27.1 adaptive value of behavior key concept behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively...
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
KEY CONCEPT Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to their environment.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Behavioral responses to stimuli may be adaptive.
• Detecting and responding to stimuli is key to an individual’s survival.
• Internal stimuli tell an animal what is occurring in its own body.– hunger– thirst– pain
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• External stimuli give an animal information about its surroundings.– sound– sight– changes in day length or temperature
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• Specialized cells that are sensitive to stimuli detect sensory information.– information is transferred to the nervous system– nervous system may activate other systems in response
• Animal behaviors help to maintain homeostasis.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• Kinesis and taxis are two types of movement-related behaviors.– Kinesis is an increase in random movement.
– Taxis is movement in a particular direction.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Internal and external stimuli usually interact to trigger specific behaviors.
• Most behaviors are a response to both internal and external stimuli.
• External stimuli may trigger internal stimuli.• Green anole reproductive behavior is triggered by internal
and external stimuli.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Some behaviors occur in cycles.
• A circadian rhythm is the daily cycle of activity.– occurs over 24-hour period– run by a biological clock
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually.– During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant
state.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually.
– During migration, animals move seasonally from one portion of their range to another.
– During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant state.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
KEY CONCEPT 27.2Both genes and environment affect an animal’s behavior.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Innate behaviors are triggered by specific internal and external stimuli.
• An instinct is a complex inborn behavior.• Instinctive behaviors share
several characteristics.– innate, or performed
correctly the first time– relatively inflexible
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
– releaser is a simple signal: touch, sight, sound, scent
– herring gulls chicks and red dot releaser
– environmental factors can affect innate behaviors
• Many innate behaviors are triggered by a releaser.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Many behaviors have both innate and learned components.
• Learning takes many forms.• Habituation occurs
when an animallearns to ignore arepeated stimulus.
• Imprinting is a rapidand irreversiblelearning process.– critical period– Konrad Lorenz
and graylaggeese
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• In imitation, animals learn by observing the behaviors of others.– young male songbirds
learn songs by listening to adult males
– snow monkeys and potato-washing behavior
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Learning is adaptive.
• Animals that can learn can better adapt to new situations.• In associative learning, a specific action is associated with
its consequences.• Conditioning is one type of associative learning.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• There are two types of conditioning.– Classical conditioning: previously neutral stimulus
associated with behavior triggered by different stimulus– Ivan Pavlov and salivating dog
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• There are two types of conditioning.– Operant conditioning: behavior increased or decreased
by positive or negative reinforcement– B.F. Skinner and “Skinner boxes”
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
KEY CONCEPT 27.3Every behavior has costs and benefits.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Even beneficial behaviors have associated costs.
• The benefits of a behavior are increased survivorship and reproduction rates.– both increase an individual’s fitness– both have costs
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• Behavioral costs can be divided into three categories.– energy costs– opportunity costs– risk costs
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Animals perform behaviors whose benefits outweigh their costs.
• Behaviors evolve only if they improve fitness.• Territoriality refers to the control of a specific area.
– benefits: control resources– costs: energy and time
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• Optimal foraging states that natural selection favors behaviors that get animals the most calories for the cost.– benefits: amount of energy gained– costs: energy used to search for, catch, and eat food;
risk of capture; time
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
KEY CONCEPT 27.4Social behaviors enhance the benefits of living in a group.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Living in groups also has benefits and costs.
• Social behaviors evolve when the benefits of group living outweigh its costs.– benefits: improved
foraging, reproductive assistance, reduced chance of predation
– costs: increased visibility, competition, disease contraction
• Group living requires learning social structure and membership.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Social behaviors are interactions between members of the same or different species.
• Animals use communication to keep in contact.– visual – sound – touch – chemical
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• Courtship displays are used to evaluate the fitness of a potential mate.
• Defensive behaviors are used to protect the individual and/or the group.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Some behaviors benefit other group members at a cost to the individual performing them.
• There are many types of helpful social behavior.– cooperation– reciprocity – altruism
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• In altruism, an individual reduces its own fitness to help other members of its social group.– inclusive fitness– kin selection
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Eusocial behavior is an example of extreme altruism.
• Eusocial species live in large groups of mostly nonreproductive individuals.– haplodiploid species: social insects (wasps, bees, ants)
Queen Minor worker Major worker
– diploid species: termites, snapping shrimp, naked mole rats
• Eusocial behaviors likely evolve by kin selection.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
KEY CONCEPT 27.5Some animals other than humans exhibit behaviors requiring complex cognitive abilities.
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Animal intelligence is difficult to define.
• Cognition is the mental process of knowing through perception or reasoning.
• Other factors affecting an animal’s behavior may seem like cognition.
– awareness– ability to judge– ability to solve complex problems
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Some animals can solve problems.
• Insight is the ability to solve a problem mentally without repeated trial and error. – observed in primates, dolphins, and corvids– chimpanzee retrieving hanging bananas
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• Tool use helps an animal accomplish a task.– some dolphins use sponges to protect and hunt– crows and chimpanzees make probing sticks– capuchin monkeys use rocks to crack nuts
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
Cognitive ability may provide an adaptive advantage for living in social groups.
• Intelligence in animals seems to be correlated with two characteristics.– relatively large brains for their body size– live in complex social groups
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27.1 Adaptive Value of Behavior
• Cultural behavior spreads through a population by learning, not by selection.– taught to one generation by another– aided by living in close proximity