 applies to anyoccupational exposures to hexavalentchromium in workplaces covered bythis Part.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 52FR 36026, Sept. 25, 1987; 52 FR 49624, Dec. 31,1987; 62 FR 40196, July 25, 1997; 63 FR 66274,Dec. 1, 1998; 64 FR 46847, Aug. 27, 1999; 65 FR40938, June 30, 2000; 71 FR 10381, Feb. 28, 2006]

1917.2 Definitions.

Apron means that open portion of amarine terminal immediately adjacentto a vessel berth and used in the directtransfer of cargo between the terminaland vessel.

Authorized, in reference to an em-ployees assignment, means selected bythe employer for that purpose.

Cargo door (transit shed door) means

a door designed to permit transfer ofcargo to and from a marine terminalstructure.

Cargo packaging means any method ofcontainment for shipment, including


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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor 1917.2

cases, cartons, crates and sacks, butexcluding large units such as inter-modal containers, vans or similar de-vices.

Confined space means:(1) A space having all of the following

characteristics:(i) Small size;(ii) Severely limited natural ventila-

tion;(iii) Capability to accumulate or con-

tain a hazardous atmosphere;(iv) Exits that are not readily acces-

sible; and

(v) A design not meant for contin-uous human occupancy.

(2) Examples of confined spaces areintermodal tank containers, bailwatertanks and portable tanks.

Conveyor means a device designed ex-clusively for transporting bulk mate-rials, packages or objects in a predeter-mined path and having fixed or selec-tive points of loading or discharge.

Danger zone means any place in orabout a machine or piece of equipmentwhere an employee may be struck byor caught between moving parts,caught between moving and stationaryobjects or parts of the machine, caughtbetween the material and a moving

part of the machine, burned by hot sur-faces or exposed to electric shock. Ex-amples of danger zones are nip andshear points, shear lines, drive mecha-nisms, and areas beneath counter-weights.

Designated person means a person whopossesses specialized abilities in a spe-cific area and is assigned by the em-ployer to perform a specific task inthat area.

Dock means a wharf or pier formingall or part of a waterfront facility, in-cluding marginal or quayside berthingfacilities; not to be confused withloading dock as at a transit shed orcontainer freight station, or with the

body of water between piers orwharves.

Dockboards (car and bridge plates)mean devices for spanning short dis-tances between rail cars or highway ve-hicles and loading platforms that donot expose employees to falls greaterthan 4 feet (1.22 m).

Enclosed space means an indoor space,other than a confined space, that maycontain or accumulate a hazardous at-

mosphere due to inadequate naturalventilation. Examples of enclosedspaces are trailers, railcars, and stor-age rooms.

Examination, as applied to materialhandling devices required by this partto be certificated, means a comprehen-sive survey consisting of the criteriaoutlined in 29 CFR 1919.71(d) as applica-ble to the type of gear or device. Theexamination is supplemented by a unitproof test in the case of a quadrennialsurvey.

Flammable atmosphere means an at-mosphere containing more than 10 per-cent of the lower flammable limit of aflammable or combustible vapor ordust mixed with air.

Front-end attachments. (1) As appliedto power-operated industrial trucks,means the various devices, such as rollclamps, rotating and sideshifting car-riages, magnets, rams, crane arms orbooms, load stabilizers, scoops, bucketsand dumping bins, attached to the loadend for handling lifts as single or mul-tiple units.

(2) As applied to cranes, means var-ious attachments applied to the basicmachine for the performance of func-

tions such as lifting, clamshell or mag-net services.

Fumigant is a substance or mixture ofsubstances, used to kill pests or pre-vent infestation, which is a gas or israpidly or progressively transformed tothe gaseous state, even though somenongaseous or particulate matter mayremain and be dispersed in the treat-ment space.

Hazardous cargo, material, substance or

atmosphere means:

(1) Any substance listed in 29 CFRpart 1910, subpart Z;

(2) Any material in the HazardousMaterials Table and Hazardous Mate-rials Communications Regulations of

the Department of Transportation, 49CFR part 172;

(3) Any article not properly describedby a name in the Hazardous MaterialsTable and Hazardous Materials Com-munications Regulations of the De-partment of Transportation, 49 CFRpart 172 but which is properly classifiedunder the definition of those categoriesof dangerous articles given in 49 CFRPart 173; or


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(4) Any atmosphere with an oxygencontent of less than 19.5%.

House falls means spans and sup-porting members, winches, blocks, andstanding and running rigging formingpart of a marine terminal and usedwith a vessels cargo gear to load orunload by means of married falls.

Inspection, as applied to materialhandling devices required by this partto be certificated, means a completevisual examination of all visible partsof the device.

Intermodal containermeans a reusablecargo container of a rigid construction

and rectangular configuration; fittedwith devices permitting its ready han-dling, particularly its transfer fromone mode of transport to another; sodesigned to be readily filled andemptied; intended to contain one ormore articles of cargo or bulk commod-ities for transportation by water andone or more other transport modes.The term includes completely enclosedunits, open top units, fractional heightunits, units incorporating liquid or gastanks and other variations fitting intothe container system. It does not in-clude cylinders, drums, crates, cases,

cartons, packages, sacks, unitizedloads or any other form of packaging.

Loose gear means removable and re-placeable components of equipment ordevices which may be used with or as apart of assembled material handlingunits for purposes such as making con-nections, changing line direction andmultiplying mechanical advantage. Ex-amples are shackles and snatch blocks.

Marine terminal means wharves, bulk-heads, quays, piers, docks and otherberthing locations and adjacent stor-age or adjacent areas and structuresassociated with the primary movementof cargo or materials from vessel toshore or shore to vessel including

structures which are devoted to receiv-ing, handling, holding, consolidatingand loading or delivery of waterborneshipments or passengers, includingareas devoted to the maintenance ofthe terminal or equipment. The termdoes not include production or manu-facturing areas nor does the term in-clude storage facilities directly associ-ated with those production or manufac-turing areas.

Ramps mean other flat-surface de-vices for passage between levels andacross openings not covered underdockboards.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62FR 40196, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938, June 30,2000]

1917.3 Incorporation by reference.

(a) (1) The standards of agencies ofthe U.S. Government, and organiza-tions which are not agencies of theU.S. Government which are incor-porated by reference in this part, havethe same force and effect as otherstandards in this part. Only the manda-tory provisions (i.e. provisions con-taining the word shall or other man-datory language) of standards incor-porated by reference are adopted asstandards under the Occupational Safe-ty and Health Act.

(2) Any changes in the standards in-corporated by reference in this partand an official historic file of suchchanges are available for inspection atthe national office of the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration,U.S. Department of Labor, Washington,DC 20210.

(3) The materials listed in paragraph

(b) of this section are incorporated byreference in the corresponding sectionsnoted as they exist on the date of theapproval, and a notice of any change inthese materials will be published in theFEDERAL REGISTER. Theseincorporations by reference (IBRs)were approved by the Director of theFederal Register in accordance with 5U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.

(4) Copies of the following standardsthat are issued by the respective pri-vate standards organizations may beobtained from the issuing organiza-tions. The materials are available forpurchase at the corresponding address-es of the private standards organiza-

tions noted in paragraph (b) of this sec-tion. In addition, all are available forinspection through the OSHA DocketOffice, room N2625, U.S. Department ofLabor, 200 Constitution Ave., Wash-ington, DC 20210, or any of OSHAs re-gional offices or at the National Ar-chives and Records Administration(NARA). For information on the avail-ability of this material at NARA, call2027416030, or go to: http://


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www.archives.gov/federallregister/

codeloflfederallregulations/

ibrllocations.html.

(b) The following material is avail-able for purchase from the AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI),11 West 42nd St., New York, NY 10036:

(1) ANSI A14.11990, Safety Require-ments for Portable Wood Ladders; IBRapproved for 1917.119(c).

(2) ANSI A14.21990, Safety Require-ments for Portable Metal Ladders; IBRapproved for 1917.119(c).

(3) ANSI A14.51992, Safety Require-

ments for Portable Reinforced PlasticLadders; IBR approved for 1917.119(c).

(4) ANSI Z87.11989, Practice for Oc-cupational and Educational Eye andFace Protection; IBR approved for 1917.91(a)(1).

(5) ANSI Z89.11986, Personnel Pro-tection-Protective Headwear for Indus-trial Workers-Requirements; IBR ap-proved for 1917.93(b).

(6) ANSI Z411991, American Na-tional Standard for Personal Protec-tion-Protective Footwear; IBR ap-proved for 1917.94(b).

(7) ASME B56.1, 1959, Safety Code forPowered Industrial Trucks, pages 8 and13; IBR approved for 1917.50(j)(1).

[62 FR 40196, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65FR 40938, June 30, 2000; 69 FR 18803, Apr. 9,2004]

1917.4 OMB control numbers underthe Paperwork Reduction Act.

The following list identifies the 29CFR citations for sections or para-graphs in this part that contain a col-lection of information requirement ap-proved by the Office of Managementand Budget (OMB). The list also pro-vides the control number assigned byOMB to each approved requirement;control number 12180196 expires onMay 31, 2002 and control number 12180003 expires on July 31, 2001. The list

follows:

29 CFR citationOMB control

number.

1917.17(n) ..................................................... 121801961917.17(o) ..................................................... 121801961917.23(b)(1) ................................................. 121801961917.23(b)(2) ................................................. 121801961917.23(d)(4) ................................................. 121801961917.24(b) ..................................................... 121801961917.24(d) ..................................................... 121801961917.25(a) ..................................................... 121801961917.25(b) ..................................................... 12180196

29 CFR citationOMB control

number.

1917.25(c) ...................................................... 121801961917.25(f) ...................................................... 121801961917.26(d)(7) ................................................. 121801961917.30(a)(1) ................................................. 121801961917.30(a)(5)(iii) ............................................ 121801961917.42(b)(1) ................................................. 121801961917.42(b)(4) ................................................. 121801961917.42(c)(1) ................................................. 121801961917.42(d)(1) ................................................. 121801961917.42(g)(3) ................................................. 121800031917.42(h)(1) ................................................. 121801961917.42(h)(4) ................................................. 121800031917.42(h)(5) ................................................. 121801961917.44(e) ..................................................... 121801961917.44(h) ..................................................... 12180196

1917.45(f)(1)(i) ............................................... 121801961917.45(f)(4)(iv) ............................................. 121801961917.45(f)(6) .................................................. 121801961917.45(g)(2) ................................................. 121801961917.45(g)(3)(iii) ............................................ 121801961917.45(g)(8) ................................................. 121801961917.45(k)(1) ................................................. 121801961917.45(k)(4) ................................................. 121801961917.46(a)(1)(v) ............................................. 121801961917.50(c)(1) ................................................. 121800031917.50(c)(3) ................................................. 121800031917.50(c)(4)(i) .............................................. 121800031917.50(c)(5)(ii) ............................................. 121800031917.50(c)(5)(iii) ............................................ 121800031917.50(e) ..................................................... 121800031917.50(g)(1) ................................................. 121800031917.50(h) ..................................................... 121800031917.71(a) ..................................................... 121801961917.71(b)(2)(i) .............................................. 121801961917.71(b)(2)(ii) ............................................. 121801961917.71(b)(6)(ii) ............................................. 12180196

1917.71(f)(4) .................................................. 121801961917.111(b) ................................................... 121801961917.113 ........................................................ 121801961917.115(c) .................................................... 121801961917.116(e) ................................................... 121801961917.116(g) ................................................... 121801961917.117(a) ................................................... 121801961917.117(b) ................................................... 121801961917.117(d) ................................................... 121801961917.117(e) ................................................... 121801961917.117(f) .................................................... 121801961917.117(l) ..................................................... 121801961917.118(e)(4)(i) ............................................ 121801961917.119(e) ................................................... 121801961917.122(a) ................................................... 121801961917.122(b) ................................................... 121801961917.128(b)(1)(b)(4) .................................... 121801961917.151(e)(5) ............................................... 121801961917.152(d)(2)(v) ........................................... 121801961917.152(d)(2)(vi) .......................................... 12180196

[64 FR 61505, Nov. 12, 1999]

Subpart BMarine TerminalOperations

1917.11 Housekeeping.

(a) Active work areas shall be keptfree of equipment and materials not inuse, and clear of debris, projectingnails, strapping and other sharp objectsnot necessary for the work in progress.


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(b) Hatch beams, covers and pontoonsplaced in terminal working areas shallbe stowed in stable piles with beams se-cured against tipping or falling. Alter-natively, beams may be laid on theirsides. When beams and pontoons arestowed in tiers more than one high,dunnage or other suitable materialshall be used under and between tiers.

(c) Cargo and material shall not ob-struct access to vessels, cranes, vehi-cles or buildings. Means of access andegress within buildings shall be simi-larly unobstructed.

(d) Dunnage, lumber, or shoring ma-terial in which there are visibly pro-truding nails shall be removed from theimmediate work area or if left in thearea, the nails shall be rendered harm-less.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62FR 40196, July 25, 1997]

1917.12 Slippery conditions.

The employer shall eliminate, to theextent possible, conditions causingslippery working and walking surfacesin immediate work areas used by em-ployees.

1917.13 Slinging.(a) Drafts shall be safely slung before

being hoisted. Loose dunnage or debrishanging or protruding from loads shallbe removed.

(b) Bales of cotton, wool, cork, woodpulp, gunny bags or similar articlesshall be hoisted only by straps strongenough to support the weight of thebale. At least two hooks, each in a sep-arate strap, shall be used.

(c) Unitized loads bound by bands orstraps may be hoisted by the bandingor strapping only if the banding orstrapping is suitable for hoisting and isstrong enough to support the weight ofthe load.

(d) Additional means of hoisting shallbe employed to ensure safe lifting ofunitized loads having damaged bandingor strapping.

(e) Case hooks shall be used onlywith cases designed to be hoisted bythese hooks.

(f) Loads requiring continuous man-ual guidance during handling shall beguided by guide ropes (tag lines) thatare long enough to control the load.

(g) Intermodal containers shall behandled in accordance with 1917.71(f).

(h) The employer shall require em-ployees to stay clear of the area be-neath overhead drafts or descendinglifting gear.

(i) Employees shall not be permittedto ride the hook or the load.


1917.14 Stacking of cargo and pallets.

Cargo, pallets and other material

stored in tiers shall be stacked in sucha manner as to provide stabilityagainst sliding and collapse.

1917.15 Coopering.

Repair and reconditioning of dam-aged or leaking cargo packaging (coop-ering) shall be performed so as not toendanger employees.

1917.16 Line handling. (See also 1917.95(b)).

(a) In order to provide safe access forhandling lines while mooring andunmooring vessels, cargo or materialshall not be stowed or vehicles placedwhere they obstruct the work surface

to be used.(b) When stringpiece or apron width

is insufficient for safe footing, grablines or rails shall be installed on thesides of permanent structures.(Stringpiece means a narrow walk-way between the water edge of a berthand a shed or other structure.)

1917.17 Railroad facilities.

(a) Work shall be performed in rail-cars only if floors of the railcars are invisibly safe condition for the work ac-tivity being conducted and equipmentbeing used.

(b) A route shall be established toallow employees to pass to and from

places of employment without passingunder, over or through railcars, or be-tween cars less than 10 feet (3 m) aparton the same track.

(c) The employer shall direct that noemployees remain in railcars afterwork is concluded.

(d) Railcars shall be chocked or oth-erwise prevented from moving:

(1) While dockboards or carplates arein position; or


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(2) While employees are workingwithin, on or under the railcars or nearthe tracks at the ends of the cars.

(e) When employees are working in,on, or under a railcar, positive meansshall be taken to protect them from ex-posure to impact from moving railcars.

(f) Before cars are moved, unsecuredand overhanging stakes, wire straps,banding and similar objects shall be re-moved or placed so as not to createhazards.

(g) The employer shall institute all

necessary controls during railcarmovement to safeguard personnel. Ifwinches or capstans are employed formovement, employees shall stand clearof the hauling rope and shall not standbetween the rope and the cars.

(h) Before being opened fully, doorsshall be opened slightly to ensure thatthe load has not shifted during transit.Special precautions shall be taken ifthe doors being opened are visibly dam-aged.

(i) If powered industrial trucks areused to open railcar doors, the trucksor the railcar doors shall be equippedwith door opening attachments. Em-ployees shall stand clear of the railcar

doors while they are being opened andclosed.

(j) Only railcar door openers or pow-ered industrial trucks equipped withdoor opening attachments shall be usedto open jammed doors.

(k) Employees shall not remain in oron gondolas or flat cars when draftsthat create overhead, caught-in,caught-between or struck-by hazardsare being landed in or on the railcar;end gates, if raised, shall be secured.

(l) Operators of railcar dumps shallhave an unrestricted view of dumpingoperations and shall have emergencymeans of stopping movement.

(m) Recessed railroad switches shallbe enclosed to provide a level surface.

(n) Warning signs shall be postedwhere doorways open onto tracks, atblind corners and at similar placeswhere vision may be restricted.

(o) Warning signs shall be posted ifinsufficient clearance for personnel ex-ists between railcars and structures.


1917.18 Log handling.

(a) The employer shall ensure that

structures (bunks) used to contain logs

have rounded corners and rounded

structural parts to avoid sling damage.

(b) Two or more binders or equiva-

lently safe means of containment shall

remain on logging trucks and railcars

to secure logs during movement of the

truck or car within the terminal. Dur-

ing unloading, logs shall be prevented

from moving while binders are being

removed.

(c) Logs shall be hoisted by twoslings or by other gear designed for

safe hoisting.

(d) Logs placed adjacent to vehicle

curbs on the dock shall not be over one

tier high unless placed in bunks or so

stacked as not to roll or otherwise cre-

ate a hazard to employees.

(e) Before logs are slung up from the

dock, they shall be stably supported to

prevent spreading and to allow passage

of slings beneath the load. When bunks

or similar retaining devices are used,

no log shall be higher than the stan-

chions or retaining members of the de-

vice.

1917.19 Movement of barges and rail-cars.

Barges and railcars shall not be

moved by cargo runners (running rig-

ging) from vessel cargo booms, cranes

or other equipment not suitable for the

purpose.

1917.20 Interference with commu-nications.

Cargo handling operations shall not

be carried on when noise-producing,

maintenance, construction or repair

work interferes with the communica-

tion of warnings or instructions.

[62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997]

1917.21 Open fires.

Open fires and fires in drums or simi-

lar containers are prohibited.


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2The Department of Transportation andthe United States Coast Guard apply require-ments related to handling, storing and trans-portation of hazardous cargo (see 33 CFRpart 126, 46 CFR, 49 CFR).

1917.22 Hazardous cargo 2 (See 1917.2(p)).

(a) Before cargo handling operationsbegin, the employer shall ascertainwhether any hazardous cargo is to behandled and shall determine the natureof the hazard. The employer shall in-form employees of the nature of anyhazard and any special precautions tobe taken to prevent employee exposure,and shall instruct employees to notifyhim of any leaks or spills.

(b) All hazardous cargo shall be slungand secured so that neither the draftnor individual packages can fall as aresult of tipping the draft or slackingof the supporting gear.

(c) If hazardous cargo is spilled or ifits packaging leaks, employees shall beremoved from the affected area untilthe employer has ascertained the spe-cific hazards, provided any equipment,clothing and ventilation and fire pro-tection equipment necessary to elimi-nate or protect against the hazard, andhas instructed cleanup employees in asafe method of cleaning up and dis-posing of a spill and handling and dis-posing of leaking containers. Actualcleanup or disposal work shall be con-ducted under the supervision of a des-ignated person.

1917.23 Hazardous atmospheres andsubstances (see also 1917.2 Haz-ardous cargo, material, substanceor atmosphere).

(a) Purpose and scope. This sectioncovers areas in which the employer isaware that a hazardous atmosphere orsubstance may exist, except where oneor more of the following sections apply: 1917.22 Hazardous cargo; 1917.24 Car-bon monoxide; 1917.25 Fumigants, pes-ticides, insecticides and hazardous pre-servatives; 1917.73 Terminal facilitieshandling menhaden and similar speciesof fish; 1917.152 Welding, cutting, andheating (hot work); and 1917.153 Spraypainting.

(b) Determination of hazard. (1) Whenthe employer is aware that a room,building, vehicle, railcar, or other

space contains or has contained a haz-

ardous atmosphere, a designated and

appropriately equipped person shall

test the atmosphere before employee

entry to determine whether a haz-

ardous atmosphere exists.

(2) Records of results of any tests re-

quired by this section shall be main-

tained for at least thirty (30) days.

(c) Testing during ventilation. When

mechanical ventilation is used to

maintain a safe atmosphere, tests shall

be made by a designated person to en-

sure that the atmosphere is not haz-ardous.

(d) Entry into hazardous atmospheres.

Only designated persons shall enter

hazardous atmospheres, in which case

the following shall apply:

(1) Persons entering a space con-

taining a hazardous atmosphere shall

be protected by respiratory and emer-

gency protective equipment meeting

the requirements of subpart E of this

part;



be instructed in the nature of the haz-

ard, precautions to be taken, and the

use of protective and emergency equip-ment. Standby observers, similarly

equipped and instructed, shall continu-

ously monitor the activity of employ-

ees within such space;

(3) Except for emergency or rescue

operations, employees shall not enter

into any atmosphere which has been

identified as flammable or oxygen defi-

cient (less than 19.5% oxygen). Persons

who may be required to enter flam-

mable or oxygen deficient atmospheres

in emergency operations shall be in-

structed in the dangers attendant to

those atmospheres and instructed in

the use of self-contained breathing ap-

paratus, which shall be utilized.

(4) To prevent inadvertent employee

entry into spaces that have been iden-

tified as having hazardous, flammable

or oxygen deficient atmospheres, ap-

propriate warning signs or equivalent

means shall be posted at all means of

access to those spaces.

(e) When the packaging of asbestos

cargo leaks, spillage shall be cleaned

up by designated employees protected


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from the harmful effects of asbestos asrequired by 1910.1001 of this chapter.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,1996; 62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40938,June 30, 2000]

1917.24 Carbon monoxide.

(a) Exposure limits. The carbon mon-oxide content of the atmosphere in aroom, building, vehicle, railcar, or anyenclosed space shall be maintained atnot more than 50 parts per million(ppm) (0.005%) as an eight hour average

area level and employees shall be re-moved from the enclosed space if thecarbon monoxide concentration ex-ceeds a ceiling of 100 ppm (0.01%).

(b) Testing. Tests to determine carbonmonoxide concentration shall be madewhen necessary to ensure that em-ployee exposure does not exceed thelimits specified in paragraph (a) of thissection.

(c) Instrumentation. Tests for carbonmonoxide concentration shall be madeby designated persons using gas detec-tor tube units certified by NIOSHunder 30 CFR part 11 or other meas-uring instruments whose accuracy is asgreat or greater.

(d) Records. A record of the date,time, location and results of carbonmonoxide tests shall be available for atleast thirty (30) days.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,1996; 62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997]

1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insec-ticides and hazardous preservatives(see also 1917.2 Hazardous cargo,material, substance or atmosphere).

(a) At any time that the concentra-tion in any space reaches the levelspecified as hazardous by the fumigantmanufacturer or by Table Z-1 of 29 CFR1910.1000, whichever is lower, all em-

ployees shall be removed from thespace and shall not be permitted to re-enter until such time as tests dem-onstrate that the atmosphere is safe.

(b) Tests to determine the atmos-pheric concentration of chemicals usedto treat cargo shall be:

(1) Appropriate for the hazard in-volved;

(2) Conducted by designated persons;and

(3) Performed at the intervals nec-

essary to ensure that employee expo-

sure does not exceed the permissible

exposure limit for the chemical in-

volved.

(c) Results of any tests shall be avail-

able for at least 30 days. Such records

may be entered on any retrievable me-

dium, and shall be available for inspec-

tion.

(d) Chemicals shall only be applied to

cargoes by designated persons.

(e) Only designated persons shall

enter hazardous atmospheres, in whichcase the following provisions apply.



be protected by respiratory and emer-

gency protective equipment meeting

the requirements of subpart E of this

part; and



be instructed in the nature of the haz-

ard, precautions to be taken, and the

use of protective and emergency equip-

ment. Standby observers, similarly

equipped and instructed, shall continu-

ously monitor the activity of employ-

ees within such a space.(f) Signs shall be clearly posted

where fumigants, pesticides or haz-

ardous preservatives have created a

hazardous atmosphere. These signs

shall note the danger, identify specific

chemical hazards, and give appropriate

information and precautions, including

instructions for the emergency treat-

ment of employees affected by any

chemical in use.

(g) In the case of containerized ship-

ments of fumigated tobacco, the con-

tents of the container shall be aerated

by opening the container doors for a

period of 48 hours after the completion

of fumigation and prior to loading.

When tobacco is within shipping cases

having polyethylene or similar bag lin-

ers, the aeration period shall be 72

hours. The employer shall obtain a

written warranty from the fumigation

facility stating that the appropriate

aeration period has been met.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49

FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,

1996; 62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997]


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1917.26 First aid and lifesaving facili-ties.

(a) Employers shall instruct employ-ees to report every injury, regardless ofseverity, to the employer.

(b) A first aid kit shall be availableat the terminal, and at least one per-son holding a valid first aid certificateshall be at the terminal when work isin progress.

(c) First aid kit. First aid kits shall beweatherproof and shall contain indi-vidual sealed packages for each item

that must be kept sterile. The contentsof each kit shall be determined by aperson certified in first aid and cog-nizant of the hazards found in marinecargo handling operations. The con-tents shall be checked at intervals thatallow prompt replacement of expendeditems.

(d) Stretchers. (1) There shall be avail-able for each vessel being worked oneStokes basket stretcher, or its equiva-lent, permanently equipped with bri-dles for attaching to the hoisting gear.

(2) Stretchers shall be kept close tovessels and shall be positioned to avoiddamage to the stretcher.

(3) A blanket or other suitable cov-

ering shall be available.(4) Stretchers shall have at least four

sets of effective patient restraints inoperable condition.

(5) Lifting bridles shall be of ade-quate strength, capable of lifting 1,000pounds (454 kg) with a safety factor offive, and shall be maintained in oper-able condition. Lifting bridles shall beprovided for making vertical patientlifts at container berths. Stretchers forvertical lifts shall have foot plates.

(6) Stretchers shall be maintained inoperable condition. Struts and bracesshall be inspected for damage. Wiremesh shall be secured and have noburrs. Damaged stretchers shall not be

used until repaired.(7) Stretchers in permanent locations

shall be mounted to prevent damageand shall be protected from the ele-ments if located out-of-doors. If con-cealed from view, closures shall bemarked to indicate the location of thelife saving equipment.

(e) Telephone or equivalent means ofcommunication shall be readily avail-able.

(f) A U.S. Coast Guard approved 30-inch (76.2 cm) life ring, with at least 90feet (27.43m) of line attached, shall beavailable at readily accessible pointsat each waterside work area where theemployees work exposes them to thehazard of drowning. Employees work-ing on any bridge or structure leadingto a detached vessel berthing installa-tion shall wear U.S. Coast Guard ap-proved personal flotation devices ex-cept where protected by railings, nets,or safety belts and lifelines. A readilyavailable portable or permanent ladder

giving access to the water shall also beprovided within 200 feet (61 m) of suchwork areas.


1917.27 Personnel.

(a) Qualifications of machinery opera-tors. (1) Only those employees deter-mined by the employer to be com-petent by reason of training or experi-ence, and who understand the signs,notices and operating instructions andare familiar with the signal code in useshall be permitted to operate a crane,winch or other power operated cargo

handling apparatus, or any power oper-ated vehicle, or give signals to the op-erator of any hoisting apparatus. Ex-ception: Employees being trained andsupervised by a designated person mayoperate such machinery and give sig-nals to operators during training.

(2) No employee known to have defec-tive uncorrected eyesight or hearing,or to be suffering from heart disease,epilepsy, or similar ailments that maysuddenly incapacitate the employee,shall be permitted to operate a crane,winch or other power-operated cargohandling apparatus or a power-oper-ated vehicle.

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a)(2): OSHA is defin-ing suddenly incapacitating medical ail-ments consistent with the Americans withDisabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. 12101 (1990).Therefore, employers who act in accordancewith the employment provisions (Title I) ofthe ADA (42 U.S.C. 1211112117), the regula-tions implementing Title I (29 CFR Part1630), and the Technical Assistance Manualfor Title I issued by the Equal EmploymentOpportunity Commission (Publication num-ber: EEOCM1A), will be considered as beingin compliance with this paragraph.


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3The following are recommended topics: (i)Safety responsibility and authority; (ii) ele-ments of accident prevention; (iii) attitudes,leadership and motivation; (iv) hazards oflongshoring, including peculiar local cir-cumstances; (v) hazard identification andelimination; (vi) applicable regulations; and(vii) accident investigations.

3aWhen an employer directs his employeesto respond to an emergency that is beyondthe scope of the Emergency Action Plan de-veloped in accordance with this section, then1910.120(q) of this chapter shall apply.

(b) Supervisory accident prevention pro-ficiency. (1) After October 3, 1985 imme-diate supervisors of cargo-handling op-erations of more than five (5) personsshall satisfactorily complete a coursein accident prevention. Employeesnewly assigned to supervisory dutiesafter that date shall be required tomeet the provisions of this paragraphwithin ninety (90) days of such assign-ment.

(2) The course shall consist of in-struction suited to the particular oper-ations involved.3


1917.28 Hazard communication (Seealso 1917.1(a)(2)(vi)).

1917.29 Retention of DOT markings,placards and labels.

(a) Any employer who receives apackage of hazardous material which isrequired to be marked, labeled or plac-arded in accordance with the U. S. De-partment of Transportations Haz-ardous Materials Regulations (49 CFRparts 171 through 180) shall retain thosemarkings, labels and placards on the

package until the packaging is suffi-ciently cleaned of residue and purgedof vapors to remove any potential haz-ards.

(b) Any employer who receives afreight container, rail freight car,motor vehicle, or transport vehiclethat is required to be marked or plac-arded in accordance with the Haz-ardous Materials Regulations shall re-tain those markings and placards onthe freight container, rail freight car,motor vehicle or transport vehicleuntil the hazardous materials which re-quire the marking or placarding aresufficiently removed to prevent any po-tential hazards.

(c) Markings, placards and labelsshall be maintained in a manner thatensures that they are readily visible.

(d) For non-bulk packages which willnot be reshipped, the provisions of thissection are met if a label or other ac-ceptable marking is affixed in accord-ance with the Hazard CommunicationStandard (29 CFR 1910.1200).

(e) For the purposes of this section,the term hazardous material andany other terms not defined in this sec-tion have the same definition as in theHazardous Materials Regulations (49CFR parts 171 through 180).

[59 FR 36700, July 19, 1994]

1917.30 Emergency action plans.

(a) Emergency action plans(1) Scopeand application. This paragraph (a) re-quires all employers to develop and im-plement an emergency action plan.3aThe emergency action plan shall be inwriting (except as provided in para-graph (a)(5)(iv) of this section) andshall cover those designated actionsemployers and employees must take toensure employee safety from fire andother emergencies.

(2) Elements. The following elements,at a minimum, shall be included in theplan:

(i) Emergency escape procedures and

emergency escape route assignments;(ii) Procedures to be followed by em-ployees who remain to operate criticalplant operations before they evacuate;

(iii) Procedures to account for allemployees after emergency evacuationhas been completed;

(iv) Rescue and medical duties forthose employees who are to performthem;

(v) The preferred means of reportingfires and other emergencies; and

(vi) Names or regular job titles ofpersons or departments that can becontacted for further information orexplanation of duties under the plan.

(3) Alarm system. The employer shallestablish an employee alarm systemthat provides warning for necessaryemergency action and for reactiontime for safe escape of employees fromthe workplace or the immediate workarea.


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(4) Evacuation. The employer shall es-tablish the types of evacuation to beused in emergency circumstances.

(5) Training. (i) Before implementingthe emergency action plan, the em-ployer shall designate and train a suffi-cient number of persons to assist in thesafe and orderly emergency evacuationof employees.

(ii) The employer shall review theplan with each employee covered bythe plan at the following times:

(A) Initially when the plan is devel-oped;

(B) Whenever the employees respon-sibilities or designated actions underthe plan change; and

(C) Whenever the plan is changed.

(iii) The employer shall review witheach employee upon initial assignmentthose parts of the plan that the em-ployee must know to protect the em-ployee in the event of an emergency.The written plan shall be kept at theworkplace and be made available foremployee review.

(iv) Employers with 10 or fewer em-ployees may communicate the planorally to employees and need not main-tain a written plan

(b) [Reserved][62 FR 40198, July 25, 1997, as amended at 65FR 40938, June 30, 2000]

Subpart CCargo Handling Gearand Equipment

1917.41 House falls.

(a) Span beams shall be secured toprevent accidental dislodgement.

(b) A safe means of access shall beprovided for employees working withhouse fall blocks.

(c) Designated employees shall in-spect chains, links, shackles, swivels,blocks and other loose gear used in

house fall operations before each daysuse. Defective gear shall not be used.

1917.42 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear.

(a) Routine inspection. (1) At the com-pletion of each use, loose gear such asslings, chains, bridles, blocks andhooks shall be so placed as to avoiddamage to the gear. Loose gear shall beinspected and any defects corrected be-fore reuse.

(2) All loose gear shall be inspectedby the employer or his authorized rep-

resentative before each use and, whennecessary, at intervals during its use,to ensure that it is safe. Any gearwhich is found upon such inspection tobe visibly unsafe shall not be used untilit is made safe.

(3) Defective gear shall not be used.Distorted hooks, shackles or similargear shall be discarded.

(b) Wire rope and wire rope slings. (1)The employer shall ascertain and ad-

here to the manufacturers rec-ommended ratings for wire rope andwire rope slings and shall have suchratings available for inspection. Whenthe manufacturer is unable to supplysuch ratings, the employer shall usethe tables for wire rope and wire ropeslings found in American NationalSafety Standard for Slings, ANSIB30.91971. A design safety factor of atleast five shall be maintained for thecommon sizes of running wire used asfalls, in purchases or in such uses aslight load slings. Wire rope with a safe-ty factor of less than five may be usedonly:

(i) In specialized equipment, such as

but not limited to cranes, designed tobe used with lesser wire rope safetyfactors;

(ii) In accordance with design factorsin standing rigging applications; or

(iii) For heavy lifts or other purposesfor which a safety factor of five is im-practicable and for which the employercan demonstrate that equivalent safetyis ensured.

(2) Wire rope or wire rope slings hav-ing any of the following conditionsshall not be used:

(i) Ten randomly distributed brokenwires in one rope lay or three or morebroken wires in one strand in one rope

lay;(ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging or

other damage resulting in distortion ofthe wire rope structure;

(iii) Evidence of heat damage;

(iv) Excessive wear or corrosion, de-formation or other defect in the wire orattachments, including cracks in at-tachments;

(v) Any indication of strand or wireslippage in end attachments; or


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(vi) More than one broken wire in theclose vicinity of a socket or swaged fit-ting.

(3) Protruding ends of strands insplices on slings and bridles shall becovered or blunted. Coverings shall beremovable so that splices can be exam-ined. Means used to cover or blunt endsshall not damage the wire.

(4) Where wire rope clips are used toform eyes, the employer shall adhere tothe manufacturers recommendations,which shall be made available for in-spection. If U bolt clips are used and

the manufacturers recommendationsare not available, Table C1 shall beused to determine the number andspacing of the clips. U bolts shall beapplied with the U section in contactwith the dead end of the rope.

TABLE C1NUMBER AND SPACING OF U-BOLTWIRE ROPE CLIPS

Improved plow steel,rope diameter(inches/(cm))

Minimum number ofclips

Minimumspacing(inches/

(cm))Drop

forgedOther

material

12 or less (1.3) ......... 3 4 3 (7.6)58 (1.6) ..................... 3 4 334 (9.5)34 (1.9) ..................... 4 5 412 (11.4)78 (2.2) ..................... 4 5 514 (13.3)1 (2.5) . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 7 6 (15.2)118 (2.9) ................... 6 7 634 (17.1)114 (3.2) ................... 6 8 712 (19.1)138 (3.5) ................... 7 8 814 (21.0)112 (3.8) ... ... ... .... ... ... 7 9 9 (22.9)

(5) Wire rope shall not be secured byknots.

(6) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings,bull wires, or in single parts used forhoisting shall not be formed by wirerope clips or knots.

(7) Eye splices in wire ropes shallhave at least three tucks with a wholestrand of the rope and two tucks withone-half of the wire cut from eachstrand. Other forms of splices or con-nections which are shown to be equiva-lently safe may be used.

(8) Except for eye splices in the endsof wires and for endless rope slings,each wire rope used in hoisting or low-ering, or in bulling cargo, shall consistof one continuous piece without knotor splice.

(c) Natural fiber rope. (1) The em-ployer shall ascertain the manufactur-ers ratings for the specific naturalfiber rope used and have such ratingsavailable for inspection. The manufac-

turers ratings shall be adhered to anda minimum design safety factor of fivemaintained.

(2) Eye splices shall consist of atleast three full tucks. Short splicesshall consist of at least six full tucks,three on each side of the center line.

(d) Synthetic rope. (1) The employershall adhere to the manufacturers rat-ings and use recommendations for thespecific synthetic fiber rope used andshall make such ratings available forinspection.

(2)(i) Unless otherwise recommended

by the manufacturer, when syntheticfiber ropes are substituted for fiberropes of less than three inches (7.62 cm)in circumference, the substitute shallbe of equal size. Where substituted forfiber rope of three inches or more incircumference, the size of the syntheticrope shall be determined from the for-mula:

C C Cs m

= +0 6 02 2

. .4

Where C = the required circumference of thesynthetic rope in inches, Cs= the circum-ference to the nearest one-quarter inch ofa synthetic rope having a breakingstrength not less than that of the size fiberrope that is required by paragraph (c) of

this section and Cm= the circumference ofthe fiber rope in inches that is required byparagraph (c) of this section.

(ii) In making such substitution, itshall be ascertained that the inherentcharacteristics of the synthetic fiberare suitable for hoisting.

(e) Removal of natural and syntheticrope from service. Natural and syntheticrope having any of the following de-fects shall be removed from service:

(1) Abnormal wear;(2) Powdered fiber between strands;(3) Sufficient cut or broken fibers to

affect the capability of the rope;(4) Variations in the size or round-

ness of strands;(5) Discolorations other than stains

not associated with rope damage;(6) Rotting; or(7) Distortion or other damage to at-

tached hardware.(f) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles

shall be used where any rope is securedpermanently to a ring, shackle or at-tachment, where practicable.

(g) Synthetic web slings. (1) Slings andnets or other combinations of more


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than one piece of synthetic webbing as-sembled and used as a single unit (syn-thetic web slings) shall not be used tohoist loads in excess of the slingsrated capacity.

(2) Synthetic web slings shall be re-moved from service if they exhibit anyof the following defects:

(i) Acid or caustic burns;(ii) Melting or charring of any part of

the sling surface;(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;(iv) Broken or worn stitches; or(v) Distortion or damage to fittings.

(vi) Display of visible warningthreads or markers designed to indi-cate excessive wear or damage.

(3) Defective synthetic web slings re-moved from service shall not be re-turned to service unless repaired by asling manufacturer or similar entity.Each repaired sling shall be proof test-ed by the repairer to twice the slingsrated capacity prior to its return toservice. The employer shall retain acertificate of the proof test and makeit available for examination.

(4) Synthetic web slings provided bythe employer shall only be used in ac-cordance with the manufacturers userecommendations, which shall be avail-

able.(5) Fittings shall have a breaking

strength at least equal to that of thesling to which they are attached andshall be free of sharp edges.

(h) Chains and chain slings used forhoisting. (1) The employer shall adhereto the manufacturers recommendedratings for safe working loads for thesizes of wrought iron and alloy steelchains and chain slings used and shallhave such ratings available. When themanufacturer is unable to provide suchratings, the employer shall use the ta-bles for chains and chain slings foundin American National Safety Standardfor Slings, ANSI B30.91971.

(2) Proof coil steel chain, also knownas common or hardware chain, andother chain not recommended by themanufacturer for slinging or hoistingshall not be used for slinging or hoist-ing.

(3)(i) Sling chains, including end fas-tenings, shall be inspected for visibledefects before each days use and asoften as necessary during use to ensureintegrity of the sling.

(ii) Thorough inspections of chains inuse shall be made quarterly to detectwear, defective welds, deformation orincrease in length or stretch. Themonth of inspection shall be indicatedon each chain by color of paint on alink or by other equally effectivemeans.

(iii) Chains shall be removed fromservice when maximum allowable wear,as indicated in Table C2, is reached atany point of link.

(iv) Chain slings shall be removedfrom service when stretch has in-

creased the length of a measured sec-tion by more than five percent; when alink is bent, twisted or otherwise dam-aged; or when a link has a raised scarfor defective weld.

(v) Only designated persons shall in-spect chains used for slinging andhoisting.

TABLE C2MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEAR ATANY POINT OF LINK

Chain size Maximum allowable wear

Inches (cm) Inches (cm)

14(932) (0.6) 364 (0.1)38 (1.0) 564 (0.2)12 (1.3) 764 (0.3)58 (1.6) 964 (0.4)34 (1.9) 532 (0.4)78 (2.2) 1164 (0.4)1 (2.5) 316 (0.5)

118 (2.9) 732 (0.6)114 (3.2) 14 (0.6)138 (3.5) 932 (0.7)112 (3.8) 516 (0.8)134 (4.4) 1132 (0.9)

(4) Chains shall be repaired onlyunder qualified supervision. Links orportions of chain defective under anyof the criteria of paragraph (h)(3)(iii) ofthis section shall be replaced withproperly dimensioned links or connec-tions of material similar to those ofthe original chain. Before repairedchains are returned to service, theyshall be tested to the proof load rec-

ommended by the manufacturer of theoriginal chain. Tests shall be per-formed by the manufacturer or shall becertified by an agency accredited forthe purpose under part 1919 of thischapter. Test certificates shall beavailable for inspection.

(5) Wrought iron chains in constantuse shall be annealed or normalized atintervals not exceeding six months.Heat treatment certificates shall be


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available for inspection. Alloy chainsshall not be annealed.

(6) Kinked or knotted chains shallnot be used for lifting. Chains shall notbe shortened by bolting, wiring orknotting. Makeshift links or fastenerssuch as wire, bolts or rods shall not beused.

(7) Hooks, rings, links and attach-ments affixed to sling chains shall haverated capacities at least equal to thatof the chains to which they are at-tached.

(8) Chain slings shall bear identifica-

tion of size, grade and rated capacity.(i) Shackles. (1) If available, the man-

ufacturers recommended safe workingloads for shackles shall not be exceed-ed. In the absence of manufacturersrecommendations, Table C3 shallapply.

(2) Screw pin shackles used aloft inhouse fall or other gear, except incargo hook assemblies, shall have theirpins moused or otherwise effectivelysecured.

TABLE C3SAFE WORKING LOADS FORSHACKLES

Material size Pin diameterSafe working load

in 2,000 lb tonsInches (cm) Inches (cm)

12 .................. (1.3) 58 (1.6) 1.458 .................. (1.6) 34 (1.9) 2.234 .................. (1.9) 78 (2.2) 3.278 .................. (2.2) 1 (2.5) 4.31 .................... (2.5) 118 (2.9) 5.6118 ................ (2.9) 114 (3.2) 6.7114 ................ (3.2) 138 (3.5) 8.2138 ................ (3.5) 112 (3.8) 10.0112 ................ (3.8) 158 (4.1) 11.9134 ................ (4.4) 2 (5.1) 16.22 .................... (5.1) 214 (5.7) 21.2

(j) Hooks other than hand hooks. (1)The manufacturers recommended safeworking loads for hooks shall not beexceeded. Hooks other than hand hooksshall be tested in accordance with 1917.50(c)(6).

(2) Bent or sprung hooks shall be dis-carded.

(3) Teeth of case hooks shall be main-tained in safe condition.

(4) Jaws of patent clamp-type platehooks shall be maintained in conditionto grip plates securely.

(5) Loads shall be applied to thethroat of the hook only.

(k) Pallets. (1) Pallets shall be madeand maintained to safely support andcarry loads being handled. Fastenings

of reusable pallets used for hoistingshall be bolts and nuts, drive screws(helically threaded nails), annularthreaded nails or fastenings of equiva-lent holding strength.

(2) Damaged pallets shall be stored indesignated areas and identified.

(3) Reusable wing or lip-type palletsshall be hoisted by bar bridles or othersuitable gear and shall have an over-hanging wing or lip of at least threeinches (7.62cm). They shall not behoisted by wire slings alone.

(4) Loaded pallets that do not meetthe requirements of this paragraphshall be hoisted only after being placedon pallets meeting such requirementsor shall be handled by other means pro-viding equivalent safety.

(5) Bridles for handling flush end orbox-type pallets shall be designed toprevent disengagement from the palletunder load.

(6) Pallets shall be stacked or placedto prevent falling, collapsing or other-wise causing a hazard under standardoperating conditions.

(7) Disposable pallets intended onlyfor one use shall not be reused forhoisting.


1917.43 Powered industrial trucks.

(a) Applicability. This section appliesto every type of powered industrialtruck used for material or equipmenthandling within a marine terminal. Itdoes not apply to over-the-road vehi-cles.

(b) General. (1) After October 3, 1983,modifications, such as adding counter-weights, that might affect the vehiclescapacity or safety shall not be per-formed without either the manufactur-ers prior written approval or the writ-

ten approval of a professional engineerexperienced with the equipment whohas consulted with the manufacturer,if available. Capacity, operation andmaintenance instruction plates, tags ordecals shall be changed to conform tothe equipment as modified.

(2) Unauthorized personnel shall notride on powered industrial trucks. Asafe place to ride shall be providedwhen riding is authorized.


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(3) When a powered industrial truckis left unattended, load-engagingmeans shall be fully lowered, controlsneutralized and brakes set. Unless thetruck is in view and within 25 feet (7.62m) of the operator, power shall be shutoff. Wheels shall be blocked or curbedif the truck is on an incline.

(4) Powered industrial trucks shallnot be operated inside highway vehi-cles or railcars having damage whichcould affect operational safety.

(5) Powered industrial trucks shall be

marked with their rated capacities,which shall be visible to the operator.

(6) Only stable and safely arrangedloads within the rated capacity of thetruck shall be handled.

(7) The employer shall direct driversto ascend and descend grades slowly.

(8) The employer shall direct driversto slow down and sound the horn atcrossaisles and other locations wherevisibility is obstructed.

(9) If the load obstructs the forwardview, the employer shall direct driversto travel with the load trailing.

(10) Steering knobs shall not be usedunless the truck is equipped withpower steering.

(11) When powered industrial trucksuse cargo lifting devices that have ameans of engagement hidden from theoperator, a means shall be provided toenable the operator to determine thatthe cargo has been engaged.

(12) When cargo is being towed onpipe trucks or similar equipment, asafe means shall be provided to protectthe driver from sliding loads.

(c) Maintenace. (1) Only designatedpersons shall perform maintenance andrepair.

(2) Batteries on all powered trucksshall be disconnected during repairs tothe primary electrical system unless

power is necessary for testing and re-pair. On trucks equipped with systemscapable of storing residual energy, thatenergy shall be safely discharged be-fore work on the primary electricalsystem begins.

(3) Replacement parts whose functionmight affect operational safety shall beequivalent in strength and performancecapability to the original parts whichthey replace.

(4) Braking systems or other mecha-nisms used for braking shall be oper-able and in safe condition.

(5) Powered industrial trucks shall bemaintained in safe working order.Safety devices shall not be removed ormade inoperative except as otherwiseprovided in this section. Trucks with afuel system leak or any other safetydefect shall not be operated.

(6) Those repairs to the fuel and igni-tion systems of industrial trucks whichinvolve fire hazards shall be conductedonly in locations designated as safe forsuch repairs.

(d) Approved trucks(1) Approvedpower-operated industrial truck meansone listed or approved for the intendeduse by a nationally recognized testinglaboratory.

(2) Approved trucks acquired andused after February 15, 1972, shall beara label or other identification indi-cating testing laboratory approval.

(3) When the atmosphere in an area ishazardous and the provisions of UnitedStates Coast Guard regulations at 33CFR 126.15(e) do not apply, only power-operated industrial trucks approved forsuch locations shall be used.

(e) Fork lift trucks(1) Overheadguards. (i) When operators are exposedto overhead falling hazards, fork lifttrucks shall be equipped with securelyattached overhead guards. Guards shallbe constructed to protect the operatorfrom falling boxes, cartons, packages,or similar objects.

(ii) Overhead guards shall not ob-struct the operators view, and open-ings in the top of the guard shall notexceed six inches (15.24 cm) in one ofthe two directions, width or length.Larger openings are permitted if noopening allows the smallest unit ofcargo being handled to fall through theguard.

(iii) Overhead guards shall be built sothat failure of the vehicles mast tilt-ing mechanism will not displace theguard.

(iv) An overhead guard, otherwise re-quired by this paragraph, may be re-moved only when it would prevent atruck from entering a work space andif the operator is not exposed to lowoverhead obstructions in the workspace.


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(v) Overhead guards shall be largeenough to extend over the operatorduring all truck operations, includingforward tilt.

(2) Load backrest extensions. Wherenecessary to protect the operator, forklift trucks shall be fitted with avertical load backrest extension to pre-vent the load from hitting the mastwhen the mast is positioned at max-imum backward tilt. For this purpose,a load backrest extension means adevice extending vertically from thefork carriage frame to prevent raised

loads from falling backward.(3) Forks. Forks, fork extensions and

other attachments shall be secured sothat they cannot be accidentally dis-lodged, and shall be used only in ac-cordance with the manufacturers rec-ommendations.

(4) Counterweights. Counterweightsshall be so affixed that they cannot beaccidentally dislodged.

(5) Capacities and weights. (i) Fork lifttruck rated capacities, with and with-out removable counterweights, shallnot be exceeded. Rated capacities shallbe marked on the vehicle and shall bevisible to the operator. The vehicleweight, with and without counter-

weight, shall be similarly marked.(ii) If loads are lifted by two or more

trucks working in unison, the totalweight of the load shall not exceed thecombined rated lifting capacity of alltrucks involved.

(6) Lifting of employees. Employeesmay be elevated by fork lift trucksonly when a platform is secured to thelifting carriage or forks. The platformshall meet the following requirements:

(i) The platform shall have a railingcomplying with 1917.112(c).

(ii) The platform shall havetoeboards complying with 1917.112(d)if tools or other objects could fall onemployees below.

(iii) An employee shall be at thetrucks controls whenever employeesare elevated.

(iv) Employees on the platform shallbe protected from exposure to movingtruck parts.

(v) The platform floor shall be skidresistant.

(vi) When the truck has controls ele-vated with the lifting carriage, meansshall be provided for employees on the

platform to shut off power to the vehi-

cle.

(vii) While employees are elevated,

the truck may be moved only to make

minor placement adjustments.

(f) Bulk cargo-moving vehicles. (1)

Where a seated operator may come into

contact with projecting overheads,

crawler-type bulk-cargo-moving vehi-

cles that are rider operated shall be

equipped with operators guards.

(2) Guards and their attachment

points shall be so designed as to be able

to withstand, without excessive deflec-tion, a load applied horizontally at the

operators shoulder level equal to the

drawbar pull of the machine.

(3) After July 26, 1999 bulk cargo-

moving vehicles shall be equipped with

rollover protection of such design and

construction as to prevent the possi-

bility of the operator being crushed be-

cause of a rollover or upset.

(g) Straddle trucks(1) Accessibility.

Straddle trucks shall have a permanent

means of access to the operators sta-

tion, including any handholds nec-

essary for safe ascent and descent.

(2) Guarding. (i) Main sprockets and

chains to the wheels shall be guardedas follows:

(A) The upper sprocket shall be en-

closed;

(B) The upper half of the lower

sprocket shall be enclosed; and

(C) The drive chain shall be enclosed

to a height of eight feet (2.44 m) except

for that portion at the lower half of the

lower sprocket.

(ii) Gears shall be enclosed and re-

volving parts which may be contacted

by the operator shall be guarded.

(iii) When straddle trucks are used in

the vicinity of employees, personnel-

deflecting guards shall be provided

around leading edges of front and rearwheels.

(3) Visibility. Operator visibility shall

be provided in all directions of move-

ment.

(h) Trailer-spotting tractors. (1) Trail-

er-spotting tractors (fifth wheels) shall

be fitted with any hand grabs and foot-

ing necessary for safe access to the

fifth wheel.


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4The United States Coast Guard at 33 CFR126.15(d) and (e) has additional regulationsapplicable to vehicles in terminals.

5Department of Transportation regula-tions in 49 CFR part 393, Subpart CBrakes,address the immobilization of trailer roadwheels prior to disconnection of the trailerand until braking is again provided. Section49 CFR 393.84 addresses the condition offlooring. These DOT rules apply when themotor carrier is engaged in interstate com-merce or in the transport of certain haz-ardous items wholly within a municipalityor the commercial zone thereof.

(2) Rear cab windows shall be of safe-ty glass or of equivalent material.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62

FR 40198, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40939, June 30,

2000]

1917.44 General rules applicable tovehicles.4

(a) The requirements of this sectionapply to general vehicle use within ma-rine terminals. Exception: The provi-sions of paragraphs (c) and (l) of thissection do not apply when preempted

by applicable regulations of the De-partment of Transportation. 5

(b) Private vehicle parking in marineterminals shall be allowed only in des-ignated areas.

(c) Trailers shall not be disconnectedfrom tractors at loading docks untilthe road wheels have been immobilized.The road wheels shall be immobilizedfrom the time the brake system is dis-connected until braking is again pro-vided. Supplementary front end sup-port shall be employed as necessary toprevent tipping when a trailer is en-tered by a material handling vehicle.Rear end support shall be employed ifrear wheels are so far forward as to

allow tipping when the trailer is en-tered.

(d) The employer shall direct motorvehicle operators to comply with anyposted speed limits and other trafficcontrol signs or signals, and writtentraffic instructions.

(e) Stop signs shall be posted at mainentrances and exits of structures wherevisibility is impaired, and at blindintersections, unless direct traffic con-trol or warning mirror systems orother systems of equivalent safety areprovided.

(f) Vehicular routes, traffic rules, andparking areas shall be established,identified, and used.

(g) The employer shall direct vehicledrivers to warn employees in trafficlanes of the vehicles approach.

(h) Signs indicating pedestrian traf-fic shall be clearly posted at vehicularcheck-in and check-out lines and simi-lar locations where employees may beworking.

(i) A distance of not less than 20 feet(6.1 m) shall be maintained between thefirst two vehicles in a check-in, check-out, roadability, or vessel loading/dis-charging line. This distance shall bemaintained between any subsequentvehicles behind which employees arerequired to work.

(j) No unattended vehicle shall be leftwith its engine running unless securedagainst movement (see 1917.43(b)(3) forpowered industrial trucks).

(k) When the rear of a vehicle is ele-vated to facilitate loading or dis-charging, a ramp shall be provided andsecured. The vehicle shall be securedagainst accidental movement duringloading or discharging.

(l) Only highway vehicle floors in

safe condition shall be used.(m) When flatbed trucks, platform

containers or similar conveyances areloaded or discharged and the cargo con-sists of pipe or other products whichcould spread or roll to endanger em-ployees, the cargo shall be contained toprevent movement.

(n) Vehicles used to transport em-ployees within a terminal shall bemaintained in safe working order andsafety devices shall not be removed ormade inoperative.

(o) Servicing multi-piece and singlepiece rim wheels. Servicing of multi-piece and single piece rim wheels iscovered by 1910.177 of this chapter.

(See 1917.1(a)(2)(xii)).(1) Scope. This paragraph applies to

the servicing of vehicle wheels con-taining tube-type tires mounted onmulti-piece rims.

(2) Definition. Multi-piece rimmeans a vehicle wheel rim consistingof two or more parts, one of which is a(side) locking ring designed to hold thetire on the rim by tension on inter-locking components when the tire is


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6NHTSA charts are available from GeneralServices Division, National Highway TrafficSafety Administration, Attention: N4851,400 Seventh Street, SW., Washington, D.C.20590. Industry charts are available upon re-quest from the manufacturer.

inflated, regardless of the relative sizesof the component parts.

(3) Employee training. (i) Only employ-ees trained in the procedures requiredin paragraph (o)(4) of this section andwho have demonstrated their ability toservice multi-piece rim wheels shall beassigned such duties.

(ii) Employees assigned such dutiesshall have demonstrated their abilityby the safe performance of the fol-lowing tasks:

(A) Tire demounting (including defla-tion);

(B) Inspection of wheel components;(C) Mounting of tires;(D) Inflation of tires, including use of

a restraining device;(E) Handling of wheels;(F) Inflation of tires when a wheel is

mounted on the vehicle; and(G) Installation and removal of

wheels.(4) Servicing procedures. The following

procedures shall be followed:(i) Tires shall be completely deflated

before demounting by removal of thevalve core;

(ii) The valve core shall be removedbefore the wheel is removed from theaxle when:

(A) The tire has been operated under-inflated at 80% or less of its rec-ommended pressure, or

(B) There is discernible or suspecteddamage to the tire or wheel compo-nents;

(iii) Mating surfaces shall be free ofdirt, surface rust, scale and rubberbuildup before mounting;

(iv) Rubber lubricant shall be appliedto bead and rim mating surfaces uponwheel assembly and inflation of thetire;

(v) Air pressure shall not exceed 3psig (0.21 kg/cm2) when seating thelocking ring or rounding out the tubewhen a tire is being partially inflated

without a restraining device;(vi) While the tire is pressurized,

components shall not be struck orforced to correct the seating of side orlock rings;

(vii) There shall not be any contactbetween an employee or unit of equip-ment and a restraining device duringtire inflation;

(viii) After inflation, tires, rims andrings shall be inspected while within

the restraining device to ensure seat-ing and locking. If adjustment is nec-essary the tire shall first be deflated byvalve core removal; and

(ix) Before assembly, wheel compo-nents shall be inspected, and damagedrim components shall not be reused.

(5) Charts and manuals. (i) The em-ployer shall provide a chart containingas a minimum the instructions and in-formation provided in the UnitedStates Department of Transportation,National Highway Traffic Safety Ad-ministration (NHTSA) publication

Safety Precautions for Mounting andDemounting Tube-Type Truck/BusTires and Multi-Piece Rim WheelMatching Chart, and pertinent to thetype(s) of multi-piece rim wheels beingserviced. The chart shall be availablein the terminals service area. 6

(ii) A current rim manual containingthe manufacturers instructions formounting, demounting, maintenanceand safety precautions relating to themulti-piece rim wheels being servicedshall be available in the terminalsservice area.

(6) Restraining devices. (i) Except asotherwise noted, inflation shall be donewithin a restraining device such as acage, rack or other device capable ofwithstanding the maximum force thatwould be transferred to it during an ex-plosive wheel separation occurring at150% of maximum tire specificationpressure for the wheels being serviced.The restraining device shall be capableof preventing rim components frombeing thrown outside the frame of thedevice for any wheel position withinthe device. When the wheel assembly ismounted on a vehicle, tires may be in-flated without a restraining deviceonly if they have more than 80% of therecommended pressure and if remotecontrol inflation equipment is used andemployees are clear of the danger area.

(ii) Restraining devices shall be keptin good repair and be capable of pre-venting rim components from beingthrown outside the device.


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(7) Inflation hoses. Inflation hosesshall have a manual clip-on chuck withsufficient hose to permit an employeeto be clear of the danger zone. An in-line, manually operated valve withgauge or a preset pressure regulatorshall be used to inflate tires.

(8) Other equipment. (i) Only tools rec-ommended in the rim manual for thetype of wheel being serviced shall beused to service multi-piece rim wheels.

(ii) Wheel components shall not beinterchanged except as provided in theapplicable chart or manual.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 52FR 36026, Sept. 25, 1987; 62 FR 40199, July 25,1997; 65 FR 40939, June 30, 2000]

1917.45 Cranes and derricks (See also 1917.50).

(a) Coverage. (1) This section appliesto every kind of crane and derrick andto any other type of equipment per-forming the functions of a crane or der-rick except as noted in paragraph (a)(2)of this section.

(2) This section does not apply tosmall industrial truck-type cranes,container handling top-loaders andsideloaders, chain hoists, and mobilestraddle-type cranes incapable of strad-

dling two or more intermodal con-tainers (16 feet (4.88 m) in width).

(b) Ratings. (1) Except for bridgecranes covered by paragraph (g) of thissection, cranes and derricks havingratings that vary with boom length, ra-dius (outreach) or other variables shallhave a durable rating chart visible tothe operator, covering the completerange of the manufacturers (or design)capacity ratings. The rating chartshall include all operating radii (out-reach) for all permissible boom lengthsand jib lengths as applicable, with andwithout outriggers, and alternate rat-ings for optional equipment affectingsuch ratings. Precautions or warnings

specified by the owner or manufacturershall be included along with the chart.

(2) The manufacturers (or design)rated loads for the conditions of useshall not be exceeded.

(3) Designated working loads shallnot be increased beyond the manufac-turers ratings or original design limi-tations unless such increase receivesthe manufacturers approval. When themanufacturers services are not avail-

able or where the equipment is of for-eign manufacture, engineering designanalysis shall be performed or approvedby a person accredited for certificatingthe equipment under part 1919 of thischapter. Engineering design analysisshall be performed by a registered pro-fessional engineer competent in thefield of cranes and derricks. Any struc-tural changes necessitated by thechange in rating shall be carried out.

(c) Radius indicator. When the ratedload varies with the boom radius, thecrane or derrick shall be fitted with aboom angle or radius indicator visibleto the operator.

(d) Prohibited usage. (1) Equipmentshall not be used in a manner that ex-erts sideloading stresses upon thecrane or derrick boom.

(2) No crane or derrick having a visi-ble or known defect that affects safeoperation shall be used.

(e) Protective devices. (1) When ex-posed moving parts such as gears,chains and chain sprockets present ahazard to employees during crane andderrick operations, those parts shall besecurely guarded.

(2) Crane hooks shall be latched or

otherwise secured to prevent acci-dental load disengagement.

(f) General(1) Operating controls. (i)Crane and derrick operating controlsshall be clearly marked, or a chart in-dicating their function shall be postedat the operators position.

(ii) After October 3, 1984, overheadbridge and container gantry crane op-erating control levers shall be self-cen-tering so that they will automaticallymove to the off position when theoperator releases the control.

(2) Booms. Cranes with elevatablebooms and without operable automaticlimiting devices shall be provided withboom stops if boom elevation can ex-

ceed maximum design angles from thehorizontal.

(3) Foot pedals. Foot pedals shall havea non-skid surface.

(4) Access. Ladders, stairways, stan-chions, grab irons, foot steps or equiva-lent means shall be provided as nec-essary to ensure safe access tofootwalks, cab platforms, the cab andany portion of the superstructurewhich employees must reach.


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(i) Footwalks shall be of rigid con-struction, and shall be capable of sup-porting a load of 100 pounds (4.79 kPa)per square foot.

(ii) If more than 20 feet (6.1 m) inheight, vertical ladders shall complywith 1917.118 (d), (e)(1), (e)(2)(iii), and(e)(2)(iv).

(iii) Stairways on cranes shall beequipped with rigid handrails meetingthe requirements of 1917.112(e).

(iv) If the top of a ladder or stairwayor any position thereof is locatedwhere a moving part of a crane, such as

a revolving house, could strike an em-ployee ascending or descending the lad-der or stairway, a prominent warningsign shall be posted at the foot of theladder or stairway. A system of com-munication (such as a buzzer or bell)shall be established and maintained be-tween th

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