27 - physical properties

7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 1/23

Chapter 27: Physical Properties

Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, 5th Edition

by Stephen Hall

This Excel workbook includes Visual Basic for Application function subroutines.

Macros must be enabled for them to work.

http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780123877857&_requestid=96716



http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780123877857&_requestid=96716



Input

Component mole% MW Viscosity at 20C, cP

n-hexane 0.1 86.18 0.310

n-heptane 0.5 100.21 0.409

n-octane 0.4 114.23 0.540

1.0

Calculations

Component mol% x MW wt% ln(viscosity) wt% x ln(mu)

n-hexane 8.62 0.08 -1.171182982 (0.10)

n-heptane 50.11 0.48 -0.894040123 (0.43) n-octane 45.69 0.44 -0.616186139 (0.27)

104.42 1.00 (0.80)

Answer: 0.451 cP

Problem Statement:Calculate the viscosity of a mixture of n-hexane (10 mole%), n-heptane (50 mole%), and n-octane (40 mole%), at 20 degC



Inputs

Continuous PhaseViscosity 20 cP

Dispersed Phase

Viscosity 30 cP

Volume Fraction in the emulsion 0.3

Output

Viscosity of the emulsion 36.29 cP

Problem Statement:Estimate the viscosity of an emulsion



Procedure 1. Choose a fluid from the pull-down menu in cell C10

2. Enter row numbers to use for the calculation in cells A13:A153. Read answers in cells F13:F15

Fluid Ethyl Alcohol 12

log10(p) = A - (B/(C+t))

row Temp, Deg C VP, mm Hg Intermediate: 0.818814902

9 63.5 400 A 7.998329425

11 97.5 1520 B 1524.182273

12 126 3800 C 218.9511066

Data (from Perry's) Temp, C

Pressure, mm Hg Methyl Alcohol Propane Toluene Acetic Acid

1 1.0 -44 -128.9 -26.7 -17.2

2 5.0 -25.3 -115.4 -4.4 6.3

3 10.0 -16.2 -108.5 6.4 17.5

4 20.0 -6 -100.9 18.4 29.9

5 40.0 5 -92.4 31.8 43

6 60.0 12.1 -87 40.3 51.7

7 100.0 21.2 -79.6 51.9 63

8 200.0 34.8 -68.4 69.5 80

9 400.0 49.9 -55.6 89.5 99

10 760.0 64.7 -42.1 110.6 118.1

11 1,520.0 84 -25.6 136.5 143.5

12 3,800.0 112.5 1.4 178 180.3

13 7,600.0 138 26.9 215.8 214

14 15,200.0 167.8 58.1 262.5 252

15 22,800.0 186.5 78.7 292.8 276.5

16 30,400.0 203.5 94.8 319 297

17 38,000.0 214 312.5

18 45,600.0 224

Same calculation procedure, but choosing from different mixture concentrations instead of a list of pu

Acetic Acid Concentration 25% Fit: 100.0% 1

log10(p) = A - (B/(C+t))

row Temp, Deg C VP, mm Hg Intermediate: 0.768492861

1 20 16.3 A 8.377414641

10 65 178 B 1902.80986

17 100 743 C 245.5616982

Problem Statement:Calculate Antoine Coefficients



Acetic Acid in Solution

mm Hg

deg C 25 wt% 50 wt% 75 wt%

1 20 16.3 15.7 15.3

2 25 22.1 21.4 20.8

3 30 29.6 28.8 27.84 35 39.4 38.3 36.6

5 40 51.7 50.2 48.1

6 45 67 65 62

7 50 87.2 85 80.1

8 55 110 107 102

9 60 141 138 130

10 65 178 172 162

11 70 223 216 203

12 75 277 269 251

13 80 342 331 310

14 85 419 407 376

15 90 510 497 45816 95 618 602 550

17 100 743 725 666



R2 fit Max Error

Over the data range 0.996 24.85%

Over the selected range 1.000 1.90%

Nitrogen Ammonia n-Butane n-Pentane n-Hexane n-Heptane n-Octane Ethyl Alcoho

-226.1 -109.1 -101.5 -76.6 -53.9 -34 -14 -31.3

-221.3 -97.5 -85.7 -62.5 -34.5 -12.7 8.3 -12

-219.1 -91.9 -77.8 -50.1 -25 -2.1 19.2 -2.3

-216.8 -85.8 -68.9 -40.2 -14.1 9.5 31.5 8

-214 -79.2 -59.1 -29.2 -2.3 22.3 45.1 19

-212.3 -74.3 -52.8 -22.2 5.4 30.6 53.8 26

-209.7 -68.4 -44.2 -12.6 15.8 41.8 65.7 34.9

-205.6 -57 -31.2 1.9 31.6 58.7 83.6 48.4

-200.9 -45.4 -16.3 18.5 49.6 78 104 63.5

-195.8 -33.6 -0.5 36.1 68.7 98.4 125.6 78.4

-189.2 -18.7 18.8 58 93 124.8 152.7 97.5

-179.1 4.7 50 92.4 131.7 165.7 196.2 126

-169.8 25.7 79.5 124.7 166.6 202.8 235.8 151.8

-157.6 50.1 116 164.3 209.4 247.5 281.4 183

-148.3 66.1 140.6 191.3 203

78.9 218

89.3 230

98.3 242

e compounds



Mean: 227.9

Predicted SSreg^2 SStot error

16.30 2.13308E-27 44774.56 0.00%

22.11 0.000113439 42349.26 0.05%

29.66 0.003927257 39298.04 0.21%39.38 0.000418891 35539.97 0.05%

51.76 0.004000086 31024.16 0.12%

67.40 0.163194872 25758.97 0.60%

86.99 0.044046237 19855.59 0.24%

111.32 1.739239079 13591.18 1.20%

141.31 0.093935469 7498.436 0.22%

178.00 8.07794E-28 2490.01 0.00%

222.59 0.170155263 28.22264 0.18%

276.41 0.348598421 2353.179 0.21%

340.97 1.060403485 12784.88 0.30%

417.95 1.107146335 36118.16 0.25%

509.21 0.631325489 79132.75 0.16%616.80 1.436063167 151244.5 0.19%

743.00 1.86116E-24 265328 0.00%

6.802567491 809169.9

0.999991593 1.20%



Range Total

Mean: 1620 9,250.9

l Predicted SSreg^2 SStot Error

0.8 0.06177444 2621966 85565043 24.85% 1

4.3 0.49108192 2610489 85499420 14.02% 1

9.2 0.66224024 2594721 85409068 8.14% 1

19.2 0.70352376 2562685 85224795 4.19% 1

39.2 0.69900355 2499043 84855877 2.09% 1

59.7 0.09322951 2434553 84478051 0.51% 1

98.6 1.82552225 2314509 83763497 1.35% 1

198.3 2.9590412 2021288 81949731 0.86% 1

400.0 1.7093E-24 1488400 78338234 0.00% 1

745.5 209.523086 764706.4 72341213 1.90% 1

1,520.0 3.3087E-24 10000 59766643 0.00% 1

3,800.0 1.8612E-24 4752400 29712190 0.00% 1

7,713.7 12930.3929 37133325 2362913 1.50% 1

16,083.1 779883.436 2.09E+08 46679247 5.81% 1

24,327.9 2334470.24 5.16E+08 2.27E+08 6.70% 1

32,367.4 3870675.86 9.45E+08 5.34E+08 6.47% 1

40,118.5 4487939.44 1.48E+09 9.53E+08 5.57% 1

49172.97784 12766170.7 2.26E+09 1.59E+09 7.84% 1

Error Sum 24252287.1 5.48E+09 4.27E+09

R2 0.99557235

209.523086 2.4E+08

0.99999913



Input

Dry bulb temperature 100 deg F 37.77778 deg C 559.67 deg R

Wet bulb temperature 80 deg F 26.66667 deg C 539.67 deg R

Pressure 760 mm Hg

Constants

Critical Pressure 166818 mm Hg

Critical Temperature 1165.67 deg R

Equation Parameters C0 4.39553 K0 0.000367

C1 -0.0034691 K1 1571

C2 3.0721E-06 K2 32

C3 -8.8331E-10

Step-by-Step Calculation in Excel, Following the Procedure

PD1 -1.9415512

PW1 -1.8721692

PD2 0.962275446

PW2 0.894729798

PD3 -0.15484929

PW3 -0.13883468

KD 3.261404955

KW 3.279255917

PD 49.07449487

PW 26.2065928

PM 5.748841248

OutputRH 41.69 41.69

Calculated usinfunction subrou

Problem Statement:Given the air pressure and wet and dry bulb temperatures, calculate therelative humidity



g the VBAtine



Inputs

Temperature deg K 400

Pressure bar, abs 3

Note: the answer "-1" is returned if the input data are outside the allowable range

Property

Density, single-phase kg/m3 937.5118668

Specific internal energy, single-phase kJ/kg 532.6637217

Specific enthalpy, single-phase kJ/kg 532.9837177

Specific entropy, single-phase kJ/kg 1.601173154

Specific isobaric heat capacity, single-phase kJ/(kg-K) 4.258601473

Specific isochoric heat capacity, single-phase kJ/(kg-K) 3.634739754

Dynamic viscosity, single-phase Pa-s 0.000218612

Thermal conductivity, single-phase W/(m-K) 0.683669863

Boiling point as a function of pressure K 406.6753579Vapor pressure bar, abs 2.457531863

Density in saturation state

Boiling water as function of temperature kg/m3 937.4840056

Boiling water as function of pressure kg/m3 931.8132267

Saturated steam as function of temperature kg/m3 1.369249628

Saturated steam as function of pressure kg/m3 1.650749356

Specific internal energy in saturation state

Boiling water as function of temperature kJ/kg 532.6844291

Boiling water as function of pressure kJ/kg 561.1334573

Saturated steam as function of temperature kJ/kg 2536.231313Saturated steam as function of pressure kJ/kg 2543.156021

Specific enthalpy in saturation state



Saturated steam as function of temperature kJ/kg 2715.711505

Saturated steam as function of pressure kJ/kg 2724.891667

Specific entropy in saturation state



Saturated steam as function of temperature kJ/kg 7.058121754

Saturated steam as function of pressure kJ/kg 6.991565929

Specific isobaric heat capacity in saturation state

Boiling water as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) 4.258746828

Boiling water as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) 4.271993567

Saturated steam as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) 2.216019281

Saturated steam as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) 2.261816054

Specific isochoric heat capacity in saturation state

Boiling water as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) 3.634800437

Problem Statement:Demonstrate the use of IAWPS VBA functions to estimate the properties of water and steam



Boiling water as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) 3.602913726

Saturated steam as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) 1.641552789

Saturated steam as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) 1.669985312

Dynamic viscosity in saturation state

Boiling water as function of temperature Pa-s 0.000218597

Boiling water as function of pressure Pa-s 0.000206839

Saturated steam as function of temperature Pa-s 1.31925E-05

Saturated steam as function of pressure Pa-s 1.3423E-05

Thermal conductivity in saturation state

Boiling water as function of temperature W/(m-K) 0.68363677

Boiling water as function of pressure W/(m-K) 0.68365586

Saturated steam as function of temperature W/(m-K) 0.028347182

Saturated steam as function of pressure W/(m-K) 0.029240389



Input

Select gas CO2Temperature 60 deg C -- applicable range -45 C to 150 C

Liquid Density 840 kg/m3 at 15.5 degC

Pressure 1 atm, absolute

Vapor pressure of liquid 0 atm, absolute -- required if greater than 10%

Output

Gas solubility in liquid 1,495 ppm by weight

DataGas Ostwald Coeffcient at 0C Molecular Weight

He 0.01 4.003

Ne 0.021 20.179

H2 0.039 2.0158

N2 0.075 28.0134

Air 0.095 28.850334

CO 0.1 28.0104

O2 0.15 31.9988

Ar 0.23 39.948

CO2 1 44.0098

Kr 1.3 83.8

Xe 2 131.3

NH3 2.8 17.0304

Notes

Reference: "Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers"

Calculation is performed in a Visual Basic for Applications function call named "GasSol"

Problem Statement:Estimate the solubility of a gas in petroleum liquid



f total pressure



Input

Chemical BenzeneSurface Tension 29.0 dynes/cm

Surface Tension temperature 20.0 C

Critical temperature 288.5 C

Desired Temperature 100.0 C

Output

Surface tension at 100.0 C 19.0 The measured surface tension for benzene at 100 C is 1

Problem Statement:Determine the surface tension of benzene at 100 deg C. Its surface tension is 29 dynes/cm at 20 dC and its critical temperature is 288.5 deg C



.2 dynes/cm

g



Input Water Water

Pressure kPa 200 800Temperature C 300 510

Output

Compressibility Factor Z 0.9956 0.9930

Gas MW -25 0 10 25 50

Acetylene 26.038 39.89 42.02 42.78 43.93 45.65 Air 28.964 29.05 29.07 29.08 29.10 29.14

Ammonia 17.031 35.63 35.64 35.64 35.65 35.65

Argon 39.948 20.88 20.87 20.86 20.86 20.85

Benzene 78.114 66.44 74.06 77.03 81.68 89.22

Butane, iso- 58.124 83.48 90.08 92.69 96.82 103.62

Butane, n- 58.124 85.28 91.27 93.69 97.45 105.33

Butene, 1- 56.108 73.36 79.58 81.96 85.66 91.51

Butene, cis-2- 56.108 67.60 73.27 75.46 78.93 84.51

Butene, trans-2- 56.108 77.33 82.59 84.63 87.82 92.98

Carbon dioxide 44.010 34.70 35.96 36.41 37.12 38.21

Carbon monoxide 28.010 29.09 29.12 29.11 29.15 29.15

Ethane 30.070 47.13 49.88 50.90 52.67 55.72

Ethylene 28.054 38.25 40.91 41.94 45.56 46.12

Heptane, n- 100.205 142.94 154.54 159.01 165.99 177.14

Hexane, n- 86.178 123.40 133.30 137.14 143.11 152.71

Hydrogen 2.016 28.29 28.61 28.69 26.50 28.96

Hydrogen sulfide 34.076 33.31 33.67 33.82 34.03 34.38

Methane 16.043 34.30 34.93 35.20 35.72 36.74

Nitrogen 28.013 29.08 29.11 29.09 29.11 29.12

Oxygen 31.999 29.13 29.24 29.27 29.36 29.48

Pentane, iso- 72.151 101.90 110.37 113.68 118.79 127.34

Pentane, n- 72.151 105.13 112.60 115.57 120.21 130.69

Propane 44.097 64.18 68.78 70.61 73.52 78.56

Propylene 42.081 55.88 59.90 61.46 63.90 67.83

Water 18.015 33.38 33.47 33.49 33.57 33.68

Conversion: 1 Btu/lb-F = 4.1868 kJ/kg-C

Source: GPSA, 12th Edition, except

Argon: ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, 1997

Molar Heat Capacity, MCp (ideal-gas state)

Problem Statement:Estimate the compressibility factor for steam at 200 kPa, 300 C and 800 kPa, 510 C



Natural Gas

mole frac Pc Tc y*Pc y*Tc

Methane 0.952 45.8 -82.5 43.6 -78.5

Ethane 0.025 48.2 32.3 1.2 0.8

Propane 0.002 41.9 96.7 0.1 0.2

Butane, iso- 0.0003 42.7 151.8 0.0 0.0Butane, n- 0.0003 37.5 152.1 0.0 0.0

Pentane, iso- 0.0001 33.4 187.2 0.0 0.0

Pentane, n- 0.0001 33.3 196.4 0.0 0.0

Hexane, n- 0.0001 29.3 234.3 0.0 0.0

Nitrogen 0.013 33.5 -146.9 0.4 -1.9

Carbon Dioxide 0.007 72.8 31.1 0.5 0.2

Oxygen 0.0002 49.8 -118.6 0.0 0.0

Hydrogen 0.000001 12.8 -239.9 0.0 (0.0)

Pseudo-Critical Pressure and Temperature 45.88 atm -79.10 C

Air

mole frac Pc Tc y*Pc y*Tc

Nitrogen 0.78 33.5 -146.9 26.1 -114.6

Oxygen 0.21 49.8 -118.6 10.5 -24.9

Argon 0.009 48.1 -122.3 0.4 -1.1

Water 0.001 217.8 373.9 0.2 0.4

Pseudo-Critical Pressure and Temperature 37.24 atm -140.24 C



75 100 125 150 Pc, atm Tc, C Pc, psia Tc, F

47.24 48.72 49.98 51.17 60.6 35.2 890.6 95.329.20 29.26 29.34 29.43 39.0 -140.0 573.1 -220.0

35.66 35.67 35.68 35.69 111.5 132.4 1,638.6 270.3

20.84 20.82 20.81 20.80 48.1 -122.3 706.9 -188.2

96.76 104.32 111.32 118.20 47.9 270.6 703.9 519.0

110.41 117.34 123.93 130.52 42.7 151.8 627.5 305.3

110.33 117.02 123.33 130.40 37.5 152.1 551.1 305.7

97.31 103.11 108.49 113.86 39.7 146.4 583.4 295.6

90.15 95.85 101.32 106.80 41.5 162.4 609.9 324.4

98.17 103.39 108.43 113.46 40.5 155.4 595.2 311.8

39.26 40.29 41.20 42.10 72.8 31.1 1,069.9 87.9

29.19 29.26 29.32 29.41 34.5 -240.3 507.0 -400.5

58.82 62.11 65.29 68.56 48.2 32.3 708.3 90.1

48.70 51.28 53.75 56.21 49.7 9.3 730.4 48.7

188.29 199.40 210.05 220.59 27.0 267.1 396.8 512.7

162.31 171.88 181.08 190.19 29.3 234.3 430.6 453.7

29.07 29.13 29.16 29.18 12.8 -239.9 188.1 -399.9

34.73 35.08 35.43 35.79 88.2 100.1 1,296.2 212.1

37.87 39.20 40.53 41.99 45.8 -82.5 673.1 -116.5

29.14 29.20 29.22 29.28 33.5 -146.9 492.3 -232.5

29.65 29.87 30.05 30.27 49.8 -118.6 731.9 -181.4

135.58 144.03 152.01 160.00 33.4 187.2 490.8 369.0

136.16 144.45 152.18 161.45 33.3 196.4 489.4 385.6

83.59 88.82 93.82 98.38 41.9 96.7 615.8 206.0

71.79 75.76 79.58 83.40 45.6 91.8 670.1 197.3

33.83 34.03 34.21 34.42 217.8 373.9 3,200.1 705.1

Perry's, except

water: IAPWS

isopentane: CAMEO Chemicals, NOAA, http://cameoche

air: CodeCogs, http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engi

, kJ/kmole-C at temperature, C Critical Properties

Function ZSI(P, T, Pc, Tc)' calculates compressibility factor, Z, using SI units' P = gas pressure, kPa' T = gas temperature, C' Pc = gas pseudo-critical pressure, atm' Tc = gas pseudo-critical temperature, C



icals.noaa.gov/

eering/thermodynamics/critical_temperature_and_pressure.php

27 - physical properties

Documents